Antiguo reino y actual estado de Alemania en la cuenca media del Elba, regado por el Mulde. Es situado en el este del país sobre la frontiera con Polonia y la República Checa
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00:00How did they survive ambushes, contests and besieges?
00:04How did they survive the attacks?
00:07How did they survive the ambushes, contests and besieges?
00:10How did they survive the attacks?
00:13How did they survive the attacks?
00:16How did they survive the attacks?
00:19How did they survive the attacks?
00:22How did they survive the attacks?
00:25How did they survive the attacks?
00:27How did they survive the attacks?
00:30How did they survive the attacks?
00:33How did they survive the attacks?
00:36How did they survive the attacks?
00:39How did they survive the attacks?
00:42How did they survive the attacks?
00:45How did they survive the attacks?
00:48How did they survive the attacks?
00:51How did they survive the attacks?
00:54How did they survive the attacks?
00:57How did they survive the attacks?
01:00How did they survive the attacks?
01:03How did they survive the attacks?
01:06How did they survive the attacks?
01:09How did they survive the attacks?
01:12How did they survive the attacks?
01:15How did they survive the attacks?
01:18How did they survive the attacks?
01:21How did they survive the attacks?
01:24How did they survive the attacks?
01:27How did they survive the attacks?
01:30Various children's drawings of the Middle Ages similar to this have survived to this day.
01:41A crusade was the biggest challenge a knight could face.
01:46He was used to being carried on a horse, not to maintain balance on a wobbly deck.
01:53Lord, have mercy.
01:58In the Sixth Crusade, ships were used, new and large, capable of carrying horses.
02:08But nothing was like what Heinrich von Neufen had imagined.
02:12A knight had not been born to sail.
02:18At least the horses can not vomit thanks to a sphincter located on the esophagus.
02:24The crusaders spent five long weeks at sea, facing bad weather, pirates and diseases.
02:34Heinrich had taken a cross blessed by the Pope.
02:37Lord, have mercy.
02:43Instead of making a dangerous journey through land of 3,000 kilometers,
02:47the knights of the Sixth Crusade set sail from Brindisi to the south of Italy in June 1228.
02:57Previous expeditions had used galleys that were rowing from port to port.
03:03The ships of the Sixth Crusade used Arabic navigation instruments and could sail by sea day and night.
03:11Each ship carried 40 knights and up to 100 horses.
03:18The Holy Roman Emperor Federico II had gathered a large fleet for the Sixth Crusade.
03:2450 ships would transport 800 knights and 3,000 soldiers on foot to the port of Acre,
03:30the entrance to the Holy Land.
03:38Heinrich survived the dangerous journey.
03:41After several weeks of darkness, hunger, thirst and inactivity, he was finally able to step on solid ground.
03:52Holy Lord.
03:55Protect us, give us courage and lead us to victory.
04:03Pope Urban II had promised that all who died in the Crusades would receive the immediate forgiveness of their sins.
04:18In 1228, Jerusalem was in the hands of the Seljuk Turks.
04:22They prevented Christian pilgrims from visiting the Holy Sepulchre, the traditional tomb of Christ.
04:29May God protect us! Let us march towards victory! Yes!
04:37Emperor Federico was determined to restore free access to Jerusalem.
04:44A crusade was a religious war against the vile race of infidels,
04:48as Pope Urban II said.
04:51Knightly laws were not applied to them.
04:57Many knights also went to the Crusades in the Holy Land for the love of God,
05:02the Lord of the Armies.
05:04They were considered holy warriors.
05:11Was the bloodshed inevitable?
05:14Was there no other solution?
05:16Federico was, above all, a politician and wanted to negotiate.
05:20The emir is waiting for us!
05:23The mere fact of trying it was an atrocity in the eyes of the Pope, and he was not the only one.
05:30Let those who have been thieves become knights.
05:34This is what Pope Urban II said in Europe when he organized the first Crusade in 1095.
05:40Be messengers of Christ and of the Holy Sepulchre.
05:44Be messengers of Christ and expel those heretics.
05:49Deus lo vult.
05:52It is the will of God.
05:55It is the will of God.
05:58Urban had the great idea of creating the concept of thousands of Christians or Christian knights.
06:04The knights would no longer face each other, but against the Muslims.
06:09Urban and his successors called the knights from all over Europe to join the Crusades.
06:18And again and again, Jerusalem exchanged hands between the Crusaders and the Muslims.
06:28Both sides were considered holy warriors and were equally brutal.
06:39While the knights fought in foreign lands, sometimes for years, without being sure that they would return, life continued at home.
06:52The lady of the knight had to take his place, even though according to the poetry of the time, she waited eternally.
07:00I raised a hawk for more than a year.
07:05In the words of the poet Von Kührenberg.
07:08When I had named him, I adorned his feathers with gold.
07:15He flew through the sky and reached a distant land.
07:27But in real life, the lady of the castle did not have much time for melancholy, since she had to take care of everything.
07:34Let the Lord receive his soul.
07:38Mercy.
07:40He has hanged himself, that is the law.
07:43Okay, but what about the law of grace?
07:46Your lord would not approve it.
07:48Now I am in charge.
07:53Let him go.
07:55Yes, but ...
07:57Justice must be tempered with mercy.
08:00We can be magnanimous and still punish him.
08:04Hit him.
08:10That move is not bad at all.
08:17But mine is even better.
08:21Fascinating.
08:23Fascinating.
08:28A lady could live without her husband for years.
08:32A situation that involved certain temptations.
08:35That was the reason for the appearance of the love of Cortés.
08:40The love of Cortés considered it a noble virtue to court a lady from a distance and swear loyalty only to her.
08:47The love songs of the famous illustrated manuscript, known as the Codex Manese, praised specifically the platonic love or caste.
08:55The lyrical poet Walter von der Vogelweide affirmed that carnal or earthly love weakened the body and made the soul suffer.
09:04Even so, it was difficult to distinguish the love of Cortés from physical love.
09:09We know for a long time that in the Middle Ages, professional jugglers traveled from castle to castle.
09:19They were invited. And why?
09:22For the simple reason that they provided a particular form of entertainment.
09:28In their stories, a noble courted a lady and the lady rejected his insinuations.
09:34This may seem a little strange to us today.
09:38But at that time it was popular because new twists were always added.
09:43The man could declare himself in more and more elaborate ways.
09:47And the lady always found new ways to reject him.
09:54The wandering jugglers sang about the dangerous pleasures of extramarital love.
10:01Blessed be your red lips. Blessed be your beautiful body. Blessed be this sweet hour.
10:12People sighed for love and passion then as much as they do now.
10:17And that's why the songs of amor Cortés were about love and pain, desire, seduction and fidelity.
10:25But what he wants, she can not want.
10:29Crusader Heinrich von Neufen had been more than a year away from his wife and children.
10:35But he was lucky.
10:39Jaffa, Bethlehem and Jerusalem for Christians.
10:44Can Muslims go freely to the mosque?
10:50Freedom for Muslims, Jews and Christians.
10:54Instead of declaring war on Emir Saraceno, Federico negotiated a peaceful agreement.
11:00This was unusual, but not unheard of.
11:05In the epic poem of the 13th century, Wilhelm, the poet Wolfram von Essenbach gives us an example.
11:12The noble Giburg, a Muslim converse, gives a famous speech on tolerance.
11:17This is the revenge of a revenge. The Muslims hurt you. Forgive them.
11:27God himself forgave the murderers of his son Jesus.
11:32You say they are infidels. We were all infidels once.
11:37Adam, the first man created by God, was an infidel.
11:41These are the words of an ignorant woman.
11:45Forgive the Muslims, as you were created by the hand of God.
11:51Not to revenge for revenge.
11:54You speak, my friend.
12:00Your father was a Christian.
12:03He was a Christian.
12:06He was a Christian.
12:09Your father will not like it.
12:13But the pilgrims, yes. And Christianity.
12:22No gentleman would have expected the Sixth Crusade to end peacefully.
12:27You came to pray for your soul in the tomb of Christ.
12:33Forward! Jerusalem is ours!
12:38Jerusalem is ours!
12:47The Sixth Crusade was unique.
12:50The Crusaders had proposed to reconquer the Holy Land.
12:54But they entered Jerusalem without softening swords, but palm leaves and holy water.
13:02The figure of the Christian knight was born in the Crusades.
13:05And in the Sixth Crusade, the knights obeyed the Christian precepts.
13:11Jerusalem is ours!
13:19Peace with the Saracens would last more than ten years.
13:23And during that time, no Muslim or Crusader died fighting for Jerusalem.
13:30I raised a hawk for more than a year.
13:35I saw it rise with silk ties on its claws.
13:42May God gather those who yearn to unite in love.
13:51Heinrich von Neufen had done everything possible to ensure his salvation.
13:57Whether it was by divine providence, as he would have said,
14:01or by good fortune, after two long years, he was able to return to his castle.
14:06In Essenbach's words, even a knight shares the desire to be safe in his home and sleep in a soft bed.
14:17Say hello to your father. He is a hero.
14:22My son.
14:23My son.
14:34Heinrich achieved honor and fame as a Christian knight and a Crusader.
14:42Another typical knight of the Middle Ages was John of Bohemia.
14:49He could have succeeded his father as emperor, but he did not.
14:53I chose to be a knight, and one of the best, he said.
14:57His banner read, Ich Din, I serve.
15:03More than most knights of his time, he was highly sought after as a warrior, advisor, and supervisor of trials by combat.
15:15The court decrees that the trial is decided by combat between you. Are you ready?
15:22Go ahead.
15:27By God, let him protect me.
15:30For all the saints.
15:32Fight for your life.
15:35May God judge you.
15:43A court decreed a trial by combat if its judges were unable to reach a conclusion.
15:49Then the knights had to establish the truth in a fight to life or death.
15:56The coffins were prepared.
15:59Without a doubt, it was a great advantage to know the secrets of the fight without armor.
16:04But John did not allow it to be a retreat.
16:08Stop whining.
16:10You are knights, fight as such.
16:13Not as peasants.
16:18A knight had to master the techniques of body-to-body combat.
16:23That was the lesson that Alberto Durero taught in his manual on sword fights.
16:28Place yourself as seen in the drawing.
16:30Advance towards him with your right foot and throw a stab.
16:34Durero's manual is still the Bible for swordsmen today.
16:48Any blow was allowed in these duels, including the neck and throat.
16:59Separate.
17:01I said separate.
17:07Could these illustrations represent a woman?
17:11They are from a manual by the master of Esgrima, Hans Talhoffer.
17:14And they represent a woman beating a man in a trial for combat.
17:20As they believed that a woman was equivalent to half a man,
17:23the man could fight standing in a hole that reached his waist.
17:27An example of positive discrimination.
17:32Then he grabbed her arm.
17:34Talhoffer taught women to defend themselves from men.
17:40He grabbed her throat and her limb.
17:43Perhaps not very gentlemanly, but effective.
17:48Fights like this were not very common, but they took place.
17:52And then she pulled him out of the hole.
17:56So the woman decided the trial for combat in her favor.
18:00And by winning, she won her case.
18:04Fight!
18:14The guilty will be defeated and God will issue his judgment by the hand of the strongest man.
18:21That was the concept of law that the gentlemen had in the Middle Ages.
18:39Piety!
18:41Stop!
18:43The trial for combat has shown its guilt.
18:47But let us be lenient as good gentlemen.
18:51Hand it over to the court.
18:59Those who lost the fight but survived were taken back to the court,
19:05since their guilt had not been proven.
19:08But depending on the severity of the charges, they could still be decapitated.
19:13But what probabilities did the wounded have to survive?
19:17Were they attended by barbers?
19:20You'll get well. I'll clean your blood.
19:24They treated the wounds with moho bread.
19:29They had learned from experience that moho prevented the appearance of gangrene, which was lethal.
19:35An antibacterial moho, penicillin, would be discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
19:44And what happened to the gentlemen who lost a member?
19:48The origins of plastic surgery go back to the duels.
19:53When the astronomer Tijo Brahe lost his nose in a duel, he replaced it with a gold prosthesis.
20:02The eye sockets were covered with the so-called presentation eyes.
20:07They were models without ornaments, but there were also beautiful prostheses made of ivory and glass.
20:15And in an experiment in the mid-15th century, Antonio Branca used a fold of skin from his own arm to make a new nose.
20:27The predecessor of functional prosthetic arms was manufactured at the beginning of the 16th century by Gotsch von Verligen.
20:34And it is a masterpiece of precision engineering.
20:39It became the sign of identity of this knight of the iron hand.
20:49The medieval blacksmiths worked to develop an armor that would prevent the loss of members.
20:57In the Middle Ages, the mesh quota began to be in disuse.
21:02In Austria, the Schmitzberger family had been manufacturing armor for five generations, about 200 years.
21:11They molded each piece by hand.
21:17For the armor to have enough strength, the metal was up to 6 millimeters thick.
21:23For the armor to have enough strength, the metal was up to 6 millimeters thick.
21:33In the Middle Ages, a complete armor cost about 250 florins, the equivalent of at least two farms with its workers and animals.
21:41In the Middle Ages, a complete armor cost about 250 florins, the equivalent of at least two farms with its workers and animals.
21:47High quality armor was in high demand.
21:51The life of a knight depended on his armor and his sword.
22:00A good sword could not be taken lightly.
22:05We have consulted some experts to find out what they were capable of.
22:11Andreas Kruger is dedicated to the study of medieval weapons.
22:15He learned to forge them himself, and he knows how to use them as a real knight.
22:26Can a sword or a candle be cut while it is still lit, as seen in some Hollywood movies?
22:35The experiment will be recorded with a high-speed camera that records 2,500 frames per second.
22:41The experiment will be recorded with a high-speed camera that records 2,500 frames per second.
22:51One thing is clear, a swordsman with a good eye could leave us in the dark.
23:04But the candle only remained standing if it had been prepared in a special way.
23:12A test with a pumpkin shows that a good medieval sword is as sharp as a Japanese sushi knife.
23:27Here he is cutting a rolled string as if it were an arm or a leg.
23:36The sword pierces it as if it were butter.
23:41The sword pierces it as if it were butter.
23:51So a knight needed protection.
23:55The knights wore iron from the head to the feet to protect themselves from crutches and arrows.
24:00A complete armor was composed of up to 150 individual pieces.
24:05Some knights were really the knight of the brilliant armor.
24:08Or in the case of the less fortunate, a worn out.
24:13Armament and rearmament.
24:16In the Middle Ages there were also armament races.
24:19And the armors were not the only ones that evolved.
24:23The castles too.
24:25Their owners tried to make them impregnable with very high towers and walls.
24:29After all, dissuasion is the best defense.
24:32The ideal was that with the appearance it was enough.
24:37The fortifications were a privilege of the nobility.
24:41Building a castle meant building a fortification.
24:45In fact, its objective was less functional than ostentatious.
24:50For example, there were almonds for which a man could not shoot.
24:55And that if it were little, they were inaccessible.
24:58Or also raised bridges that did not even get up.
25:02There was a great variety of elements whose design was not functional.
25:07Now it is difficult for us to understand it, but in the Middle Ages the important thing was symbolism.
25:15Juan de Bohemia had been besieging castles since the age of 14 and was not easily impressed.
25:21For a gentleman, a siege was part of his job.
25:27It was his way of acquiring properties and power.
25:31But what if they could not take the castle on the first assault?
25:36What could they resort to?
25:40Perhaps the engineers and siege experts could happen.
25:45Let's see.
25:47Show me what you are capable of.
25:53How much do you ask for that tower?
25:56200.
25:58It's not bad at all.
26:02There were siege towers to overcome the walls of the castle,
26:06and planks to build the walls of the castle.
26:09There were siege towers to overcome the walls of the castle,
26:13and planks to knock down doors.
26:19The medieval engineers invented an entire arsenal of siege machines
26:24to knock down various forms of fortifications.
26:28The foundry was able to throw heavy rocks at walls 400 meters away.
26:33The foundry was able to throw heavy rocks at walls 400 meters away.
26:38And the foundry?
26:40500 florins.
26:44Having a foundry is essential.
26:47Of course.
26:53It only took a few knights and armed men to defend a castle.
26:59They were well protected behind the walls.
27:04But the attackers needed hundreds of knights, siege machines and hundreds of subordinates
27:10who had to be fed and paid for weeks or even months.
27:14The foundries also had to be transported to the castle and controlled by specialists.
27:20Launch! Launch!
27:26Rocks and arrows rained from the towers where the planks were used.
27:30A siege was not a picnic.
27:34Siege towers up to 40 meters high could lower their bridges to the castle wall.
27:41But during close combat, the defenders had a clear advantage.
27:49Climbing a siege tower was a suicide mission.
28:05However, most knights dreamed of conducting a siege with all kinds of siege machines.
28:13I'm impressed, but that costs a fortune.
28:17Who could do it?
28:19Rich kings?
28:21Emperors?
28:23But as you know, I'm a poor knight.
28:32We'll do it my way.
28:34We need as many armed men and peasants as possible.
28:38Who can finish?
28:40Go on, go on!
28:42These engineers have great ideas, but they are too expensive.
28:46Very sad.
28:48In the end, the only thing Juan could afford was the classic sieging technique.
28:57The besiegers dug a tunnel under the walls and towers of the castle,
29:01hoping not to find a tunnel of their opponents.
29:06At the end of the tunnel, they dug a room and filled it with anything that burned.
29:13They soaked dry wood with oil to revive the flames.
29:18Then they just had to wait for the walls and towers to collapse.
29:23Maybe it wasn't very gallant, but it was effective.
29:27We know they used tracking techniques.
29:30They catapulted feces and corpses inside castles and cities
29:35to try to infect them with diseases.
29:38It was quite unpleasant.
29:41An Italian military engineer of the 15th century named Tacola
29:44even recommended the use of animals.
29:47They soaked them in brea, set them on fire and threw them into the cities.
29:52Cats and mice, for example, ran out and spread the flames.
29:57It was a pretty brutal tactic.
30:00Both for the animals and for the people.
30:07Another brutal conflict.
30:09The invasion of France by Eduardo III in 1346.
30:14King Philip of France asked for help from nobles from all over Europe
30:18and many knights came to his call to save the French monarchy.
30:24Juan de Bohemia, one of the best, also wanted to honor his motto,
30:28I serve.
30:30And he did not want to lose the fight against the English,
30:33although at the age of 50 he had already gone blind.
30:36So he received the nickname of Juan the Blind.
30:4412,000 knights of the Holy Roman Empire, of Burgundy and Spain,
30:49came to fight against Eduardo's army.
30:53The armies met in Crecy, near Paris.
31:04Juan de Bohemia led 500 knights in that battle.
31:07That day that would go down in history, a storm broke out.
31:13Well, and the English knights?
31:16I'm calm and prepared, waiting for the battle.
31:20I don't see any knights, sir.
31:23In front of us there are only archers.
31:26I expected to fight against noble knights, not against peasants.
31:31May God have mercy on them.
31:34Now the knights are disassembling to fight on foot.
31:38That is unworthy of a knight.
31:41There was also something else that the knights of the continent had not noticed.
31:47We will teach those to soften a noble sword.
31:53Go for them!
31:55Go for them!
31:57Go for them!
31:59Go for them!
32:01Go for them!
32:07The battle began.
32:09But instead of fighting body to body, the English resorted to technology.
32:16The cannons at first were a kind of pot of fire with gunpowder and a wick.
32:21Not only did they make a terrifying noise,
32:23but they fired metal arrows up to 300 meters away.
32:27The commanders did not take long to recognize the advantages of the cannons,
32:32but the first time they used them in a battle was in Crecy.
32:36At first, their goal was to sow panic by their sound, but that changed quickly.
32:41Since the year 1500, the artillery has become a recognized war branch,
32:46a fatal advance for the knights.
32:49As the long-range weapons were gaining importance, the knights were disappearing.
32:57In the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the Prussian cannons decided the crucial battle of Seran.
33:18The English archers tightened their bows and launched a constant rain of arrows
33:23on the knights attacking from the continent.
33:26And they hit the target.
33:28Above all, they knocked down horses, forcing the knights to fight on foot.
33:41The blind John of Bohemia was in the thick of the battle.
33:45There he discovered the truth of Fogelweide's lament.
33:49World, for you I have risked my body and soul a thousand times.
33:56Now I see how you pay me.
34:00Everything you give me, you take away from me again.
34:09The armor of the knights in Crecy could protect them from the English arrows?
34:19André Breneque makes authentic replicas of arches and medieval arrows.
34:35This English bow in particular is made of teak wood, which is ideal for making arches.
34:42The albura, which is just below the bark, absorbs the tension very well.
34:47The ends that hold the rope are made of horn, which prevents the wood from breaking.
34:56And in case of emergency, the horn can also be used as a weapon.
35:05Thanks to their steel armor, the knights were better protected than ever.
35:10But some claim that the English arrows with tips that weighed 16 grams were able to penetrate a complete armor.
35:31This arrow only pierced the steel armor of 4 millimeters thick.
35:40But even the best armor has its weak points.
35:47The new weapons and tactics made the concept of the war of the knights obsolete.
35:53On August 26, 1346, the battle of Crecy had ended.
35:59The English had won.
36:01As they say, King Edward said,
36:04Here fell the flower of European chivalry, but the bravest of all was John.
36:15The English distinguished him by the top of his helmet and his shield of weapons.
36:21After the battle, the Prince of Wales, Edward the Black Prince,
36:25He took the helmet and the banner of John as trophies.
36:32And he paid tribute to John's courage by adopting the three white feathers of Avestruz and Suleiman.
36:38And he took the helmet and the banner of John as trophies.
36:42And he paid tribute to John's courage by adopting the three white feathers of Avestruz and Suleiman.
36:47And he paid tribute to John's courage by adopting the three white feathers of Avestruz and Suleiman.
36:53And they still appear in many coins of two pennies.
36:58The figure of John the Blind became synonymous with gallantry and loyalty to death.
37:07After the battle of Crecy, much of France fell into the hands of England.
37:11Until 80 years later, a peasant named Juana,
37:15He had visions of celestial figures in the chapel of the town of Don Remy,
37:20They told him to free France.
37:25The north of France was under English rule until Orleans.
37:30Juana intended to change that and went to Vaucouleur.
37:33God has spoken to me.
37:36And I will do everything that the Lord has asked me to do,
37:40Without having to humiliate me or bow to anyone.
37:44In 1429, Juana cut her hair,
37:48She dressed in men's clothes and took a sword.
37:52Was she crazy? Possessed by the devil?
37:56Or was she the Virgin sent by God?
37:59Was she crazy? Possessed by the devil?
38:02Or was she the Virgin sent to free France, as the prophecy said?
38:07The French believed that she was sent by the Lord and followed her.
38:12The English generals thought it was a joke,
38:15When a peasant dressed in armor declared war on them.
38:20But they would not laugh much more.
38:23Juana dared to do what the French king and his generals had not dared.
38:28Under his leadership, the French soldiers recovered Orleans in English hands.
38:36On May 8, 1429, he reconquered Orleans for France and its king.
38:43The maiden of Orleans became a national heroine,
38:47And the king ennobled her.
38:49Without a doubt, you are she,
38:52The Virgin of the prophecy.
38:56Noble King, there are no more obstacles.
39:00The English fear us.
39:03I think we must fight them until we expel them from France.
39:07From a base in Reims, where Charles was crowned king of France,
39:11Thanks to his efforts, Juana was liberating one city after another.
39:15However, when he failed in the crucial assault on Paris,
39:19Charles withdrew his support, preferring a diplomatic solution with the English.
39:25His maiden Guerrera had acquired too much power for her liking.
39:30Please tell me what to do.
39:33It's over.
39:40And it had been decided.
39:43And it was over.
39:46Juana was captured and sold to the English.
39:50The Inquisition judged her in Rouen,
39:53Accusing her of wearing men's clothing,
39:56Making a pact with the devil, and being a heiress.
40:02But the fact of having shown more courage than those in power,
40:06It was what guaranteed his death sentence.
40:09To the satisfaction of the English authorities,
40:12Juana de Arco was burned in the bonfire in Rouen on May 30, 1431.
40:19This brave young woman was no use for them,
40:22Because later they recognized her as a saint and symbol of the French nation.
40:29From a military perspective,
40:32The Battle of Cressy and the arrival of the artillery,
40:35Signified that the era of the knights was coming to an end.
40:40But the knights were more idealized than ever.
40:43Some became part of legends,
40:46Among them, Goethe von Ferlinghingen, Goethe of the Iron Hand,
40:50Who had lived on the basis of contests and looting.
40:54The tournaments became even bigger shows.
40:59Even emperors like Maximilian,
41:01Who was said to have the heart of steel for his many battles,
41:05They broke some spear in the fair.