Embárcate en un viaje épico de descubrimiento que revela la historia de ascenso de la humanidad. Utilizando datos de satélites y tecnología CGI, este proyecto cautivador ilustra la impresionante extensión de la influencia humana y cómo hemos transformado vastas zonas del planeta a lo largo del tiempo. A medida que exploramos los avances tecnológicos en la recopilación de datos, podrás apreciar cómo estas herramientas modernas nos permiten entender nuestro impacto en la Tierra. Desde la expansión de las ciudades hasta la alteración de ecosistemas enteros, este viaje muestra los logros y desafíos que la humanidad enfrenta en su progreso. Acompáñanos en esta exploración visual que combina ciencia, tecnología y la rica historia de nuestra especie. Aprende sobre la importancia de la conservación y el uso responsable de nuestros recursos mientras visualizas la tierra desde una nueva perspectiva. ¡No te pierdas la oportunidad de ser parte de esta aventura educativa que te hará reflexionar sobre el futuro del planeta!
#Hashtags: #ViajeDeDescubrimiento, #TecnologíaCGI, #HistoriaDeLaHumanidad
viaje épico, historia de la humanidad, tecnología CGI, datos de satélites, influencia humana, transformación del planeta, conservación, recursos naturales, exploración visual, impacto ambiental
#Hashtags: #ViajeDeDescubrimiento, #TecnologíaCGI, #HistoriaDeLaHumanidad
viaje épico, historia de la humanidad, tecnología CGI, datos de satélites, influencia humana, transformación del planeta, conservación, recursos naturales, exploración visual, impacto ambiental
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DiversiónTranscripción
00:00:00Now we live in a world interconnected with an impressive complexity.
00:00:06Forged by revolutionary innovations for thousands of years.
00:00:12Innovations that have led us to build an intricate network of networks
00:00:19that facilitate our progress.
00:00:22Now, for the first time, we can visualize the invisible ties that keep us together.
00:00:30This is the story of how our ingenuity shaped the modern world
00:00:36and how we will use it to ensure our future.
00:00:53Our journey began when the Earth had less than 5 million inhabitants.
00:01:05The fertile crescent in the Mediterranean Levant, 10,000 BC.
00:01:11The home of a revolutionary innovation that gave rise to one of our most important global networks.
00:01:19In these fertile lands, our ancestors planted the first seeds.
00:01:28Something apparently insignificant changed humanity forever.
00:01:42The planting of seeds is a capital in the history of humanity
00:01:47because it completely changed our diet.
00:01:50We went from being hunters and gatherers, as we have been throughout history,
00:01:57to becoming farmers.
00:02:05But agriculture was not limited to the Middle East.
00:02:10Independently, other tribes in other parts of the world began to harvest.
00:02:22In Mexico, the Olmecs began to plant corn 9,000 years ago.
00:02:308,000 years ago, the first potatoes were taken from the earth in the Peruvian Andes.
00:02:40Rice was planted for the first time in the Valley of the Pearl River in China, 7,000 years ago.
00:02:49And in 3,000 BC, wheat had already spread throughout Europe.
00:03:01Agriculture became our only activity.
00:03:06The possibility of observing the earth from space allows us to see a huge footprint on the planet.
00:03:16We use 10% of the earth's surface to cultivate
00:03:22and more than double to supply our cattle.
00:03:27The world's largest cattle ranch occupies more than Israel.
00:03:35And wheat crops are equivalent to the surface of Greenland.
00:03:42We need almost half of the planet's land to feed ourselves,
00:03:47and that figure increases every day.
00:03:51But agriculture not only provided us with food,
00:03:55but also radically transformed human behavior.
00:03:59For the first time, agriculture allowed us to dedicate part of our time to other activities,
00:04:05instead of worrying about food 24 hours a day.
00:04:10For tens of thousands of years, we lived in small tribes of hunters and gatherers,
00:04:16looking for food incessantly.
00:04:19But agriculture allowed us to settle.
00:04:22This was what allowed us to stay in one place for the first time.
00:04:27We no longer had to move to find food.
00:04:31In these first settlements, we reinforced another human feature, cooperation.
00:04:41And working together, we were able to share new ideas and skills
00:04:49that made our ingenuity flourish.
00:04:51Those people could go out and specialize in new roles in society.
00:04:56They became expert carpenters, weavers, or blacksmiths.
00:05:00And through this process based on agriculture,
00:05:03they built complex and competent civilizations.
00:05:07With these new skills, we created the first civilizations,
00:05:12whose ruins can still be seen,
00:05:15in which we built a new civilization.
00:05:19Thanks to agriculture, we built the first cities,
00:05:24such as Jericho,
00:05:27Erbil,
00:05:29and Byblos.
00:05:33The oldest have been inhabited for 11,000 years.
00:05:38And thanks to agriculture, we built the first cities,
00:05:42like Jericho,
00:05:44Erbil,
00:05:46and Byblos.
00:05:49These are the foundations of the modern world.
00:05:57The simple act of planting a seed
00:06:00transformed our way of being as a species.
00:06:03It made it possible for us to congregate in settlements,
00:06:07which would later become cities,
00:06:10and the connected and global society we have today.
00:06:19From space, you can see how huge our modern cities have become.
00:06:29Some have melted, forming giant metropolises,
00:06:33where more than 50 million people have congregated.
00:06:40You can distinguish the most important metropolises
00:06:43that cross the Appalachians,
00:06:45from the west coast to Canada's ice and granite,
00:06:48to the United States.
00:06:50In the 90 minutes we take to orbit the Earth,
00:06:53we can see the impact of humanity around us,
00:06:56and see how it has spread across the planet.
00:07:02Today, more than 500 cities
00:07:05are home to more than a million people.
00:07:11What's surprising is that this excessive growth
00:07:14of modern cities
00:07:15began only 250 years ago.
00:07:19For most of history, cities were an exception.
00:07:23There were few big cities.
00:07:25Most lived in the countryside,
00:07:27and that situation lasted for thousands of years.
00:07:30What triggered the growth of today's metropolises?
00:07:34The answer has to do with the ingenuity of a man
00:07:37whose simple idea revolutionized the world,
00:07:40giving rise to one of the greatest massive migrations
00:07:43in the history of mankind.
00:07:58Our interconnected world has been forging for thousands of years.
00:08:03Today, space satellites reveal the network of networks
00:08:06that connect us globally,
00:08:11including cities.
00:08:16The population of the first cities
00:08:19remained stagnant for thousands of years.
00:08:22But 250 years ago,
00:08:24a man had an idea that revolutionized the world.
00:08:36Great Britain, 1765.
00:08:41While most of our ancestors worked in the countryside,
00:08:45the Scottish engineer James Watt
00:08:48decided to improve a recent innovation.
00:08:53The steam engine.
00:08:57Until then, steam engines were primitive
00:09:00and had a very limited use.
00:09:03But with some essential changes,
00:09:06Watt greatly increased the efficiency of this machine,
00:09:14unleashing the incredible potential of steam.
00:09:19In the history of mankind,
00:09:21three great leaps have been made.
00:09:23The first was to learn to control fire.
00:09:25The second, agriculture.
00:09:27And the third great difference was achieved
00:09:29when we learned to use steam to produce energy.
00:09:33Engineers welcomed the Watt machine,
00:09:36which opened the door to a new wave of human innovation
00:09:39almost overnight.
00:09:46Suddenly, a single steam pump
00:09:49in a coal mine
00:09:51could replace 500 horses.
00:09:56And now it could be manufactured not only by hand,
00:09:59but also manually.
00:10:03For the first time,
00:10:05human society freed itself from the limitations
00:10:08of muscle power
00:10:10and began to use machinery.
00:10:14Steam energy led to the greatest period of change
00:10:17in human behavior in 1,000 years.
00:10:27And this affected, above all, Manchester, England.
00:10:32The city of Manchester, England.
00:10:38Thanks to James Watt,
00:10:40this quiet mercantile town
00:10:42quickly succumbed to steam energy.
00:10:48Tens of thousands of people
00:10:50leave the countryside
00:10:52to find work in the new factories.
00:10:59In just 50 years,
00:11:00the population of Manchester
00:11:03has gone from 20,000 to 160,000.
00:11:10And it has become
00:11:12the first industrialized city in the world.
00:11:20The incredible thing is that cities can grow as much as they want
00:11:24because they can transport food by rail,
00:11:27as well as coal and people.
00:11:30Suddenly, boom!
00:11:32A huge metropolitan area is created.
00:11:38And this became an episode of transformation
00:11:41in the behavior and history of humanity.
00:11:44It opened up the world to us.
00:11:54The Industrial Revolution united people like never before.
00:12:00For the first time in history,
00:12:02the population of cities around the world
00:12:04expanded massively,
00:12:06growing to millions in just a few decades.
00:12:17Another great step forward
00:12:19to build the current world.
00:12:23We see it in India, China, Tokyo.
00:12:26Suddenly, industrial cities like Detroit
00:12:28grow from 250,000 to a million in just a decade.
00:12:32It's extraordinary.
00:12:34Everything takes a radical turn.
00:12:36Cities explode.
00:12:39The Industrial Revolution triggered
00:12:41one of the most important massive migrations
00:12:44in the modern world.
00:12:47If we go back to 1800,
00:12:49only 3% of the world's population lived in cities.
00:12:52Then came the steam engine,
00:12:54the railroad,
00:12:56the Industrial Revolution
00:12:58and suddenly the curve took off.
00:13:03It marks the beginning of the urban era.
00:13:071.2 million people a week
00:13:09moved to cities around the world at that time.
00:13:12It's incredible.
00:13:16This human change triggered
00:13:18a unique moment in the history of humanity.
00:13:24In the year 2006,
00:13:25something really significant happened
00:13:28to human history.
00:13:30This year was the first year
00:13:32in which the inhabitants of cities
00:13:34outnumbered those in the countryside.
00:13:40The Industrial Revolution
00:13:42turned us into an urban society.
00:13:46But maintaining the modern world
00:13:48required another surge of ingenuity.
00:13:52Something that would give rise
00:13:53to the largest network of engineering on the planet.
00:13:59One that almost all of us are connected to.
00:14:10We have built a world
00:14:12in which our technology covers the entire globe,
00:14:15bringing together thousands of millions of people.
00:14:19From space,
00:14:20we can see the consequences of our ingenuity.
00:14:27October 28, 2011.
00:14:30Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.
00:14:43NASA launches the Suomi satellite.
00:14:51Designed to study meteorology,
00:14:53but with an electronic eye
00:14:55hundreds of times more sensitive
00:14:57than previous satellites,
00:14:59it also reveals the interconnectivity
00:15:01of our electrified world.
00:15:09This is black marble.
00:15:17A clear composition of the world
00:15:18made with thousands of images
00:15:20collected by the Suomi
00:15:22in 312 orbits.
00:15:27It reflects almost every light we turn on.
00:15:38When I look at the images
00:15:40of NASA's black marble,
00:15:42I am amazed.
00:15:45It is an amazing illustration
00:15:47of the impact that electricity
00:15:49and the electrical network
00:15:51have had on the human species.
00:15:55Here you can see the Nile River
00:15:57shining like a beam of light
00:15:59that extends over the city of Cairo.
00:16:06The lights of hundreds of tugboats
00:16:08reveal an invisible artificial border
00:16:10as they patrol their territorial waters.
00:16:17And while South Korea shines,
00:16:21North Korea remains totally dark.
00:16:30Since we get up in the morning,
00:16:32we go to work,
00:16:34we work and we go to bed at night,
00:16:36almost everything we do
00:16:38requires electricity
00:16:40in one way or another.
00:16:43What was the point of inflection
00:16:44that lit the spark of the modern world?
00:16:59December 31, 1879,
00:17:01Menlo Park, New Jersey.
00:17:10Inventor Thomas Edison
00:17:12presents his version
00:17:14of the improved electric bulb.
00:17:20He has created a filament
00:17:22with bamboo and carbon.
00:17:30Edison's bulb
00:17:32shines more and for longer
00:17:34than the previous ones,
00:17:36with a duration of more than 1,000 hours.
00:17:40But a bulb is worth nothing
00:17:42without a source of energy.
00:17:45After all,
00:17:47you need to get the electricity
00:17:49from where an electric plant is generated
00:17:51and take it to where
00:17:53homes and factories are used.
00:17:55And for that,
00:17:57you need another invention.
00:18:02Thomas Edison
00:18:04perfected the bulb
00:18:06as we know it.
00:18:08What is not as well known
00:18:10and yet is more important
00:18:12is that Edison also created
00:18:14a small electrical grid.
00:18:19Edison built
00:18:21a small electrical grid
00:18:23to bring the energy
00:18:25to hundreds of new bulbs
00:18:27in southern Manhattan.
00:18:30This was the first electrical grid.
00:18:36Inspired by Edison's brilliant idea,
00:18:38in just 100 years,
00:18:40the electrical grid
00:18:42acquired a colossal size.
00:18:45In North America,
00:18:47hundreds of electrical plants
00:18:49provide electricity
00:18:51to almost a million kilometers
00:18:53of high-voltage transmission lines.
00:19:00These, in turn,
00:19:02connect thousands of cities
00:19:04providing energy
00:19:06to more than 300 million people.
00:19:15With enough copper wire
00:19:17to reach the moon
00:19:19and return.
00:19:21The electrical grid
00:19:23is an amazing machine.
00:19:25It is certainly
00:19:27the largest and most sophisticated
00:19:29machine built by people.
00:19:31It's hard to even quantify
00:19:33the size of this device.
00:19:39Today, the world
00:19:41is wrapped in an electrical grid.
00:19:4547,000 kilometers of cable
00:19:47distribute electricity
00:19:49throughout Australia.
00:19:52In India,
00:19:54that number is doubled.
00:19:57The Russian grid
00:19:59has more than a million kilometers.
00:20:05In Europe,
00:20:073 million kilometers of cable
00:20:09connect 23 countries together.
00:20:15All over the world,
00:20:17the electrical grid
00:20:19supplies electricity
00:20:21to more than 5.5 billion people,
00:20:2380% of humanity.
00:20:29From the vision of a man,
00:20:31we create this modern wonder.
00:20:38The electrical grid
00:20:40is one of the most complex systems
00:20:42or technologies created by man
00:20:44and spread all over the world.
00:20:48Electricity is the blood
00:20:50of modern society.
00:20:53And the electrical grid
00:20:55is its veins.
00:21:00And until they cut it off,
00:21:02we don't really appreciate it.
00:21:11Suddenly,
00:21:12life freezes.
00:21:18You can't navigate the internet.
00:21:20None of the lights work.
00:21:22You can't do anything.
00:21:25But only when we don't have electricity
00:21:27do we realize how ubiquitous it is
00:21:29and how the contemporary world works.
00:21:40To supply the modern world
00:21:42we depend on two substances
00:21:44extracted from the confines of the earth.
00:21:49Resources we have become addicted to.
00:21:53Without which
00:21:55the world we live in
00:21:57would not exist.
00:22:07The Cordero Rojo mine
00:22:09in the powder river basin of Wyoming
00:22:10is one of the largest in America.
00:22:14It is a giant hole
00:22:16on the ground
00:22:18almost two kilometers wide.
00:22:22Here,
00:22:24some of the largest machines
00:22:26ever built
00:22:28extract thousands of tons of earth
00:22:30a day extracting coal.
00:22:33Many people are surprised
00:22:35when they learn
00:22:37that most of the electricity
00:22:38produced in the world
00:22:40comes from coal.
00:22:45Coal is the main source
00:22:47of energy supplied
00:22:49to our electrical grid.
00:22:54This revealing time-lapse
00:22:56from space
00:22:58shows us the extent
00:23:00of coal exploitation in Wyoming
00:23:02during the last 20 years.
00:23:05Out of nowhere
00:23:06we have excavated an area
00:23:08the size of Vancouver.
00:23:16And this huge mining complex
00:23:18supplies less than half
00:23:20of the electricity
00:23:22needed in the United States.
00:23:28This dependence on coal
00:23:30has generated a global network
00:23:32of supply and demand.
00:23:37Indonesia is the largest
00:23:39coal exporter in the world.
00:23:43It sells 30 million tons
00:23:45annually to Japan.
00:23:52Australian coal
00:23:54has helped the Chinese industrial boom.
00:23:59And much of Europe
00:24:01with the largest economy in the world
00:24:03buys coal from Russia.
00:24:07In the production of energy
00:24:09coal is in charge.
00:24:12But coal alone
00:24:14is not enough
00:24:16to meet the demand.
00:24:18All over the world
00:24:20we use enough electricity
00:24:22to supply energy
00:24:24to an American household
00:24:26for more than 5 million years.
00:24:32To meet the demand
00:24:34we have built
00:24:36a huge network
00:24:38of power plants.
00:24:40More than 2,300 coal plants
00:24:42generate 41%
00:24:44of our electricity.
00:24:49439 nuclear plants
00:24:51supply another 10%.
00:25:00Natural gas
00:25:01feeds almost 3,000 power plants
00:25:03that generate
00:25:05a fifth of the electricity
00:25:07we consume.
00:25:15But these natural resources
00:25:17are insignificant
00:25:19compared to the impact
00:25:21of this matter,
00:25:23oil.
00:25:25Titusville, Pennsylvania,
00:25:27August 27, 1859.
00:25:34Until then,
00:25:36oil was only extracted
00:25:38when it was filtered
00:25:40to the surface.
00:25:45But Edwin Drake
00:25:47was convinced
00:25:49that he could take advantage
00:25:51of the potential of oil
00:25:52by drilling the ground.
00:25:55And he almost immediately
00:25:57began to have problems.
00:25:59What happened was
00:26:01that the deeper they got,
00:26:03they found water.
00:26:05And then it was filled with water
00:26:07and it collapsed.
00:26:09So it was a total disaster.
00:26:12People began to call him
00:26:14Crazy Drake
00:26:16because they really thought
00:26:18he was crazy.
00:26:20Nobody had achieved
00:26:22anything.
00:26:24But Drake does not give up
00:26:26and uses iron pipes
00:26:28to reinforce the sides
00:26:30of the well.
00:26:32And it ended up working.
00:26:34He managed to drill up to 20 meters
00:26:36and ta-da!
00:26:38He began to extract oil from his well.
00:26:40People stopped thinking
00:26:42he was crazy.
00:26:45Before Drake,
00:26:47oil was only used
00:26:49on a small scale
00:26:50to generate electricity
00:26:52and artificial light.
00:26:54His ingenuity is another powerful example
00:26:56of how small innovations
00:26:58can radically change
00:27:00the scale of human effort.
00:27:05Through drilling,
00:27:07oil began to be extracted
00:27:09and exploited
00:27:11like never before.
00:27:13The moment when Drake
00:27:15successfully drilled his well
00:27:17and oil came out of it
00:27:18was a drastic change
00:27:20in the history of mankind.
00:27:25Today we travel the world
00:27:27looking for oil.
00:27:33Drilling in remote places
00:27:35like Alaska
00:27:37or southern Australia.
00:27:42And from the frozen páramos
00:27:44of Siberia
00:27:46to the deserts of Saudi Arabia.
00:27:49All over the world
00:27:51more than 3,500 platforms
00:27:53extract almost 4 million barrels
00:27:55of this black matter
00:27:57every hour.
00:27:59That's 67,000 barrels per minute.
00:28:03In just 150 years
00:28:05we have extracted
00:28:07almost a billion barrels
00:28:09of oil from the earth.
00:28:14Without oil
00:28:16we would be confined.
00:28:19He is the one who keeps
00:28:21our planes, cars
00:28:23and ships going
00:28:25all over the world.
00:28:29But he doesn't just keep us moving.
00:28:35Our ingenuity
00:28:37has led us to use it in ways
00:28:39that not even Edwin Drake
00:28:41would have imagined.
00:28:45Almost everything we use,
00:28:46every product we use every day
00:28:48is somehow related
00:28:50to oil.
00:28:55The influence of oil
00:28:57is so immense
00:28:59that it even sustains
00:29:01one of the oldest human traits
00:29:03that unites us.
00:29:06Trade.
00:29:10Trade is a complex network
00:29:12that extends around the world.
00:29:14But its origins are very humble.
00:29:18It was forged with something as simple
00:29:20as a metal box
00:29:22that would transform our lives.
00:29:35Our world depends
00:29:37on the extensive global networks.
00:29:39Millions of kilometres
00:29:41of highways and railways.
00:29:44Thousands of planes
00:29:46that fly over the planet.
00:29:49And ships that sail
00:29:51across the oceans.
00:29:53Everything that makes
00:29:55our civilization goes in them.
00:29:57Our trade routes
00:29:59are an indispensable network
00:30:01that connects us
00:30:03to each other.
00:30:05Everything that we consume
00:30:06and use now
00:30:08comes from different places.
00:30:10It has nothing to do
00:30:12with what happened before.
00:30:14If the world is supplied
00:30:16right now,
00:30:18it is thanks
00:30:20to international trade.
00:30:25But how did this vital network grow?
00:30:29The roots of trade
00:30:31in the modern world
00:30:33date back a thousand years ago
00:30:34in the centre of China.
00:30:43The Chinese were pioneers
00:30:45in trade.
00:30:50For hundreds of years
00:30:52the Han dynasty
00:30:54designed a network
00:30:56of 10,000-kilometre roads
00:30:57known as
00:30:59the Silk Road.
00:31:03Extended across continents,
00:31:05these roads
00:31:07are considered
00:31:09the first intercontinental trade network.
00:31:18They transported goods
00:31:20that many had never seen before.
00:31:28Before the arrival of silk
00:31:30to the Roman Empire,
00:31:32they only had linen
00:31:34and rough wool.
00:31:36For them,
00:31:38silk was a revelation.
00:31:40They went crazy.
00:31:43But trade on land
00:31:45was often arduous
00:31:47and dangerous.
00:31:52In the middle of the 1400s
00:31:54between the Byzantine
00:31:55and Ottoman Empires,
00:31:57the Silk Roads
00:31:59became impassable.
00:32:04But trade between the East
00:32:06and the West
00:32:08was too profitable
00:32:10to be abandoned.
00:32:13That is why
00:32:15an alternative route
00:32:17to the Far East was needed.
00:32:19South of Spain,
00:32:21August 3, 1942.
00:32:25Cristóbal Colón
00:32:27embarked on
00:32:29his first of his four
00:32:31revolutionary voyages.
00:32:36Colón sailed west
00:32:38through the Atlantic
00:32:40thinking he would
00:32:42reach the Far East.
00:32:48But on the way
00:32:50he came across this.
00:32:54America.
00:32:59This new world
00:33:01began the golden age
00:33:03of discoveries
00:33:05because it opened the gates
00:33:07to a vast trade empire
00:33:09between nations from all over the world.
00:33:13The ships that sailed
00:33:15around the globe
00:33:16for 150 years
00:33:18made routes to new lands
00:33:20in the northern and southern hemispheres.
00:33:26And although sometimes
00:33:28they were represented
00:33:30as heroic exploration missions,
00:33:32in reality the sailors
00:33:34moved for their commercial desires.
00:33:38Colón, Díaz,
00:33:40de Gama and Magallanes
00:33:42were not looking for gold
00:33:44or souls to save.
00:33:46They were looking for
00:33:48nutmeg, mazis,
00:33:50clove and cinnamon.
00:33:52The age of discoveries
00:33:54made us realize
00:33:56that in Europe
00:33:58there were other places
00:34:00in the world
00:34:02of incalculable wealth.
00:34:04A pound of nutmeg
00:34:06was Armani's suit,
00:34:08Gucci's shoes
00:34:10and the BMW of the time.
00:34:12The effect of these voyages
00:34:14began to spread
00:34:16as England, Paris and Rome
00:34:18began to import tea,
00:34:20spices and sugar.
00:34:25Coffee arrived in Amsterdam
00:34:27and New York.
00:34:31These first commercial routes
00:34:33brought great wealth
00:34:35to the ports they connected
00:34:37establishing the basis
00:34:39of today's commercial networks.
00:34:42But the birth
00:34:44of the current consumer market
00:34:46had to wait several centuries.
00:34:55Newark-Elizabeth port,
00:34:57New Jersey, April 26, 1956.
00:35:11Malcolm McLean
00:35:13is about to present an invention
00:35:14that will revolutionize commerce.
00:35:20Before McLean,
00:35:22loading and unloading goods
00:35:24was slow and expensive.
00:35:27The grain was taken to the winery
00:35:29and hundreds of workers
00:35:31placed the goods
00:35:33in the available spaces.
00:35:36But McLean had the brilliant idea
00:35:38of standardizing the process
00:35:40using transport containers.
00:35:45It's just a box,
00:35:47but the container
00:35:49offers a unit of commerce,
00:35:51something uniform
00:35:53in terms of size
00:35:55in all parts of the world.
00:35:57And you can adapt
00:35:59the dimensions of the ships,
00:36:01the cranes and the trucks
00:36:03to something of the same size.
00:36:06This universal size
00:36:08of containers
00:36:10drastically reduces
00:36:12the costs of cargo.
00:36:14Today,
00:36:16we have a network
00:36:18of 4 billion dollars
00:36:21where thousands of ships
00:36:23transport goods
00:36:25from the United States
00:36:27to the United Kingdom
00:36:29and abroad.
00:36:31Today,
00:36:33we have a network
00:36:35of 4 billion dollars
00:36:37where thousands of ships
00:36:39transport goods
00:36:41from the United States
00:36:42to the United Kingdom
00:36:44and abroad.
00:36:46Today,
00:36:48we have a network
00:36:50of 4 billion dollars
00:36:52where thousands of ships
00:36:54transport goods
00:36:56from the United States
00:36:58to the United Kingdom
00:37:00and abroad.
00:37:02Today,
00:37:04we have a network
00:37:06of 4 billion dollars
00:37:08where thousands of ships
00:37:10transport goods
00:37:12from the United States
00:37:14to the United Kingdom
00:37:16and abroad.
00:37:18Today,
00:37:20we have a network
00:37:22of 4 billion dollars
00:37:24where thousands of ships
00:37:26transport goods
00:37:28from the United Kingdom
00:37:30to the United Kingdom
00:37:32and abroad.
00:37:34Today,
00:37:36we have a network
00:37:38of 4 billion dollars
00:37:40where thousands of ships
00:37:42transport goods
00:37:44from the United Kingdom
00:37:46to the United Kingdom
00:37:48and abroad.
00:38:13But goods
00:38:15are not the only things
00:38:17that move constantly.
00:38:20Our ingenuity
00:38:22has led to inventions
00:38:24that move a billion people
00:38:26a day
00:38:28and has created
00:38:30the largest global network
00:38:32in the world.
00:38:39New York,
00:38:40one of the largest cities
00:38:42on the planet.
00:38:48Today,
00:38:50more than 800 different languages
00:38:52are spoken here.
00:38:56Formed by generations
00:38:58of immigrants,
00:39:00the Big Apple is the city
00:39:02with the most linguistic diversity
00:39:04on Earth.
00:39:06In the world,
00:39:08more than 200 million people
00:39:10live abroad.
00:39:14But the number of people
00:39:16who travel daily
00:39:18is much higher.
00:39:28At all times,
00:39:30a fifth of humanity
00:39:32is traveling.
00:39:37Navigating
00:39:38through a complex global network
00:39:40of Israeli highways,
00:39:45sea corridors
00:39:48and air routes.
00:39:52Transport has opened the world to us,
00:39:55allowing us to travel
00:39:57anywhere at any time.
00:40:02But 100 years ago,
00:40:04there was practically
00:40:06no infrastructure.
00:40:09Our ancestors
00:40:11took thousands of years
00:40:13to leave Africa.
00:40:15And after that,
00:40:17thousands of years passed
00:40:19until a person
00:40:21went around the world.
00:40:23And now we do it every day.
00:40:25How did we become
00:40:27so mobile?
00:40:29The answer lies
00:40:31in an invention.
00:40:33October 1, 1908.
00:40:35Detroit, Michigan.
00:40:39The industrial Henry Ford
00:40:41designed a chain of assembly
00:40:43to produce his mass-produced car,
00:40:45the Ford T.
00:40:50It reduced costs
00:40:52by offering an affordable car
00:40:54for the average American.
00:40:59During the next 15 years,
00:41:0115 million cars
00:41:03from that production plant
00:41:05were produced,
00:41:07giving rise to a radical change
00:41:09in human behavior.
00:41:11The car is the technology
00:41:13that unites us
00:41:15and makes us a modern civilization
00:41:17because it has been our dream
00:41:19for centuries,
00:41:21to travel from one point to another
00:41:23in an individual way.
00:41:25The mass production of the car
00:41:27led us to a new network,
00:41:29the highways.
00:41:33The first highway in the United States
00:41:34traveled 1,000 kilometers
00:41:36from the Potomac River
00:41:38to Ohio.
00:41:42100 years later,
00:41:44North America already had
00:41:46the largest network of highways
00:41:48in the world.
00:41:507 million kilometers.
00:41:55Around the world,
00:41:57more than 56 million kilometers
00:41:59of highways
00:42:01connect cities, countries
00:42:02and even continents.
00:42:07Today, we can drive
00:42:0917,000 kilometers in a row
00:42:11from John O'Groats in Scotland
00:42:13to Cape Town in South Africa.
00:42:19If we stretch all the highways,
00:42:21we could circle the equator
00:42:23more than 1,000 times.
00:42:29This allows us to drive
00:42:30more than 1,000 million vehicles
00:42:32around the world.
00:42:36One for every seven people.
00:42:42The car represents freedom,
00:42:44the ability to remake our lives,
00:42:46to find a job.
00:42:48Our lives still depend on it.
00:42:52Now, the metropolitan regions
00:42:54extend for several kilometers
00:42:56and we can live on an unsuspected scale
00:42:57for generations.
00:43:01And that's the final stage
00:43:03of the transportation
00:43:05that takes us beyond the city
00:43:07on a global scale.
00:43:09Interestingly,
00:43:11the invention that gave rise
00:43:13to the most extensive network
00:43:15of humanity
00:43:17is five years before Ford's car.
00:43:23Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA.
00:43:27December 17, 1903.
00:43:32On this desolate beach,
00:43:34the Wright brothers
00:43:36test a machine known as the Flyer.
00:43:40Aero-transported,
00:43:42it can travel 40 meters
00:43:44in just 12 seconds.
00:43:48This insignificant event
00:43:50gives rise to a revolution.
00:43:53The era of propelled flight
00:43:58that opens the way
00:44:00to another global network
00:44:02generally underestimated.
00:44:05From that first flight,
00:44:07which didn't reach 60 meters,
00:44:09the world shrank.
00:44:11Now we have global networks
00:44:13that allow us to travel
00:44:15from one place to another
00:44:17in just one day.
00:44:19Using GPS and radar data,
00:44:21we can track the planes
00:44:23that fly over the world
00:44:25on a daily basis.
00:44:28Every year,
00:44:30almost 40 million flights
00:44:32transport 3 billion people
00:44:34to remote destinations.
00:44:37To support this movement,
00:44:39there is a network
00:44:41of more than 40,000 airports.
00:44:46The International Airport
00:44:48is the largest airport
00:44:50in the world.
00:44:52It is the largest airport
00:44:54in the world.
00:44:55Hansfield-Jackson International Airport
00:44:57in Atlanta
00:44:59is the busiest in the world.
00:45:0195 million passengers
00:45:03take off from it
00:45:05every year
00:45:07to 225 different destinations.
00:45:14Today, aviation
00:45:16is a fascinating challenge
00:45:18for human mobility.
00:45:21The invention of the plane
00:45:23and international flights
00:45:25have not only shrunk the world,
00:45:27but have also connected
00:45:29all of humanity,
00:45:31the whole planet,
00:45:33as a single interconnected city.
00:45:42Now we can travel
00:45:4490% of the planet
00:45:46in less than 48 hours.
00:45:53This is proof
00:45:55that we are more connected
00:45:57than ever in history.
00:46:02Our perception of the world has changed.
00:46:05Now we see ourselves
00:46:07as members of a single society,
00:46:09of a single race.
00:46:11Travelling in the modern world
00:46:13unites us in an unimaginable way
00:46:15centuries ago.
00:46:18But our ingenuity
00:46:20has led us to an even newer network.
00:46:26A network that allows us
00:46:28to talk face-to-face
00:46:30with people on the other side of the world
00:46:32without leaving home.
00:46:42Today, thousands of millions of people
00:46:44carry computers in miniature.
00:46:4850 years ago,
00:46:50computers with the same processing power
00:46:52occupied an entire room.
00:46:56Now, technological advances
00:46:58have reduced them
00:47:00to the palm of a hand.
00:47:02Connected in a network,
00:47:04smartphones have completely changed
00:47:06the functioning of society,
00:47:08with incredible consequences.
00:47:12With just a touch of a key
00:47:14we can share our lives
00:47:16with anyone on the planet.
00:47:20Every day,
00:47:22182 billion emails are sent.
00:47:25And 500 million tweets.
00:47:28Instagram processes
00:47:3070 million photos.
00:47:33And more than 3 billion
00:47:35Facebook posts
00:47:37receive a like.
00:47:40We can spread a thought
00:47:42or an idea in an instant.
00:47:44If it becomes viral,
00:47:46a post can reach
00:47:48thousands of millions of people.
00:47:53But just 500 years ago,
00:47:5599% of our ancestors
00:47:57didn't even have access
00:47:59to a single book.
00:48:08Maguncia, Germany, 1450.
00:48:14For centuries,
00:48:16books and writings
00:48:18were printed with this.
00:48:20Wooden letters.
00:48:22Each letter was carefully carved
00:48:23and each page
00:48:25was individually printed.
00:48:29Until the sculptor
00:48:31Johannes Gutenberg
00:48:33had a simple idea.
00:48:36To make lead-printed letters.
00:48:43Metal letters
00:48:45can be moulded
00:48:47instead of carved,
00:48:49greatly increasing
00:48:51the printing speed.
00:48:53Before 1450,
00:48:55it took two weeks
00:48:57to print a book
00:48:59and up to a month.
00:49:01But with Gutenberg's quick
00:49:03and flexible invention,
00:49:05a book could be printed
00:49:07per hour.
00:49:09Gutenberg's printing
00:49:11was 100 times cheaper.
00:49:13And that meant
00:49:15a drastic change
00:49:17in human behaviour.
00:49:19The availability of books
00:49:21and cheap pamphlets
00:49:23meant that
00:49:25reading and writing
00:49:27were no longer
00:49:29a luxury.
00:49:32During the next 500 years,
00:49:34printing became
00:49:36a mass communication method.
00:49:39Thousands of millions
00:49:41of books and newspapers
00:49:43were printed.
00:49:48Books and newspapers
00:49:50were the fastest
00:49:51means of communication
00:49:53for 200 years.
00:49:55But they travelled
00:49:57at the speed
00:49:59they could be transported.
00:50:01In the case of the United States,
00:50:03it took a week
00:50:05to travel from the East Coast
00:50:07to the West.
00:50:11Until, in the early 1800s,
00:50:13a new invention
00:50:15accelerated communication
00:50:17exponentially.
00:50:21THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH
00:50:30With the invention
00:50:32of electricity,
00:50:34messages no longer
00:50:36travel at the speed
00:50:38of a horse,
00:50:40but via cables
00:50:42almost at the speed
00:50:44of light.
00:50:46What the telegraph did
00:50:48was reduce the time
00:50:49from one city
00:50:51to another
00:50:53to just a few seconds.
00:50:57But the telegraph
00:50:59surpassed its great test
00:51:01when it managed
00:51:03not only to connect countries,
00:51:05but continents.
00:51:08July 29, 1858.
00:51:13In the Middle Atlantic,
00:51:15two ships are approaching.
00:51:16Both have a cable
00:51:18made of seven copper wires.
00:51:25With great care,
00:51:27the cables are clamped,
00:51:31creating the first
00:51:33transatlantic telegraph cable.
00:51:39For the first time,
00:51:41Europe and America
00:51:43joined together
00:51:44through an electric cable
00:51:46and we were able to use
00:51:48the electricity
00:51:50to send messages.
00:51:53On August 16, 1858,
00:51:55Queen Victoria
00:51:57sends a telegraphic message
00:51:59to President Buchanan.
00:52:02In total,
00:52:04the message of 99 words
00:52:06of His Majesty
00:52:08took 17 hours and 40 minutes.
00:52:10Something ridiculous
00:52:12nowadays.
00:52:15When you think about
00:52:17what that really means,
00:52:19people could communicate
00:52:21with the other side
00:52:23of the vast ocean
00:52:25much faster than sending
00:52:27a letter by ship.
00:52:29It brought two continents together.
00:52:31It was a great achievement,
00:52:33something spectacular.
00:52:35Nowadays,
00:52:37800,000 kilometers of
00:52:39submarine fiber optic cable
00:52:41connect each continent of the Earth.
00:52:44This network of communications
00:52:46has doubled in size
00:52:48only in the last five years.
00:52:52Cable 3,
00:52:54Southeast Asia,
00:52:56Middle East, Western Europe,
00:52:58is an engineering project
00:53:00with an extension
00:53:02of 40,000 kilometers
00:53:04that connects 33 countries,
00:53:06from Belgium to Japan.
00:53:09Through it,
00:53:11we send the equivalent
00:53:12of 200,000 million words per second.
00:53:16If you and I
00:53:18were to pronounce
00:53:20all those words,
00:53:22we would have to start
00:53:24speaking in the time of Jesus Christ
00:53:26and continue day and night
00:53:28without sleeping,
00:53:30without stopping,
00:53:32without eating,
00:53:34and we would still be speaking.
00:53:36But this incredible network
00:53:38is not limited to the ocean floor.
00:53:43Only in the United States
00:53:45there are 56,000 kilometers
00:53:47of data cables.
00:53:51The set of these cables
00:53:53has created the perfect network
00:53:55of communications
00:53:57that defines how we interact
00:53:59and communicate.
00:54:03Internet.
00:54:09With all these data networks
00:54:10and the Internet,
00:54:12for the first time in human history,
00:54:14we can communicate
00:54:16with anyone,
00:54:18anywhere on the planet
00:54:20whenever we want.
00:54:25The hip-hop dancers
00:54:27in Shanghai
00:54:29learn and exchange ideas
00:54:31with the dancers
00:54:33in Harlem and Soweto.
00:54:35Now you can be in the Rocosas
00:54:37or in the plains of Tibet
00:54:38and have access
00:54:40to 100 times more information
00:54:42than the best-informed person
00:54:44of 20 years ago.
00:54:49Internet is the summit
00:54:51of our interconnected society.
00:54:54It shapes almost all aspects
00:54:56of our lives.
00:55:00We can do all this
00:55:02instantly
00:55:04from anywhere in the world.
00:55:06Internet reflects
00:55:08how interconnected we are.
00:55:20We have come a long way
00:55:22in the last 12,000 years.
00:55:25Directed by revolutionary inventions,
00:55:27we have built
00:55:29a global network
00:55:31of impressive complexity.
00:55:33Layer by layer,
00:55:35this network supplies us
00:55:37food, energy, goods,
00:55:39transport and communication,
00:55:41revealing a truly global society
00:55:43of overwhelming complexity.
00:55:52But this wealth of data
00:55:54means much more.
00:55:57We can use it
00:55:59to study our future,
00:56:00revealing the overwhelming challenge
00:56:02of feeding and providing energy
00:56:04to an entire population
00:56:06in rapid expansion,
00:56:08inspiring our ingenuity
00:56:10and the daring inventions
00:56:12that will ensure
00:56:14our future on Earth.
00:56:23Every year we generate more data
00:56:25than in all the history
00:56:27that precedes us.
00:56:31Stored in millions of devices,
00:56:33we accumulate
00:56:352.5 trillion bytes
00:56:37around the world.
00:56:44If you were to store them
00:56:46in CDs,
00:56:48we would accumulate
00:56:507 or 8 CDs
00:56:52from here to the moon.
00:56:55We are in the age of data.
00:57:00This data has become very valuable.
00:57:04It allows us to create
00:57:06a detailed image of our world.
00:57:08It reflects the interconnection
00:57:10of our society
00:57:12in which we totally depend
00:57:14on each other.
00:57:16And what is even more important,
00:57:18it reveals our vulnerability.
00:57:23This extraordinary intensity
00:57:25and wealth of data
00:57:27allows us, for the first time,
00:57:28to get a good idea of the future.
00:57:30We can find out
00:57:32how our actions present
00:57:34can evolve.
00:57:43This is the world population clock.
00:57:52With each click
00:57:54a new individual is registered
00:57:56on the planet.
00:57:59The figure reaches
00:58:01200,000 daily.
00:58:07At present,
00:58:09we are 7.3 billion people.
00:58:13How did we get to that figure?
00:58:16And how much more will we grow?
00:58:22Demographic growth
00:58:24at first was slow.
00:58:28It took 11,500 years
00:58:30to reach 1,000 million.
00:58:35But only 130 years more
00:58:37to double that figure.
00:58:43In the last 50 years
00:58:45the population has doubled again.
00:58:52Our success
00:58:54puts us in an irreversible direction.
00:58:59In just 15 years
00:59:01our population will increase
00:59:03to 8,000 million.
00:59:07It is predicted that 20 years later
00:59:09we will reach 9,000 million.
00:59:16An increase of 2,000 million people,
00:59:18not in thousands of years,
00:59:20but in less than a generation.
00:59:25Now we are about 7,000 million people.
00:59:27But this massive increase
00:59:29of at least 2,000 million
00:59:31in the next 35 years
00:59:33has no precedent.
00:59:35The world population
00:59:37has never grown to that scale.
00:59:40Innovation has led us
00:59:42to unprecedented demographic growth.
00:59:45The big question is
00:59:47will we be victims
00:59:49of our own success?
00:59:56In the near future
00:59:58we will face great challenges
01:00:00when it comes to keeping
01:00:02the human population
01:00:04without destroying
01:00:06the natural environment we live in.
01:00:10These challenges revolve
01:00:12around food.
01:00:15Food is life.
01:00:17Without it we will die.
01:00:19I can't say it more clearly.
01:00:21Food is life.
01:00:23Water.
01:00:26Just about everything we do
01:00:28requires water.
01:00:30So to grow the crops
01:00:32that feed us
01:00:34and to keep the industry going
01:00:36we need water.
01:00:39And a source of energy.
01:00:41How are we going
01:00:43to turn on the lights
01:00:45or start our vehicles
01:00:47if not?
01:00:53The countdown begins.
01:00:55Every day that passes
01:00:57our population needs
01:00:59more food, water and energy.
01:01:04How can we meet the demand
01:01:06without destroying the earth?
01:01:09Or without contributing
01:01:11to climate change?
01:01:15As scientists
01:01:17we know that the climate
01:01:19changes naturally.
01:01:20But now the human contribution
01:01:22adds to the natural change
01:01:24and like a magnifying glass
01:01:26amplifies the change
01:01:28in our systems.
01:01:31Our methods
01:01:33will not last forever.
01:01:35So we will have to look
01:01:37for alternative solutions.
01:01:41If we add two billion
01:01:43more people
01:01:45in the next 35 years
01:01:47the magnitude of the problem
01:01:48will be even more obvious.
01:01:52We must find a solution
01:01:54that ensures
01:01:56the future of our life
01:01:58on the planet.
01:02:03And all the information
01:02:05that we have collected
01:02:07can be useful.
01:02:10We can use the data
01:02:12to understand the future
01:02:14and the patterns that shape
01:02:16our evolution.
01:02:18Will we find the solutions?
01:02:22Will the same human ingenuity
01:02:24that has brought us here
01:02:26be able to ensure
01:02:28the future of the next generations?
01:02:31There is no time to lose.
01:02:43Human ingenuity
01:02:45has led us to demographic growth
01:02:46like never before.
01:02:50The sum of another
01:02:52two billion people
01:02:54around 2050
01:02:56will endanger our lives.
01:02:58One of the biggest problems
01:03:00will be food.
01:03:02How to feed
01:03:049 billion people
01:03:06is a disturbing question.
01:03:08It is very difficult.
01:03:11Feeding humanity
01:03:13is an urgent task.
01:03:15We need a lot of land
01:03:17for crops and livestock.
01:03:19Millions of litres of water
01:03:21and energy
01:03:23to grow, produce
01:03:25and transport food.
01:03:28And this is affecting
01:03:30the environment.
01:03:33Everything emits
01:03:35carbon dioxide,
01:03:37especially our agriculture.
01:03:41The challenge is
01:03:42to find a way
01:03:44to produce enough food
01:03:46for everyone
01:03:48without damaging the land
01:03:50that gives us food.
01:03:53Imagine you had
01:03:55a beautiful garden
01:03:57full of food
01:03:59that you need
01:04:01to feed yourself
01:04:03for a year.
01:04:05Great.
01:04:07And now imagine
01:04:09that every year
01:04:10to feed an average American
01:04:12you need almost
01:04:14one hectare.
01:04:17But in 2050
01:04:19it is expected
01:04:21that that hectare
01:04:23will have to feed
01:04:25not one,
01:04:27but four.
01:04:29At this point
01:04:31we will have used
01:04:33almost all the arable land
01:04:35in the world.
01:04:37And if we cultivated
01:04:38we would have used
01:04:40the whole land
01:04:42instead of horizontally.
01:04:47Chicago,
01:04:49on the shores
01:04:51of the Great Lakes.
01:04:54The green sense crop
01:04:56does not look very green
01:04:58on the inside.
01:05:00But replacing the sun
01:05:02with these pink LEDs
01:05:04allows us to cultivate
01:05:06in a very different way.
01:05:09Here it is cultivated
01:05:11vertically,
01:05:13cutting the used land
01:05:15by 90%.
01:05:19And harvesting not one,
01:05:21but 26 times a year.
01:05:28Urban agriculture
01:05:30does not only save land,
01:05:32but also water.
01:05:34These crops
01:05:36use only 10%
01:05:38of the water
01:05:40the fields need.
01:05:42And that is critical
01:05:44because we also face
01:05:46a shortage of water
01:05:48in the future.
01:06:01From space
01:06:03we see that the earth
01:06:05is a world made of water.
01:06:07But most of it
01:06:09cannot be used.
01:06:1297%
01:06:14of the earth's water
01:06:16is salt water
01:06:18and only about 2.5%
01:06:20is fresh water.
01:06:22And the amount
01:06:24that can be used
01:06:26is even less.
01:06:28The majority
01:06:30of that fresh water
01:06:32is in the glaciers
01:06:34and underground
01:06:36but only 1%
01:06:38of the earth's water
01:06:40a very limited resource.
01:06:44Of that 1%
01:06:46of fresh water
01:06:48two thirds are used
01:06:50to make food.
01:06:53If you see what we use
01:06:55to prepare food every day
01:06:57you will understand why.
01:07:04To grow a couple of potatoes
01:07:06you need an average
01:07:08of 25 litres of water.
01:07:11The salad needs
01:07:13140 litres.
01:07:17And these two eggs
01:07:19a total of 270 litres.
01:07:23And this fillet
01:07:25more than 2,000 litres.
01:07:30And a glass of milk
01:07:33another 200 litres.
01:07:37In total
01:07:39you need 2,600 litres
01:07:41of water to prepare
01:07:43a meal.
01:07:47And millions of people
01:07:49eat every hour.
01:07:53So much of the food
01:07:55we eat grows in fields
01:07:57with irrigation agriculture.
01:07:59So the vegetables
01:08:01the meat
01:08:03and the glass of milk
01:08:04have needed huge amounts
01:08:06of water.
01:08:10That is why water
01:08:12is becoming
01:08:14one of our most precious materials.
01:08:17Looking at the world
01:08:19from its orbit
01:08:21we see the consequences
01:08:23of our thirst.
01:08:25I will never forget
01:08:27when I wanted to take
01:08:29a picture of the Aral Sea
01:08:31and took a few orbits
01:08:32and suddenly it has
01:08:34ceased to be a sea.
01:08:39More than 30,000 kilometres
01:08:41of canals and 45 dams
01:08:43have stolen the water
01:08:45from the Aral Sea.
01:08:49You could not see any water.
01:08:51There were remains of a shore
01:08:53perhaps,
01:08:55but you could not see
01:08:57more than a bluish
01:08:59and dusty grey.
01:09:00But not only is the water
01:09:02disappearing.
01:09:04The Yellow River
01:09:06in China
01:09:08is used for agriculture.
01:09:10Only 10% of its flow
01:09:12reaches the sea.
01:09:14The Indus River
01:09:16in Pakistan
01:09:18also drains only 10%
01:09:20of its water.
01:09:22And in America
01:09:24less than 10%
01:09:26of the Colorado waters
01:09:28reach Mexico.
01:09:31It is necessary
01:09:33to cultivate food
01:09:35that preserves the earth
01:09:37and the water.
01:09:39Crops such as
01:09:41greensense can help a lot.
01:09:43And there are other innovations
01:09:45that also offer promising solutions.
01:09:52Harpenden, north of London.
01:09:57At the experimental station
01:09:58of Rothamsted
01:10:00these wheat plants
01:10:02have no paragon.
01:10:04Scientists have designed
01:10:06them to give more wheat
01:10:08than ever.
01:10:12The primary way
01:10:14to increase the amount
01:10:16of food is to increase
01:10:18the harvest,
01:10:20that is, to increase
01:10:22the amount of food
01:10:24produced in the same land.
01:10:26We use technologies
01:10:28such as genetic engineering
01:10:30to make our crops
01:10:32as productive as possible.
01:10:41These plants
01:10:43are better cultivated.
01:10:45By altering their genetic configuration
01:10:47they will produce much more wheat.
01:10:51The harvest is increased
01:10:53without using more land
01:10:55fertilizers or pesticides.
01:11:01In England today
01:11:03almost 16 tons of wheat
01:11:05per hectare are harvested.
01:11:08These plants are designed
01:11:10to increase that amount
01:11:12to 40 tons.
01:11:15Biotechnology
01:11:17can also make the plants
01:11:19more resistant to plagues,
01:11:21droughts and floods.
01:11:23This opens up new possibilities
01:11:25about where to cultivate.
01:11:30We always try to advance
01:11:32and cultivate, for example,
01:11:34wheat resistant to drought
01:11:36so that it can be planted
01:11:38in sub-Saharan Africa
01:11:40and rice resistant to floods
01:11:42so that it can be cultivated in Asia.
01:11:46Soon we could see rice resistant
01:11:48to drought and floods
01:11:50in India and Pakistan.
01:11:53Corn resistant to drought
01:11:55in the west of Kansas
01:11:58and in plantations
01:12:00in dry areas of Uganda.
01:12:04And wheat cultivated
01:12:06in semi-arid areas
01:12:08of Africa,
01:12:10Australia
01:12:12and South America.
01:12:15New agricultural methods
01:12:17are the key to feed the world
01:12:19in the future
01:12:20and could be used
01:12:22to stop climate change.
01:12:27Coincidentally, agriculture
01:12:29produces a quarter of
01:12:31the greenhouse gases
01:12:33of human origin
01:12:35that go to the atmosphere.
01:12:45There is no miraculous formula
01:12:47to ensure our food
01:12:48in the future.
01:12:50We would have to change
01:12:52what we cultivate,
01:12:54how and where we cultivate it.
01:13:02But will we have enough energy
01:13:04to cook in the future?
01:13:16Almost everything we do
01:13:18today requires energy.
01:13:24Manufacturing,
01:13:26moving,
01:13:28eating,
01:13:30having fun.
01:13:33The population is approaching
01:13:359 billion,
01:13:37so we will need even more energy.
01:13:40But will we have enough?
01:13:45300 years ago,
01:13:46the industrial revolution
01:13:48caused mass migration.
01:13:50Since then,
01:13:52more and more people
01:13:54have settled in the cities.
01:13:56At the moment,
01:13:58there are 3.5 billion people
01:14:00living in the cities
01:14:02and it is expected
01:14:04that by 2050
01:14:06there will be 7 billion,
01:14:08twice as many.
01:14:10It is a human transition
01:14:12on a scale never seen before.
01:14:13We will build more cities
01:14:15in the next 40 years
01:14:17than we have ever built in history.
01:14:20It is believed
01:14:22that this massive urban growth
01:14:24will have a great impact
01:14:26on our lives.
01:14:35In 2050,
01:14:37to go from one city to another,
01:14:39there will be more people in transit.
01:14:40This will go up to 600%.
01:14:45Air passengers
01:14:47will go from 3 billion a day
01:14:49to 16 billion.
01:14:52This translates
01:14:54into 44 million people
01:14:56flying a day.
01:14:59And the number of cars
01:15:01on the roads
01:15:03will reach 2 billion.
01:15:07In China,
01:15:08there are 250 million vehicles
01:15:10and 20 million more a year
01:15:12when the middle class
01:15:14discovers the freedom
01:15:16of having a car.
01:15:18In Beijing,
01:15:20the roads are already full
01:15:22with 2 million cars.
01:15:27An increase of 1,500
01:15:29every day.
01:15:39Our energy needs
01:15:41will also double
01:15:43in 2050.
01:15:48We will need
01:15:50110% more oil.
01:15:53This means
01:15:55a cost of 265,000 liters
01:15:57per second.
01:16:01And around the world,
01:16:03more than 1,000 new coal plants
01:16:05will be built
01:16:06to meet the demand
01:16:08for electricity.
01:16:13Looking ahead into the future,
01:16:15the greatest energy demand
01:16:17will come from places
01:16:19like China and India.
01:16:22People in these parts
01:16:24will drive more cars,
01:16:27they're going to fly more,
01:16:29they're going to consume more
01:16:31electricity.
01:16:36Do we have enough resources
01:16:38to meet this
01:16:40enormous demand?
01:16:49With the current consumption rates,
01:16:51it is believed that oil
01:16:53will last about 50 years.
01:16:56Coal may last
01:16:58another century.
01:17:00For now, it seems
01:17:02that it will be enough.
01:17:06But using what is left
01:17:08of these resources
01:17:10will bring problems.
01:17:12There is a lot of coal
01:17:14left in the earth,
01:17:16but if we burn it all
01:17:18to generate the necessary energy,
01:17:20we will have a big problem
01:17:22with climate change.
01:17:24And that is not a solution.
01:17:27The use of fossil fuels
01:17:29could add another
01:17:31300 billion tons
01:17:33of carbon dioxide
01:17:34by 2050,
01:17:36greatly increasing
01:17:38the effects of climate change.
01:17:45We will suffer more storms
01:17:47and sea level rises
01:17:49more frequently.
01:18:01In Southeast Asia,
01:18:02for example,
01:18:04for the next 35 years,
01:18:06the population
01:18:08in coastal cities
01:18:10will be on fire,
01:18:13putting many more people
01:18:15in danger of great storms
01:18:17and sea level rises.
01:18:21All over the world,
01:18:23coastal floods threaten
01:18:25to invade 1 billion people
01:18:27by 2050.
01:18:33We have to find solutions
01:18:35to the delicate problem
01:18:37of energy.
01:18:39Human beings have
01:18:41an amazing ability
01:18:43to innovate.
01:18:45We are supremely good
01:18:47at making tools,
01:18:49we create things,
01:18:51and we are already
01:18:53creating technologies
01:18:55and machines
01:18:57that offer us
01:18:59an alternative
01:19:01to the natural disaster
01:19:03that we are facing.
01:19:31Not long ago,
01:19:33a few decades ago,
01:19:35solar energy
01:19:37looked more like
01:19:39a utopian dream,
01:19:41like a fantasy.
01:19:47But these plants
01:19:49make that fantasy come true.
01:19:52Ivampa
01:19:54produces enough electricity
01:19:56to maintain
01:19:57140,000 homes.
01:20:04It has been proven
01:20:06that these huge plants
01:20:08demonstrate that this technology
01:20:10is useful for something.
01:20:12It really works.
01:20:14You can produce
01:20:16large amounts of electricity
01:20:18from solar energy.
01:20:20Ivampa is just an example
01:20:22of the energy
01:20:24that the sun can produce.
01:20:25Our closest star
01:20:27offers us other sources of energy.
01:20:32Its heat moves the wind of the world.
01:20:40Wind power is probably
01:20:42the most prosperous renewable energy.
01:20:45It is active all over the world.
01:20:50There are many countries
01:20:52that feed on
01:20:53a large portion
01:20:55of their wind energy.
01:21:00Every year,
01:21:02the sun generates enough energy
01:21:04to meet 20,000 times
01:21:06our global needs.
01:21:09Will we have a more prosperous future
01:21:11by using the sun
01:21:13to feed our planet?
01:21:23With demographic growth,
01:21:25our thirst for energy will increase.
01:21:29But to stop climate change,
01:21:31we must stop relying
01:21:33on fossil fuels.
01:21:37The holy grail of the immediate future
01:21:39is to switch to solar energy.
01:21:48In the last five years,
01:21:50the solar energy we use
01:21:51has increased by almost 100%.
01:21:57China now produces
01:21:59almost 400 gigawatts
01:22:01of renewable energy
01:22:03at a time,
01:22:05more than twice the total energy consumption
01:22:07of Africa.
01:22:10In Canada,
01:22:12wind energy has increased
01:22:14by 2,000% in 10 years,
01:22:19feeding 1.5 million people
01:22:21in homes and businesses
01:22:26with a slight emission
01:22:28of greenhouse gases.
01:22:31Long before we had to start
01:22:33extracting coal and oil,
01:22:35we depended essentially
01:22:37on the power of the sun.
01:22:40Looking ahead,
01:22:42we will once again depend
01:22:44on the sun to generate
01:22:46most of our energy.
01:22:52There's a lot of coal and oil
01:22:54on the earth,
01:22:56but the sun will shine
01:22:58for billions of years.
01:23:00The wind will always blow,
01:23:02the water will always flow.
01:23:06Switching to solar energy
01:23:08is a way of getting rid
01:23:10of fossil fuels.
01:23:12If we do,
01:23:14we can ensure
01:23:16our energy needs
01:23:18in the future.
01:23:22Will we have
01:23:24a hopeful future?
01:23:33In the last 12,000 years,
01:23:35our society has undergone
01:23:37an incredible transformation
01:23:45from wasted nomads
01:23:47to the construction
01:23:49of the modern world,
01:23:57where innovation has led
01:23:59us to build
01:24:01an interconnected network
01:24:05that now reaches us all.
01:24:10This incredible connection
01:24:12is a great independence
01:24:13and also means
01:24:15that we have to take care
01:24:17of our systems
01:24:19because what we do
01:24:21as individuals
01:24:23affects the rest more.
01:24:25Now we have the ability
01:24:27to see how connected we are.
01:24:31Everything we do
01:24:33in our daily lives
01:24:35generates large amounts
01:24:37of information.
01:24:39If we collect it,
01:24:41we can see ourselves
01:24:43in the future.
01:24:46How we move,
01:24:48eat,
01:24:50trade.
01:24:52And to understand
01:24:54any aspect of the modern world,
01:24:56we just have to click.
01:25:00This is the planet
01:25:02that we have created.
01:25:11For the first time in history,
01:25:13all these data
01:25:15allow us to see ourselves
01:25:17in our fullness.
01:25:19But the success of the modern world
01:25:21hangs by a thread.
01:25:24Our ingenuity
01:25:26has a price.
01:25:28We have created a world
01:25:30that must support
01:25:327 billion people.
01:25:34And in a single generation,
01:25:36that number will increase
01:25:38by another 2 billion,
01:25:40rushing us
01:25:41to the future.
01:25:45As a species,
01:25:47we face great challenges
01:25:49in the coming years.
01:25:53But our civilization
01:25:55has already overcome
01:25:57other adversities.
01:25:59If we take a look
01:26:01at our history,
01:26:03we always end up
01:26:05moving forward
01:26:07and overcoming challenges.
01:26:09In the future,
01:26:11this is what has brought us here.
01:26:16For centuries,
01:26:18we have managed to overcome
01:26:20global challenges
01:26:22through technology
01:26:24and our intellect.
01:26:26We even surprise ourselves
01:26:28with how ingenious
01:26:30we can be.
01:26:34Being connected,
01:26:36we can join our forces
01:26:38and face the future together.
01:26:39Not as individual nations,
01:26:41but as a single global society.
01:26:50We have more knowledge than ever.
01:26:53A great ingenuity,
01:26:55the ability to share this knowledge,
01:26:57to spread it,
01:26:59and to create from it.
01:27:02We have a lot of data,
01:27:04a lot of information.
01:27:06It would be a tragedy
01:27:07if we didn't use it effectively.
01:27:09We have to learn to use it.
01:27:16To shape the future,
01:27:18we must learn
01:27:20from the richness of this data.
01:27:25If I want to live in the future,
01:27:27what future?
01:27:29Because I don't believe in the future.
01:27:31I don't believe there is only one.
01:27:33I want to make that future.
01:27:35I think we all do.
01:27:37I want to belong to a global society
01:27:39that brings us all together
01:27:41to take full advantage of our potential.
01:27:43I think the future is possible.