Antes del amanecer, el Big Bang. Documental
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00:00We live in a small corner of a vast universe, a place full of an incredible variety of cosmic
00:21There are blazars, quasars, magnetars, pulsars, swirling gas clouds, enormous black holes, collisions between colossal objects
00:35And yet, from the limits of our solitary little planet, we have explored our universe in search of answers to some of the most transcendental questions of humanity
00:54Why are we here? Or better yet, how are we here?
00:58We can even ask ourselves, how did it all start?
01:07We can see the light that was emitted when the whole universe was on fire
01:12But was there anything before the Big Bang?
01:16It wouldn't have to be anything that we could ever experience or imagine
01:21But if we can find it, then that means we can measure the actual conditions of the moment of creation
01:29That's nuts, right?
01:51THE UNIVERSE
02:11Before the dawn
02:13The Big Bang
02:16Each one of us had a beginning
02:21The moment we entered the universe
02:25And we took our place on this planet
02:35But our planet also had a beginning
02:40Just like our galaxy, the Milky Way
02:46And billions of other galaxies
02:50Billions of stars and planets that make up our vast cosmos
02:58Everything must have started somewhere
03:02Even the universe itself
03:05Every human civilization has a myth of creation
03:11Why are we here?
03:13Or better yet, how are we here?
03:17How did the universe begin?
03:19It's a great question
03:23Questions that have remained unanswered for much of human history
03:29It's only 70 years ago that we ventured out into space in search of answers
03:37To find the origin of our planet, of our galaxy and, ultimately, of the universe
03:45THE UNIVERSE
03:51For all the world on Earth
03:54The Apollo 8 crew has a message that we would like to send to you
04:02In the beginning, God created the sky and the earth
04:07The earth had no shape, it was empty
04:11And the darkness reigned over the face of the abyss
04:16And God said
04:19Make light
04:22And the light was made
04:26The pace of technological advances has been faster and faster
04:31The 20th century has taken these things to the next level
04:36The Apollo missions were our first step beyond our planet
04:42And, in a way, a step back in cosmic time
04:51It was during the third moon landing
04:53When clues were discovered about the origin not only of the moon, but also of the earth
05:00Almost 45 kilos of rock samples were collected in the place of the moon landing
05:06Fra Mauro
05:09And they were brought back to Earth
05:14After decades of study
05:16Scientists were able to date these rocks
05:20And they were able to find the origin of the moon
05:24After centuries of study
05:26Scientists were able to date these rocks
05:30And they were able to date the origin of the moon
05:33And to go back in time to a violent event
05:37That not only forged our moon, but also the earth as we know it
05:49In a quiet corner of the Milky Way
05:52A new star shines over a plain of rubble.
05:59For millions of years, the rocks collide and clump together,
06:06forming a planetary system.
06:12Among them, the young Earth.
06:16A hellish world
06:19that does not resemble the planet we know today at all.
06:24But one more collision will give it shape.
06:29A collision on a colossal scale.
06:40There is another world born near the young Earth.
06:45Theia.
06:47And the lunar rocks of the Apollo
06:49have helped us to pinpoint the moment
06:51when these two young worlds met.
06:59Theia, of a size similar to that of Mars,
07:02collides with Earth,
07:06detaching itself from enough material
07:09to end up forming the Moon
07:11and thus marking the final stage of the creation of our planet.
07:21But understanding the origins of the Earth
07:24is only the first step in our scientific search for the origin of the universe.
07:34We can start to understand how everything evolved in our universe
07:38and maybe start off with the question of how did we get here.
07:44Since the time of the Apollo missions,
07:47our exploration of the solar system
07:51has not stopped expanding our knowledge.
07:57With each mission, we learn more about how planets and the Sun itself evolved
08:04over billions of years.
08:09But the solar system, the domain of our Sun,
08:13is nothing more than a small part of a much larger region of the universe.
08:20Our galaxy.
08:23The Milky Way.
08:26The Milky Way.
08:29The Milky Way.
08:32The Milky Way.
08:35The Milky Way.
08:47The Milky Way is unimaginably vast.
08:52So vast that it would take us tens of thousands of years
08:55to travel even to the closest stars.
09:05There's this great quote by Arthur C. Clarke that says,
09:08the only way to find the limits of what's possible
09:11is to go beyond, into the impossible.
09:15We're all explorers, we're all curious,
09:18and astronomy is the last frontier, really.
09:22A frontier that is being constantly displaced
09:25by the new technologies.
09:28We have an incredible set of observations
09:31that are available to us.
09:34And one of these observatories
09:36is casting light on the origin of planets
09:39that are beyond our solar system
09:42and bringing us one step closer to the beginning of the entire cosmos.
09:55Kepler is a catalyst.
09:58Kepler is a planet hunter.
10:03Although he couldn't travel to the stars,
10:07he observed thousands of them in a small portion of the firmament
10:11for more than nine years.
10:15Revealing something extraordinary.
10:20Almost all the stars have at least one planet in orbit.
10:24Which means that there are even more planets
10:27than stars in our galaxy.
10:31And the variety is overwhelming.
10:37Some of them seem surprisingly familiar,
10:40but there are others that are not at all
10:43like what we've found closer to home.
10:48These planets outside of our solar system
10:51there are zombie worlds,
10:55lava worlds,
10:59ice worlds,
11:03world where it rains crystals.
11:11And Kepler even found a planetary system
11:14that transports us back in time
11:17to the origins of our galaxy.
11:39Kepler 444 is a system that houses five rocky planets.
11:44At 117 light years from Earth.
11:51Analyzing the light of this star,
11:54the Kepler Space Telescope has helped to determine
11:58the age of the system.
12:01More than double that of the Sun.
12:05So there were already planets in our galaxy
12:08long before the Sun and Earth were formed.
12:12And the Milky Way must be more than 11 billion years old.
12:20The exact age of our galaxy remains a mystery.
12:25But luckily, Kepler has found the answer.
12:28The exact age of our galaxy remains a mystery.
12:33But luckily, we have a tool that helps us
12:36understand the origin of all galaxies.
12:41Light.
12:46Light is a very powerful tool,
12:49precisely because it doesn't travel at an infinite speed.
12:54That means that if it has to get to us
12:57from a very far away place, it takes time.
13:01Light travels at 300,000 kilometers per second.
13:05It's slow on a cosmic scale.
13:09It takes just over eight minutes to get to us from the Sun.
13:14And more than four years from our closest star.
13:18When we look at objects that are a billion light years away,
13:22we're looking at them as they were a billion years ago.
13:28Light, to an astronomer, is like fossils to an archaeologist.
13:34By studying light, we can look back,
13:37to the origin of our galaxy,
13:40and, ultimately, to the beginning of the universe itself.
13:44And there's a telescope that can help us,
13:47more than any other, to go back in cosmic history.
13:52The Hubble Space Telescope is the first great observatory,
13:56and I say this with absolute frankness,
13:59it's one of the greatest scientific missions
14:02in the history of all of human history.
14:06It was designed in the early 1990s
14:09to be the world's largest telescope.
14:12It was designed in the early 1990s
14:15to be the world's largest telescope,
14:18capable of seeing further than ever in our universe,
14:22and, therefore, further back in time.
14:26I actually got to see the telescope before its launch.
14:29I was very lucky.
14:31And to think that that same object,
14:33that I was almost able to hold,
14:35was going to be launched into space,
14:37and was going to be orbiting our little,
14:39little planet, is extraordinary.
14:44Go ahead, Charlie.
14:46All in order for separation in one minute.
14:49Roger, Charlie.
14:59Here, Discovery.
15:01Visual and measurements are correct.
15:03We go ahead.
15:06Roger, Charlie.
15:09The Hubble Space Telescope collects solar energy
15:12through two 7.5-metre solar panels
15:15to feed the sensors that analyse the starlight.
15:20All of this equipment is a huge toolbox
15:23that has allowed us to find answers
15:26that I don't think people really expected to find.
15:29The Hubble Space Telescope
15:35Orbiting at 550 kilometres above the Earth's surface,
15:40the Hubble has a clear advantage over terrestrial telescopes.
15:46The Earth's atmosphere diffuses our images,
15:49and so by putting the telescope in space,
15:52we get precise, clear images of our universe.
15:59The Hubble has shown us our cosmic neighbourhood
16:02in a way we had never seen before.
16:06When I saw those images,
16:08I immediately realised that this is exactly what we needed.
16:14The Hubble has taken images of great nebulae,
16:17of huge gas and dust clouds,
16:20and of stars at the time of their birth.
16:25You can think of them as star keepers.
16:27Star keepers are places where there are a lot of newly born stars all together.
16:34When you see the ring's nebula, you're blown wide open.
16:38It's as if someone had drawn a cartoon on the lens.
16:41It's so amazing.
16:45They're some amazing images,
16:47and really give us an idea of how stars are formed.
16:52But the Hubble was built to give us a much deeper view of the universe,
16:58and to take us back in time.
17:03Our understanding of the universe is limited by how far it is that we can see,
17:09and that is the size of the universe for us.
17:14It's millions and millions of light years.
17:17It's huge.
17:20We're not a drop in a bucket.
17:22We're not a drop in the ocean.
17:24We are a single atom of a drop in billions and billions of oceans.
17:34Oceans full of countless far-fetched wonders,
17:38that the Hubble shows us as if they were the foregrounds
17:42that take us even further into the cosmos,
17:46and even further back in time.
17:53Andromeda, our closest galaxy.
17:59We see it as it was 2.5 million years ago.
18:07And the Hubble has seen even further,
18:10obtaining images of what looks like a cosmic rose.
18:15Two galaxies in collision.
18:19The largest of the two, UGC 1810,
18:23is five times larger than its companion.
18:29We see them as they were 300 million years ago.
18:34But to make the clock go back to the origin of all galaxies,
18:39the Hubble needs to look even further into space
18:43than it has ever done so far.
18:47One of the temptations when you're an astronomer
18:50is to look at only the obvious things.
18:54But that's just a fraction of everything else
18:57that you can see in space.
19:00But that's just a fraction of everything else
19:03that you can see in space.
19:05But the most surprising discovery of the Hubble
19:08came when it stopped looking at the light.
19:11Well, we did a spin of the Hubble
19:13toward a white part of the firmament
19:15to observe it.
19:19Scouring the darkness for four months,
19:23the Hubble reveals that the blackest area in space
19:27is not so empty.
19:37What we ended up finding was galaxies and more galaxies
19:41going back billions and billions of years,
19:44much further back in time than we would have guessed.
19:48Primitive and strange galaxies,
19:51different from everything we know in our current universe.
19:57The Hubble Space Telescope
20:03Celestial fossils that illuminate the way to the past,
20:10to find, right at the limit of what it can give,
20:19what could be one of the first galaxies
20:22that formed in the universe.
20:25So far away,
20:29that when we look at it,
20:31we see something that happened 13.4 billion years ago.
20:37This impressive galaxy is called GNZ11.
20:41It's the oldest and furthest galaxy that Hubble can see.
20:45It's so old and so far away
20:47that when the Earth began to form 4.6 billion years ago,
20:51it was so far away
20:53that the Hubble Space Telescope
20:55could not see it.
20:57It was so far away
20:59that when the Earth began to form 4.6 billion years ago,
21:03it was so far away
21:05that when the Earth began to form 4.6 billion years ago,
21:09its light had already traveled for almost 9 billion years.
21:13So that light was emitted
21:15shortly after the beginning of our universe.
21:26GNZ11 is one of the first galaxies that were born
21:31at a time when the universe itself
21:34was still taking shape.
21:38Just a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.
21:46It's a strange galaxy,
21:48according to current standards.
21:57Tiny compared to the Milky Way.
22:05But full of huge and violent stars.
22:16GNZ11 is a super bright galaxy
22:18that we didn't think could have existed
22:21in the early universe.
22:25It's a huge and messy monster
22:27and its stars are very young stars.
22:30They've just formed.
22:34These stars probably weren't the first
22:36to form in the universe,
22:38but they're close.
22:42The most amazing thing is that
22:44not only can we see this galaxy,
22:48but we're starting to build an image
22:51of what it's like inside.
22:56What is kind of exciting for us
22:58is that we could already see
23:00protoplanets forming around
23:02those first sets of stars.
23:07Fragile objects trying to survive
23:10in the storm created by these stormy stars.
23:18These could be some of the first planets
23:21in the universe.
23:25Somewhere, there was a planet
23:27that was the first planet to form
23:29in the entire universe.
23:31We'll never know when or where it was formed
23:34or what its destiny was,
23:36but it was formed somewhere.
23:40These are strange worlds.
23:46But their birth is a key part
23:48of the development of the universe.
23:56The beginning of a relationship
23:58between stars and planets.
24:02A relationship that thousands of millions of years later,
24:06in a distant world,
24:12will give rise to life.
24:15To all of us.
24:20But long before,
24:22even before the first stars and galaxies existed,
24:26the universe,
24:28was a very different and hostile place.
24:38So the story of the first days of the universe
24:42is a story of darkness.
24:44This is a time that astronomers call
24:47the cosmic dark age.
24:51We can't see galaxies or stars
24:53because they haven't been born yet.
24:58It's a period in which the stars and galaxies
25:01are the only ones that exist.
25:05The first stars and galaxies
25:07are the only ones that exist.
25:09They haven't been born yet.
25:13It's a period in which optical telescopes
25:15like the Hubble
25:17simply will never be able to explore.
25:22When we look to the cosmic dark age,
25:25we don't see the light of any star.
25:30Long before our planet existed,
25:33even before the first stars,
25:36there was only infinite darkness.
25:41Without starlight to follow,
25:44it may seem that our search
25:46for the beginning of the universe
25:49has come to an end.
26:02But maybe intuitively,
26:04the youngest stellar light we can see
26:07offers clues that help us understand
26:10the origins of the universe.
26:14Although not any stellar light,
26:17the light of a specific type of star
26:20can tell us how our universe grew
26:23until it became what it is today.
26:35These stars are called white dwarfs.
26:41They are the last remnants of stars
26:43that exhausted their nuclear fuel a long time ago.
26:50So once a star like the sun
26:52runs out of material to burn,
26:55it will collapse on itself
26:57and expel material.
27:00And what's left is a white dwarf.
27:05They are dense bodies the size of a planet,
27:10usually made up of oxygen and carbon,
27:18which makes them, in fact,
27:20stellar diamonds.
27:29So these white dwarfs, these stellar bodies,
27:32are incredibly exotic objects.
27:36One teaspoon of this material
27:38would weigh more than five tons.
27:43It's one of the densest objects in the universe.
27:46It's this very small, very hot object,
27:49about the size of the Earth
27:51with the mass of the sun.
27:56How is it possible that these strange stars
27:59reveal something to us about a time before
28:02the existence of the stars themselves,
28:05and that they can even give us clues
28:07about the moment when the universe began?
28:13White dwarfs remain in a critical balance,
28:17resisting the relentless attraction of gravity,
28:20but only with severe pain.
28:25They are on the brink of destruction.
28:28If their mass increases above a critical limit,
28:32gravity will end up prevailing.
28:47In 2018, Hubble is a witness
28:49to what happens next.
28:52The telescope focuses on a galaxy
28:54that is very, very far away.
29:02NGC 2525.
29:12It searches for a distant white dwarf
29:14that is reaching the end of its expedition.
29:21It's an extraordinary life.
29:32For millions of years,
29:34the white dwarf remains hidden,
29:39trapped in an orbit
29:41around a much larger star,
29:45a red giant.
29:52While they rotate around each other,
29:56the gravity of the white dwarf
29:58attracts gas and plasma from the red giant.
30:10The mass of the white dwarf increases.
30:22Finally, it approaches a critical point,
30:25known as the Chandrasekhar Limit,
30:33and it surpasses it,
30:47unleashing a colossal force
30:49of thermonuclear reaction.
31:03The white dwarf explodes,
31:06in what scientists call
31:08a type Ia supernova.
31:20This was an immensely energetic event,
31:23with the brightness of 5000 million of our sun,
31:26so bright that Hubble was able
31:28to take a sequence of images
31:30following its evolution.
31:36The brightness of this event
31:38allowed Hubble to see it.
31:42And capturing a type Ia supernova
31:44in the act was something
31:46very important for science.
31:49Because this dazzling light
31:51has a great story to tell.
31:54Everything that has happened to it
31:56on the way from its source to us,
31:58everything that has been found,
32:00including time,
32:01has affected what we actually see.
32:06The light of type Ia supernovas
32:08gives us a tempting clue
32:13about how our universe evolved.
32:20And it is by tracing the evolution
32:22of the universe
32:26that we can build a roadmap
32:28to go back to its origin.
32:35Type Ia supernovas are like a gift
32:37to the universe,
32:39because they all explode
32:41in the same way,
32:43and they have pretty much
32:45the same brightness.
32:47Therefore, if you see one
32:49more dim than the other,
32:51it means it is further away.
32:54And that allows us to measure
32:56the distance to the galaxy
32:58where the explosion of this supernova is.
33:02We have seen type Ia supernovas
33:04all over the universe.
33:08We can measure the distance
33:10to their origin galaxies.
33:14And that can tell us
33:16how the universe has changed
33:18over time.
33:28When we look at type Ia supernovas
33:30from a distance,
33:32we see something really interesting.
33:34Their light is not only dimmer,
33:36it is redder.
33:38And the further away they are,
33:40the redder the light is.
33:42But as the light travels
33:44from that distant galaxy to us,
33:46the space itself stretches.
33:48And so the light stretches
33:50along the way,
33:52it gets redder.
33:54This is called redshift.
33:56We see the effect
33:58of redshift in the light
34:00of each distant galaxy.
34:02And that means that the space
34:04is stretching everywhere.
34:08And that means something
34:10really amazing,
34:12the universe is expanding.
34:20Studying the redshift
34:22of galaxies,
34:24we know for almost a century
34:26that the universe is expanding.
34:30But using type Ia supernovas
34:32to study it in detail,
34:34we can know
34:36precisely
34:38at what speed
34:40the universe is expanding.
34:42And what scientists have found
34:44is something completely unexpected.
34:48Astronomers working
34:50with the Hubble Space Telescope
34:52began to realize
34:54that the universe is not only expanding,
34:56but it's actually expanding
34:58at an ever-increasing rate.
35:00But the acceleration of that expansion
35:02was what really surprised us.
35:06We know that the universe
35:08is expanding at an ever-increasing rate.
35:10And thanks to Hubble,
35:12we have proof that this expansion
35:14is accelerating with time.
35:18So if you know that the universe is expanding,
35:20you can do a mental experiment,
35:22turn back in time
35:24and know that the universe
35:26was smaller in the past.
35:28We can reverse the clock.
35:32Billions and billions of years.
35:38And go back to an era
35:40before Earth and the Sun.
35:54To a time before
35:56the first galaxies.
36:02And finally,
36:04cross the cosmic dark age
36:06to find the moment
36:08when the universe began.
36:14A moment that we know
36:16happened 13.8 billion years ago.
36:22The Big Bang.
36:36The Big Bang.
36:42The moment our universe
36:44began to exist.
36:48However,
36:50it was nothing like an explosion.
36:56The initial state of the universe
36:58was very hot
37:00and very, very dense.
37:06Everything, the whole universe
37:08was held together
37:10in a very tiny region of space.
37:16So everywhere in the universe
37:18is almost like being inside a star.
37:26All of the matter that has ever been produced
37:28came from that moment in time.
37:30These conditions
37:32are incredibly extreme
37:34and no longer occur
37:36in the current universe.
37:42It almost seems miraculous,
37:44if not incredible,
37:46that we can study the origin
37:48of the universe.
37:50People ask me,
37:52how could you know?
37:54There was no one there.
37:56For decades,
37:58the Big Bang has been
38:00the best explanation
38:02science has given
38:04about the creation of the universe.
38:12In 2009,
38:14a mission was launched
38:16to try to better understand
38:18this era of our universe.
38:24The Planck Telescope
38:26of the European Space Agency
38:28has been designed
38:30to search for the remains of the Big Bang.
38:34This time, it is not the light
38:36of the stars,
38:38but another type of light,
38:40the glow of the Big Bang,
38:44the oldest light in the universe.
38:50If we find it,
38:52that means we can measure
38:54the areas of the moment of creation.
38:58That's crazy.
39:02Planck will measure this primordial light
39:04more precisely than ever.
39:147, 6, 5,
39:164, 3,
39:182, 1,
39:200
39:24The moment of the launch
39:26is when everything is at stake,
39:28but then there are
39:30a lot of stages.
39:34You could feel the excitement
39:36because we knew
39:38it was an incredible opportunity
39:40to better understand our universe.
39:542 MONTHS LATER
40:04Two months of travel
40:06await Planck
40:08until he reaches his destination.
40:12Far beyond the orbit of our Moon.
40:24Once in position,
40:26Planck meticulously scans
40:28the entire cosmos,
40:30over and over again.
40:34Everything that is hot
40:36emits light.
40:38So if the primitive universe
40:40was really dense and hot,
40:42there should have been
40:44a lot of light left over from that time.
40:50With its 1.5 meter diameter mirror
40:52and two sets of detectors
40:54to capture the light
40:56in the form of microwaves,
40:58Planck draws a map
41:00of the confines of the universe,
41:04looking back
41:06to a time long before
41:08galaxies and stars.
41:14After 4 years
41:16of endless search,
41:18scientists are finally
41:20able to contemplate
41:22an instant of the Big Bang
41:24with a spectacular detail.
41:26So this image
41:28that I have here
41:30is one of the most
41:32exciting images
41:34in astronomy and cosmology.
41:36It is a picture
41:38of the Big Bang
41:40and the Big Bang
41:42and the Big Bang
41:44and the Big Bang
41:46and the Big Bang
41:48and the Big Bang
41:50and the Big Bang
41:52and the Big Bang
41:54It is a picture of the Cosmic
41:56Radiation Background
41:58of microwaves.
42:00So basically the Big Bang
42:02this is the first light
42:04that we can see
42:06that came from that invasion
42:08of our universe.
42:12Thanks to Planck
42:14the scientists now have
42:16detailedblem for the whole
42:18universe in its infancy.
42:20The best analogy of looking at these first images I think is like seeing your child born.
42:33We can see the light from the time when the whole universe was on fire.
42:38When the universe was not an empty space but a really churning plasma.
42:48Planck gives us details of the first moments of the universe.
42:54And at first glance, everything we see is an almost uniform glow.
43:01There are no galaxies, no stars, just this shiny plasma ball.
43:06The radiation reflects that in reality because, as we can see, this radiation is incredibly uniform.
43:13But Planck's super-sensitive detectors can even capture the slightest variations.
43:20Variations that we see as different shades of blue, red and yellow in this dazzling image in false color.
43:29Before, all we could see was a uniform glow.
43:34Now we can actually see small differences on the sky, differences in temperature, which are incredibly tiny.
43:42The variations are less than a hundred thousandth of a degree.
43:47But they suggest that the primordial fireball was not perfectly uniform.
43:54And these variations must have come from somewhere.
43:58Which points to a deep truth.
44:02The Big Bang was not really the beginning.
44:15The first moments of our universe are very strange.
44:20There is no matter.
44:25All that exists is space, time and energy.
44:31An ocean of energy, almost uniform, but not completely.
44:41It wouldn't have been like anything that we can experience or imagine.
44:47It was a field of energy that had tiny, tiny quantum fluctuations in and out of existence.
44:57These fluctuations, waves in the ocean of energy, are the key to our current universe.
45:05They are the origin of everything.
45:08If these fluctuations did not exist, there would be no star.
45:13There would be not a single grain of cosmic dust and of course we would not be here.
45:21Let's imagine a motorboat in that ocean of energy.
45:25This particle is about to become so big that it will be able to house all the stars and galaxies of our universe.
45:34It just has to grow very fast.
45:37That energy would cause a stretching of space.
45:41An exponentially fast stretching.
45:44Space would become bigger and bigger and faster at an unimaginable rate.
45:49In the shortest of moments, for a millionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second,
45:56that particle expanded much faster than the speed of light.
46:02A moment in time that we call inflation.
46:07So, in an infinitesimally small period of time, our universe went from being smaller than an atom
46:13to having the size of a basketball.
46:17That's an amazing amount of stretching in a very short period of time.
46:22We don't know why it started or why it ended.
46:26When that rapid extension slowed down,
46:30something happened that don't look like a huge amount of energy created this fireball state.
46:42Inflation creates the Big Bang.
46:45But it wasn't, as most of us imagine, a kind of explosion.
46:52It was a transformation.
46:57A transformation of energy in matter.
47:04And that fulminant inflation left its mark.
47:09Those imperceptible fluctuations in the wavering ocean of energy
47:14were imprinted in our universe.
47:20Those minimal quantum fluctuations should have been stretched
47:24as the universe itself was stretching rapidly.
47:28So, a small wave of irregularity during inflation
47:32would stretch in astrophysical scales.
47:38The fluctuations that occurred before the Big Bang
47:42would end up creating everything we see today in the firmament.
48:00Gravity takes over the tiny variations
48:04that now intersect all over the young universe,
48:10creating large clusters of matter,
48:16but also large voids,
48:24weaving patterns similar to webs that extend throughout the universe.
48:35The densest regions collapse
48:41to form the first stars
48:56and the first galaxies.
49:00After 9 billion years of cosmic evolution,
49:08a new star is formed on the Milky Way.
49:13Our Sun.
49:23Eight planets emerge.
49:29Including ours.
49:31Earth.
49:38Different elements are combined in this place.
49:42Hydrogen, formed during the Big Bang.
49:47Carbon, oxygen and others.
49:52Forged in the heart of the stars
49:56to create life.
50:01Us.
50:04The Big Bang
50:24We are a speck of dust.
50:28We are totally insignificant to the universe in any possible way imaginable.
50:33And yet, we can see the beginning of the universe.
50:38I think it's very appalling that, as human beings,
50:43we have come to know so much.
50:47The universe has opened up for us to study,
50:51and maybe that's our only purpose.
50:54Maybe the universe created us so that we could understand it.
50:59We are just a phrase in the book of the universe.
51:04And so I think it's incumbent upon us to write the best possible sentence that we can.
51:10I'm looking forward to seeing what's to come.
51:24The Big Bang