Un día en España desde el aire
Volando sobre todo el territorio español, el documental ofrece un panorama impresionante de este país con sus variadas extensiones, montañosas o costeras, verdes o desérticas. El país, la quinta potencia económica más grande de la Unión Europea, cuenta la historia de sus pequeñas y grandes ciudades llenas de historia, sus diversas costas y sus grandes provincias marítimas.
Durante este viaje, una nueva cara de España emerge ante nuestros ojos. La de un país que enfrenta elecciones estratégicas que salen de la profunda recesión que la sacudió hace solo diez años.
Durante este viaje, una nueva cara de España emerge ante nuestros ojos. La de un país que enfrenta elecciones estratégicas que salen de la profunda recesión que la sacudió hace solo diez años.
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00:00:00Spain, a country with a Mediterranean coast and an Atlantic coast, is the fifth largest
00:00:21economy in the European Union. For many Europeans, Spain is the land of the sun and
00:00:32holidays. It is an image that could make us forget that the Spaniards have suffered
00:00:38an economic, social and institutional crisis that has removed the foundations of the country
00:00:43and threatened the unity of its regions. As it recovers, we will spend a full day
00:01:00from dawn to sunset, discovering how the country is redefining its development models
00:01:05and reorienting its priorities for the future.
00:01:35When the sun begins to rise in Europe, the Iberian Peninsula remains submerged in darkness,
00:01:40at the westernmost end of the continent. The night map shows how unequal the population
00:01:46in the country is. In the center, the dense luminosity of Madrid vibrates. On the Mediterranean coast,
00:01:53the constellations of its most emblematic industrial and tourist centers shine. Valencia, Tarragona
00:02:00and Barcelona. It is six in the morning and a train from the Spanish high-speed network
00:02:16crosses the sleepy Sierra Morena. The train number 357 left Seville at five o'clock and covers
00:02:30400 kilometers from Díaz to Madrid in about two and a half hours. At the same time, on
00:02:43the white coast, in the city of Benidorm, the first domes line up on the beach. The
00:02:50birthplace of coastal tourism is preparing to receive, as it does every day, half a million
00:02:56people. Six hundred kilometers west, near the city of Seville, the sun's rays will soon
00:03:06hit the 3,000 solar panels. A unique solar energy plant in the world. The technicians
00:03:19of the night shift do their last inspections before turning on the generators. It is seven
00:03:27and the sun begins to fall on Spain. 900 kilometers northeast, in the heart of Navarra, San Fermín,
00:03:35the traditional festival of the city of Pamplona began two days ago. Only the Rio de Janeiro
00:03:40carnival and the October Fest in Munich attract more public. Behind the fences or peeking into
00:03:50their balconies, the spectators watch the runners warm up before starting the lock-down.
00:03:58For generations, these animals have been raised only for these events. And every year, the
00:04:05big and strong ones are brought to Pamplona for this party.
00:04:08This is exactly where the bulls disembark when they come from the cattle farm. They are noble
00:04:14bulls and the only thing they have is that they have to go very slowly with them in handling,
00:04:19because as they get angry, I have already told you before, they are brave. A whole year working
00:04:24and preparing them so that they arrive at least with their physique and can play in the
00:04:30game. It is time for the runners to position themselves on the starting line. This tradition,
00:04:39which dates back to the Middle Ages, allows the bulls to travel 900 meters through the
00:04:43stony streets of the city to the bullring.
00:05:10I have been running here in Pamplona for 45 years. To run a lock-down, the main thing
00:05:16is that you have to be aware of what you are doing and also get involved.
00:05:40Because this is a risk, even if we don't want to, it is a risk. But within the risk is
00:05:50the satisfaction. The satisfaction you have of being with a brave animal and being able
00:05:57to be in front of it when you know that the danger exists because the bull takes and kills.
00:06:03Navarra is one of the 17 autonomous communities that form Spain. It is a historical division
00:06:28of the territory that was re-established in 1978 after 40 years of dictatorship and
00:06:33centralism. The B357 train continues its journey to Madrid. The high-speed railway network
00:06:45connects the different regions of the country, guaranteeing communication between the main
00:06:49centers of the territory. Seen from the sky, the kilometers of track that run through
00:06:57the landscape remind us that Spain created this infrastructure in the second most mountainous
00:07:01country in Europe, behind Switzerland. To reinforce the central power of Madrid, the
00:07:08first democratic governments began the construction of a high-speed network of more than 3,000
00:07:13kilometers in length. This radial route, which starts from Madrid, covers the main
00:07:20itineraries of travel, which makes Spain the second high-speed railway power
00:07:25behind China and well ahead of France. It is seven and a half and the traffic is very
00:07:35intense on the M30 motorway that surrounds Madrid. It is the time when the traffic is
00:07:42higher in the capital. Workers arrive from neighboring provinces and nearby cities.
00:07:5514% of the Spanish population lives in Madrid and its metropolitan area. It is the third
00:08:02largest city in the European Union, behind London and Berlin. It is an international
00:08:08city and a cultural center, as its rich cultural heritage and its legendary
00:08:14Museo del Prado put it. It is also the headquarters of two of the best football clubs in the world,
00:08:20Real Madrid and Atlético. Considered an important financial center in southern Europe,
00:08:28Madrid houses headquarters of both multinationals and the largest companies in the country.
00:08:39In the commercial district, the modern skyscrapers of the Spanish banks echo the
00:08:43Eastern Palace, one of the largest royal palaces in the world. At Puerta del Sol,
00:08:50kilometer zero from Spain, the morning light projects the shadows of the first workers.
00:08:58But there is not only traffic on the motorway. Dozens of high-speed trains arrive in Madrid
00:09:02every day. The AVE railway network, a jewel of the Spanish industry, has created
00:09:12in the last 20 years a circle of secondary cities, now accessible from the capital,
00:09:17in less than an hour. At this early hour, more than 150 suburban trains circulate and converge
00:09:28in the two largest stations in the center, Atocha and Chamartín. The Atocha station
00:09:38is the busiest in Spain, frequented by almost 100 million travelers a year. Those
00:09:44who move to work now connect with the metro or bus network of Madrid.
00:09:54So that this morning profusion flows without setbacks, the Center for Innovation and Management
00:09:58of Mobility of the Regional Consortium of Transport of Madrid, OCITRAM, supervises the organization
00:10:03of public transport in the community of Madrid, made up of 179 interconnected municipalities.
00:10:10In Madrid, we have an average of about 13 million trips a day. We have about 20,000 cameras
00:10:17of all modes of transport. We can visualize 6,000 panels of variable information for the user,
00:10:26both on the street and within the interchangers.
00:10:30Managing the amount of information in real time is a technological feat. Madrid has aroused
00:10:37the interest of other European metropolises, eager to learn from their techniques to organize
00:10:41urban mobility. The interchangers are the core of this organization. These transport
00:10:50links, built at various levels, guarantee a continuous flow of connections between
00:10:55nearby trains, the metro, buses and taxis, and also with the interurban trains of the
00:11:01main stations, Atocha and Chamartín. These interchangers, pillars of the public transport system,
00:11:10reduce the time necessary for transbordes and the total time that travelers spend in
00:11:14means of transport.
00:11:24It is 8 o'clock in the morning. Air traffic at the Madrid airport is also very dense.
00:11:30Fifty daily flights connect the capital with Barcelona, the Catalan capital. In addition
00:11:38to the railway connections, this air bridge allows 15,000 people to travel between the
00:11:42two main cities of the country every day. The rivalry between Madrid and Barcelona is
00:11:49legendary and dates back 500 years. Today, the two economic engines of Spain are at the
00:11:59height. Madrid produces 20% of the country's wealth and Barcelona 19%. This economic dynamism
00:12:10is visible in the profile of the Catalan capital, where the headquarters of important companies
00:12:15and internet giants coexist with luxury hotels. Due to its geographical location, the capital
00:12:25of Catalonia is oriented to the world. One of the largest assets of Barcelona is the activity
00:12:31of its commercial port, the third largest in Spain, after that of Valencia and Algeciras.
00:12:39In 2017, the value of Spain's exports reached 277 billion euros, experiencing
00:12:46a growth superior to that of its European neighbors, Italy, Germany and France. Catalonia represents
00:12:52a quarter of these exports, above the rest of the Spanish regions.
00:13:03The port is also the point of arrival and departure of the cruises through the Mediterranean.
00:13:08It is the first cruise port in Europe. Thanks to the adaptations carried out with the port,
00:13:161,500 cruises dock every year in the Catalan city. Having abandoned Genoa the night before,
00:13:26the Costa Diadema ends a cruise through the Mediterranean after 13 days at sea. 306 meters
00:13:33long, 150,000 tons of weight, 5,000 passengers and a crew of 1,200 workers. It is one
00:13:40of the giants of the sea, proof of a sector at the top. In less than 10 years, the number
00:13:46of cruisers has increased by more than 30%. Today, a satellite tracking is carried out
00:13:53of the ships around the world.
00:14:14The modern infrastructure and the high-tech work carried out by the port teams
00:14:19make it possible for five cruises to dock at the foot of the Ramblas every day. Barcelona,
00:14:35an important Mediterranean city since ancient times, knows how to take advantage of its
00:14:39cultural and historical heritage. Every year, 7 million visitors arrive here from all
00:14:46corners of the world to discover the beauty of its monuments and parks.
00:14:57Architect Antoni Gaudí left his last lasting mark on the city of Barcelona. The Sagrada
00:15:05Familia, still under construction since 1882, is one of the most visited monuments in Spain.
00:15:14This iconic building, a sample of Catalan modernism, alters the geometric rigor of urban planning
00:15:19conceived years earlier. At the forefront of industrialization at the beginning of the
00:15:2619th century, Barcelona experienced moments of agitation in order to expand its territory
00:15:30and economic activities beyond its medieval walls. From the sky we can better appreciate
00:15:38the rational nature of the urban planning of Ildefonso Cerdà, designed in 1856.
00:15:47This engineer conceived the city as a connection point for land and sea highways
00:15:52and designed a grid crossed by the main streets that converge at the port.
00:16:00Manel Guardia Ibasols is a historian of architecture. He explains the reasons for this transformation.
00:16:06Manel Guardia Ibasols is a historian of architecture. He explains the reasons for this transformation.
00:16:08The city of Barcelona, in the middle of the 19th century, is going through a moment of change and a new city project
00:16:17that is closely linked to a few fundamental phenomena. One is the phenomenon of industrialization,
00:16:23then there are technological changes in transport, new steam navigation and railways.
00:16:30This is a very important aspect because it is also the moment when the Suez Canal is being built.
00:16:36The opening of the Suez Canal means that the whole port system must be renovated.
00:16:41But above all, the fundamental issue is that Barcelona is still closed in its walls
00:16:46and there has been a considerable effort and struggle for the demolition of the walls and the extension of the city.
00:16:54When Franco's dictatorship came to an end, Barcelona conditioned part of its cost to develop the industry.
00:17:03The serious economic crisis of the 1970s slowed that momentum.
00:17:08But at the end of the 80s, the city launched a last urban revolution,
00:17:13hosting the 1992 Olympic Games.
00:17:19It was invited to the great names of modern architecture to create the Olympic Port and to rehabilitate the maritime walk.
00:17:30At the foot of the Mafre Tower and the Hotel Arts is the sculpture of the golden fish by Frank Gehry,
00:17:36which became the emblem of the Olympic Games.
00:17:39This transformation is totally in parallel to this growing tourist influx in Barcelona.
00:17:49So what is actually a great success, ends up being something that overflows the forecasts
00:17:54and begins to create social tensions in many neighborhoods.
00:18:06With a housing demand that exceeds the offer, the population of Barcelona finds it difficult to find housing.
00:18:13In ten years, the rents have increased by 20%.
00:18:18In this difficult social context, the city council decided to act, making access to housing a priority.
00:18:29In the center, in the Barrio del Born, Eira lives in 49 Carrer de la Princesa,
00:18:35in a housing cooperative that offers affordable apartments to the inhabitants of the city.
00:18:43I think it is very symbolic that the first housing building in Barcelona is in this neighborhood,
00:18:51because it is probably the neighborhood where all the problems of tourism and gentrification began.
00:18:57Tourism has risen, the rents have increased a lot, which has brought apartments out of the market.
00:19:04A lot of foreign investment has come, which has bought many apartments with money that people here do not have and cannot buy.
00:19:12I am from the generation of the 1,000-euro people.
00:19:15With a salary of 1,000 euros, it was almost impossible to live in Barcelona if you wanted to live alone.
00:19:22I have acceded to an apartment of 65 square meters in the Born,
00:19:26which is one of the most popular and most expensive neighborhoods in Barcelona to live in.
00:19:32I think that apartment, which I have just renovated for the area it is,
00:19:38could cost 1,200 or 1,500 euros per month, and we are going to pay 600.
00:19:48If more initiatives like this were implemented, I think that for those of us who have always lived here,
00:19:54it would be the feeling that the city is not throwing us away,
00:19:58that there is really a political will to change things,
00:20:02that we have nothing against tourism, but that it is also a city to live in, not just to visit for a few days.
00:20:13In Spain, much of the population's assets are based on bricklaying.
00:20:18In the years following the dictatorship, during the recovery,
00:20:22real estate culture around the property became a powerful driving force of the economy.
00:20:33In the early 2000s, this real estate speculation reached its peak.
00:20:43In 1998, the government of José María Aznar approved a ground law that facilitated the concession of construction permits.
00:20:53At the same time, banks lowered the conditions to grant loans.
00:20:57The country was filled with cranes, and the fever of construction affected Spaniards of all kinds.
00:21:04At that time, the construction sector gave employment to 15% of the active population.
00:21:10Urbanization and other infrastructures multiplied throughout the country.
00:21:17Between 2002 and 2007, 600,000 houses were built per year,
00:21:21mainly on the outskirts of the main cities and on the coast.
00:21:25This number tripled those of France, Italy and Germany together.
00:21:32But this obsession with construction did not stop in the housing sector.
00:21:37Cities of different autonomous communities were filled with museums, art centers, stadiums and airports.
00:21:45But the global economic crisis snatched work from 2 million Spaniards in 2009.
00:21:51In three years, the unemployment rate rose from 17% to almost 25%.
00:21:57Spaniards could not pay their debts, and the real estate market collapsed.
00:22:04This unrestricted real estate fever generated a landscape of urbanization and empty buildings.
00:22:11It is estimated that there are around 1,400,000 unoccupied homes throughout Spain.
00:22:20THE CRISIS
00:22:36Mark El Redondo has been traveling through Spain since 2010,
00:22:39photographing and filming these places where construction was unfinished due to the crisis.
00:22:51It is a feeling, when I walk through these ghost cities,
00:22:56I always feel like I am the last inhabitant of the Earth.
00:23:02I always have this feeling, a kind of feeling of being an apocalypse,
00:23:08that something has happened and I am the last one left and I am here to tell it.
00:23:21Right now we are in Notura, in Granada.
00:23:25Behind me you can see the Alhondra, an urbanization of 50 houses that has been abandoned for 10 or 11 years.
00:23:37But in most cases in Spain, the buildings and urbanizations that were not finished,
00:23:44where the constructors disappeared, all these urbanizations were returned to the banks
00:23:51that were the ones who gave the loans at first, and right now they belong to them.
00:23:58And they are the ones who have no interest in finishing them or destroying them, because it is very expensive.
00:24:03So they have remained in a kind of limbo, where no one really wants to take care of them.
00:24:13These houses, for me, represent a kind of sand castles that are going to disappear at some point,
00:24:21or the nature is going to end up eating them in some way.
00:24:36When I started the project 10 years ago, one of the frustrations I had,
00:24:40and I was photographing from the ground, is that sometimes I could not cover the whole construction.
00:24:47And with time and with the new technologies and the appearance of drones,
00:24:51I always thought of photographing these places from the air,
00:24:56to show a little bit of the immensity, the space they occupy,
00:25:00to realize what we are doing with nature and with our environment.
00:25:11This is the contrast that there is in Spain,
00:25:14that there are many houses that are built, new, ready to live,
00:25:19but there are many people who need houses to live.
00:25:23We have people who are being thrown out of their homes, people who have nowhere to live,
00:25:28and at the same time this problem of empty houses,
00:25:32that they do not have people to live in.
00:25:36And as an archaeologist, also to capture these traces that have been left for posterity.
00:25:47And that, well, in a few years, or that serve as a historical archive,
00:25:52for posterity, to be able to look at these places,
00:25:55and to be able to see how they were built,
00:26:00and that, well, in a few years, or that serve as a historical archive,
00:26:04to be able to analyze at a historical, documentary level,
00:26:10and that these mistakes will not be made again in the future.
00:26:21In Spain, frozen in time,
00:26:23the economic crisis leaves its mark visible on the territory.
00:26:29In Spain, frozen in time,
00:26:31the economic crisis leaves its mark visible on the territory.
00:26:35Spain, the first country in the world to build a highway
00:26:56All these constructions were conceived to meet the needs of the Spaniards,
00:27:01but also to contribute to the tourist sector,
00:27:03a heavy weight of the country's economy.
00:27:09One of the largest assets of Spain is its coast,
00:27:12bathed in the sun 300 days a year.
00:27:16In total, it has 2,500 kilometers of coast,
00:27:19with sections that receive their name by the colors visible from the sky.
00:27:24Green coast,
00:27:25Golden coast,
00:27:26White coast.
00:27:31To the north of Barcelona is the Brava coast,
00:27:33known for its coastal villages with white houses like Cadaqués.
00:27:37For many years it was the home of Salvador Dalí.
00:27:44Further south,
00:27:45the rugged relief of the Golden Coast
00:27:47reveals rocky swamps of turquoise waters.
00:27:56But it is on the White Coast
00:27:57where the holy trinity of sun, beach and party
00:28:00has made Spain one of the main destinations of international tourism.
00:28:08The sector represents 11% of the country's GDP.
00:28:13Spain is currently the second most popular tourist destination in the world after France.
00:28:22At the end of 1950,
00:28:24Franco's dictatorship bet on tourism as a way to develop the country's economy.
00:28:29At that time, Spain entered the OECD and began to attract foreign capital.
00:28:35Unlimited construction was allowed on the coast.
00:28:40In the province of Alicante,
00:28:41there is a city that sums up the history of coastal tourism in Spain.
00:28:46Its name is Benidorm.
00:29:00Benidorm, the capital of Spain
00:29:23Seen from the sky,
00:29:24Benidorm is out of the ordinary.
00:29:26As if Rio de Janeiro and New York had merged on the coasts of the Mediterranean.
00:29:32Converted into the symbol of mass tourism,
00:29:34Made in Spain,
00:29:35has the largest concentration of skyscrapers in Europe.
00:29:42Benidorm receives the third largest number of tourists in the country,
00:29:44behind Barcelona and Madrid.
00:29:47The sunny climate is a magnet for retirees,
00:29:50especially from Germany and the United Kingdom.
00:29:54In the port, there are no longer many fishing ports,
00:29:57as was the case at another time.
00:30:00Few families continue to live off the sea.
00:30:02The rest work in tourism.
00:30:14Josemi and his two uncles are among the last fishermen in Benidorm.
00:30:24Here, currently, in the port of Benidorm,
00:30:27there are only two fishing boats.
00:30:32We sell to restaurants, to shops,
00:30:36and if the restaurant has tourists, it works,
00:30:40and if the shop has tourists, it sells,
00:30:43and goes to the fish market and buys fish,
00:30:45and it's a whole chain.
00:30:48To see my uncles here on the boat,
00:30:51and that sometimes they are helping me,
00:30:53reminds me of this family tradition,
00:30:55and it's also a pride to see them,
00:30:57because they like it,
00:30:58and if we weren't here, they would miss it.
00:31:02Who came up with all this?
00:31:04In 1963, it was already Benidorm, Benidorm.
00:31:08It was already going up.
00:31:09It was already going up.
00:31:10I already knew it was going to be a big city,
00:31:12but I remember the pesetas that Ferrandis gave me,
00:31:17to take them, or the father of this one, of Mereida,
00:31:20to take them to the island to dive.
00:31:22We with Remo, two children,
00:31:24the one who told you the Catalan,
00:31:26as we have told you, Benidorm was growing,
00:31:29and of course, many people did not go to the sea.
00:31:32This was lost.
00:31:34The sea was lost here.
00:31:35It was lost because, of course,
00:31:36anyone earned more going as a waiter,
00:31:39or anything, than going to the sea.
00:31:41Or painting, or working in the bath, or whatever.
00:31:44In the 1940s,
00:31:46the province of Alicante was not very well known,
00:31:49and Benidorm was nothing more than a fishing village.
00:31:52In 1955, the mayor of the time, Pedro Zaragoza,
00:31:56approved the construction of the first cheap hotels
00:31:59to accommodate the local vacationers.
00:32:01He was the first mayor of Spain to consent to the use of the bikini,
00:32:05which at that time was in vogue in other European countries.
00:32:08It was a social revolution that enjoyed immediate success.
00:32:14Starting in 1963,
00:32:16to accommodate mass tourism,
00:32:18new laws allowed the construction without height limitations.
00:32:23A verticality designed to optimize the use of buildable land
00:32:27next to the sea,
00:32:28and multiply the hotel offer.
00:32:33And as for the bikinis, there is a very good anecdote.
00:32:36Here, of course, the parishes did not let them enter without this.
00:32:41And the mayor here, Don Pedro Zaragoza,
00:32:43went to talk to the bishop and said,
00:32:45Mr. Bishop, you in the church, and I in the town.
00:32:49The bishop had a lot of friendship with Don Pedro Zaragoza,
00:32:52and he called him on the phone.
00:32:54He says, Pedro,
00:32:55I have been told that women bathe with two-piece bathers.
00:33:00And he answered the bishop,
00:33:02he says, that's not a problem.
00:33:04Tell me what piece you want to take off.
00:33:12In the 1990s,
00:33:14with the reactivation of the economy in the middle of the apogee,
00:33:17Spain experienced a new type of urbanization
00:33:19linked to tourism throughout the Mediterranean coast.
00:33:27It's half past eleven.
00:33:29And Adrián Ferrandis,
00:33:30geographer and professor at the University of Valencia,
00:33:33explains this phenomenon to us from the air.
00:33:41TOURIST ATTRACTIONS
00:33:49We are here in the Mariana region.
00:33:51We have one of the most important tourist spots,
00:33:54which is Dénia.
00:33:56Dénia is a reference,
00:33:58because it has generated an attraction,
00:34:00above all, of residential tourism.
00:34:03Residential tourism is one of the activities
00:34:07linked to the transformation of the most important territory.
00:34:12At an economic level,
00:34:14it derives from a very important development of the construction sector,
00:34:18which in the short term has its profitability
00:34:21and its generation of jobs.
00:34:23And once that house is built,
00:34:25until a period of 30 or 50 years passes
00:34:27that requires its rehabilitation,
00:34:29it is difficult for it to generate employment and economy again.
00:34:38That transformation of the coast
00:34:40is the result of the second homes
00:34:42built for foreign tourists in the 1990s.
00:34:46British, Germans and French
00:34:48took advantage of the low prices
00:34:50to invest and enjoy retirement abroad.
00:34:56The population itself is not very high,
00:34:58but these houses,
00:35:00in which you live only half a year,
00:35:02occupy a considerable amount of space.
00:35:08Alicante, Spain
00:35:11To counteract these excesses,
00:35:13the province of Alicante proposes to the tourists
00:35:15who discover the interior of this land.
00:35:18A tourism that is reinvented
00:35:20and becomes more and more responsible.
00:35:2220 kilometers you are on the coast of Dénia
00:35:25and therefore you have a fundamental proximity
00:35:28that makes you complementary.
00:35:30La Valle de Gallinera is a small sub-district,
00:35:33a valley formed by seven local municipal nuclei.
00:35:41We have a space where the natural environment is combined,
00:35:45a very rural environment,
00:35:47a predominance of agricultural economic activity,
00:35:51in which, as a counterposition to the model of sun and beach,
00:35:55we have rural lodgings,
00:35:57in rural houses, small dimensions,
00:36:00where quality can and must prevail.
00:36:04You improve the resource
00:36:06and also generate a new development
00:36:09and new opportunities for these rural territories,
00:36:12sometimes left a little abandoned by development policies.
00:36:17Therefore, for the future,
00:36:19to bet on the interior spaces,
00:36:21to bet on the rural space,
00:36:23always with the management
00:36:25and the minimization of impacts
00:36:27and to be very present.
00:36:39The Spanish territory offers a marked contrast
00:36:42between areas with higher population density
00:36:45and protected natural reserves.
00:36:48At 130 kilometers northeast of Benidorm,
00:36:51in the Balearic archipelago,
00:36:53the island of Ibiza receives every year
00:36:55almost two million summer residents
00:36:57who make it a huge dance floor.
00:37:01However, hidden just a few kilometers from these parties,
00:37:04there is a unique place of natural beauty.
00:37:10The natural reserve is isolated
00:37:12from the rest of the country,
00:37:15the natural reserve Ses Salines
00:37:17is an area protected for 25 years.
00:37:20It is a territory that extends
00:37:22from the ancient salines of Ibiza
00:37:24to the neighboring island of Formentera.
00:37:28The park houses a marine reserve for the most part,
00:37:31with nesting areas for migratory birds.
00:37:35At present, Spain has 132 natural parks.
00:37:38The first of them dates back to 1918,
00:37:41with the creation of the National Park
00:37:43of the Cobadonga Mountain,
00:37:45which over time became
00:37:47the National Park of the Peaks of Europe.
00:37:50Since the 1970s,
00:37:52UNESCO has recognized 52 biosphere reserves in Spain.
00:37:57It is a mountainous country,
00:37:59and its many peaks have made it
00:38:01the ideal place for hikers and climbers.
00:38:04These wild landscapes are the driving force
00:38:07of the new ambitions of Spanish tourism,
00:38:10since they allow green and adventurous tourism
00:38:13to reach new heights.
00:38:15The natural reserve of the Cobadonga Mountain
00:38:18is one of the most important
00:38:20natural reserves in the world.
00:38:22In the atlantic part of the country,
00:38:2430 kilometers from the coast,
00:38:26the National Park of the Peaks of Europe
00:38:28extends from east to west,
00:38:30between Cantabria and Asturias.
00:38:36Kingdom of eagles and gamos,
00:38:38it is the largest mountainous massif
00:38:40of limestone in Europe.
00:38:46The National Park of the Peaks of Europe
00:38:49is the largest limestone massif in Europe.
00:38:54Located in the Pyrenees,
00:38:56the National Park of Ordeza and Monte Perdido
00:38:59is a paradise for mountaineering lovers.
00:39:05It includes a succession of peaks
00:39:07of more than 3,000 meters high
00:39:09along the mountainous border
00:39:11between Spain and France.
00:39:15Further south,
00:39:17in the natural park of Sierra de Guara,
00:39:19it has numerous ravines
00:39:21that are among the most beautiful in the world.
00:39:27This mecca of ravines and climbing
00:39:29attracts more and more visitors
00:39:31in search of strong emotions.
00:39:36Jean, a Spanish-French ravine guide,
00:39:38is a defender of sustainable tourism
00:39:40and shares his conviction
00:39:42with other local agents
00:39:44eager to preserve this natural environment.
00:40:14There are many possibilities here.
00:40:16Climbing, hiking, mountaineering.
00:40:20It was a desert area
00:40:22and adventure tourism
00:40:24made it necessary
00:40:26to accommodate tourists.
00:40:41The beauty of the landscapes,
00:40:43the fact that it is a natural park
00:40:45and that the environment has been well protected,
00:40:47you can still observe nature
00:40:49as it used to be,
00:40:51and the villages have been respected
00:40:53that keep their original appearance,
00:40:55since they could not be built
00:40:57outside the urban areas.
00:41:01And this has also maintained
00:41:03this wild character
00:41:05in this part of Spain.
00:41:13The development and massification
00:41:15of this tourism in recent years
00:41:17has consequences
00:41:19that must be managed
00:41:21in a sensible way,
00:41:23taking into account
00:41:25the economic interests
00:41:27of the actors in the area,
00:41:29but also the nature.
00:41:31We live from it.
00:41:37And we can't crush it
00:41:39if we want to enjoy it
00:41:41for more years.
00:41:55And at the level of our trade,
00:41:57we try to learn
00:41:59and teach
00:42:01ecological behaviors.
00:42:03We don't use
00:42:05too many plastic bottles,
00:42:07we can't put sunscreen
00:42:09in a water that
00:42:11has no pollution.
00:42:13We observe the animals without touching them.
00:42:17The idea is that groups
00:42:19live as much as possible every day,
00:42:21and the idea is that they always return.
00:42:25Throughout Spain,
00:42:27other types of tourism
00:42:29continue to attract a large number of visitors.
00:42:33Spain is a great book
00:42:35of history outdoors.
00:42:37Cultural tourism offers trips
00:42:39to the past that take inspiration
00:42:41from an incalculable historical heritage.
00:42:47The Roman Theatre of Mérida,
00:42:49one of the most complete
00:42:51and best preserved archaeological sites
00:42:53in Spain,
00:42:55is faithful to the architectural ingenuity
00:42:57of Roman civilization.
00:42:59The Aqueduct of Segovia,
00:43:01an imposing vestige of the second century
00:43:03after Christ,
00:43:05is 300 meters high.
00:43:07The city of Granada,
00:43:09the last capital of the Kingdom of Al-Andalus,
00:43:11and its palace,
00:43:13the Alhambra,
00:43:15are witnesses of the richness
00:43:17of the cultural heritage of the region.
00:43:23In Spain,
00:43:25all roads lead to Santiago de Compostela.
00:43:27Traced in the 9th century,
00:43:29the different routes of the road
00:43:31attract 300,000 pilgrims each year,
00:43:33half of whom are Spanish.
00:43:37There are several roads,
00:43:39including the French that crosses the Pyrenees
00:43:41and the original road
00:43:43that crosses the Atlantic coast.
00:43:47And they all lead to the Cathedral
00:43:49of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia,
00:43:51a bustling center of Catholic faith
00:43:53in the most northwestern part
00:43:55of the Iberian Peninsula.
00:43:57Although tourism
00:43:59has helped Spain
00:44:01open up to the world
00:44:03and strengthen its economy
00:44:05during the last decades,
00:44:07there is another sector
00:44:09in which Spain is today
00:44:11the European leader.
00:44:13Fishing.
00:44:15Not far from the Cathedral
00:44:17of Santiago de Compostela,
00:44:19the city of Vigo
00:44:21is the engine of Galicia.
00:44:23Located
00:44:25in the Atlantic Ocean,
00:44:27the city is today diversifying
00:44:29its activities to adapt
00:44:31to an expanding market.
00:44:35Vigo is the first fishing port in Spain
00:44:37and one of the few in Europe
00:44:39in which the catch has not been reduced
00:44:41in recent years.
00:44:45Spain has 20%
00:44:47of fishing boats
00:44:49and represents 22%
00:44:51of the world.
00:44:59Even so, the country imports fish.
00:45:01The Spaniards eat twice as much
00:45:03fish as the world average.
00:45:05Today, with the great variety
00:45:07of species imported at a low price
00:45:09from Asia, the Spanish industry
00:45:11of fish and seafood is in the process
00:45:13of adaptation, also transforming
00:45:15the appearance of the coast.
00:45:21Fishing is experiencing
00:45:23a boom and represents 25%
00:45:25of production.
00:45:31In the bay of Vigo,
00:45:33the cultivation of crustaceans
00:45:35is in full swing,
00:45:37with extensive extensions of bateas,
00:45:39wooden platforms for molluscs.
00:45:41Spain is the second largest producer
00:45:43of mussels in the world,
00:45:45behind China.
00:45:47Among all this activity,
00:45:49fishing is becoming
00:45:51a more traditional method.
00:45:55400 autonomous workers
00:45:57are grouped in several cooperatives,
00:45:59forming a close community
00:46:01that has earned the seal
00:46:03of Galicia Calidades.
00:46:09Maria José has been directing
00:46:11the cooperative for 10 years.
00:46:13She works with other women
00:46:15on a daily basis and guarantees
00:46:17a strictly regulated life.
00:46:21It is 12 noon
00:46:23and the tide is low in camps.
00:46:25On the beach, a group of women
00:46:27prepare to fill their baskets
00:46:29with seafood, including
00:46:31the precious clams.
00:46:33Here, in Galicia, these women
00:46:35are known as mariscadoras.
00:46:47I'm going to measure it now,
00:46:49if you want to come closer.
00:46:51This one is there,
00:46:53it needs to grow a little.
00:46:57Today we have a maximum of
00:46:596 kilos of Japanese
00:47:01and half of fine.
00:47:07From 1999,
00:47:09when the group of mariscadoras
00:47:11was born, and now
00:47:13everything that is extracted
00:47:15is taken to the control point
00:47:17where they weigh it,
00:47:19they control the size,
00:47:21and you can't exceed
00:47:23the quota set for that day.
00:47:25That quota is set
00:47:27for the price of the previous day
00:47:29in Lonja and the amount of resources
00:47:31we have on the beach.
00:47:35These seafood banks
00:47:37where we work
00:47:39are concessions to the shipyard.
00:47:41You are not just an extractor now,
00:47:43you also do complementary
00:47:45work, such as
00:47:47monitoring,
00:47:49cleaning of algae,
00:47:51semi-cultivation,
00:47:53of clams,
00:47:55and the truth is
00:47:57that it is a very organized job.
00:48:03It's wonderful, it's a pleasure
00:48:05to work like this, but in winter
00:48:07sometimes it is hard.
00:48:09But as we are used to,
00:48:11I do it with joy,
00:48:13and I do it well, I don't have anyone
00:48:15above me to tell me what I have to do
00:48:17or what I don't have to do.
00:48:19If I feel like singing a song,
00:48:21I sing it, if I feel like telling a joke
00:48:23to my partner, I tell her.
00:48:25I have to work, otherwise
00:48:27I don't take anything home.
00:48:29If we have some seafood left
00:48:31and you see that your partner
00:48:33needs it, you tell her,
00:48:35take this one that I have,
00:48:37and the one that is left,
00:48:39I send it to you.
00:49:01The seabirds start their daily work
00:49:03depending on the tides,
00:49:05but they don't know when the day will end.
00:49:07However, they only work 15 days a month.
00:49:10The quotas have been agreed between the fisheries and the Ministry of Fisheries
00:49:14in order to manage this natural resource, which is their means of subsistence.
00:49:21The sea bass and the neighboring cooperatives are famous throughout Spain
00:49:25and export to the rest of Europe.
00:49:27It is 2 o'clock at noon.
00:49:37After picking up sea bass for two hours, the fishermen return from the beach.
00:49:43In Pamplona, it is time to celebrate.
00:49:45The guiliquis parade through the streets of the old town of Las Gaitas.
00:49:53Spending a day in Spain involves adapting to Spanish schedules.
00:49:58The whole country stops between 2 and 4 in the afternoon for a long break for lunch,
00:50:04which creates a gap compared to other European countries.
00:50:08Since 1942, Spain has been on the same schedule as Germany,
00:50:13although its geographical area coincides with the United Kingdom,
00:50:16a decision that Franco made during the Second World War.
00:50:20If Spain lived on the correct schedule,
00:50:22the same as Portugal, it could save energy for the value of 300 million euros a year.
00:50:31At the first hour of the afternoon,
00:50:33the fans and air conditioning systems of the country are in full operation.
00:50:39Spain experienced a rapid economic growth in the 2000s,
00:50:43which increased its energy demand and, therefore, its imports.
00:50:48In 2015, it was importing almost two-thirds of its energy.
00:50:53Most of the energy consumed, 73%, comes from fossil fuels,
00:50:58oil, gas and coal.
00:51:0327% of carbon-free energy is subdivided into nuclear energy and renewable energies.
00:51:10North Africa is one of the main exporters of gas to all of Europe.
00:51:14In Almeria, the gigantic gasoduct MEDGAD unites Spain with Algeria.
00:51:2060% of this natural gas is consumed in the Spanish market,
00:51:24while the rest is exported to other European countries.
00:51:30Spain has eight nuclear reactors.
00:51:34In 1984, the government approved a nuclear moratorium.
00:51:40But in 2011, a month before the Fukushima disaster,
00:51:44those in charge of the country's decision-making
00:51:46decided to extend the plant's operation for another decade.
00:51:51The difficult economic context in which the country was at that time forced them to do so.
00:52:01Today, to meet its electricity needs,
00:52:04Spain is multiplying its distribution agreements with its European neighbors,
00:52:08such as France and Portugal.
00:52:15Land of mountains and wind with a lot of solar light,
00:52:19Spain is considered a pioneer in the field of renewable energies,
00:52:24with a flourishing growth of this sector in the last 15 years.
00:52:31Wind and solar energy produce around 35% of the electricity consumed by the country.
00:52:45With more than a billion wind farms throughout the country,
00:52:49wind energy production has doubled in less than 10 years.
00:52:54Spain now occupies second place, behind Germany.
00:53:01The least populated areas of Castilla-La Mancha, Galicia and Castilla y León
00:53:05have acquired an unexpected value.
00:53:14150 kilometers northeast of Madrid,
00:53:16the Marachón wind farm extends for 14 kilometers.
00:53:21Every day, its 104 turbines produce enough energy for about 150,000 homes.
00:53:31The annual hours of sun in Spain are another of the country's assets.
00:53:36The exploitation of solar energy has experienced an impressive development.
00:53:40From a ridiculous contribution of 30 gigawatts per hour in 2002,
00:53:44to 10,000 gigawatts per hour in 2012,
00:53:47which represents an annual growth of 80%.
00:53:53In recent years, inhabitants of Andalusia, Navarra and Catalonia,
00:53:57tired of paying exorbitant electricity bills,
00:54:00have begun to equip their homes and businesses with solar panels.
00:54:05Worried about this trend and the potential loss of profits,
00:54:09the main electric companies pressured the government
00:54:12to introduce a solar tax that would record the production of energy.
00:54:19Faced with this political decision,
00:54:21and in order to avoid this unfair tax,
00:54:24in 2010, a group of citizens and a handful of students
00:54:27created SOMENERGÍA, the first Spanish renewable energy cooperative.
00:54:32Good afternoon. I'm Manel from SOMENERGÍA. How are you?
00:54:39We decided to move from Endesa to SOMENERGÍA in 2014,
00:54:46when the government created the solar tax.
00:54:51And we decided to move to SOMENERGÍA
00:54:54because we thought it was a good idea.
00:54:57We didn't create the solar tax.
00:55:01It was mainly out of conviction.
00:55:04It was a way to express our disagreement
00:55:07with the energy policy of the central government in Madrid.
00:55:16In Spain, most of the energy has a nuclear origin
00:55:20and we have to import it.
00:55:23It doesn't make sense.
00:55:25Why do we have to bring energy from outside and from dangerous origins
00:55:30when we have a shining sun here?
00:55:39So we discovered SOMENERGÍA,
00:55:42a transparent and ethical company
00:55:44that guarantees that the energy we use comes from renewable sources.
00:55:49We have a light bulb on the stairs and another one in the studio.
00:55:54SOMENERGÍA offers key projects.
00:55:58They are profitable in a few years.
00:56:01Energy is cheap.
00:56:04We only have to maintain the panels
00:56:07and the amortization is accelerated by reducing local taxes.
00:56:12Before, we paid a maximum of 120 euros a month.
00:56:18And now we spend 70 euros a month.
00:56:26Here, 50 families agreed to buy this installation as a whole.
00:56:34It shows us that other models are possible.
00:56:38SOMENERGÍA has 80,000 members and is constantly growing.
00:56:44The European Parliament has established the objective
00:56:47that renewable energy represents 32% of the total in 2030.
00:56:52In November 2018, the Spanish government presented a bill
00:56:56on renewable energy heating.
00:56:59The bill was approved by the European Parliament
00:57:02and the European Commission.
00:57:04The Spanish government presented a bill on global warming
00:57:08that aims to achieve neutrality in CO2 emissions in 2050.
00:57:15At the other end of the country, 60 km from Seville,
00:57:18we find another project that produces energy from sunlight,
00:57:22but on a totally different scale.
00:57:26Just by flying over the installation,
00:57:28we get an idea of its size.
00:57:35ENERGY
00:57:47GEMASOLAR is a solar energy plant capable of storing energy.
00:57:57The world's first in the history of renewable energy.
00:58:04With its panels, it can produce electricity 270 days a year.
00:58:09Twice or even triple that of wind energy or other renewables.
00:58:19Its secret is inside the receptor,
00:58:22which can reach a temperature of up to 600 degrees.
00:58:26This plant consists of 2,650 panels
00:58:29that form a gigantic mandala over 185 hectares.
00:58:49Raúl Mendoza, in charge of the energy production
00:58:52of Gemasolar, explains the operation of this energy giant.
00:59:04The process of production of Gemasolar is relatively simple.
00:59:08Through the receptor, we have a flow of melted salts.
00:59:12As they pass through the receptor,
00:59:14they absorb the solar energy that we have concentrated in the receptor,
00:59:18increasing its temperature.
00:59:20They reach a temperature of 565 degrees.
00:59:27When we want to use that energy,
00:59:29the salts are pumped to a steam generation system,
00:59:32where they give their thermal energy to the water,
00:59:35generating high-pressure and high-temperature steam.
00:59:38And the high-pressure and high-temperature steam goes to a turbine,
00:59:41making the turbine rotate, connecting to a generator,
00:59:44and thus producing electricity.
00:59:47We can store the solar energy and produce it,
00:59:50even during the night,
00:59:52so that we can adapt our electricity production
00:59:55to the demand curves of the market.
01:00:04Each state has its own program,
01:00:06which depends on the situation in which it is placed in the solar field,
01:00:10and that program tells it how it has to move automatically
01:00:13throughout the year, following the solar trajectory,
01:00:16which changes throughout the year.
01:00:19It can be assimilated to a solar generator.
01:00:29GEMA Solar, the jewel of the Spanish solar crown,
01:00:32is a pioneer in the new era of renewable energies
01:00:35and has interested governments around the world.
01:00:39Funded in collaboration with Abu Dhabi,
01:00:42it currently supplies electricity to 25,000 homes,
01:00:45thus preventing the emission of 30,000 tons of carbon.
01:00:51At the moment, Spain is a world leader
01:00:54in the advances in renewable energy technology.
01:01:03It's four in the afternoon,
01:01:05an hour of the day when the sun burns,
01:01:08and affects more the southern regions of the country.
01:01:14Spain is the driest country in Europe,
01:01:16and its Mediterranean climate punishes it with frequent periods of drought.
01:01:27Insufficient rains and dry weather
01:01:29explain that water shortage is one of the biggest concerns for the Spaniards.
01:01:36The hydrological differences in Spain
01:01:38have created divisions between the wet provinces of the north
01:01:41and those affected by drought in the center and south of the peninsula.
01:01:50For 40 years, the central government has implemented
01:01:53water distribution policies.
01:01:55In all of Spain, dams have been built
01:01:58and huge reservoirs and artificial lakes have been created.
01:02:06But there are times when this is not enough,
01:02:09and water must be transported over long distances.
01:02:12Kilometers of aqueducts cross the country
01:02:14carrying water from one province to another.
01:02:24This centralized management has generated a war
01:02:27for water between the provinces that have it and those that do not.
01:02:36In blue we see the regions in which the water abounds.
01:02:41In red, those in which it is insufficient.
01:02:45And in green, the agricultural areas that need irrigation.
01:02:51Water in Spain is intended for different purposes,
01:02:54from human consumption to irrigation lands.
01:02:56And throughout the Mediterranean coast,
01:02:58the phenomenon is amplified due to the demands of tourism,
01:03:01which are added to those of agriculture.
01:03:06Tajo River
01:03:11Seen from the sky, the Tajo River,
01:03:13in the Castilla-La Mancha community,
01:03:15has been reduced to a thread.
01:03:18This river, the longest in the Iberian Peninsula,
01:03:21and that flows from east to west since its birth in Aragon,
01:03:25is going through the worst crisis of its existence.
01:03:30The Tajo dies exhausted by drought
01:03:32and by the overflow of its water between provinces.
01:03:40The naturalist and spokesperson for the conservation of the Tajo,
01:03:43Miguel Ángel Sánchez, studies the problems
01:03:45caused by the overflow of water between provinces.
01:03:53Flying over the Sierra de Altomira,
01:03:55he points out where hydrological adjustments have been applied
01:03:58and what has been its impact on local populations
01:04:00and on the natural resources of the river,
01:04:02which is currently at a worryingly low level.
01:04:09The Tajo has always been used for milling,
01:04:12that is, all the fields that we see around,
01:04:15which were cultivated from cereals,
01:04:17to be able to mill and make flour,
01:04:19the force of the water was used in mills
01:04:21that were established in the rivers themselves.
01:04:31The Tajo has been used for milling since the 19th century.
01:04:38We are now arriving at two of the large reservoirs,
01:04:41the Entrepeñas and Buendía reservoirs.
01:04:43It was built in the 1950s,
01:04:45it has a capacity of about 1,650 hectometers,
01:04:48that is, it is a very important capacity.
01:04:50It would be enough to drink, quietly,
01:04:52for a year, a city of about 15 to 20 million inhabitants.
01:05:00No, all this water that is boiling here
01:05:02is stored to be transferred,
01:05:04that is, approximately 20-30% of the Tajo's water
01:05:09goes to the Tajo,
01:05:11and the remaining 70% goes to the transfer.
01:05:14We use the term hydrocolony,
01:05:17that is, causing problems
01:05:21and what is causing the river to be in that state.
01:05:30Here the water is pumped through the tubes of the transfer
01:05:33and from here the canal begins,
01:05:35which for 300 kilometers
01:05:37takes it practically to the other end of Spain.
01:05:43The Tajo Segura transfer
01:05:45is one of the most important works of hydraulic engineering in Spain.
01:05:53The planning of this Tajo water transfer to the Segura river
01:05:56began in 1933
01:05:58as a way to compensate for the shortage of water in southern Spain.
01:06:07The project was launched in 1968
01:06:10and the canal came into operation in 1981.
01:06:15With a length of 292 kilometers,
01:06:18the system transfers 600 million cubic meters of water per year,
01:06:22a quarter of which is for urban use
01:06:24and the rest for agricultural irrigation.
01:06:29The Tajo Segura transfer
01:06:31has had serious ecological consequences
01:06:33in the community of Castilla-La Mancha
01:06:35and has generated a demographic desert
01:06:37in all the regions that border the river.
01:06:46These fields will have disappeared
01:06:48because practically there will be no one
01:06:50to be able to live in them.
01:06:54Because from Madrid, from the State,
01:06:56large populations are prioritized,
01:06:58the richest areas,
01:07:00in detriment of the poorest areas.
01:07:02The budget of the State
01:07:04is given to the autonomous communities
01:07:06according to the population they have,
01:07:08not according to the territory.
01:07:10And that is a very serious problem
01:07:12in the management of the whole country.
01:07:23Right now we are going to enter
01:07:25one of the wildest areas in all of Spain,
01:07:28the Natural Park of Alto Tajo.
01:07:30It is a protected park,
01:07:32one of the thousands of hectares
01:07:34of virtually virgin nature.
01:07:37Here we are practically
01:07:39at the birth of the Tajo.
01:07:42You can see how the water comes from the streams,
01:07:44it comes from the water inside the land,
01:07:46from the springs that are rising.
01:07:50You have to keep in mind that these rivers
01:07:52that we are seeing here, the Alto Tajo,
01:07:54the Río Tajo, the Guadiela,
01:07:56have lost, in the last 30 years,
01:07:5850% of their contributions.
01:08:06These empty territories of the Perinsular Interior,
01:08:08whose water has been used
01:08:10to produce energy,
01:08:12for the Basque Country to grow,
01:08:14Catalonia, Madrid.
01:08:16Now we also have the right to breathe
01:08:18and that the water, our rivers,
01:08:20are alive to generate wealth
01:08:22instead of dying completely.
01:08:24Solidarity must now be tended
01:08:26in the other direction.
01:08:35In the south of Spain there are areas
01:08:37where the consumption of water escapes
01:08:39to all understanding.
01:08:43On the Andalusian coast,
01:08:45west of Almería,
01:08:47a unique landscape extends
01:08:49as far as the eye can see.
01:08:52This plain of 40,000 hectares
01:08:54that colonizes the land up to the mountains,
01:08:56is completely covered
01:08:58by greenhouses
01:09:00in which the drop of automated irrigation resounds.
01:09:04This is El Ejido,
01:09:06the European Capital of Intensive Agriculture.
01:09:14Taking advantage of the last square meter of soil,
01:09:16they have covered the entire area
01:09:18with an immaculate white blanket
01:09:20that is visible from space.
01:09:26Without the need for soil,
01:09:28and regardless of the season,
01:09:30thousands of tons of fruit and vegetables
01:09:32are produced here every day,
01:09:34which will end up in the supermarkets
01:09:36of France, the United Kingdom and Germany.
01:09:38Cheap labor,
01:09:40sunlight and a lot of water
01:09:42have made Spain,
01:09:44along with the Netherlands and Italy,
01:09:46the European leader in the production
01:09:48of agricultural products.
01:09:50This model of intensive agriculture
01:09:52has exhausted the groundwater
01:09:54of the province.
01:09:56Now they must drill
01:09:58at a depth of 600 meters
01:10:00to find water.
01:10:02And no one knows
01:10:04how long it will take
01:10:06to drain the groundwater.
01:10:10The desalination of seawater
01:10:12is the most serious alternative
01:10:14to solve this problem.
01:10:18Spain is the first producer
01:10:20of desalinated water in Europe,
01:10:22offering its southernmost region
01:10:24a guarantee for the future
01:10:26of horticultural production.
01:10:32In Spain there are about
01:10:34380 desalination plants
01:10:36that produce around 1,800,000 cubic meters
01:10:38of seawater a day,
01:10:40enough to cover the needs
01:10:42of 9 million people.
01:10:44The repercussions on industry,
01:10:46agriculture, tourism
01:10:48and the homes of people
01:10:50are increasing.
01:10:52The cost of this technology
01:10:54has fallen in recent years,
01:10:56competing with more classic methods
01:10:58of water pumping.
01:11:02East of the province of Almería,
01:11:04in the autonomous community of Murcia,
01:11:06a huge agricultural plain
01:11:08extends as far as the eye can see.
01:11:10This is where the Tajo Segura canal
01:11:12ends its journey from north to south,
01:11:14supplying numerous reservoirs
01:11:16distributed throughout the territory.
01:11:22Here, agricultural exploitation
01:11:24is done on the ground
01:11:26and outdoors.
01:11:30They employ 45,000 people
01:11:32and represent 30%
01:11:34of the national exports
01:11:36of fruit and vegetables.
01:11:40In Spain, agriculture
01:11:42is largely responsible
01:11:44for the arrival of foreign workers,
01:11:46especially from North Africa.
01:11:48This cheap labor
01:11:50is still one of the main
01:11:52engines of the sector's dynamism.
01:12:00To the north of Cartagena,
01:12:02near the Segura river,
01:12:04we find ourselves in a land
01:12:06that belongs to the Agroerni company.
01:12:08Sergio Ros, industrial engineer
01:12:10and general director of the company,
01:12:12explains to us why intensive agriculture
01:12:14has changed and how it tries
01:12:16to meet the growing demand
01:12:18of European countries.
01:12:22What is happening
01:12:24in terms of agriculture
01:12:26within the region of Murcia
01:12:28and I don't know in the rest of Spain,
01:12:30I think it is also similar,
01:12:32is that it is being professionalized.
01:12:34They are bringing people who have been abroad,
01:12:36who have certain responsibilities
01:12:38to give a new air
01:12:40to the way of working.
01:12:44Of the 2,500 hectares
01:12:46that we can have,
01:12:48only 60 hectares, at most,
01:12:50are in greenhouses.
01:12:52The rest is all outdoors.
01:12:54As for employees,
01:12:56we have about 700-800 employees
01:12:58from more than 20 nationalities.
01:13:00It really is a business
01:13:02that makes us move a lot.
01:13:04Not only do we have production areas,
01:13:06but also moments
01:13:08and production windows.
01:13:12Luckily, I have had the opportunity
01:13:14to be seeing production areas
01:13:16in almost the whole world.
01:13:18And one of those places
01:13:20is in the United States.
01:13:22And I don't think we have to envy
01:13:24the United States at all.
01:13:26We do very well here.
01:13:28And we know how to do things
01:13:30in a very good way.
01:13:40The future should be a national pact,
01:13:42a state pact.
01:13:44It should be something that you tell me,
01:13:46hey, in 10 years,
01:13:48do you remember the question I asked you?
01:13:50You wouldn't do it in life,
01:13:52because you always have water
01:13:54and everything is under control.
01:13:56The key to the future of agriculture,
01:13:58from my point of view,
01:14:00in this area of Spain,
01:14:02is that we are able
01:14:04to make a product
01:14:06as long as it is very good.
01:14:08And we join that,
01:14:10that we are able
01:14:12to introduce certain things
01:14:14from Industry 4.0.
01:14:16It would be wonderful.
01:14:18One of the things
01:14:20that we would like in Agroveni
01:14:22is to be able to give
01:14:24an application to Pepe,
01:14:26in which he could see
01:14:28on time and online
01:14:30if his lettuce is being grown in the field or not,
01:14:32and how much time he has left
01:14:34to get to his destination.
01:14:36Our customers come
01:14:38from any part of Europe,
01:14:40even the Middle East,
01:14:42and sometimes even further.
01:14:44And it is where we export 80-85%
01:14:46of what we end up selling.
01:14:48And in Spain, only 15-20%
01:14:50of what we really produce remains.
01:14:54It is said that the first greenhouses
01:14:56in Almeria and Murcia
01:14:58were built by chance,
01:15:00when the local farmers
01:15:02wanted to protect their crops from the wind.
01:15:04These regions were
01:15:06among the poorest in Spain,
01:15:08but intensive agriculture
01:15:10has enriched them in just two decades.
01:15:14Today, the trucks that go
01:15:16to the countries of northern Europe
01:15:18transport the country's water
01:15:20in the form of fruit and vegetables.
01:15:22This transformed water
01:15:24has created a market of 5 billion euros per year.
01:15:26And Spain cannot slow down.
01:15:30Its extremely dry agriculture
01:15:32is a driving force of its economy.
01:15:42In contrast to the greed
01:15:44that drives intensive agriculture,
01:15:46respect for the environment
01:15:48and resources,
01:15:50the most traditional land
01:15:52values are embraced
01:15:54by many Spanish farmers.
01:16:00To the north of the Iberian Peninsula,
01:16:02centuries of traditional agriculture
01:16:04have shaped the autonomous community
01:16:06of La Rioja.
01:16:12This vineyard, next to the Ebro River,
01:16:14has given nobility to the Spanish wine
01:16:16of the same name.
01:16:20Further south,
01:16:22in Andalusia,
01:16:24a return to Mediterranean agriculture
01:16:26is taking place,
01:16:28with a more modest water consumption.
01:16:30Olives have been here for centuries,
01:16:32but now there are crops
01:16:34that satisfy more contemporary tastes,
01:16:36such as these almonds,
01:16:38which each year grow to 1,000 hectares.
01:16:42These almond plantations
01:16:44are easy to care for
01:16:46and require minimal work and little water,
01:16:48in addition to offering their fruit
01:16:50twice a year.
01:16:58Flying over the westernmost
01:17:00territory of Spain,
01:17:02we discover another landscape
01:17:04that has been shaped by the human hand.
01:17:08With 4 million hectares
01:17:10of green pastures on the border with Portugal,
01:17:12the region of Extremadura
01:17:14houses the largest system
01:17:16of agriculture in Europe.
01:17:20The region has always been oriented
01:17:22towards the primary sector,
01:17:24with trees, crops and cattle
01:17:26in the same agricultural land.
01:17:34It is an immense territory
01:17:36destined for this type of agro-wildlife,
01:17:38a system known as the dehesa,
01:17:40in which the property is widely managed
01:17:42by ranchers.
01:17:44The ancestral forests of Encinas and Alcornoques
01:17:46have allowed the region to produce
01:17:48one of the most famous foods in Spain,
01:17:50the ham of Bellota.
01:17:54The cooperative Señorío de Montanera
01:17:56has been raising Iberian pigs
01:17:58in different areas
01:18:00scattered throughout the region for three generations.
01:18:06Francisco Espárrago is the director
01:18:08of this cooperative,
01:18:10which brings together 60 ranchers
01:18:12in a system of agriculture
01:18:14where animals and trees are inseparable.
01:18:18The dehesa is a system
01:18:20that existed in Spain before.
01:18:22A large part of Spain
01:18:24was covered by dehesas.
01:18:26Spain is a relatively poor country
01:18:28and what it does
01:18:30is cut the trees
01:18:32to produce cereals.
01:18:36This has been forgotten
01:18:38because it was such a mountainous area
01:18:40that we realized
01:18:42that this could not be deforested
01:18:44and produce cereals
01:18:46because we were going to produce almost nothing.
01:18:48So we were reduced
01:18:50to a system that was always produced,
01:18:52which was the symbiosis
01:18:54between a forest system
01:18:56such as trees, Encinas and Alcornoques,
01:18:58with the use of firewood
01:19:00and cork,
01:19:02and also a livestock system
01:19:04that was basically the pigs
01:19:06that take advantage of the green grass
01:19:08that we have here.
01:19:16For a region like Extremadura,
01:19:18which was abandoned,
01:19:20and when we found
01:19:22that the European government
01:19:24was concerned about sustainability,
01:19:26about grazing,
01:19:28about deforestation,
01:19:30a region that was a little abandoned
01:19:32like Extremadura,
01:19:34came in handy to develop it
01:19:36and put it in the rest of the world.
01:20:00They enter the mountain range
01:20:02in mid-November.
01:20:04In the time of the mountain range,
01:20:06it lasts from November to February,
01:20:08the first of March,
01:20:10the three or four months.
01:20:12Here we have two types of acorns.
01:20:14These are Encinas,
01:20:16a sweeter, finer acorn,
01:20:18and these are Alcornoques,
01:20:20fatter and more robust.
01:20:22In the time of the mountain range,
01:20:24they get up very early.
01:20:26They get up at five in the morning
01:20:28or six, and at ten
01:20:30they take a nap until one or two.
01:20:32Then they get up again
01:20:34and eat,
01:20:36acorns and herbs,
01:20:38and they eat more and more.
01:20:40And then at ten,
01:20:42another one goes to sleep,
01:20:44and at six, another one goes up.
01:20:54What we have proposed now
01:20:56is to plant around 200 feet
01:20:58every year,
01:21:00so that, let's say,
01:21:02in 100 years,
01:21:04which I will not see,
01:21:06unfortunately,
01:21:08but I suppose my grandchildren
01:21:10will see it,
01:21:12so that in 100 years
01:21:14all Adesa is renovated.
01:21:16I believe that Adesa
01:21:18is an ideal place
01:21:20to raise pigs.
01:21:22Iberian pig is an animal
01:21:24that fattens a lot,
01:21:26that is, it emits a lot of fat.
01:21:28When the product rots,
01:21:30the oleic acid breaks
01:21:32and very pleasant aromas come out,
01:21:34which are what make the ham
01:21:36and Iberian products so magnificent.
01:21:48We have protected the Iberian pig,
01:21:50that is, now the Iberian pig
01:21:52is protected with a quality standard
01:21:54that makes it be defended throughout Spain
01:21:56against things that are not,
01:21:58and today practically 50%
01:22:00is sold outside of Spain.
01:22:06We do not intend to compete
01:22:08with the great productions
01:22:10of northern Europe,
01:22:12because we cannot compete
01:22:14with a product of high quality
01:22:16and very limited,
01:22:18and that is what we have to be
01:22:20convinced of in Estrela Dura,
01:22:22and that is what I am doing
01:22:24with the Iberian pig.
01:22:55These 430 hectares
01:22:57of green spaces
01:22:59run along the banks of the Manzanares River
01:23:01and partially cover the highway
01:23:03of circumvallation M30.
01:23:05It has become an extensive recreational area
01:23:07that connects the historic town
01:23:09and the working-class neighborhoods.
01:23:11Madrid is today a flagship of culture
01:23:13that has earned a place
01:23:15among the world capitals
01:23:17of contemporary creativity.
01:23:19Its most important national museums,
01:23:21such as the Prado and the Reina Sofía,
01:23:23are surrounded by centers
01:23:25dedicated to young artists
01:23:27who have the support of the city council.
01:23:29Matadero Madrid,
01:23:31an old matadero,
01:23:33turned 10 years ago
01:23:35into a large open space
01:23:37to the public that welcomes
01:23:39artists of all ages and origins.
01:23:41Another iconic place
01:23:43of the city's culture
01:23:45is the Conde Duque Center,
01:23:47an old barracks.
01:23:49It is run by a young couple
01:23:51Isla Aguilar embodies the spirit
01:23:53of the young Spaniards
01:23:55who have traveled the path of expatriation.
01:23:59It is a building that has been
01:24:01conquering us, full of secrets
01:24:03that we have been rediscovering.
01:24:05And it has those walls
01:24:07of fortitude, of barracks,
01:24:09that effectively, metaphorically
01:24:11and really
01:24:13make it much more human,
01:24:15make it much more habitable
01:24:17and on a human scale.
01:24:19And it is little by little
01:24:21to work with different audiences,
01:24:23with different artists
01:24:25who can also attract
01:24:27different tastes,
01:24:29which I think is fundamental,
01:24:31not to stick to one line
01:24:33but to try to generate
01:24:35a diversity for all tastes.
01:24:37For example,
01:24:39here in El Torreón
01:24:41we are going to present
01:24:43the sky of a performance
01:24:45duo called
01:24:47Los Torreznos,
01:24:49and they act here for a very small audience
01:24:51but it seems to us that it is
01:24:53a privileged enclave to see
01:24:55all the sky of Madrid.
01:24:57Galaxia Juanete.
01:24:59Galaxia Juanete.
01:25:01Indeed, the sky of Madrid
01:25:03I think it is a sky that has been
01:25:05admired by all painters.
01:25:07However, Madrid is said to be the city
01:25:09of painters and light.
01:25:11I believe that the cry in the sky
01:25:13must be put constantly
01:25:15because it is a city
01:25:17that has been
01:25:19admired by all.
01:25:21It is nine o'clock
01:25:23and the night falls over Spain.
01:25:25For most Europeans,
01:25:27the working day
01:25:29ended one or two hours ago,
01:25:31but many Spaniards
01:25:33are still at work.
01:25:35In Pamplona,
01:25:37the celebrations continue
01:25:39in Plaza Mayor.
01:25:51Barcelona
01:25:53is surrounded by the last rays
01:25:55of a sun that disappears
01:25:57behind Mount Tibidabo.
01:25:59From the control tower,
01:26:01an operator guides a last cruise
01:26:03to the exit of the port.
01:26:07Throughout the country,
01:26:09the streets will continue to be crowded
01:26:11for a few more hours.
01:26:13Not in vain,
01:26:15Spain has earned its reputation
01:26:17as a country of nightclubs.
01:26:19It is the only country
01:26:21in the world where nightclubs
01:26:23are not allowed.
01:26:25Not in vain,
01:26:27Spain has earned its reputation
01:26:29as a country of nightclubs.
01:26:31The nightlife
01:26:33that all generations enjoy
01:26:35is the basis of the Spanish lifestyle,
01:26:37always oriented
01:26:39towards public spaces,
01:26:41towards the outside.
01:26:43There are people everywhere,
01:26:45enjoying tapas,
01:26:47restaurant terraces
01:26:49or walking on the wide
01:26:51sidewalks of the avenues.
01:26:53And today,
01:26:55we are here,
01:26:57in front of the bridge of Segovia
01:26:59that was completely destroyed
01:27:01by the Republicans
01:27:03to the cry of
01:27:05they will not pass
01:27:07to prevent the fascists
01:27:09from entering Madrid.
01:27:11Tonight, in Madrid,
01:27:13the Summer Festival of the Villa
01:27:15is celebrated in the low gardens
01:27:17of the bridge of Segovia.
01:27:19Javier Gallego,
01:27:21a rock band from Barcelona.
01:27:23A country,
01:27:25upside down,
01:27:27of people upside down,
01:27:29defeated
01:27:31by an army of accountants,
01:27:33with an imperceptible silence
01:27:35that silences
01:27:37the thaw of the street,
01:27:39where buildings
01:27:41collapse like
01:27:43baby skins without flesh.
01:27:45It is a very street city.
01:27:47It is a city that is lived on the street.
01:27:49The heat of the public
01:27:51that is lived in Madrid
01:27:53is a particular thing.
01:27:55I think it has to do with
01:27:57that mestizo character
01:27:59that the city has,
01:28:01which is hospitalary per se,
01:28:03although it is a hard city
01:28:05like any big city,
01:28:07but in the end it is dedicated
01:28:09to welcome many people
01:28:11who come from outside.
01:28:13And that makes a speaking,
01:28:15open, hospitalary spirit.
01:28:17Steps up
01:28:19and down.
01:28:21People, eat the dust.
01:28:23Well, I think Madrid is a very political city.
01:28:25Here there is always a flood
01:28:27of ideas, of confrontation,
01:28:29of debate, which has always been very interesting.
01:28:31There have been great
01:28:33social movements, the 15M,
01:28:35the most recent,
01:28:37in which it was Madrid, perhaps,
01:28:39that moved and mobilized first
01:28:41and then spread to the rest of the country.
01:28:43Now it is feminism,
01:28:45and Spain is returning
01:28:47to the European avant-garde.
01:28:49I think the movement
01:28:51of March 8,
01:28:53the 8M, in Spain
01:28:55has been a reference for the rest of the world.
01:28:59A series of movements
01:29:01that, as I said before,
01:29:03are very active in Spain
01:29:05and that in waves go up and down,
01:29:07but when they go up they are very foamy
01:29:09and very powerful.
01:29:15Your own medicine
01:29:17will not have taste.
01:29:21Punish him
01:29:23and he will not have pity.
01:29:35Tonight the atmosphere is festive
01:29:37in the squares and streets,
01:29:39and the rhythms of this nocturnal life
01:29:41resonate throughout the country.
01:29:43The social and economic crisis
01:29:45of the last 10 years has questioned
01:29:47the future of the country,
01:29:49and the Spaniards have risen in response.
01:29:57Still awake in a country
01:29:59that goes to bed late and gets up early,
01:30:01young people raise their eyes
01:30:03to a sky that shines with the hope
01:30:05of a country that looks
01:30:07bravely towards the future.
01:30:13The future of the country
01:30:15is in the hands of young people.
01:30:17Young people,
01:30:19young people,
01:30:21young people,
01:30:23young people,
01:30:25young people,
01:30:27young people,
01:30:29young people,
01:30:31young people,
01:30:33young people,
01:30:35young people,
01:30:37young people,
01:30:39young people.
01:30:43Young People
01:30:45Young People
01:30:47Young People
01:30:49Young People
01:30:51Young People
01:30:53Young People