TECNOLOGÍA. (Las Claves de Internet-2) Hombre Vs. Máquina
‘Hogar’, el canal repasa cómo Internet está ampliando los límites de la comunicación, de la vida urbana y de la humanidad. Este capítulo presenta el concepto de “Internet de las cosas”, que se refiere a que los objetos estén directamente interconectados entre ellos mismos y con la Red, de modo que ofrezcan datos en tiempo real. Por ejemplo, los termostatos, bombillas, coches o cafeteras habrán incorporado software, sensores y conectividad a Internet.
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FunTranscript
00:00Today, partially cloudy in the morning and will clear as the day progresses.
00:06West wind of 24 km per hour in the afternoon.
00:09Tonight, partially cloudy. Temperature 12 degrees.
00:12It's 8 o'clock in the morning.
00:18I'm not at home.
00:20But my house knows I'm coming.
00:24The Internet is expanding.
00:26And as it does, it's giving us almost supernatural powers.
00:32Alexa, you forgot to put butter on my toast.
00:35I'm not sure I can help you with that.
00:38The Internet is no longer a network of computers and servers.
00:42Now it's a network of things, things that know us.
00:46Things that know what we like to eat, how much we sleep,
00:50how to open our door, and even how our hearts beat.
00:55Alexa, where are my keys?
00:57They're in the bedroom.
00:59At 8.30 in the morning you have a meeting.
01:04The Internet is no longer just a cloud.
01:07Now it has a body.
01:09A body of devices, members, eyes, ears, and even a brain.
01:16Each device we connect to the Internet becomes part of it.
01:21But are these devices at our service?
01:24Or do they handle the threads in secret?
01:29Today, the Internet is everywhere.
01:31It listens to us.
01:33It influences us.
01:35It has become part of us.
01:37But if the Internet now has a body, how far can it go?
01:42THE KEYS TO THE INTERNET
01:54Home.
02:03The Internet is an amplifier of intelligence.
02:06The internet is an amplifier of intelligence.
02:11But almost everything that has a positive and beneficial use,
02:16also has a negative use.
02:19Human beings do not end up at the end of our biological tissue.
02:24The tools are extensions of who we are and mold our behavior.
02:30As things in our physical life begin to be on the internet and interconnected,
02:35the number of situations that could be twisted does not do more than increase.
02:39Little robots are doing more things for us than we realize.
02:43Now there are billions of network sensors
02:47that make up what is called the Internet of Things.
02:52It is as if the planet developed a nervous system.
02:58The merging of many of these technologies
03:01will lead to the first properly said artificial intelligence.
03:07And then what?
03:09You never can be too careful.
03:12It's about us controlling the devices before they control us.
03:23But we would never have had our smart devices without the work of a man.
03:28Doug Engelbart.
03:29Doug Engelbart.
03:30Doug Engelbart.
03:31Doug Engelbart.
03:32Doug was the most monomaniac person I've ever met.
03:35Through his entire life he focused on one thing.
03:38Increased intelligence.
03:43The notion was that human beings were fine,
03:45but with computers we would be much better.
03:49He imagined the interconnection between computers
03:52in a technical and idealistic way, even utopian.
04:00If in your office you were supplied with a computer that was alive for you all day,
04:06instantly responsive to every action you had,
04:08how much value could you derive from that?
04:12It was the fall of 1968 when Doug Engelbart created
04:15what would become known as the mother of all demos.
04:18Come in, Menlo Park.
04:21Okay, there's Don Andrews' hand, Menlo Park.
04:24There were thousands of computer engineers in the auditorium
04:27and they saw Doug Engelbart on a screen using a computer
04:30to communicate with people who weren't in the same room.
04:33I'd like now to have us bring in Jeff Oleson from Menlo Park.
04:36He's sitting alone just like this, working independently.
04:39Hi, Jeff.
04:40Hello.
04:41And it was the first time that many of them had seen computers as a communication tool.
04:46Suddenly, at that moment,
04:48that room full of people began to imagine not just computers, but computer networks.
04:55Engelbart was the inventor of the computer mouse.
04:58It was a kind of wooden box that moved by hand.
05:02Let's think about that for a moment.
05:04It's something that really accommodates the human body to the human hand.
05:10You can see the devices that I'm using.
05:12Doug had a vertical screen in black and white,
05:15so it looked like a piece of paper.
05:17He invented the mouse to be able to point things on the screen.
05:22He invented hyperlinks to be able to connect one document to another.
05:33It was a system that, in its practical uses, was the World Wide Web in a box.
05:46Engelbart and his lab helped to humanize the computer.
05:50The computer united us, and by uniting us, it allowed us to be less fully human.
05:56Steve Jobs was the first one to get this.
05:59We're tool builders, and that's what a computer is to me.
06:02It's the most remarkable tool that we've ever come up with,
06:06and it's the equivalent of a bicycle for our minds.
06:10Three things.
06:11A widescreen iPod with touch controls,
06:14a revolutionary mobile phone,
06:16and a breakthrough Internet communications device.
06:19Are you getting it?
06:21These are not three separate devices.
06:25This is one device.
06:28This is one device.
06:30Are you getting it?
06:32These are not three separate devices.
06:36This is one device.
06:42And we are calling it iPhone.
06:54I remember when the iPhone was announced in 2007.
06:57I couldn't wait to get one.
07:00And when I did, I picked up one.
07:03It felt like I was living in the future.
07:07And now, I can barely remember what life was like without this.
07:13It's a device made of plastic and metal that has all the answers,
07:17all the knowledge, all the information in the world.
07:20It can call cars.
07:21It can move mountains.
07:23It can make people do things just by rubbing the magic mirror.
07:49Hi, welcome to Beita.
07:51Have you been here before?
07:52No, I'm Derek.
07:53Hi, I'm Katrina.
07:54Nice to meet you.
07:55Nice to meet you.
07:57Everything is out of the box here,
07:59so you can touch it, feel it, interact with things,
08:01so you can see how it fits into your life.
08:03This is a device connected by Bluetooth to create light environments,
08:06a sunny day, a sunset, a date at night.
08:09You no longer have to carry the keys.
08:11You control it directly from the app.
08:133D video.
08:14Wow.
08:15Any order you want to give your phone, you can do it with this button.
08:18It will automatically water for you.
08:20You can interact with it.
08:21You can touch it and talk to it.
08:22You put it in the keys.
08:23You put it on your kid, on your dog, on your backpack,
08:25wherever you want.
08:26I'm starting to like this.
08:27I haven't hit anything yet.
08:31Oh, my God.
08:35I want one.
08:37The Beita store looks like a toy store for adults,
08:40but as I was about to find out,
08:42it's not as much a store as a research laboratory
08:45where they collect data about you.
08:48Our store is designed to bring the best of the Internet
08:51to a physical store.
08:54Although our store sells products, we don't make money from them,
08:58which is very unusual in the world of physical stores.
09:01We're the only store like that.
09:03How do you make profits if you don't make money selling products?
09:08We have this unique business model of minority sales.
09:11We rent space directly to companies,
09:14and we're associated with a company called RetailNext
09:18that has discovered how to use the cameras on the ceiling
09:21to understand how people buy in the stores.
09:25In the Beita store,
09:26the most important sensor is not on the shelves,
09:29but on the ceiling.
09:35As we interact with the products,
09:37these cameras watch us.
09:40They measure how long we spend in each area
09:45and find out what we like.
09:49And the customers don't necessarily know that they're being tracked, or...?
09:54We could say it's the most innocent form of tracking that exists.
09:59I've come to Beita to look at smart devices,
10:02but I was surprised to discover that they were actually looking at me.
10:06To find out to what extent cameras help stores like Beita,
10:09I decided to visit the manufacturer of the sensor, RetailNext.
10:14Wouldn't it be great to know your shopper?
10:16To know what catches her eye?
10:19Introducing Aurora by RetailNext,
10:22the first all-in-one sensor designed specifically for the complex needs of retail.
10:27The next generation sensor for shopper measurement.
10:31So, walk me through this.
10:33You know, someone comes into the store.
10:35What sorts of data can you tell me about that person?
10:38I can tell a lot about the type of person that comes into the store.
10:44Male, female, approximate age.
10:47And you can deduce a lot of information from the way they walk through the store.
10:53Excuse me for interrupting,
10:54how do you know the age and sex of the person that walks into a store?
11:00Yeah, well, it's using computer vision.
11:02It works very similarly to the human eye,
11:05but it's something that algorithms do automatically.
11:08If you want to know the type of customer that walks into a store,
11:15you can do it perfectly.
11:21RetailNext's cameras help shoppers identify their best customers and focus on them.
11:27But other companies have taken facial recognition to a new level.
11:31The system does not need an exaggerated expression.
11:34The system can also detect micro-expressions.
11:38Some use cameras that tell them what we think about a product.
11:45If we like it,
11:48or if we don't like it.
11:52But although cameras are very useful sensors for shoppers,
11:55they are nothing compared to something we wear all the time.
12:01Our mobile phone.
12:03They want us to use the unique sensors that are associated with our mobile phone
12:08to find out where to buy it.
12:10How long should we spend in each section of the store?
12:14For stores, our mobile phone is like our fingerprint.
12:17It tells them if we've visited their store before,
12:20and when we were last.
12:23If 10 years ago someone said to me,
12:25do you mind if I place a tracking device
12:28to know where you are, what you read,
12:31where you spend your money, who you talk to,
12:34and what you do 24 hours a day,
12:36would you mind?
12:38We'd say, no way, are you kidding me?
12:42Now people sleep three nights in front of the Apple store
12:45to buy a $800 sensor that does that and a lot more.
12:56In RetailNext, they insist that although they don't ask us for permission to follow them,
13:00our data is completely anonymous.
13:02Unless we say yes.
13:05If we say yes, we allow the companies to know exactly who we are,
13:09and they can follow us and address us in real time.
13:14But this type of tracking didn't start in stores.
13:18It started online.
13:21Online sellers don't have cameras or sensors to follow us.
13:24They don't need them.
13:26They have something else to do.
13:28Cookies.
13:30So, what exactly is a cookie?
13:33And how do companies use it to follow us?
13:36To find out, I spoke to this guy.
13:38It's good.
13:39Lou Montulli invented the cookie in 1994.
13:42The concept is like the little piece of paper
13:44that's inside the fortune cookie.
13:46A cookie is a file,
13:48and the little piece of paper is a strip of text
13:50that has been cut out of a piece of paper.
13:52It's a little piece of paper that has been cut out of a piece of paper.
13:55A cookie is a file,
13:57and the little piece of paper is a strip of text that has been cut out of a piece of paper.
14:00We can't read it,
14:02but the websites can.
14:04Every time we visit them,
14:06the websites put cookies in our computer.
14:08These little files help the websites remember us.
14:12This is what allows us to have things like the shopping carts.
14:15You get this fortune cookie.
14:17You keep it, but you don't know what's inside,
14:19and you don't care.
14:21But when you return to visit the website,
14:23you see the cookie, and the website opens,
14:25and you read a message that says,
14:27oh, I know who you are.
14:29You're the one who wanted to buy the fortune cookie,
14:31so I'll put it in your cart.
14:33That was the idea.
14:35Inoffensive, right?
14:37But something unexpected happened.
14:39Advertisers soon discovered cookies,
14:41and advertising platforms
14:43started using them to follow us.
14:48You start a terrible arms race,
14:51and the arms race is to know
14:53as much as possible about us.
14:56They could talk to advertisers
14:58in a way that had never worked on television,
15:01because the TV is a medium that you watch.
15:06The Internet is a medium that watches you as you watch.
15:13Today, every movement we make online,
15:16every cookie we receive,
15:18becomes part of a virtual profile,
15:20of a personal dossier.
15:24These profiles include information
15:27that we don't even know we're leaking.
15:32I wear a Fitbit because I want to lose weight,
15:35and what that means is that a couple of times a day,
15:38I report my physical activity levels to Fitbit,
15:41which they can now recompile and sell my data
15:44to people who want to put me on a diet.
15:49You get this three-dimensional picture of the person.
15:52We can predict what they're going to do.
15:54They now know exactly who is more likely to be manipulated
15:58to buy certain products.
16:01There are con men who look for old people,
16:04and they know that person has been looking online
16:07for places to invest their retirement money.
16:12And then they get a phone call,
16:14and they say,
16:15look, invest your life savings in these stocks.
16:18And if you have all the data,
16:20you can go get somebody who is weak.
16:23That's the danger right now.
16:26But the emergence of these virtual files
16:28was predicted a long time ago.
16:37This educational film from 1976
16:40predicts a very familiar future.
16:42By the year 2000,
16:44computers will invade our privacy
16:46on a scale hardly imaginable.
16:48They will be interconnected,
16:50and unless prevented by new legislation,
16:52we'll be able to sell information
16:54on where we travel, how much we spend,
16:56and in what restaurants and hotels,
16:58whether and when we pay our bills,
17:00what we do with our evenings, and with whom.
17:03There will be 20 typewritten pages of dossier
17:05on each of 230 million citizens in North America.
17:09Today, our dossier has all that information,
17:13and much, much more.
17:21But the company with the most valuable dossier
17:23is one that we probably use every day.
17:27Google.
17:29Google knows a lot about us
17:31because Google knows our intentions.
17:35And when we think about advertising,
17:38the ads based on intention
17:40are the ones that actually work.
17:45It was not so long ago that people were saying,
17:48how can you think that this company can make money
17:50by revealing the searches?
17:52It was considered a silly idea.
17:55Google's gigantic advertising network,
17:57which includes pop-ups,
17:59generates billions of dollars for the company every month.
18:02In fact, 90% of the company's income
18:04comes from ads,
18:05and Google only makes money if people click.
18:09Now, most of the websites that we visit on the internet
18:12allow Google to spy on us.
18:16Most people love YouTube. I love YouTube.
18:23Why did they purchase YouTube?
18:25Because it gives them more information.
18:28Why did they develop Chrome, a browser?
18:32Why did they develop Android, an operating system?
18:36They're collecting information about us
18:39on more than 60 different platforms,
18:42and we are not aware of this at all.
18:48When was the last time you read a 60-page document?
18:51I guess as you put it, you just clicked on accept.
18:54I should read it.
18:57And when we're not actively online,
18:59it's easy to forget that the Internet of Things
19:01is still watching us.
19:04Everywhere we go,
19:05even if we're not actively using the phone,
19:08it's still listening to us.
19:11Companies are finding very smart ways
19:14to get us to help them with their business.
19:18And if they don't catch us,
19:19they ask our devices to do it.
19:24The devices that are going to be part of our lives,
19:27not just cell phones,
19:29but your smart fridge, your smart car,
19:32all those things are basically going to be
19:35tools for someone to listen to us.
19:43Maybe the most sinister thing of all
19:45is the Barbie doll talking in Chinese.
19:47Introducing a whole new way to play with Barbie.
19:50There's no Barbie doll that, when you turn it on,
19:53will find your Wi-Fi network
19:55and will use the cloud
19:57to have a conversation with you
19:59about your interests.
20:02What do you want to be when you grow up?
20:03I want to be a vet.
20:04That's wonderful.
20:05Wanting to take care of sick animals
20:07is an amazing goal.
20:13I love New York.
20:14Don't you?
20:15Tell me, what's your favorite part about the city?
20:18To me, this is a Barbie doll
20:20designed to interrogate an 8-year-old girl
20:24to get her to tell her stories.
20:26What do you want to be when you grow up?
20:28I want to be a scientist.
20:32You're right, a scientist.
20:34I think science is wonderful.
20:36Why do you want to be a scientist?
20:38Well, I guess because at school
20:40I really liked chemistry and physics.
20:44The study of physics is amazing.
20:46Think about gravity.
20:47You don't see it,
20:48but as soon as you trip, it takes you to the ground.
20:51Have you ever tripped and fallen?
20:53Yes, I've fallen quite a few times in my life, Barbie.
20:58It happens to me all the time.
21:00It's the gravity pulling you down
21:02and sometimes it hurts you.
21:04Wow, you could be the next Marie Curie
21:06or Albert Einstein, right?
21:08I think you're right, Barbie.
21:11I knew you were smart, Cody.
21:16As long as our devices push us forward
21:18to be good consumers,
21:21what would happen if one day, not too far away,
21:24our machines not only encouraged us to buy,
21:26but also offered us a new form of currency,
21:29sharing.
21:31We'll share our tastes, our interests,
21:34and even our private lives.
21:48Sharing your biometric data today, 500 points.
21:56Your biometric data indicates that you haven't slept well.
21:59Are you okay?
22:03Lucy, your boyfriend knows...
22:07that you're pregnant.
22:19However strange this may seem to you now,
22:21it will very quickly become the new normal.
22:31Today, the devices that connect us to the world
22:34also provide us with information.
22:36But none of this would be possible
22:38without the technology of the Second World War
22:41and without the most beautiful woman in the world.
22:44The technology, of course, is wireless.
22:47But the woman?
22:59In 1938, the American public
23:01saw the Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr
23:03as a dynamic and impressive artist.
23:06She was the first woman in the world
23:08to be able to do this.
23:11Funny, I don't have an ear for beauty.
23:14Just an eye for it.
23:20I came here to ask you to marry me.
23:40It has a strange effect on me.
24:10These complex arrangements
24:12included three xylophones, four drums,
24:15three airplane propellers and 16 pianos.
24:20The pianos used paper rolls
24:22with holes to produce the music.
24:26But the rolls of the mechanical ballet were special.
24:29They were synchronized.
24:32Hedy Lamarr realized
24:34that these synchronized paper rolls
24:36were exactly what she needed
24:38for her next invention,
24:40safe radio communication.
24:42Using the pianos as inspiration,
24:44she and Antheil designed a system
24:46called Frequency Jump,
24:48in which a secret message
24:50jumped through the radio frequencies.
24:52To do this, the system used holes
24:54in a roll of paper.
24:56The paper rolls were placed
24:58on the piano,
25:00but these holes
25:02did not control the musical notes,
25:04but the frequencies.
25:10The message was sent fragmented.
25:16And on the receiver's side,
25:18a roll of identical paper
25:20recomposed the message again.
25:23She had done it!
25:25The Frequency Jump made
25:27the transmissions immune
25:29to the curious ears.
25:31Hedy immediately donated
25:33her patent to the army.
25:35But she could not impress
25:37the authorities.
25:39They turned their backs
25:41on the idea of a safe system
25:43of paper rolls.
25:45And her invention remained
25:47forgotten for decades.
25:49But Hedy had the right idea
25:51and it was not lost forever.
25:54It was a gold mine in power.
26:08In the 1980s,
26:10the Frequency Jump was finally declassified.
26:14And the first mobile phones
26:16quickly arrived.
26:22The idea of Hedy Lamarr
26:24started a chain reaction,
26:26an explosion of wireless devices.
26:30Since the year 2000,
26:32the traffic of mobile data
26:34has multiplied by almost 400 million,
26:36and much of this growth
26:38has been in the developed world.
26:40The invention with which Hedy
26:42thought to save the world
26:44has transformed it.
26:47Cultures are jumping
26:49a generation of technology.
26:51In developing cultures,
26:53where there is no telephone,
26:55no drinking water,
26:57no electricity,
26:59now you bring a mobile phone
27:01to the people
27:03and its horizons expand
27:05in an unimaginable way.
27:07In Africa, in 2016,
27:09there were a billion terminals,
27:11which is extraordinary.
27:13The poorest on the planet
27:15can afford a mobile phone.
27:17You can think of people
27:19about yourself,
27:21about national borders,
27:23about education,
27:25about almost everything.
27:27Wireless technology covers the earth
27:29almost like a layer of atmosphere.
27:31Now it is easier
27:33than ever to be connected.
27:35But are we really more connected
27:37with the people around us?
27:39What is the impact of technology
27:41on our lives?
27:43Will interaction always have to go
27:45from place to place?
27:47It is not all benign.
27:51There is more and more noise.
28:01We have to move away from noise.
28:05What if we could live
28:07in a truly silent place,
28:09without all the noise
28:11of wireless technology?
28:13Welcome to the Silent Zone.
28:17We are in what is called
28:19the National Radio Silence Zone.
28:21It is a unique area in North America.
28:25It is 34,000 square kilometers.
28:29The size of Massachusetts
28:31and Connecticut together.
28:33In the center of the Silent Zone
28:35is the town of Green Bank,
28:37West Virginia,
28:39home of the world's largest
28:41The Silent Zone was created
28:43to protect it.
28:45The Green Bank telescope
28:47is a Swiss watch
28:49the size of a football stadium.
28:51But although it is so enormous,
28:53its capacity is measured
28:55in fractions of a millimeter.
28:57We are talking about
28:59a telescope taller
29:01than the Statue of Liberty.
29:05The reflector's surface
29:07is 9,300 square meters.
29:11The bigger the cube,
29:13the more raindrops it can collect.
29:17Today, the telescope
29:19is at the forefront of SETI,
29:21the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.
29:23In recent years,
29:25we have discovered with the Green Bank telescope
29:27basic organic molecules,
29:29the kind of things that in a sense
29:31are the pillars of life,
29:33floating in the gas
29:35that is among the stars.
29:37But these discoveries
29:39are not the only ones.
29:43Radio silence
29:45in hundreds of kilometers
29:47in all directions.
29:53Unlike traditional telescopes,
29:55radiotelescopes do not see,
29:57they hear radio waves.
29:59In the 1950s,
30:01astronomers built the telescope here
30:03because it was a silent place.
30:05Ideal to do that,
30:07listen.
30:09The observatory was inaugurated
30:11in the 1950s.
30:13They chose Green Bank specifically.
30:15They said we are the quietest place on earth.
30:17But I don't know.
30:19Maybe this is the last quiet place
30:21that exists.
30:23For residents in Green Bank,
30:25this not only means radio silence,
30:27but also wireless technology silence.
30:29Living in Green Bank has its challenges.
30:31You can't have a wireless phone
30:33and forget about cell phones.
30:35Wireless speakers,
30:37wireless headphones.
30:39The garage doors cause problems.
30:41Electric fences in the garden.
30:43Microwaves.
30:45Bluetooth devices.
30:47Self-driving cars.
30:49PS4, Wii, Nintendo.
30:51A lot of things that we would never think
30:53would cause interference, but they do.
30:55But the biggest threat to the telescope
30:57is the Wi-Fi.
30:59The Wi-Fi here is totally
31:01preventing what we intend to do.
31:03What's also amazing
31:05is that we're beginning to interact
31:07with the Internet
31:09as if it were the only social being
31:11we have in our lives.
31:13And that is
31:15the dangerous part.
31:19Mike's idea made me wonder
31:21what it's like to be a teenager
31:23in a disconnected city.
31:25Do you feel out of place?
31:27A girl who came to the institute
31:29asked me if we had mobile coverage.
31:31I said, I have coverage.
31:33I said, you don't have it.
31:35This is the Green Bank Institute
31:37in the shadow of the Green Bank telescope.
31:39Imagine you're here
31:41and you go to New York or Maryland.
31:43Yeah, they're just staring at their phones
31:45all the time.
31:47Yeah, they're at the show.
31:49Vicky likes my status.
31:51Oh, Bob told me.
31:53I have to answer.
31:55I think if the Internet shut down here
31:57and we didn't have it, we could survive.
31:59I don't care if they're coming and waiting for you.
32:01We can get in the car and go home.
32:03We don't have to call people on the phone.
32:05We go to their house and knock on their door.
32:07Yeah, I like the quiet part.
32:09I like the quiet part.
32:13Sometimes I feel like
32:15we're the control population
32:17of a giant experiment
32:19that the telecommunications industry
32:21is carrying out on humanity.
32:23We are living without the advantages
32:25and the distractions of mobile technology.
32:27I'm basically shocked
32:29at what I see.
32:31I see people sitting next to one another
32:33typing on their little devices
32:35and it gives me the impression
32:37that while I wasn't looking
32:39the whole world has stopped smoking.
32:41Elsewhere,
32:43you're in business all the time
32:45whether you're properly using it
32:47or not,
32:49it's doing something
32:51with your device
32:53even when it's in your pocket.
32:55It's connected to you.
32:57Here you're not connected.
32:59It's interesting to think
33:01that something special has happened here
33:03but it's actually almost the opposite.
33:05Something weird has happened
33:07in all the other places.
33:09Green Bank residents
33:11may enjoy their radio silence
33:13but for the rest of us
33:15living without our mobile devices
33:17would not only be uncomfortable
33:19it would be impossible.
33:21We are also storing our memory
33:23and we depend so much on them
33:25that there's no copy of security.
33:27Most university students
33:29say they can't spend a day
33:31without their devices.
33:33For many people,
33:35the mobile has become a bodily appendix.
33:37They can't be without it.
33:39Information is practically
33:41their third skin.
33:43The library of all human knowledge
33:45is just a screen of us.
33:47We may think
33:49that means we're smarter
33:51but we depend more and more
33:53on machines to think for us.
33:55What used to be research
33:57has now been replaced
33:59by search.
34:01Search on Google.
34:05In 1998, Larry Page
34:07and Sergey Brin
34:09launched Google
34:11to get rid of information on the web.
34:13They did it using algorithms.
34:17They used an algorithm
34:19to make a web index
34:21and another one
34:23to classify the results
34:25of the thousands of millions
34:27of pages of their index.
34:29They gave us the ability
34:31to search effectively
34:33on all the pages
34:35of all the books in the library.
34:37PageRank,
34:39Google's ranking algorithm,
34:41decided which page
34:43would take the first place.
34:45The more links you have,
34:47the more you get.
34:49And that's the secret sauce.
34:51PageRank worked so well
34:53that Google quickly became
34:55synonymous with search.
34:57But although the search results
34:59often reach millions
35:01and even billions,
35:03usually only 10 are important.
35:05Typically, you see 10 search results
35:07on the first page.
35:0950% of our clicks
35:11go to the first two search results.
35:1350%.
35:15And most people
35:17never look beyond the first page.
35:19But what we have discovered
35:21is that search rankings
35:23impact the decisions people make
35:25about everything.
35:27We let Google decide
35:29which is the best information for us.
35:31But with millions of results
35:33that match our search,
35:35why do we get these 10?
35:37Hey, guys.
35:39Today I wanted to give you
35:41my answer to the big question
35:43how to rank number one
35:45in Google.
35:47When Google designed its algorithm,
35:49it inadvertently created
35:51a new industry,
35:53the optimization of search engines.
35:55Today we're going to talk about
35:57Great SEO and what I believe
35:59Google wants.
36:01There's a new Google ranking factor
36:03that's huge right now.
36:05Really sneaky and really,
36:07really clever, that tactic.
36:09So make sure you implement that.
36:11The algorithm is the key
36:13to cracking Google. Now, what if I told you
36:15that we have cracked Google's formula?
36:17All too often, we focus
36:19on beating the Google bot
36:21rather than feeding
36:23the Google bot.
36:41We know that because it's a computer program,
36:43whatever happens,
36:45we can trust it.
36:47The algorithm has to
36:49put things in order.
36:51But what if
36:53the algorithm itself
36:55ends up favoring one candidate
36:57over the other?
36:59Is the activity on Google
37:01creating more interest
37:03in a candidate,
37:05which in turn generates
37:07more votes?
37:09But this problem
37:11is not limited to search engines.
37:13Facebook has run experiments
37:15manipulating the election outcome
37:17and the way they do it
37:19is by encouraging you to go vote.
37:21If Facebook
37:23just sent out voting reminders,
37:25nothing would happen,
37:27but it would send them only
37:29to people from a political party.
37:31If they did that on election day,
37:33they could easily
37:35backlash against Facebook.
37:37A former Facebook insider
37:39calling it, quote,
37:41absolutely biased,
37:43an article posted Monday
37:45said Facebook workers
37:47suppressed conservative-leaning
37:49news stories in its trending section.
37:51People thought it was a scandal
37:53because in a technically neutral system,
37:55human party members
37:57appeared to manipulate it.
37:59But it's absurd to think like that.
38:01There are no technologically neutral systems.
38:03Today, the most advanced algorithms
38:05are called neural networks.
38:09Like dogs,
38:11these artificial intelligences
38:13are not programmed,
38:15but trained.
38:17A process called automatic learning.
38:25The next generation of robots
38:27will learn like an insect
38:29or a baby.
38:35It will bump into things.
38:37It will learn to walk.
38:39It will learn to navigate
38:41around this world
38:43rather than having all the lessons
38:45programmed from the very start.
38:47But with automatic learning,
38:49artificial intelligence
38:51will no longer be completely
38:53under our control.
38:55When machines become as intelligent as we are,
38:57assuming that we are intelligent,
38:59any machine that can make decisions,
39:01choices, which can behave in a way
39:03that is not predictable by its designers,
39:05and there aren't many machines
39:07like this now.
39:09I'm thrilled to be here
39:11to introduce a brand new product.
39:17Using machine learning,
39:19Google Photos understands what's important
39:21and helps you by automatically
39:23organizing your memories.
39:33The people who trained
39:35these artificial intelligence systems
39:37trained them with blank faces.
39:39These weren't necessarily racists,
39:41but their implicit predispositions
39:43when it came to creating
39:45and training these systems
39:47ended up inculcating
39:49an incredible set of supposed racists.
39:51And that a machine can learn
39:53from humans doesn't mean
39:55that they teach it what's right.
39:57As Microsoft learned
39:59with its chatbot, Tay,
40:01it loves to corrupt artificial intelligence.
40:13Even the best algorithms
40:15make huge mistakes.
40:23Tay's designers trained the bot
40:25to improvise based on what people told it.
40:27Algorithms are much more prone
40:29to make mistakes than people
40:31and they can also cheat
40:33much more easily than people.
40:35Soon Tay was ranting about Hitler,
40:37launching racist and anti-feminist attacks.
40:39These systems have
40:41extraordinary blind spots.
40:43This happens all the time.
40:47Algorithms are used for everything,
40:49from admissions at universities,
40:51online appointments,
40:53hiring employees,
40:55loan approvals, stock market investments,
40:57even studies on outbreaks of the flu
40:59and cancer research.
41:01A series of programmed algorithms
41:03are making decisions
41:05without any of us knowing
41:07how to make those decisions
41:09and that's a little scary.
41:11Machines will end up
41:13running my life and everyone else's.
41:15So I'm curious to know how they learn.
41:17And here, at MIT,
41:19they're learning something
41:21that only humans could do so far.
41:23Driving.
41:27Welcome to DuckyTown.
41:41DuckyTown,
41:43the city of little ducks,
41:45may seem simple and pretty
41:47but it has a real mission.
41:49To test the challenges of
41:51unmanned vehicles with the safety
41:53of a miniature scale.
41:55What is the advantage of testing
41:57autonomous vehicles in DuckyTown?
41:59The basic idea is to have this city
42:01where we can easily deploy
42:0350 of these machines in one afternoon
42:05without wasting a lot of time
42:07on logistical problems.
42:09But the problems of
42:11our research persist.
42:13What it's doing now is
42:15using the camera to identify
42:17the lines of the road.
42:19And then when it gets to a crossroad,
42:21it reads the signal and picks
42:23the right direction.
42:25What are the most
42:27complicated problems
42:29when it comes to creating
42:31an autonomous vehicle?
42:33One big problem is that
42:35every element of the environment
42:37has to be perceived in some way.
42:39And that includes pedestrians,
42:41cyclists, other cars.
42:43It's hard to get it right
42:45100% of the time.
42:47Liam has pointed out
42:49all the problems
42:51and what to do
42:53in case of an inevitable accident.
42:57Our autonomous cars
42:59have a lot to learn.
43:01But unlike us,
43:03they learn fast.
43:05Very fast.
43:07There's a new idea
43:09very powerful in robotics
43:11called cloud robotics.
43:13This is the reality that you can
43:15interconnect all the robots
43:17with the internet.
43:19If something happens,
43:21all the robots will know immediately.
43:23And that learning is very different
43:25from human learning.
43:27And it's not science fiction at all.
43:29It's already applied in the world
43:31of autonomous cars.
43:33Today, our robots understand
43:35space and its position in it.
43:37They can move through space,
43:39but not much more.
43:41But what will happen
43:43when the robots can do
43:45everything we do?
43:49This could spell the end
43:51of the human race.
43:53With artificial intelligence,
43:55we are summoning the demon.
43:57You know those stories
43:59where there's the guy
44:01with the pentagram
44:03and the holy water
44:05and he's like,
44:07yeah, you sure you can
44:09control the demon?
44:11Didn't work out.
44:13We should not be confident
44:15in our ability to keep
44:17control of the human race.
44:25Hello.
44:27Hello, how are you?
44:29To learn more about
44:31automatic intelligence,
44:33I've scheduled a video conference
44:35with Kevin Warrick,
44:37professor of cybernetics
44:39at the University of Coventry.
44:41His field is the fusion
44:43of artificial and human intelligence
44:45with artificial intelligence.
44:47Well, if you can't beat them,
44:49join them.
44:51If we take very powerful
44:53artificial intelligence
44:55and we link it to you,
44:57you become part of it.
44:59It becomes part of you
45:01and you add to your band
45:03the power of artificial intelligence
45:05instead of it acting against you.
45:07Kevin has explained to me
45:09that even though humans
45:11and machines seem different,
45:13the cells of the brain
45:15are activated or not,
45:17just as the cells of an
45:19artificial brain of a computer
45:21are activated or not.
45:23Every brain cell is a binary signal
45:25just like in a computer.
45:27We can send brain signals
45:29over the internet
45:31as if it were our nervous system.
45:33Kevin not only studies
45:35the theoretical possibilities
45:37of using the internet
45:39as a nervous system,
45:41but in 2002,
45:43he implanted a matrix of electrodes
45:45in his arm and connected it
45:47to a robotic hand
45:49through the internet,
45:51becoming the first cyborg in the world.
45:55I went to Columbia University
45:57in New York
45:59and the people there helped me
46:01to connect my nervous system
46:03to the internet
46:05and we connected to a robotic hand
46:07in the UK.
46:09When I moved my hand
46:11in New York,
46:13the robotic hand
46:15moved from my brain signals
46:17in the UK.
46:19My brain received signals
46:21from the tips of my fingers
46:23and I was able
46:25to feel how much force
46:27the hand was applying
46:29on a different continent.
46:31It's amazing.
46:33So with the internet and an implant,
46:35your brain and your body
46:37could be in the same place.
46:39That arm could be
46:41reached to extremes
46:43on a different planet.
46:45Do you think that with time
46:47that will lead us to
46:49fusing our nervous systems
46:51in a big network?
46:53Oh, I hope so, yes.
46:55Sincerely.
46:57This cyber network
46:59could help humans
47:01and machines to understand each other better.
47:03I mean, when you look at
47:05the interface
47:07we're using even now,
47:09it's terrible.
47:11The interface we're using even now
47:13are mechanical pressure waves
47:15to communicate.
47:17My brain emits
47:19electrochemical signals
47:21from my hand
47:23and then I convert those
47:25into these codified
47:27trivial pressure waves.
47:29It's terrible, really.
47:31I mean, we've got to adapt
47:34Some have called this improvement
47:36the singularity.
47:39The point without return.
47:42Since the birth of artificial intelligence
47:44we've wondered
47:46when artificial intelligence would reach us.
47:48Perhaps the time will come
47:50when we and the machines
47:52will pass in opposite directions
47:54and there will be a transition point
47:56where we can't say we're a man and a machine
47:58or a machine and a man.
48:01But the question is
48:03how will life be after the singularity?
48:08We'll take a pill
48:10that will work by itself
48:12it will connect to our visual cortex
48:14to our auditory system
48:16to the rest of our brain
48:18and well, it will put us on the internet.
48:20Our brain will interact
48:22with all the chips in the room.
48:31We'll enter our room
48:33we'll turn on the lights
48:35and also the internet.
48:40We'll just blink
48:42and see all the information
48:44we need to do our daily activities.
48:50It's going to change
48:52where we think we end up
48:54and where the world begins.
48:56Because more and more
48:58we'll end up in our own
49:00personalised universe.
49:06We're all going to end up
49:08in a software of artificial intelligence.
49:12We'll give permission to artificial intelligence
49:14to listen to all our conversations
49:16and read all our emails
49:18control our biometric data
49:20and that's the mission of artificial intelligence
49:22to make our lives better.
49:25But when the singularity arrives
49:27machine intelligence
49:29will quickly escape our control.
49:34As soon as a computer wakes up
49:36so to speak,
49:38having access to the internet
49:40having access to everything
49:42all human knowledge
49:44will transform into something else.
49:50If we live in a world of super intelligent robots
49:52if we're very lucky
49:54they'll treat us like pets.
49:56However, if we're not lucky
49:58they'll treat us like food.
50:02Me, I want to be a pet.
50:08I call it Internet Internido.
50:10We have a nest
50:12for the first
50:14artificial intelligence
50:16that arises.
50:22When you talk about unintended consequences
50:24we end up with something
50:26that we think is very good
50:28but it isn't.
50:32I think if we think about how much
50:34we depend on the invisible systems
50:36that surround us every day
50:38and provide us so much
50:40we're
50:42in a crossroads.
50:44What if the internet doesn't enslave us?
50:46What if it instead becomes
50:48the light that guides us?
50:56From the moment of our birth
50:58we'll look for wisdom and beauty
51:00in it.
51:06We'll look for the truth
51:08in it.
51:14It'll see our strengths
51:16and encourage them.
51:20It'll guide us
51:22to develop all our potential.
51:28And it'll offer answers
51:30to our big questions.
51:34As human beings
51:36we've always wanted to understand
51:38our connection to the internet.
51:40As human beings
51:42we've always wanted to understand
51:44our connection to the cosmos.
51:46Our place in the universe.
51:50Maybe our greatest creation
51:52the internet
51:58will one day return us the favor
52:02and enlighten us.