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00:00:00In the name of the Fatherland, I swear to you, I will not be a traitor!
00:00:02Take these cannons away!
00:00:04The shovel point to the Tsar.
00:00:07The commander is in the dust of the autumn.
00:00:10And they ran.
00:00:13The Krakow tower was carried on the rafters.
00:00:16Only the flanks of the wings were broken.
00:00:20And when they were flying,
00:00:23the batteries were able to raise the tsar's royal health twice with the ground.
00:00:29And they ran.
00:00:31And they swung all over the horizon.
00:00:35On the Działoszyce, Skalbierz.
00:00:38And they got the cannon.
00:00:40With bare hands.
00:00:42In the autumn.
00:00:44In the dust.
00:01:29In the dust.
00:01:34In the dust.
00:01:39In the dust.
00:01:44In the dust.
00:01:49In the dust.
00:01:51I open the courts.
00:01:54Gentlemen,
00:01:56the courts.
00:01:58Justice
00:02:00has a voice.
00:02:04Here is the miracle of the machine.
00:02:08Both to the king
00:02:10and to the lord
00:02:12it cuts the head smoothly.
00:02:17To the traitors
00:02:19I take the punishment.
00:02:22And to the jugglers
00:02:25like in a pot of talar
00:02:28let the lips fall into the baskets.
00:02:32For treason, for payment
00:02:36equally for the brother.
00:02:39And this for rubles
00:02:42and these for ducats.
00:02:48And hell for this is not enough.
00:02:53Even death will not pay for his crimes.
00:02:58In pursuit of the crown and glory
00:03:03he sold his brothers to the enemies.
00:03:06Potocki! Potocki!
00:03:09Happy Potocki!
00:03:14And who raises his hand to the fatherland
00:03:17and introduces regiments in rage
00:03:20let him be cursed forever.
00:03:35Look, here is a great regiment.
00:03:40From Poland he wants to make a cemetery.
00:03:44The filth itself, the betrayal itself.
00:03:49What kind of crime is this?
00:03:52Mr. Żarowski!
00:03:55Żarowski! Żarowski!
00:04:00A million children!
00:04:02A million children!
00:04:04A hundred!
00:04:06When he sells his own army to the tsar
00:04:09death!
00:04:11Death!
00:04:13Death! Death!
00:04:18In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit
00:04:21who has ears, let him hear.
00:04:25Who has eyes, let him see
00:04:29like a royal pale face.
00:04:33Like a royal pale face.
00:04:37Like a royal pale face.
00:04:48Let him hear!
00:04:51Let him hear!
00:04:54Let him hear!
00:04:57Let him hear!
00:04:59The Grodzieński Sejm, directed by the then ambassador of the Tsarist Russia, Jakub Sivers
00:05:04accepted, despite the opposition of the group of deputies, the second partition of Poland.
00:05:11The Polish territory, compared to the pre-partition period
00:05:14decreased by two and a half times,
00:05:17and the population by over three times.
00:05:19Half of the Polish ethnic area was outside the borders.
00:05:23However, all the Lithuanian lands remained,
00:05:26a significant part of the Belarusian lands and a small part of the Volyn region.
00:05:36The Targowickie governments are, from a political point of view,
00:05:39the destruction of the Sejm.
00:05:41It is a complete breach of the Constitution of May 3.
00:05:45Prof. Andrzej Zachorski says.
00:05:47It is the madness of the people who did not love the Republic of Poland with love,
00:05:51the great citizens,
00:05:53but for whom it was only the country
00:05:57from which one could get as much money as possible.
00:06:01And then the economic matters under their government.
00:06:04Well, under the Targowickie governments,
00:06:06first of all, we see the ruin of the country.
00:06:10All orders for the army,
00:06:12for the four-year Sejm of 100,000,
00:06:15and now reduced to 15,000,
00:06:18were stopped.
00:06:20As a result, the factories were closed,
00:06:22the workers were dispersed,
00:06:24and the workers from the workshops
00:06:27had to look for work, leaving the city,
00:06:30leaving Warsaw above all.
00:06:32What was terrible for the whole country
00:06:35was the financial disaster.
00:06:37Seven of the largest banks in Warsaw were ruined.
00:06:40It caused poverty for many people
00:06:44and debt and capital outflow from the country.
00:06:48The result and consequences of this did not allow us to wait long.
00:06:52And now, let's move from the city to the village.
00:06:56In the village, a merciless foreign soldier
00:07:00was doing himself brutally and treacherously.
00:07:03From all over the country,
00:07:05there was a cry for the last shirt of the peasantry.
00:07:09This was the economic situation of our country.
00:07:13But the worst was yet to come.
00:07:16God,
00:07:19to have 100,000 soldiers,
00:07:22a united movement and an armed peasantry in the reserves.
00:07:26On one day, to start a war
00:07:29from the end of the Commonwealth,
00:07:32the enemy would not leave alive.
00:07:35I love such fiery sentiments,
00:07:38but poetic imagination takes us too far.
00:07:41Where there is a sense of imagination,
00:07:44there are human intentions.
00:07:46On what system are you going to oppose the insurrection?
00:07:50On the Constitution of May 3.
00:07:53Our kings do not agree with it.
00:07:57However, the Commonwealth will not take permission
00:08:00to build a city under the golden doors of the magnates.
00:08:03That's right.
00:08:05It's too much for them and too little for us.
00:08:08The system of the Constitution of May 3 is not enough for us.
00:08:11If we want to move the whole nation,
00:08:14we must give freedom to all states.
00:08:16And only on such a foundation,
00:08:18a built society will resist the tyrants.
00:08:20Staszyc has already written,
00:08:22as without a change of subordination of the peasantry,
00:08:25all changes are timely and fleeting.
00:08:28We must first give freedom to the Commonwealth,
00:08:31and then give it freedom.
00:08:33There is no need for the nobility to lose its freedom,
00:08:36but there is a need for it to spread its rights,
00:08:39increasing the number of free citizens.
00:08:42Among the allies, there are two,
00:08:45to be more precise,
00:08:47concepts of this future armed struggle.
00:08:50The first concept is the concept of the moderate.
00:08:53These people believe
00:08:56that we can go further than was done
00:08:59during the Constitution of May 3.
00:09:02They understand that this program
00:09:05is ultimately from a social point of view.
00:09:08As for those who talk
00:09:11and are the leaders of this program,
00:09:14we must mention General Działyński,
00:09:17banker Andrzej Kapostas.
00:09:20We must mention one of the most pleasant
00:09:23supporters of the Constitution of May 3,
00:09:26and one of the most beloved people
00:09:29in Warsaw,
00:09:32the President of Warsaw,
00:09:35Ignacy Wysogoc-Zakrzewski.
00:09:38The second concept, however,
00:09:41were the radicals.
00:09:44Those who believed
00:09:47that we should take, for example,
00:09:50France Robespierre,
00:09:53that we should defend the French Jacobins,
00:09:56that we should reach for political terror
00:09:59even in relation to those
00:10:02who are not sufficiently connected
00:10:05with the uprising, who are afraid,
00:10:08who are not responsible
00:10:11for this concept of fear.
00:10:14In this way, in May 1793,
00:10:17we have a list of oaths,
00:10:20which is clearly drawn
00:10:23both in Warsaw and in Dresden.
00:10:26In the field of emigration,
00:10:29then Kolontaj, Ignacy and Stanisław Potocki,
00:10:32act.
00:10:35Those who prepare the concept of fight
00:10:38together with France
00:10:41hope that France will help.
00:10:44Not a small number
00:10:47retreats not to the victims of the blood of the name,
00:10:50but to the exchanges of rights
00:10:53and Jacobin maxims.
00:10:56The example of France
00:10:59gives the nobility to think,
00:11:02especially that various letters and inciters
00:11:05spread around the country
00:11:08the opinions of the Jacobins.
00:11:11It will be easier for them
00:11:14to submit to the victims.
00:11:17Well, to beg, to beg
00:11:20the nobles,
00:11:23to throw away as an unnecessary burden
00:11:26for the dying fatherland.
00:11:29The noble citizen does not know
00:11:32the duty of caring for the happiness of the common people.
00:11:35Who does not feel it,
00:11:38and those who resist the will of the common people
00:11:41must be lost as enemies of humanity.
00:11:44This is what the French revolutionaries do,
00:11:47and in the end they achieved the victory
00:11:50of dignity and reason over selfishness,
00:11:53humanity over tyranny.
00:11:56The will of the nations is the law.
00:11:59On our banners it should be written
00:12:02Qui non est nobis cum est contra nos.
00:12:05I protest.
00:12:08This is the source of the Polish anarchy.
00:12:11Respecting other people's opinions
00:12:14leads to despising others,
00:12:17to understandable indifference,
00:12:20even to obvious treachery and hostility.
00:12:23And Bishop Kosakowski recognized political opinions,
00:12:26and the king reported them,
00:12:29and the merchants in the name of their own opinions
00:12:33should respect and respect their opinions?
00:12:36No.
00:12:39Besides,
00:12:42there should be no tolerance in Poland
00:12:45for the opinion leading to the upliftment of the Commonwealth
00:12:48on the principles of equality,
00:12:51freedom, brotherhood and independence.
00:12:54In the spring of 1793
00:12:57a secret revolutionary committee was established in Warsaw.
00:13:01The emigration center,
00:13:04fearing the early outbreak of the insurrection,
00:13:07sought to give its directive to the country's conspiracy movement.
00:13:10Hugo Kołłątaj wrote
00:13:13In order to protect ourselves from the unfortunate events of the French Revolution,
00:13:16we agreed that the insurrection in Poland
00:13:19should be under the dictatorship of one person
00:13:22who would gain popular trust.
00:13:25The whole nation pointed to this bone.
00:13:29It was hoped that the insurrection would lead to the burning of loose bonfires.
00:13:32It was counted on its great popularity,
00:13:35on which the glory it gained in the fights for the freedom of the United States
00:13:38and the merits it earned in the war of 1792.
00:13:43The co-creator of the victory under Saratoga,
00:13:46the chief engineer of the army operating in the south,
00:13:49the builder of a series of innovative fortifications,
00:13:52returned to the ocean after 8 years of stay
00:13:55as a former brigadier,
00:13:58with the words of recognition of the Congress
00:14:01for its long, faithful and valuable great merits,
00:14:04distinguished by the honorary badge of the U.S. Army Corps,
00:14:07the Order of Cincinnati.
00:14:10After his return, he had to wait in Poland for 5 years
00:14:13for the opportunity to serve in the Polish army.
00:14:16Former brigadier of the U.S. Army,
00:14:19the nomination for the general-major of the Crown Army
00:14:22in 1799.
00:14:27His fame as a commander
00:14:30is substantiated by the campaign of 1792,
00:14:33and above all by the Battle of Dubienka,
00:14:36which brought him an advance to the general-major.
00:14:39The legislature approved the citizenship
00:14:42of the revolutionary France.
00:14:48Kościuszko becomes, next to prince Józef Paniatowski,
00:14:51the most capable commander in this war.
00:14:54His social views were probably less known,
00:14:57especially his conviction that the basic evil of the country
00:15:00is subjugation.
00:15:03This conviction found expression in practice
00:15:06in humiliating half of the country to the peasants
00:15:09in the family Ciechnowice.
00:15:13These views certainly united him
00:15:16soon the sympathies of the left-wingers,
00:15:20On July 30, 1792,
00:15:23protesting against the king's suspension
00:15:26of military operations and his entry
00:15:29into the Targowicz camp,
00:15:32Kościuszko, along with other officers,
00:15:35declares his resignation.
00:15:38He leaves the country under a strange name.
00:15:44At the end of December he arrives in Lipsk.
00:15:50At the beginning of January 1793,
00:15:53after a meeting with Ignacy Potocki,
00:15:56the honorable citizen of France
00:15:59leaves for Paris with the mission
00:16:02of obtaining assistance for the planned uprising.
00:16:05He brings a memorial announcing radical social reforms.
00:16:14From the girondists he receives only
00:16:18encourages to the insurrection
00:16:21behind the anti-revolutionary coalition.
00:16:26After the overthrow of the Jacobins,
00:16:29who did not trust the noble Poland
00:16:32or its generals,
00:16:35he has no concrete promises.
00:16:39In August 1793, Kościuszko returns to Lipsk.
00:16:43At the beginning of September,
00:16:46envoys from the national oath come here
00:16:49to inform the Immigration Committee
00:16:52about the state of preparations in the country for the uprising,
00:16:55to demand a quick start
00:16:58and to propose to Kościuszko
00:17:01the appointment of the commander-in-chief of the insurrection.
00:17:04Kościuszko, in fact, made the choice.
00:17:07However, he realized that he had to personally check
00:17:10and that he would come to Kraków at the beginning of September.
00:17:17Podgórze near Kraków,
00:17:20mid-September 1793.
00:17:27Tadeusz Kościuszko meets with representatives
00:17:30from the oath,
00:17:33Józef Pawlikowski, one of the leading activists of the leftist movement,
00:17:36Jan Czyż, major of the National Cavalry,
00:17:39Józef Kołłątaj, an old man of Treśniów,
00:17:42a brother of Hugon, Franciszek Wars,
00:17:45a lawyer and a writer.
00:17:51The conclusion of the deployment of the troops is as follows.
00:17:54First, we will deal with them on the left bank,
00:17:57and only then we will move to the right.
00:18:00We will start, of course, in Warsaw,
00:18:03where Igelstrem has only a few companies.
00:18:06We will move him with the staff,
00:18:09take the arsenal, which contains 400 cannons,
00:18:1220,000 pieces of weapons,
00:18:15get the enemy's artillery at will,
00:18:18and only then, with the help of 4,000 to 6,000 armed men,
00:18:21we will arrive at 7 Russian camps near Warsaw.
00:18:24We have to postpone the explosion until later,
00:18:27until a more suitable time,
00:18:30because I will not be able to bring the country to an even greater decline.
00:18:33When is the right time?
00:18:36Before that, we have to fix all the shortcomings of last year's campaign.
00:18:39The lack of military action and military preparations.
00:18:42Everything is ready, as you wished.
00:18:45Read the register.
00:18:48The whole world is waiting for your sign, General.
00:18:51Warsaw will rise like one man.
00:18:54Warsaw is not the whole Poland yet.
00:18:57Let Kraków and Vilnius explode with it,
00:19:00the troops are ready,
00:19:03but the corps of officers,
00:19:06especially the higher echelons, are too few for the cause.
00:19:09As I was told,
00:19:12the peasants in the villages are cold, and the nobility is indifferent.
00:19:15Lithuania is not yet adapted to the explosion.
00:19:18There is a small spirit everywhere,
00:19:21minds in a weak comfort,
00:19:24preparations are barely in progress.
00:19:27That's enough.
00:19:35The enemy will not be defeated
00:19:38by a handful of meek and honest wills.
00:19:41In the current situation,
00:19:44starting is out of the question.
00:19:47Parole!
00:19:50Parole!
00:19:53Freedom!
00:19:56Slogan!
00:19:59The whole thing!
00:20:02Let's go to Sołtyk!
00:20:05The fairness of our cause
00:20:08and the love of the Fatherland will give us a certain victory.
00:20:11All that remains is patience,
00:20:14gathering supplies
00:20:17and multiplying the patriotic spirit.
00:20:20Meanwhile, the Sejm will decide to reduce the troops.
00:20:23The deliberations on the reduction of the troops in the Sejm will take some time.
00:20:26If the troops are disbanded before the time,
00:20:29everything will fall apart.
00:20:32It's better to have a thousand die than to have the whole nation fall apart.
00:20:35I will not give up my decision.
00:20:38Bring it to the Warsaw Committee
00:20:41along with the instructions of the preparatory actions after the voivodeship.
00:20:44If you knew the whole truth,
00:20:47you wouldn't have wasted a moment.
00:20:50We must return them to their human kind.
00:20:53The foundation of the insurrection lies in these millions.
00:20:56I will not fight for this nobility alone.
00:20:59I want the freedom of the whole nation.
00:21:05And only for him
00:21:08will we risk our lives.
00:21:19The longer Kościuszko stays in the country,
00:21:22the more dangerous he becomes.
00:21:25To confuse the scouts' vigilance, he decides to go to Italy.
00:21:28He has announced to the priest that he will stand by
00:21:31when the instructions on the preparation of the insurrection
00:21:34in all the voivodeships and towns are made.
00:21:38Let's go.
00:22:02The postponement of the insurrection date and the sudden departure of Kościuszko
00:22:05caused a stir and dissatisfaction among the convicts.
00:22:08Voices spread to choose another leader
00:22:11and start the operation.
00:22:14The involvement of the conspiracy and the proposed expansion of the insurrection organization
00:22:17threatened to expose it.
00:22:20However, the instructions of the chieftain of the further agitation in the army
00:22:23among the nobility, the townspeople and the peasants were carried out.
00:22:35The insurrection of Kościuszko
00:22:38The insurrection of Kościuszko
00:23:05The insurrection of Kościuszko
00:23:36The insurrection of Kościuszko
00:23:39Meanwhile, the situation underwent a fundamental change.
00:23:42The Grodzieński Sejm approved the reduction of the Polish army
00:23:45by 18,000, i.e. 50% of the then state.
00:23:48by 18,000, i.e. 50% of the then state.
00:23:51October 1793
00:23:54The basic dislocation of the Polish army was carried out.
00:23:57It was placed by small commands
00:24:00from far away from the important tracts
00:24:03between the strong detachments of the occupier.
00:24:06The plan of the beginning of the uprising
00:24:09was established at once with Kościuszko
00:24:12as a result of such a dislocation.
00:24:15December
00:24:18The place of the Tsar's ambassador Sievers
00:24:21the spokesman of the preserved Poland under the patronage of the Emperor
00:24:24is occupied by General Igelström
00:24:27a supporter of the new course of the policy of the Russian magnates
00:24:30and to the liquidation of Polish statehood.
00:24:33December
00:24:36In Rome, representatives of the envoys
00:24:39demand from Kościuszko to speed up the uprising
00:24:42to prevent the reduction of the army.
00:24:45The chief cannot be convinced.
00:24:48The final decision is postponed to the end of February.
00:24:51It is required to follow the instructions from the Council in Podgórze.
00:25:00To be continued
00:25:30February 11, 1794
00:25:55February 11, 1794
00:25:58February 11, 1794
00:26:01The Constituent Council decrees
00:26:04to order the Hetmans to take care of the issue of the reduction.
00:26:07In mid-February
00:26:10one of the most capable members of the Council,
00:26:13Tomasz Maruszewski, leaves for Dresden
00:26:16with the news of the approaching reduction of the army.
00:26:19Kościuszko does not stay.
00:26:22February 22
00:26:25February 22
00:26:28Another envoy leaves for Dresden
00:26:31with the news of the final date of the reduction.
00:26:34The end of February.
00:26:37Kościuszko returns to Dresden.
00:26:40With his participation, the decision to start the insurrection is made.
00:26:43There is a new plan
00:26:46regarding the new situation.
00:26:49The emissaries leave Dresden
00:26:52with new instructions.
00:26:55February 28
00:26:58Madaliński receives the order to reduce the 1st Brigade of Wielkopolska.
00:27:01March 1
00:27:04The residence of Szambelan Węgierski.
00:27:07The meeting of Andrzej Kapostas,
00:27:10the buyer and banker of Warsaw,
00:27:13one of the leading activists of the right-wing movement,
00:27:16Stanisław Potocki, lieutenant colonel of the cavalry artillery,
00:27:19Karol Meller, captain of the artillery.
00:27:22Today must be a designated date
00:27:25because the reduction has begun.
00:27:28You are waiting for the army to disperse.
00:27:31And they will catch us.
00:27:34You are leading the nation to a visible loss.
00:27:37Until Kościuszko orders to start,
00:27:40the insurrection cannot and must not begin.
00:27:43And why should we look at Kościuszko?
00:27:46Does the fate of the country depend on a man
00:27:49who travels around Italy,
00:27:52who may already hold another maximum?
00:27:55How ridiculous!
00:27:58You must throw him out!
00:28:01We already have a loop on our necks.
00:28:04It's not time for deliberation.
00:28:07And if you want to have a visible man at the head,
00:28:10then choose Prozor, choose Madaliński.
00:28:14Poniatowski! Zajączek! Ziołyński!
00:28:17You don't want him?
00:28:20Then I'll show you the man who is the most dignified in the nation.
00:28:25Kołłątaj.
00:28:28Genius is indisputable.
00:28:31The husband of great talents, great mind and iron hand.
00:28:34Klecha!
00:28:37But this Klecha can see Polish glory,
00:28:41he can trample on the glory of the nobles,
00:28:44he can give an ingenious revolution.
00:28:47Shut up!
00:28:50Take his voice away!
00:28:53Go with Kolotka!
00:28:56No leader.
00:28:59Start with an attack on the castle
00:29:02and murder the traitors there.
00:29:05Prozor with Duke Dmochowski
00:29:09as you know.
00:29:12They went to Dresden on the order of the chief.
00:29:16Maruszewski also went there
00:29:19with the news of the termination.
00:29:22We expect them back by the end of the week.
00:29:25Let's wait a few days with the decision.
00:29:28Whether to start with the boss or without the boss.
00:29:32The secret seems more and more.
00:29:35The secret seems more and more.
00:29:39The work is known to the king.
00:29:43Enough distraction.
00:29:46Enough boasting.
00:29:50To arms, comrades!
00:29:53To arms!
00:29:56Don't mess things up.
00:29:59I swear you to your homeland.
00:30:02Traitor.
00:30:05You came to us
00:30:08to disturb us in the fight for freedom.
00:30:11Like Moscow during this time
00:30:14will take our arsenal and our troops.
00:30:17What is waiting for us?
00:30:20It's better for a thousand to die
00:30:23than a hundred thousand because of our indifference.
00:30:26Kill, not give in.
00:30:30To me!
00:30:498th of March, Ostrołęka, Kvatera Madalińskiego.
00:30:54As a result?
00:30:57There was a tumult.
00:31:00The meeting ended in nothing.
00:31:03Meller went to Dresden
00:31:06to tell Kościuszko about the intrigue
00:31:09and urge him to leave for Poland as soon as possible.
00:31:12Money.
00:31:15But not without reason.
00:31:18The arrests started the day after the meeting.
00:31:21Betrayal.
00:31:24There was no time to think.
00:31:27It fell on everyone like a thunderbolt.
00:31:30The Hungarians were arrested.
00:31:33Szambela Najmłodego, Lieutenant Potocki,
00:31:36Major Czyrza, Emissary Sierpiński
00:31:39and a dozen others.
00:31:42Kapostas, Działyński, Dziarkowski managed to escape.
00:31:45The other associations were scattered.
00:31:48The whole association broke up.
00:31:52The situation in Warsaw is clear.
00:31:59What news do you bring from Dresden?
00:32:05The decision to start.
00:32:08Quickly.
00:32:11A new plan for the new situation.
00:32:14Which is completely different today.
00:32:17New instructions.
00:32:21In Warsaw.
00:32:24And in Kraków, which will be blocked by Prussia and Austria.
00:32:31A new plan is directed against only one enemy.
00:32:34Russia.
00:32:37The Warsaw garrison with the help of General Madaliński's brigade...
00:32:40In my situation?
00:32:43Excuse me.
00:32:46The Małopolska brigade and the 5th regiment from Podlasie
00:32:49will attack the Russian stronghold in Warsaw.
00:32:52Kościuszko will move to Kraków in mid-March.
00:32:55Concentrate the Małopolska division and go to Warsaw with it.
00:32:58Before the enemy has time to take food from the right ridge of the Vistula.
00:33:01This is a completely out of date plan.
00:33:07A week ago, I received an order from the military commission
00:33:10to reduce the brigade by two thirds.
00:33:13That's about a thousand people.
00:33:17I was also told to send the most diligent officers to Warsaw.
00:33:25I did.
00:33:28I sent one, they recorded it.
00:33:31I sent the other.
00:33:34Both are already there.
00:33:37I'm going to be alone in the capital on the 11th.
00:33:41It's about depriving the command of the brigade.
00:33:52Under the pretext of the order to reduce the brigade,
00:33:55Madaliński orders the concentration of the brigade
00:33:58scattered in the northern Mazovia.
00:34:01Without arousing suspicion, within three days,
00:34:04he gathers between Ostrołęka and Półtuski 1,200 sabers.
00:34:07This is the fourth or fifth concentration of the brigade.
00:34:18March 12, 1794.
00:34:22The 1st Wielkopolska Brigade of the National Cavalry
00:34:25begins its famous historic march.
00:34:29It is accompanied by a few nobles and a volunteer.
00:34:32It leads only four divisions.
00:34:38Igelström knows perfectly well that the uprising
00:34:41can begin either in Warsaw or in Kraków.
00:34:44Here are the arsenals with weapons.
00:34:47These are the only operational bases of action.
00:34:50The oath in Warsaw is broken.
00:34:53So Kraków remains.
00:34:56Meanwhile, the Madaliński Brigade moves not to the south,
00:34:59but to the west, and later to the north.
00:35:08A disoriented military commission
00:35:11calls on Madaliński to return to his former place of residence.
00:35:14It promises to show mercy
00:35:17and mercy to the guilty.
00:35:24The same is appealed by the king.
00:35:27Igelström soon manages the siege of the rebellious brigade.
00:35:30Three divisions rush into pursuit.
00:35:33Without result.
00:35:38Mid-March. Dresden.
00:35:44A courier arrives in Kościuszko with a message
00:35:47about the decision made by the spies in Ostrołęka.
00:35:53The commander of the uprising goes to the country.
00:35:59March 15.
00:36:02Madaliński changes the direction of the brigade's march.
00:36:06March 19. The brigade reaches Sochaczów.
00:36:16Igelström notices the threat in Warsaw.
00:36:19He recruits troops from the nearest garrisons to the capital.
00:36:24Madaliński divides the brigade into two columns.
00:36:27The first moves east, enters the territory of the Republic
00:36:30and reaches Szymanów.
00:36:33Igelström assumes that this is a move
00:36:36that gives a solemn slogan of the uprising in the capital.
00:36:39However, the eastern column returns to the south-west.
00:36:42Madaliński's plan begins to be understandable.
00:36:45A demonstration counting on the dislocation
00:36:48of the enemy's troops for the benefit of the southern region.
00:36:51Meanwhile, the Prussians escaped the terror
00:36:54and organized a pursuit for the western column of Madaliński,
00:36:57which went through the Prussian fence to the south through Niebojów.
00:37:03They try to take Madaliński in two fires,
00:37:06from the north and the south.
00:37:09This plan fails.
00:37:12Madaliński reaches Rawa,
00:37:15where he joins the eastern column.
00:37:18On March 24, he stands in Końskie.
00:37:21The brigade counts 700 shots.
00:37:28Madaliński's intention to draw troops to the insurrection
00:37:31and to concentrate more forces near Kraków
00:37:34gave a half-result.
00:37:41The direct merits are the acquisition for the insurrection
00:37:44of the Małopolska Division of General Wodzicki
00:37:47and the group of Rotmistrz Zborowski,
00:37:50as well as the cause of the exit of the garrison of Łykoszyn from Kraków.
00:37:53Madaliński undoubtedly gave the slogan of the uprising.
00:37:56He cut the hesitation.
00:37:59He created a fact.
00:38:06The news of Madaliński's appearance
00:38:09received in mid-March
00:38:12forced Kościuszko to make the final decision.
00:38:15Avoiding the Prussian lands, he moved through Prague to the country.
00:38:18He stopped in Wiatrowice, 20 km from Kraków.
00:38:21Having received the news of the departure of the Russian garrison,
00:38:25he arrived to the city on the night of March 23rd.
00:38:29Here, with the support of the division of General Wodzicki,
00:38:32he ordered to re-edit the printed act of the uprising
00:38:35in the direction of strengthening the authorities
00:38:38and clarifying the dictatorial provisions.
00:38:42He took personal responsibility
00:38:45in the absence of emigrant politicians
00:38:48who were not prone to personal risk.
00:39:24THE PROMISES
00:39:47For the disgrace of the Majesty of the Republic of Poland.
00:39:50For freedom.
00:39:53For independence.
00:39:57For...
00:40:15Not among the scammers in Wawel, as planned in Dresden,
00:40:19but on the market among the people, as a symbolic source of power.
00:40:24On the morning of March 24, 1794,
00:40:29Kościuszko swore an oath with the garrison.
00:40:34Halt!
00:40:46I, Tadeusz Kościuszko,
00:40:50swear in the face of God to the entire Polish nation
00:40:55that I will not use my power for any private oppression,
00:41:00but only to defend the integrity of the borders,
00:41:04to regain the independence of the nation
00:41:07and to establish universal freedom.
00:41:11So help me, Lord God,
00:41:14and forgive me the innocence of my son.
00:41:30March 24, 1794
00:42:00The first task of the Commander-in-Chief.
00:42:03To cover Kraków from the north and the south
00:42:06to allow a rapid increase in the number of troops
00:42:09and to create an administrative apparatus.
00:42:12Hence the first operational plan of Kościuszko.
00:42:15The groups of Madaliński and Manżet
00:42:18as two front guards on both sides of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains
00:42:21recognizing and delaying the movements of the enemy troops divided by the mountains.
00:42:26Hence diplomatic activity
00:42:28to ensure the neutrality of Austria.
00:42:37Says the Magistrate Jerzy Teodorczyk.
00:42:59The weapons of these masses were to be mostly a pike,
00:43:02the hope of the French republicans,
00:43:05and a scythe placed straight ahead.
00:43:08A terrible weapon of the Polish peasant
00:43:11already tested during the Swedish flood.
00:43:14The regular army,
00:43:16increased to at least 100,000 people,
00:43:19was to be the main striking force of the uprising.
00:43:24A rapid replenishment of the regular army
00:43:27was carried out by the Commander-in-Chief
00:43:30in a way also tested during the Swedish flood.
00:43:33Namely, through the recruitment of smoke recruits.
00:43:38Every five smokes,
00:43:41that is families,
00:43:43was to be given to one pedestrian soldier,
00:43:46armed and equipped at the expense of his fellow citizens.
00:43:50And every 50 smokes, one horse.
00:43:54At the order of the Commander-in-Chief,
00:43:56the order of the orderly commission in Kraków
00:43:59issued an order
00:44:01that the recruit
00:44:03was to be young, healthy and fresh.
00:44:08With a weapon, i.e. with a rifle,
00:44:12and a few loads,
00:44:14or with a pike at 11 feet long,
00:44:18or with a scythe,
00:44:20placed upright,
00:44:22and an axe.
00:44:24The horse recruit
00:44:26was to bring a good horse,
00:44:29worth 250 Polish zlotys,
00:44:34with the necessary clothing for riding.
00:44:38He was to be armed with a pike
00:44:41and two pistols.
00:44:43Young and physically fit,
00:44:46the Słowościans,
00:44:48as the People's Militia,
00:44:51led by the ground generals,
00:44:54were to serve in the field
00:44:56and support the regular army units.
00:45:00At the oldest age,
00:45:02nobles, peasants and peasants
00:45:04were to fight only within the borders of their town,
00:45:07land, province or city.
00:45:10They were to defend their homes
00:45:12at the moment of direct threat
00:45:14by the enemy units.
00:45:16Despite the fact
00:45:18that the commission
00:45:20started working energetically
00:45:22two days after the oath,
00:45:24the results were moderate.
00:45:27That is why the Commission's
00:45:29chief assistant
00:45:31helped the commission
00:45:33to issue a series of decrees
00:45:36to the citizens,
00:45:38to the clergy,
00:45:40to the women.
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00:47:21On the 1st of April,
00:47:24Kościuszko leaves Kraków.
00:47:27He begins his first march to Warsaw.
00:47:30He realizes,
00:47:33that the key to further development of the Uprising
00:47:36is to conquer the capital as soon as possible,
00:47:39for military, political and psychological reasons.
00:47:42The main task of Igelström
00:47:45is to block the region of the Uprising,
00:47:48from the north and east.
00:47:51He wants to push Kościuszko to the border,
00:47:54to the south with Austria, to the west with Prussia.
00:47:57So he concentrically pulls three columns to Kraków.
00:48:00Tormasowa from Warsaw,
00:48:03Denisowa from Lodz, Rachmanowa from Lublin.
00:48:06Kościuszko wants to prevent their connection,
00:48:09to separate them and go to the actions of the invaders.
00:48:12On the 2nd of April,
00:48:15the group of Madaliński and Zborowski joins Kościuszko.
00:48:18On the 3rd of April,
00:48:21the Silesian brothers bring 2,000 smoke recruits.
00:48:25Help us, lady,
00:48:28so that the power of the powerful
00:48:31does not come to us.
00:48:34Start our works,
00:48:37praise our holy lady,
00:48:40start telling stories
00:48:43that are not understood.
00:48:46Come to us,
00:48:49lovely lady, help us,
00:48:52so that the power of the powerful
00:48:55does not come to us.
00:48:58I humbly report,
00:49:01an heir has come with his servants
00:49:04and wants to take away his fugitive slaves by force.
00:49:07What? You dare to come here, to the camp?
00:49:10Will the commander release these people?
00:49:13Bring the heaviest slaves and wait for orders.
00:49:16I am Jaworski
00:49:20The Kościuszko brothers did not let me in,
00:49:23so I humbly report to the officer
00:49:26that I demand the release of my fugitive slaves.
00:49:29They were in Rzeplin yesterday, so they are here,
00:49:32in the camp.
00:49:35Damija Bobu is being tortured by them,
00:49:38three parobków and one żonata,
00:49:41a total of 12 days of the country on foot and 12 on horseback,
00:49:44counting the duties in the naturalities.
00:49:49They are not rich people,
00:49:52especially now, when the spring work begins.
00:49:55You have a catalogue of these people.
00:49:59Michał Zawada,
00:50:02Józef Szczepanów, Adam Mikołajczyk,
00:50:05Tomasz Barabasz.
00:50:08Bartosz, bring them here.
00:50:11If they want to return with the fugitive,
00:50:14I will not keep them.
00:50:17Not the whole nobility behaved in this way,
00:50:20says professor Józef Gierowski.
00:50:23A whole number of patriotic people
00:50:26who did not treat the Republic as it used to be,
00:50:29as their Folwark.
00:50:32This part was ready for the greatest victims,
00:50:35for the greatest sacrifice for the Republic
00:50:38and was ready to sacrifice for it
00:50:41both its own life and all its property.
00:50:44Poor rascals!
00:50:47I will show you a warrior!
00:50:52The nobility has come for you.
00:50:55If you want to,
00:50:58go home with them.
00:51:01We are not the nobility.
00:51:04We swore to Poland.
00:51:07We are the soldiers of Kościuszko.
00:51:10And who would like to return to the yoke,
00:51:13the worst of all?
00:51:16All the peasants cry for him.
00:51:19He does not know mercy.
00:51:22You do not want to return to it.
00:51:25For God's mercy,
00:51:28do not give us to this hellish man.
00:51:31Enough, enough. Get out of here.
00:51:34You heard Mr. Respons.
00:51:37I have nothing to change.
00:51:40Defend them from any violence.
00:51:46I protest.
00:51:49Holy Mother of God, I protest.
00:51:52What do you mean?
00:51:55I do not have the right to my subjects?
00:51:58Your nobility breaks the cardinal laws of the Republic.
00:52:01You have violated the nobility of reason.
00:52:04Do not swear, sir.
00:52:07The land is in decline.
00:52:10Enemies are at the border.
00:52:13Whoever is honest,
00:52:16defends the homeland, including the nobility.
00:52:19Kościuszko declared a holy war
00:52:22for all, freedom and independence.
00:52:25Even the peasantry takes the oath of obedience.
00:52:28But for you and others like him,
00:52:31the most important thing is to preserve the country.
00:52:34Preserve the country?
00:52:37I will give you some shabby dogs
00:52:40rather than a disgusting fatherland.
00:52:43I did not come here to listen to gossip.
00:52:46I came for my subjects.
00:52:49Do not raise your voice
00:52:52and go to all the devils.
00:52:55What?
00:52:58Are you talking to me?
00:53:01Shut up
00:53:04and get out of here.
00:53:07You will pay for such nonsense.
00:53:10You will remember Jaworski.
00:53:13I will not let you go.
00:53:16Rataf!
00:53:19Take him to the dock.
00:53:22He will defend himself.
00:53:25You have a gun.
00:53:29It is worth to lead.
00:53:40In the Universal Połaniecki,
00:53:43announced by Tadeusz Kościuszko on May 7,
00:53:46I found a reflection of the social problems
00:53:49that were missing in the act of uprising.
00:53:52First of all,
00:53:55the issue of the position of the peasants.
00:53:58The most important problem
00:54:01of the then Republic.
00:54:04Kościuszko was guided here
00:54:07probably by two reasons,
00:54:10announcing this Universal.
00:54:13One of them was the nobility practice,
00:54:16underestimation of his previous administrations.
00:54:19The second one was the pursuit
00:54:22of our influence of the peasants to the insurgent army.
00:54:25This influence was only possible then,
00:54:28if the peasants would get
00:54:31from the insurgent authorities
00:54:34the appropriate improvement of their position.
00:54:37In the Universal Połaniecki,
00:54:40there were indeed resolutions,
00:54:43which lacked their time
00:54:46in the Constitution of May 3,
00:54:49and which quite fundamentally
00:54:52changed the situation of the peasants.
00:54:55The first one was to provide them with freedom.
00:54:58The peasants could leave the village,
00:55:01change their place of residence,
00:55:04only by complying
00:55:07with their previous duties.
00:55:10The second one was
00:55:13to provide them with
00:55:16better land,
00:55:19used by them.
00:55:22Property, as the Universal says,
00:55:25however, it is, of course,
00:55:28a private property,
00:55:31in which the main owner of the land
00:55:34is still the nobility.
00:55:37But the peasant, who committed himself
00:55:40to his duties,
00:55:43was also very important
00:55:46in reducing the nobility.
00:55:49From one third to half,
00:55:52depending on the size of the farm.
00:55:55At the same time, these smaller farms
00:55:58achieved a greater reduction of the nobility.
00:56:01In addition to this,
00:56:04there were elements
00:56:07which had a more compromising character,
00:56:10which indicated
00:56:13that Kościuszko, wanting to please the peasants
00:56:16in their position,
00:56:19did not decide to take radical steps
00:56:22and remembered
00:56:25the nobility's claims.
00:56:28He remembered
00:56:31that the success of the uprising
00:56:34also depended on the nobility's support.
00:56:37Nevertheless,
00:56:40in none of the European countries
00:56:43where the nobility dominated,
00:56:46there were no further reforms
00:56:49than what Kościuszko
00:56:52announced in the Universal.
00:56:58On April 2,
00:57:01Denisova and Tormasov's groups
00:57:04of the Warsaw Uprising are closed.
00:57:07General Denisov,
00:57:10commander of the joined groups,
00:57:13decides to attack Kościuszko
00:57:16and destroy his army from two directions.
00:57:19He has a force of 6,000 regular soldiers
00:57:22and 40 divisions.
00:57:25On April 4, he leaves Skalbmierz
00:57:28towards Koniusz.
00:57:32Kościuszko realizes
00:57:35that he has joined forces with the enemy.
00:57:38He turns north,
00:57:41aiming at the exit to the Słomniki-Działoszyce road.
00:57:44This road is blocked by Tormasov's column.
00:57:47However, by performing this maneuver,
00:57:50he separates himself from Denisova's column.
00:57:53Seeing this, Kościuszko decides
00:57:56to accept the battle on the outskirts of the village
00:57:59His army consists of 4,000 bayonets and sabres,
00:58:022,000 axes and pikes,
00:58:05which are armed with Krakow peasants
00:58:08and 12 divisions.
00:58:11In the center, he prepared infantry in two lines
00:58:14and poured two batteries.
00:58:17The cavalry took the broken wings to the rear,
00:58:20left of Madaliński, right of Monżata.
00:58:23In the encirclement, they stood hidden
00:58:26in the middle of the field and part of the road.
00:58:32The enemy was prepared in two groups.
00:58:35The central, General Tormasov,
00:58:38was to join all Polish forces with the entire artillery
00:58:41to enable a flank march of Colonel Pustobałowa
00:58:44to the left of the Polish wing.
00:58:47The left of the Russian wing was to be Denisova's column.
00:58:56The arrival of Denisova's column was delayed.
00:58:59Tormasov started the battle on his own.
00:59:02The artillery directed the fire to the left of the Polish wing.
00:59:05Then the cavalry charge
00:59:08broke through Madaliński's brigade.
00:59:11The fire moved to the center.
00:59:27PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
00:59:40Kościuszko noticed the Pustobałowa's column's maneuver
00:59:43on the left wing.
00:59:46He reinforced it with infantry.
00:59:56PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:00:27PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:00:39PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:00:45The battalion commander is on the attack.
01:00:56PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:00:59Tormasov, at the cost of the center,
01:01:02throws a lot of reinforcements there.
01:01:05The right wing, Manżata's brigade,
01:01:08is threatened by the retreating Denisova.
01:01:11Then Kościuszko decides to hit the weakened center with all his might.
01:01:14PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:01:21He directs the fire of his two batteries there.
01:01:24In a brave attack,
01:01:27they defeat the enemy, taking 11 divisions.
01:01:30The attack, supported by infantry and cavalry,
01:01:33breaks the center of Tormasov's column.
01:01:36In the report from the course of the battle,
01:01:39Tormasov informs.
01:01:42Despite a strong shot, Kościuszko himself
01:01:45accompanies the first row of peasants armed to the teeth.
01:01:54PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:02:01The second row of peasants armed to the teeth.
01:02:04The attack, supported by infantry and cavalry,
01:02:07breaks the center of Tormasov's column.
01:02:10The attack, supported by infantry and cavalry,
01:02:13breaks the center of Tormasov's column.
01:02:16The attack, supported by infantry and cavalry,
01:02:19breaks the center of Tormasov's column.
01:02:22PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:02:38The attack, supported by infantry and cavalry,
01:02:41breaks the center of Tormasov's column.
01:02:44PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:02:49The commander then shifts his forces to the left wing,
01:02:52and, personally conducting the second attack of peasants,
01:02:55breaks the Pustobałowa's column.
01:02:58Meanwhile, Denisov appears on the left wing of the enemy.
01:03:01However, he is already after the fight.
01:03:04Darkness falls.
01:03:07The losses of the Poles in the battle of Racławice
01:03:10amounted to over 200 killed and wounded.
01:03:13PUSTOBAŁOWA'S COLUMN
01:03:28As the tradition says,
01:03:31the commander, immediately after the battle,
01:03:34thanks the peasants for their bravery,
01:03:37recruits the most valiant of them, Wojciech Bartosz.
01:03:40He was the first to run out of batteries
01:03:43and extinguished the fire with his hat,
01:03:46preventing the next shot from being fired.
01:03:51Kościuszko announced that he would be wearing
01:03:54the uniform of the most distinguished unit.
01:03:59The heroic unit of the mercenaries
01:04:02gets the honorable name of the Kraków Grenadiers Regiment,
01:04:05and Bartosz Głowacki was appointed its sergeant.
01:04:10During the ceremonies related to the entrance to Kraków,
01:04:13he receives an officer's scarf from the commander.
01:04:21The first battle of insurrection,
01:04:24however it ended in victory,
01:04:27did not lead to resolution.
01:04:30The road to Warsaw was still closed.
01:04:33However, this battle was of great moral significance
01:04:36for the further fate of the uprising.
01:04:40The news about the battle of Racławice
01:04:43spreads rapidly throughout the country.
01:04:46It gives rise to the belief that victory is possible.
01:04:49The heroic attitude of the mercenaries
01:04:52has a serious impact on the relations
01:04:55between the peasants and the insurrection.
01:04:58It proves that the policy of Kościuszko,
01:05:01the connection of the peasant masses
01:05:04with the issue of the rebirth of the state,
01:05:08is the right policy,
01:05:11which brings great benefits to the national cause.
01:05:24The insurrection takes over the country.
01:05:27Warsaw is created.
01:05:30After two days of fighting,
01:05:33the capital is free.
01:05:36Vilna is taken over.
01:05:45The military situation, however,
01:05:48is deteriorating.
01:05:51Prussian troops enter the series of defeats.
01:05:54The greatest victory of the commander
01:05:58is the defense of Warsaw.
01:06:11Despite the excellent defense of the capital
01:06:14and the outbreak of the uprising in Wielkopolska,
01:06:17there is still a defeat.
01:06:20The enemy has an overwhelming advantage.
01:06:23Maciejowice.
01:06:26Maciejowice is captured and taken into captivity.
01:06:32The bloody conquest of Prague
01:06:35marks the actual end of the insurrection.
01:06:50The insurrection led by Tadeusz Kościuszko
01:06:54despite such a significant territorial limitation.
01:06:57During the peak period,
01:07:00the commander had a 70,000-strong army.
01:07:03More than 150,000 people joined his ranks.
01:07:06This weakly armed and well-trained army
01:07:09achieved success thanks to the use of a new tactic.
01:07:12Support formations were armed
01:07:15with the support of the regular army.
01:07:18For the first time,
01:07:21a feudal army with a traditional cavalry
01:07:24became a national army,
01:07:27based primarily on people's infantry.
01:07:34In the history of Poland,
01:07:37the Kościuszko Uprising is of particular importance.
01:07:40First of all,
01:07:43because it is a very important stage
01:07:46in the history of the formation
01:07:50of a new Jewish nation.
01:07:53The Polish nation
01:07:56was a noble nation in ancient times.
01:07:59The Republic of Poland
01:08:02was considered a noble nation.
01:08:05However, in the second half of the 18th century,
01:08:08the concept of a new Jewish nation was formed.
01:08:13In the Kościuszko Uprising,
01:08:16under the concept of a nation,
01:08:19not only nobles,
01:08:22but also townspeople and peasants began to understand.
01:08:25The consequences of the military uprising,
01:08:28the desire to undermine
01:08:31the people of the village to fight,
01:08:34had very serious social consequences.
01:08:37It meant
01:08:40that the Kościuszko Uprising
01:08:44wanted to civilize the peasant.
01:08:47It was supposed to lead him
01:08:50to the path of a national struggle
01:08:53with a liberation struggle.
01:08:56And finally, the international meaning of the uprising.
01:08:59Well, Poland was fighting,
01:09:02Poland was falling under the leadership of Kościuszko
01:09:05and saved the revolutionary France,
01:09:08pulling back the Prussian army
01:09:11and, above all,
01:09:14preventing Catherine II
01:09:17from intervening against France,
01:09:20which she dreamed of.
01:09:23To sum up our discussion,
01:09:26looking from the bird's eye view
01:09:29at the Kościuszko Uprising,
01:09:32we can say that in our history
01:09:35it was one of the most beautiful,
01:09:38one of the most radical,
01:09:41and one of the most glorious.
01:10:08Now, in this place,
01:10:11I swear to you,
01:10:14my leader,
01:10:17my table,
01:10:20on which still,
01:10:23as on the old bridge,
01:10:26the harvesters from Podwacławice
01:10:29are pounding the work.
01:10:32On the works, just like God,
01:10:35before that, and now,
01:10:38and after that,
01:10:41my cart and the old table
01:10:44are not joined.
01:11:05© PTA & TVP
01:11:35© PTA & TVP
01:12:05© PTA & TVP
01:12:35© PTA & TVP