Göbekli Tepe : le plus ancien temple du monde ?

Nota Bene

Tout le monde connaît les pierres de Stonehenge en Angleterre, et peut-être que vous avez même pu les visiter, en vrai, ou dans le dernier jeu vidéo Assassin’s Creed ! Ce site encore plein de mystères date de 1.000 à 3.000 ans avant notre ère. Mais si je vous disais qu’il a un papa-temple, encore plus ancien, vieux de 10.000 ans, et qui se cachait sous terre… au fin fond de la Turquie ? Ça vous intrigue ? Alors en route pour Göbekli Tepe !  Erratum : à 2:32, les pierres sont en fait en calcaire ; à 5:25, on parle du Néolithique précéramique, du 11e au 8e millénaire.  Écriture : Benjamin Brillaud et Arnaud Bertrand  Pour en savoir plus sur l'AFAO, c'est par ici : https://afao-asso.fr/fr/  Montage par V pour Valentin : https://www.youtube.com/Salveus  ———————————————————————————————————————————— ➤➤➤ Sources en fin de description  ———————————————————————————————————————————— Découvrez ma boutique en ligne  ➜ https://nota-bene.creator-spring.com/   ———————————————————————————————————————————— Vous pouvez acheter mes ouvrages ici  ➜ https://www.notabenemovies.com/ouvrages/  ———————————————————————————————————————————— Rejoignez-moi sur les réseaux ! ➜ Nota Bene : https://www.youtube.com/@notabenemovies ➜ Nota Bonus : https://www.youtube.com/@NotaBonus ➜ Twitch : https://www.twitch.tv/notabenemovies  ➜ Facebook : http://facebook.com/notabenemovies  ➜ Twitter : https://twitter.com/NotaBeneMovies ➜ Instagram : https://www.instagram.com/notabenemovies ➜ TikTok : https://www.tiktok.com/@notabenemovies  ➜ Snapchat : https://t.snapchat.com/NV73QSxl ➜ Tipeee : https://www.tipeee.com/nota-bene ➜ Site internet : https://www.notabenemovies.com/ ➜ Podcast : https://www.notabenemovies.com/podcasts/ ———————————————————————————————————————————— ➤➤➤ Pour en savoir plus : ———————————————————————————————————————————— https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zpClxDKe_eic0yQEl1LXzJ49OHJsgfWotw9-tSR4Fnc/edit?usp=sharing

Transcript

00:00 My dear comrades, good morning! Everyone knows the Stone Age stones in England

00:04 and maybe you have even been able to visit them in real life or in the latest video game

00:08 Assassin's Creed. This site, still full of mysteries, dates from 2000 to 3000 years

00:13 before our era. But what if I told you that there is an even older pope,

00:18 10,000 years old and hiding underground at the bottom of Turkey?

00:27 Gobekli Tepe, literally "the belly hill". Here is the name of this archaeological site

00:33 located in Upper Mesopotamia. And it's a beautiful hill, 10 hectares of surface for

00:37 350 meters in diameter and an elevation of 750. In the 1960s, the archaeologists

00:43 Alessandre Bell from Istanbul and Robert J. Breadwood from Chicago reveal some

00:48 dug tombs. Except that in 1994, Klaus Schmitt, a renowned prehistorian, discoverer

00:54 of many ancient sites in the Middle East, resumes the excavations. He then understands

00:58 that the tombs are only the highest part of massive stone pillars, which

01:03 sink straight into the ground. Tons of earth are then released until a set of

01:07 architectural complexes is discovered. The oldest layers reveal monumental enclosures,

01:12 10 to 30 meters in diameter, supported by 10 or 12 pillars, connected between them by

01:18 stone walls. The buildings were perhaps semi-buried, with a roof through which

01:22 people could enter. The site has visibly known phases of abandonment and activity,

01:27 but its access ramps, its doors and its spaces of circulation clearly indicate that it

01:32 was designed to accommodate a lot of people at the same time.

01:35 In any case, the first thing that strikes is the massive aspect of the monoliths. We wanted to make it big,

01:44 but also impressive and especially durable. The structure is still the same, two large

01:49 central pillars, rising to 5.5 meters high, which support the center of the building,

01:54 while the others, incorporated against the walls, make a circle around. Each weighs

01:59 between 10 and 15 tons. On the extraction site nearby, it takes 6 months to cut

02:05 its forms with a silex. And since the wheel does not yet exist, it is with the help of

02:09 wooden beams that we will move the monoliths, centimeter by centimeter, to the site

02:14 of construction. There, with ropes and a system of levers, they are raised to the sky.

02:20 And sometimes, the company fails, the pillar then bursts under its own weight,

02:25 and so it is abandoned on site. A little second of silence for the guy who spent

02:29 half the year digging a giga granite with his silex, all rickety, and who sees his

02:34 job go in smoke in a second. Rip.

02:37 In any case, some of these pillars are illustrated with geometric, animalistic and anthropomorphic patterns.

02:44 We recognize foxes, wild boars, gazelles, cranes, ducks,

02:49 vultures, scorpions ... These species live around the site and they may have

02:53 a particular place in oral stories and the traditions of the time. Some exist

02:58 in the form of small statuettes, others are omnipresent, like the rock whose skull

03:03 is represented everywhere on the pillars.

03:05 Okay, but what is the function of the building? Celebrate the hunt? Not really,

03:10 because we also have human representations. So the scientists jump for joy.

03:15 The human has a T-shape to distinguish his trunk and shoulders, but never his face.

03:20 We find for example on the monolith P43 of Uncle D, a headless human with a penis

03:26 in erection. Next to him, a scorpion man and a bird. Higher, a large vulture

03:31 spreading its right wing to another volatile, and a disc. Is it an eggshell

03:36 with an adult protecting his offspring or an allegory of the sun and the moon? On

03:41 their right we find other birds wild, a snake and two symbols in the form of an ax. Finally,

03:47 a row of three rectangular objects with arches in the form of domes like the pillar.

03:51 It's a hell of a mess and for the guy who has zero head and everything in the crotch, we could

03:56 believe in a caricature. But in fact, it is a symbol of good health

04:00 which is present everywhere in Eurasia. The real clue is his absence of head.

04:05 It could indicate that we did not want not represent gods or ancestors

04:09 whose appearance we knew. Beings from another world, mythical figures, gods,

04:14 demons. The entrance door of Complex C leads to a long and narrow corridor in stone.

04:19 Is it the door to souls or to hell? If this place belongs to the dead,

04:25 then the living would only enter it on certain occasions to perform rituals

04:28 very specific. Besides, archaeologists have found thousands of skulls carved

04:33 of deep grooves. The anthropologist Giulia Greschi specifies that these are deep incisions

04:39 but not well done, someone wanted to make a cut but not in a decorative way.

04:44 It could be to mark them as different or to fix decorative elements

04:49 or to hang the skulls somewhere.

04:52 Another mystery, the discovery in 2009 of a totem in limestone that makes a lot of people think

04:57 to be sculpted by the Native Americans from the North. So be careful, do not make me

05:00 say what I did not say, it's not aliens, we clearly have a sacred place,

05:05 a point of passage almost mandatory on the itinerary of hunter-gatherers.

05:09 The vast construction, intended for gatherings, was built and maintained by

05:13 thousands of individuals over hundreds of generations. It is sometimes nicknamed

05:17 "the oldest cathedral in the world". Indeed, it is a serious mistake to think

05:22 that culture only started with agriculture, said Klaus Schmidt. During the Neolithic,

05:26 from the 11th to the 8th century BC, the populations constantly traveled their Asia connecting

05:31 the Atlantic to the Pacific, passing in particular by Gobekli Tepe. These humans are everything

05:36 except savages. They are very adapted to their environment, they mobilize in great

05:41 number to several hundred kilometers from their place of residence to design buildings

05:46 grandiose. The Karaka Duke Mountain then becomes a development home. We find there

05:50 12 similar sites to Gobekli Tepe, including Karan Tepe, excavated in 2019. The influence

05:56 is such that the country knows a shortage of gibbet. We turn to the agriculture

06:00 of cereals, stored in warehouses discovered lower in the hill. With the warming

06:04 climate, agriculture and sedentarism are spreading. But beware, it's not necessarily

06:09 a progress on nomadism. The villages are developed only around strategic resources,

06:15 limiting travel to immediate surroundings. A world place like Gobekli Tepe ends up

06:19 to be abandoned. The temple was not the only one to suffer from the abandonment. We will

06:23 conclude with a little thought for Klaus Schmidt. Since following this fabulous

06:28 discovery, the archaeologist underwent a absolutely monster pressure. Publications,

06:32 press conferences, interviews, documentaries ... At the end, the archaeologist could not

06:37 more devote himself to his work. All his energy was devoted to this role of "window

06:42 media ". Searching is not enough, it must also transmit. Schmidt clearly took

06:47 on him what saved his colleagues, his students and the progress of the site.

06:52 But at the sacrifice of his family and maybe his life expectancy since he died in

06:56 2014 at 60 years old. But he will have us allowed to better know the hunter-gatherers,

07:02 so thank you to him, thank you to Arnaud Bertrand for the writing of this episode. If the history

07:08 and the archeology of Lorient you are interested, do not hesitate to go see the site of the AFAO,

07:13 the French Association of Friends of Lorient. Arnaud is one of them and he helps us regularly

07:19 on the chain.

07:20 On this, we will meet again very soon on Nota Bonus, bye !

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