En el último medio siglo, los humanos atravesaron la estratosfera, caminaron sobre la luna y vivieron continuamente en órbita. En las próximas décadas, nuestra insaciable curiosidad llevará a nuestra especie más allá de nuestra cuna de la Tierra a llegar a habitar otro mundo. Este será sin duda el próximo gran salto de la humanidad. Próxima parada ... ¡Marte!
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00:00I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry, I'm sorry
00:30So alone in this lonely world
00:36Which I could yearn for so long
00:42But now I was never never raised
00:48We are the species that explores!
00:51That builds ships to go in search of the unknown.
00:54We navigated our home planet, we saw its wonders and we came back home, and it was not enough.
01:04We built flying machines to explore higher, faster, farther.
01:11The heroes flew beyond what at the time seemed impossible, and it was not enough.
01:17With time, we created a special ship that transported us to the limit of space.
01:33And as always, there were brave souls willing to guide that ship through countless dangers, in the name of discovery.
01:42Inspector of the payload ready.
01:45Director of operations ready.
01:47All clear for launch.
02:12Using the space transporter, we built an unprecedented advanced position in the skies.
02:26We learned in the pregnant world of the International Space Station, observing the dark night of an infinite universe.
02:34And it was not enough.
02:37Now we are building ships to depart on our greatest exploration adventure to date, to Mars and beyond.
02:46The next day.
03:05Who would have imagined that 30 years would pass so quickly?
03:08That these unique ships would leave in their wake a public captivated by their achievements.
03:22A planet at the limit of deep space exploration.
03:38A planet at the limit of deep space exploration.
03:41As an astronaut, I felt like I was saying goodbye to an old friend when the last transporter landed.
04:11A planet at the limit of deep space exploration.
04:15A planet at the limit of deep space exploration.
04:19A planet at the limit of deep space exploration.
04:23A planet at the limit of deep space exploration.
04:28My name is Chris Ferguson.
04:30I was lucky enough to fly on three space missions, one of them on the Endeavor.
04:34So it is not surprising that I would like to be present when he left for his new home in the California Center for Science in Los Angeles.
04:45It is worth thinking that it was necessary so much engineering to move the Endeavor through Los Angeles as to put it into orbit.
05:04Watching the ship through the different neighborhoods of the city, you could feel how much it has come to represent the transporter, almost as if it had taken us all into space.
05:20I do not want the world to forget this extraordinary spaceship and those who built it, but above all the legacy they left, illuminating the way to our next frontier in space.
05:41Here they come.
05:54200
05:57100
06:11100
06:17Landed.
06:19Columbia, Houston. We detected an object near the transporter.
06:31Identification of payload 1.
06:40It was the transporter program that allowed us to work in space, put delicate equipment into orbit and recover and repair those equipment when they failed.
07:40The astronauts deployed, recovered and repaired more than a hundred scientific and communications satellites, and no mission was more important to understand space than the five flights that were made from 1993 to repair and update the Hubble Space Telescope.
08:04Hubble affirmative. You have green light to release.
08:17I think history will see the Hubble Space Telescope as one of the most important achievements of astronomy.
08:23The Hubble gave us an unprecedented perspective of our closest neighbors and galaxies unimaginably far from ours.
08:37Later investigations with space telescopes have revealed that the number of planets similar to Earth with the ability to house liquid water is much greater than what scientists had calculated.
09:08In 1995, the Hubble Space Telescope was launched into space.
09:12The Hubble Space Telescope was the first space telescope to be launched into space.
09:17The Hubble Space Telescope was the first space telescope to be launched into space.
09:22The Hubble Space Telescope was the first space telescope to be launched into space.
09:27The Hubble Space Telescope was the first space telescope to be launched into space.
09:31The Hubble Space Telescope was the first space telescope to be launched into space.
09:34In 1995, the Hubble Space Telescope began a new era of international space exploration when the Atlantis docked for the first time at the Russian Mir station.
09:4620 centimeters. 10.07. 106. 10 centimeters. Now, docking complete.
09:54In total, 11 trips were made to visit the Mir. These missions established a level of international cooperation and experience that continues to this day.
10:11Although the Mir no longer orbits the Earth, the transporter proved to be an extraordinary reusable tool that allowed us to live, build and do science in the pregnant environment of space.
10:41But the true legacy of transporters soars to the sky every 90 minutes.
10:58The International Space Station would not have been built without the payload of transporters and the so-called spacewalks.
11:07The spacewalks and the Soyuz and Proton Russian rockets made more than 40 flights to build the International Space Station, a true engineering miracle.
11:22My three orbital missions were for the International Space Station.
11:27The modules built by NASA partners in Asia, Europe and North America were assembled above the Earth for a period of 13 years to create a floating world longer than a football field and with more habitable space than a six-bedroom house.
11:50The usual missions of the International Space Station require the astronaut to live on board for six months, but some crew members spend even a year studying the physical and psychological effects of spending a long time away from the Earth.
12:11The 15 nations that designed, built and manned the International Space Station forever transformed space exploration into a cooperative international program, making it a home and a scientific laboratory like no other.
12:34The design of systems and scientific experiments of the EEI have led to a multitude of useful discoveries on Earth, including advances in water purification and robotic microsurgery.
12:48But above all, it is our trampoline to the future, giving us the knowledge and security to host human life while we explore deep space.
12:59Life on the station consists of doing the work and having a little fun.
13:12And the nationality is based above all on tasting the food of the other.
13:28Over three decades of companionship and dedication, 355 people traveled on the transporter making history. They circumvased the Earth 21,000 times. And everything seemed routine until it was not.
13:44One minute and 15 seconds. Speed 883 meters per second. Altitude 9 nautical miles.
13:51This transporter will launch ... My God! An explosion has occurred.
13:56My controllers are studying the situation in detail. Obviously, it is an important failure.
14:02In two accidents that shocked the world, we lost 14 astronauts. It was a memorable gloom that each space flight is full of potential dangers.
14:14They were eager to explore the universe and discover its truths. They wished to serve humanity and they did.
14:23They were pioneers. The future does not belong to the weak. It belongs to the brave.
14:30The world cried. But the program went on because the achievements of the space transporter and the International Space Station were full of promises that would change life.
14:49In memory of our fallen heroes, the global space community reunited to revive the future of both programs.
14:57What better ending could I have asked my astronaut career than to fly on the last mission of the Atlantis transporter and make a last visit to the station?
15:07Director of the launch of Atlantis Air Earth 1. Atlantis, go ahead. And for the last time Fergie, Doug, Sandy and Rex. Good luck, have a good time up there.
15:27Today the journey does not end, Mike. We are just completing a chapter of a journey that will never end. You and the thousands of men and women who gave their hearts, souls and lives for space exploration, you have rewritten history. Let's light this fire one more time, Mike.
15:57Atlantis Air Earth 1. Atlantis, go ahead.
16:27Atlantis Air Earth 2. Atlantis, go ahead.
16:49Although the transporters no longer fly, I never miss the opportunity to see Atlantis at Kennedy Space Center.
16:59But I've also come to see the next big step in deep space exploration, and it's called Orion.
17:06Here, in the gigantic white room of operations, the new multi-purpose transporter Orion is being built. An impressive vehicle, look at that, it's beautiful.
17:24Okay, put it back in.
17:26It's great, I'd love to get in there.
17:29Orion is a deep space exploration ship designed to transport astronauts from the future to the moon, asteroids and even Mars.
17:39I've always been drawn to explore and try new experiences. Maybe that's why I asked to be an astronaut.
17:52Hi, I'm Serena Onon, and I belong to one of the new groups of astronauts chosen by NASA.
17:57Like the rest of my class, I feel very honored to be here, and it's great to be part of this team.
18:11I guess you could say that I'm one of those people who have always seen the future as an adventure.
18:18So you can go forward or backward in the procedures using this switch.
18:23Yes, exactly.
18:24Learning from astronauts like Lee Morin, who has already spent weeks in space, gives me a great sense of confidence.
18:34The Orion simulator offers astronauts in the preparation phase, like Serena, the opportunity to learn the flight procedures and make comments to perfect the systems.
18:44This should be a piece of cake for Serena.
18:46Of the 10 screens and more than 1,000 semi-transporter switches, the system has been simplified to only three screens and 60 switches in the Orion.
18:54Lee, do you open the helium cross-feeding?
18:57Yes, it's ready. Go ahead, enter the valve command.
19:01Okay, got it.
19:02And the hundreds of flight manuals and checklists have been reduced to, well, to zero, since the Orion ones are computerized.
19:10We wait and evaluate, but even with all these improvements, to take the Orion to deep space, we're going to need a bigger rocket.
19:22When the giant NASA space launch system built by Boeing is complete, the rocket will be as tall as a 38-story building and generate more than 4 million pounds of thrust, enough to launch 22 elephants into space.
19:38For deep space expeditions, the SLS will have to transport five key components beyond low Earth orbit.
19:47Since the Orion is too small for a six-month trip to Mars, an inflatable habitat is being developed to accommodate the crew en route.
19:59An electric propulsion solar device will provide continuous energy for the round-trip trip.
20:08A spacecraft will take the crew from their orbit above Mars to the surface of the planet.
20:15A few months later, an ascent vehicle will take the crew back to the orbit of Orion to embark on the return trip.
20:24But even using the most sophisticated spacecraft, a two-and-a-half-year round-trip trip to Mars will present new challenges for the human body.
20:34I want to thank the State Museum of Indiana for inviting me. It's a real pleasure.
20:39As a doctor specializing in aerospace medicine, I'm particularly interested in keeping astronauts healthy as we travel to deep space over long periods of time.
20:51Our experience with prolonged periods of pregnancy at the International Space Station shows that the human body faces many challenges during the long journey to deep space.
21:03Key issues are muscle and bone loss, which can start a few days after pregnancy, along with vision loss for some astronauts.
21:13We now know that exercise is the antidote to most of the problems caused by pregnancy, and I mean a lot of exercise, about two hours of training a day.
21:24But even so, the first explorers of Mars will rest at least a few days after landing to adapt to the new way of walking, as Mars has less than 40% less gravity than Earth.
21:38Radiation is another risk in deep space.
21:46Radiation from solar storms is a constant source of danger.
21:53But cosmic radiation that permeates all deep space is another ever-present challenge for human health.
22:02Several sections of the Orion, as well as the transit habitat, will have to serve as a shelter in case of a strong solar explosion.
22:16In the Arizona desert, a model of the Orion is being tested to evaluate the re-entry systems.
22:24When returning from space, the Orion will enter our atmosphere 50% faster than the Soyuz transborders or capsules, and will generate five times more heat.
22:38So perfecting the deployment of its parachute and the integrity of the thermal shield is vital for the crew.
22:44In Kennedy Space Center, they are preparing the Orion for a test flight without crew into deep space.
22:57This new vehicle marks the first step in more than 40 years to take humans beyond low Earth orbit.
23:05The trip to Mars will be possible due to the large international efforts of governments and private companies.
23:14Companies like Boeing and Lockheed, or the recently arrived SpaceX, Sierra Nevada and Orbital Sciences, are developing spacecraft to provide services to the International Space Station and beyond.
23:25Some private groups are planning a unidirectional mission, technically simpler, to colonize Mars.
23:32And thousands of people have already offered to live permanently on the red planet.
23:39The demands of traveling to deep space will bring old designs to new limits.
23:44The demands of traveling to deep space will bring old designs to new limits.
23:50Is the size okay?
23:51It's okay.
23:52It's a new glove, it should go well.
23:54Sounds good.
23:55My name is Lindsey H. Chisholm, and I'm a space project engineer at NASA's Johnson Space Center.
24:02I first started thinking about spaceflights when I was four years old and visited the Johnson Space Center for the first time.
24:09I have pictures inside this space suit, and I was very clear that this was what I wanted to do.
24:20Oh, wow.
24:23When the Apollo first suits were made, they only allowed short periods of extravehicular activity.
24:28They didn't have a lot of mobility with those suits, so when we see those astronauts jumping over the lunar surface,
24:34it's not because they were clumsy or because it was hard for them to move with that gravity.
24:38It's because they barely had any mobility with the suits, so we learned a lot from that.
24:46As for the next generation of suits, there are still many aspects that we don't know about life and work on Mars.
24:56Once there, there will be extravehicular activities exploring the planet almost daily.
25:05Once we receive the equipment, we become real experts in its handling,
25:10how it works, and how it covers the needs of the next phase.
25:27We actually get the suits because the best way to understand how it moves is to look at it.
25:32The best way to understand how it moves is from the inside, working with it.
25:40I'll be asking Richard to do some specific tasks, and I'm looking at, for example, his way of walking.
25:46I'm looking at the movement of the hip rotations and the speed of movement it allows.
25:51And by comparing the natural movement of the body with that of the suit,
25:55we can change it so that everything is as natural as possible.
25:59Our goal for exploration is to examine how they walk, bend, kneel,
26:04or how they can do geological tasks.
26:07One of the major problems they had on the Apollo mission was the large amount of dust that was on the lunar surface.
26:14It got everywhere.
26:16When the guys would come back to the Lunar Module at the end of their day,
26:21and they would take off their suits, they would still be on the lunar surface,
26:26but they would still be in the dust.
26:28And it was a really difficult task, because it was a lot of dust.
26:33When the guys would come back to the Lunar Module at the end of their day,
26:36and they would take off their suits, there was dust everywhere.
26:39They were completely covered.
26:41It was incredible.
26:47And that dust was very harmful.
26:49It's dangerous to breathe it for long periods of time.
26:52So long-term missions can't go inside the vehicle all the time.
27:03All right, Richard. Good job. You can come in now.
27:07So one of the key concepts that we study for lunar and even Martian missions
27:12is what is called a suit port.
27:19The idea is to create a pressurized hatch in the vehicle to which the space suit is attached.
27:26So when you're not wearing the suit, the suit stays out of the ship all the time.
27:31It's physically attached to the vehicle, and you can get in and out of it
27:35without having to get into a hatch, as has been done so far.
27:39Welcome home, Richard. How's the suit?
27:41Perfect.
27:42Good job out there.
27:49Driving a space exploration vehicle on solid ground
27:52is a good training for future missions in deep space.
27:57But driving a mini-submarine is much more complicated.
28:18No, there are no liquid oceans on Mars.
28:21But before we leave for the red planet,
28:24astronauts could do test missions on asteroids nearby.
28:32A mini-submarine is very similar to the equipment used to explore asteroids,
28:36and the ocean is similar to zero gravity in space.
28:40NEMO-16
28:50This NEMO-16 mission is the sixteenth NASA mission
28:54in the Aquarius Laboratory,
28:56which is located 18 metres deep in Colorado.
29:11The NASA aquanauts spend up to two weeks in the laboratory
29:15without ever emerging.
29:24This allows us to work all day
29:27and only decompress once at the end of the mission.
29:32Any mistake here could have serious consequences,
29:35as would happen in deep space.
29:47Since the asteroids seem to have changed very little since their formation,
29:51they could contain a lot of information about the planets around them.
29:55And finally, we could develop tools to capture and reposition
29:59a small asteroid to orbit our Moon.
30:04This would facilitate their study and develop our ability
30:08to deflect an asteroid more accurately.
30:12And finally, we would be able to use the NEMO-16
30:16as an instrument of exploration.
30:25This is the largest asteroid ever to collide with Earth.
30:29OLYMPUS
30:52This inflatable habitat called Olympus, designed by Bigelow Aerospace,
30:56is a look at the future of life in space.
31:00Jay, this is incredible. It's huge.
31:02Thank you. Yes, it's really big.
31:04The interior is 22,050 cubic metres in volume,
31:07more than twice the size of the space station.
31:09It looks like it's about 12 metres high, more or less.
31:12Yes, about 12 or 13 metres high.
31:14And when they get to space, is it filled with air?
31:17Exactly. We'll have big compressed air tanks.
31:20The capsule will expand until the interior is about 16 metres in diameter
31:24and many more outside.
31:33It's surprising that an inflatable habitat can protect its crew
31:37from micrometeorites and radiation,
31:40but that's what the tests have shown.
31:43The volume of the Olympus capsule will provide
31:46ample work and vital space areas
31:48to help keep the crew's morale up.
31:54The food, fuel and protection ship
31:57against space radiation will arrive on Mars
32:00long before the first human expedition.
32:04We don't know exactly what the spaceships will look like,
32:07but the designs are already in development.
32:12Our attraction for space exploration is as unlimited as space itself.
32:20Without the transborder, there would be no International Space Station,
32:23the vital platform for a future human expedition to Mars.
32:28And that mission is closer than you can imagine.
32:31NASA plans the arrival of humans to Mars in the 2030s.
32:35That is, it will be today's young astronauts
32:38who will participate in the mission.
32:40So any of those movies we see
32:43in which people survive even for 20 seconds...
32:46Why not go to Mars?
32:48Why not just send sophisticated robotic vehicles?
32:51I think exploring beyond the known is in our DNA.
32:57And only a human mission will definitely establish
33:00if we can survive and establish future settlements on Mars.
33:17Astronauts who explore the planet
33:19would notice and learn things that robots could not.
33:22And that could help us conquer new borders beyond Mars.
33:34Every 26 months, an optimal window is opened
33:37to launch a spacecraft to Mars.
33:40But even using the orbits of the planets
33:42to shorten the distance and increase the speed of the vehicle
33:46with the current propulsion methods,
33:48the trip to Mars will last 6 months and another 6 months back.
34:07Someday, a more sophisticated plasma
34:09or propulsion through fusion would shorten the journey.
34:13But the first explorers of Mars will not have that luxury.
34:24Orion can transport up to 6 passengers.
34:27But for a first trip to Mars,
34:29it probably would not take more than 4.
34:35On their journey back and forth to the red planet,
34:38Orion and its inflatable habitat
34:40will be the home and support of the astronauts
34:42who will carry out flight control,
34:44scientific experiments,
34:46and the most important physical exercise.
34:48Mars
35:08To go to Mars, to get there, to work there, and to return,
35:12will last about 3 years.
35:15I wonder what it will feel like
35:17to be away from home,
35:19from friends and family for so long.
35:22Space
35:41There is no emergency service in space.
35:43When Orion approaches Mars,
35:45the spacecraft is 2 years away
35:47from any possible help from Earth.
35:49Even radio communications
35:51will take 40 minutes to send and receive,
35:53so any equipment failure
35:55or other emergencies
35:57must be solved by the crew.
36:06Nearly 4 decades of robotic exploration on Mars
36:09have paved the way for humans.
36:13Rovers like Pathfinder and Curiosity are still there.
36:19Maybe I can shake the dust off their tires.
36:50To go to Mars, to get there,
36:52to work there, and to return,
36:54will last about 3 years.
36:56I wonder what it will feel like
36:58to be away from home,
37:00from friends and family for so long.
37:02Maybe I can shake the dust off
37:04their tires.
37:19Although it will be incredibly exciting
37:21to land on Mars,
37:23our ongoing training
37:25in sophisticated simulation laboratories
37:27will make us not so unknown
37:29when we get there.
37:41Future Mars explorers
37:43will be able to travel hundreds of kilometers
37:45to extract water and hydrogen
37:47and make their own fuel
37:49to return to Earth.
37:51But the first visitors
37:53will be very busy with the new discoveries
37:55that only a human mission can achieve.
38:09I don't know if I will ever walk
38:11and work on Mars,
38:13but maybe I know some who will.
38:15Someone who dreams like me.
38:35Humanity has always felt
38:37a strong attraction for the unknown,
38:39for our simple innate conviction
38:41that seeing the hidden side of the mountain
38:43or exploring the infinite depth
38:45of the sea
38:47could reveal to us
38:49where we come from
38:51and who we are.
38:55When humans arrive
38:57and explore Mars,
38:59it will be one of the greatest achievements
39:01in history.
39:07But even that will not be enough.
39:09We are an exploratory species
39:11and we will build new spaceships
39:13to go even further into space,
39:15venturing far from our home,
39:17discovering the secrets of the cosmos
39:19and our unimaginable possibilities.
39:39NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:09NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:39NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:41NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:43NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:45NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:47NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:49NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:51NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:53NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:55NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:57NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
40:59NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:01NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:03NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:05NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:07NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:09NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:11NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:13NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:15NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:17NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
41:19NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology