Carlomagno (en latín, Carolus [Karolus] Magnus; 2 de abril de 742, 747 o 748-Aquisgrán, 28 de enero de 814), de nombre personal Carlos, como Carlos I el Grande fue rey de los francos desde 768, rey nominal de los lombardos desde 774 e Imperator Romanum gubernans ImperiumNota 1 desde 800 hasta su muerte. Carlomagno consiguió unir la mayor parte de Europa Occidental y Central y fue el primer emperador reconocido en gobernar Europa Occidental tras la caída del Imperio romano de Occidente, aproximadamente tres siglos antes.1 El Estado franco expandido que fundó Carlomagno fue el Imperio carolingio, considerado la primera fase de la historia del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico. Fue canonizado por el antipapa Pascual III —acto que posteriormente se consideró inválido— y algunos lo consideran beatificado (que es un paso en el camino hacia la santidad) en la Iglesia católica. Tradicionalmente, la Iglesia católica lo venera como beato el 28 de enero. La Iglesia ortodoxa no veía con tan buenos ojos a Carlomagno, debido a su apoyo a la clásula filioque y a la preferencia que mostró el Papa hacia él como emperador frente a la primera mujer monarca del Imperio bizantino, Irene de Atenas. Estas y otras disputas condujeron a la ruptura de Roma y Constantinopla en el Gran Cisma de 1054.2
Category
😹
FunTranscript
00:00The time will erase all traces, but I will prevent them from disappearing forever.
00:21I am the only one who can carry it out.
00:27He was my protector and my friend, and it is my sacred obligation not to let that great
00:35of his time fall into oblivion.
00:43Many years have passed since that memorable Christmas Day, in which Charles, my king,
00:48was crowned emperor in Rome.
01:08On December 25, 800, when Charlemagne was crowned emperor, he was at the height of
01:14his power.
01:16He ruled an empire that covered almost all of Europe.
01:23Charlemagne was the most powerful ruler of his time.
01:26In Rome, the Pope himself trembles before his presence.
01:30Long live Charles, emperor of the Romans!
01:35Long live the emperor!
01:38Long live our king!
01:44There is only one person who can tell the story of Charlemagne first-hand.
01:48His former comrade on the road, the eludite of the court Eginardo.
01:55Excuse me, master, I'm late.
01:59You have never arrived on time.
02:03I wonder, Io Hannes, if you are up to the mission I have assigned to you.
02:09I have proposed to start writing as soon as possible about the public and private life
02:15of the great King Charles and, of course, about everyone and each of his deeds.
02:24I lived by his side in the court for 20 years.
02:28I have earned his trust and I know his secrets.
02:32But don't forget this.
02:34Everything that is not reflected in writing must be kept secret.
02:39Yes, master.
02:41Tell me what I should write.
02:46The work will be titled...
02:49Vita Caroli.
02:51The life of Charles.
02:54Years after the death of Charlemagne, Eginardo, a wise man of his court,
02:58wrote the biography of a more famous ruler of the Middle Ages.
03:02Today Charlemagne appears represented as a supernatural ruler,
03:05a charismatic figure.
03:07But how was it really?
03:09Where does the myth end and reality begins?
03:18The story begins in a turbulent time.
03:21Pipino, Charlemagne's father, wants to be king of the Franks,
03:25but he is not the heir to the crown.
03:33It is already dawn.
03:35You have watched all night, sir.
03:45The ambitious Pipino wants to have a son to be able to found his own dynasty.
03:50It's a boy.
03:53In April 748, four long years after his wedding with Bertrada,
04:00the longed-for firstborn was born.
04:08Give the news to your lord.
04:14She became very anxious after her marriage,
04:17because she could not have children.
04:21Her position, and of course her husband's,
04:24depended on whether they could have a son or a son-in-law.
04:28Apparently she prayed to God with despair
04:32to allow her to become pregnant,
04:35and that's when she had Charlemagne.
04:39I guess then she must have felt very relieved.
04:44Sir, he is a healthy and beautiful boy.
04:48Now begins my future and yours.
04:51My son will be baptized with the name of Carlos, like my father.
04:56And he will be one of the greatest.
04:59God bless the future king.
05:05The Frankish kingdom, which consisted of multiple principalities,
05:09had been ruled by the Merovingians for generations.
05:13But Pipino, Charlemagne's father, had good reasons
05:16to get the support of the princes in their assault on power.
05:26Pipino became the ruler of a great empire.
05:29Under the Merovingian dynasty,
05:31the area of influence of the Franks had not stopped growing.
05:35In addition to its original settlement areas next to the Rhine and Almosela,
05:39it dominated a large part of present-day France.
05:42In three centuries, the Kingdom of the Franks
05:44became a great power in Europe.
05:49Abad Burkardo, how are things in your land?
05:52Not well, Abad Fulrado.
05:54According to the message we have received from Austria,
05:57many princes of Burgundy and Germany have sided with Pipino.
06:03I thank you for coming so quickly.
06:06The rebels are already forming a large group,
06:09and there are few who continue to support King Childerico.
06:13Soon no one will be able to prevent my triumph.
06:17But only a powerful ally will be able to silence all my rivals.
06:23Fulrado, Burkardo, are you willing to travel to Rome?
06:34The key to Pipino's plan was the Pope.
06:37The coup must have been blessed.
06:42My dear Abads, Fulrado and Burkardo,
06:47I inform you that, after thinking about it carefully,
06:51I have made the following decision about the future of the Kingdom of the Franks.
06:56It is better that the king be the one who has the power
06:58and not the one who has lost all his power.
07:01Therefore, by virtue of the apostolic authority,
07:04the King of the Franks will be from now on
07:07Mayor of the Palace of Pipino.
07:12Your Holiness, you have made a favourable decision for the Franks,
07:16and also favourable for you.
07:22The Pope of Rome had become an unknown authority until then,
07:27in the Frank Kingdom.
07:30Pipino was forced to seek a higher legitimation
07:34from the Frank nobles and the Frank bishops
07:37to consolidate their political ambitions,
07:40and he did not have much to choose from.
07:42The easiest thing was to go to the Pope.
07:46Thus, by order of the Pope of Rome,
07:50the father of Charles Pipino was crowned King of the Franks.
07:56The last king of Merovingia let Pipino
07:59hang his head and lock him up for life in a monastery.
08:07Are you still writing, Johannes?
08:11In any case, even before the coronation of Pipino,
08:15the former king had to settle for
08:18keeping the title, the hair and the beard,
08:22and play governing, sitting on his throne.
08:27From that moment on, Pipino had to proceed with great skill.
08:34He promised the Pope to defend Rome from all its enemies,
08:39and he became a protector of the Church.
08:44In return, he got the role of the Pope
08:49for his firstborn, Charles, and for his second son,
08:53named Charlemagne.
09:02In the new royal house of Carolingia there were two heirs to the throne,
09:05Charlemagne and his brother Charlemagne.
09:07Since childhood, the two looked more like rivals than like brothers.
09:24Enough!
09:27Leave him immediately!
09:32Charlemagne, the youngest and right-handed,
09:34used to impose himself in competitions,
09:36a fact that Charlemagne did not live as an humiliation.
09:41Charlemagne, the youngest and right-handed,
09:43used to impose himself in competitions,
09:45a fact that Charlemagne did not live as an humiliation.
09:48Charlemagne, the youngest and right-handed,
09:50used to impose himself in competitions,
09:52a fact that Charlemagne did not live as an humiliation.
10:18of my last wills.
10:21I will divide the kingdom of the Franks
10:24between my two sons.
10:26I beg you to be as loyal to them as you have been to me.
10:32In addition, I determine that you, Charles,
10:35reign in the north of Neustria and Austrasia,
10:39and in the west of Aquitaine.
10:42To you, my dear son,
10:45I leave you the east of Aquitaine,
10:47Burgundy,
10:48Provence,
10:49Germany,
10:50and the south of Neustria and Austrasia.
10:57This decision is irrevocable.
11:06The distribution seems balanced at first glance,
11:09but Charlemagne felt hurt.
11:11His kingdom is arranged in a semicircle around his brother's,
11:14so he will be forced to make much longer journeys.
11:21Pipino distributed his kingdom in a rather strange way,
11:27and geographically incoherent.
11:30Charlemagne's territories did not surround Charlemagne's,
11:33and each had a part of Aquitaine.
11:37Since the times of the Merovingians,
11:40Aquitaine was a very precious region.
11:43Pipino's goal, by distributing his inheritance,
11:46was surely to force his children to collaborate,
11:49something they did not know how to do,
11:51that they did not want to do.
11:54There was a strong rivalry for supremacy.
12:01In the famous abbey of Saint-Denis,
12:03are the tombs of the Frankish kings.
12:07Also Charlemagne's father, Pipino,
12:09lies here with his wife, Bertrada.
12:18When he divided his territory between his two sons,
12:21he could not imagine the consequences of his decision.
12:27After the death of Pipino,
12:29each one took possession of the region of the kingdom
12:32that corresponded to him according to the paternal decision.
12:36The coronations took place at the same time.
12:42But each of the brothers chose a church of his own kingdom.
12:49Since then, well,
12:52it was very difficult to maintain peace between the two kings.
12:59Shortly after the coronations,
13:02the struggle for supremacy broke out.
13:07Ha!
13:09And it was not by chance that the women
13:11who began to sow discord ...
13:25This was also the intention of your father.
13:27The family is very rich and influential.
13:30With this marriage, the Bavarians and the Lombards will be on my side.
13:33My kingdom will be stronger.
13:37My kingdom will be stronger.
13:45Soon you will have news.
13:47Go with my blessing, my son.
13:50What can be so important
13:52for my brother to be worthy to visit us?
13:55Don't be so hard, Carlos.
13:58And let me tell you,
14:00that even if you are king,
14:02you are still not the most powerful.
14:05With you by my side, mother,
14:07I have nothing to lose.
14:09I have nothing to lose.
14:11I have nothing to lose.
14:13I have nothing to lose.
14:15I have nothing to lose.
14:17With you by my side, mother,
14:19I have nothing to fear from my brother.
14:22I will be by your side, as I have always been.
14:27But don't underestimate your brother.
14:29He has powerful allies.
14:34Relations between princes
14:36used to be always tense and complex.
14:40And in this case, we have clear evidence
14:42that it was so.
14:44And I wonder if perhaps
14:46it was this mother's special feeling
14:48that she had for her eldest boy.
14:51She certainly tried to make peace
14:53between her two sons,
14:55but it became clear
14:57after her brother's death
14:59that they were getting along perfectly.
15:01But I think the one that she preferred
15:03was Carlos.
15:11Majesty.
15:14It would be beneficial to have a heir.
15:20Besides, it would be a shame
15:22if your brother were faster.
15:26I bring you news.
15:29From what I have heard,
15:31Carloman is going to get married very soon.
15:40He is already living with his future wife.
15:45Don't say anymore.
15:51Don't worry about that.
16:08Sir, I have just arrived from Duasdives
16:10and I have not seen a trace of your brother's army.
16:15My horse!
16:20At the borders of the kingdom,
16:22there is a rebellion.
16:24In this case, the two brothers
16:26are forced to collaborate militarily.
16:30Agitania, conquered by King Pipino,
16:32rises against the Franco occupiers
16:34under the command of his former lord,
16:36Unaldo.
16:39Carlomagno waited for his brother in Montcontour,
16:42500 kilometers from the conflict area,
16:44to march together against Agitania.
16:47But Carloman did not show up
16:49in the agreed place.
16:54Without your military assistance,
16:56your brother will throw himself
16:58against Unaldo's sword.
17:00That is the plan.
17:02He will attack without my help.
17:04He will feel obliged for his honor
17:06and for that of our father.
17:09And what are you going to do
17:11when you are defeated?
17:18What a pleasant visit!
17:20What do I owe this honor?
17:22Since time immemorial,
17:24the kings of the Franco have always fought together.
17:26We have also sworn
17:28to fulfill that sacred law.
17:30If that law is so sacred to you,
17:32do the same as me.
17:34Send your warriors home.
17:36To be the admirer of the whole world?
17:39You had promised me your help.
17:41Have you forgotten?
17:45Well, I have advised myself with others.
17:48Cheers, brother.
17:50Soon you will overcome humiliation.
17:56Damn traitor!
18:00You see?
18:02You have the strength to kill me.
18:05All you lack is courage.
18:15It is not clear
18:17why Charlemagne refused to help.
18:19Did he want to leave his brother
18:21in a compromised situation?
18:23Was he allied with the Aquitans?
18:25It is likely that there was
18:27an old enmity between the brothers.
18:29The sources do not clarify it.
18:31But what we do know
18:33is that Charlemagne was left alone
18:35after the confrontation with his brother.
18:40Charlemagne is in the situation
18:42in which his brother wanted to see him.
18:44Fleeing the fight would be a sign of weakness.
18:46Fighting alone is a huge risk.
18:48Charlemagne cannot afford
18:50a defeat.
18:52The king will only keep his crown
18:54if luck, that is, God,
18:56accompanies him in the fight.
19:04Charlemagne may feel
19:06sure of himself for having
19:08the most advanced weapons
19:10and military technology.
19:12This indicates a valuable document
19:14from the library of the Abbey of San Galo,
19:16one of the largest and oldest libraries
19:18in the world.
19:23Here is a manuscript
19:25from the Carolingian era
19:27of incalculable value.
19:29It is the Golden Salterio,
19:32shows the Franks the attack
19:34with bows and arrows,
19:36with swords and shields.
19:38As protection, the soldiers
19:40wear a coat of mail and
19:42scam armor, a very advanced
19:44technology for its time.
19:56The army of Charlemagne
19:58is well equipped
20:00and, more importantly,
20:02the first thing the enemy sees
20:04is an army of iron.
20:06It is terrifying.
20:10An experiment will study
20:12the speed and force of percussion
20:14that an arrow reaches
20:16when hitting the armor.
20:18The travel of the arrow
20:20will be recorded
20:22with a high-speed camera.
20:24The target is a torso
20:26made of soap
20:29The shooter and the mannequin
20:31are exactly 10 meters away.
20:37The camera, at 3,000 frames per second,
20:39records the flight of the arrow.
20:45This is when they penetrate the torso.
20:47What speed has the arrow reached?
20:51The arrow has flown
20:53at 45 meters per second,
20:55that is, 172 kilometers per hour.
20:59How fast!
21:01How fast!
21:27What protection did the coats of mail
21:29and the scam armor have?
21:31Were they the real secret weapon
21:33of the Franco army?
21:43The coat of mail is the main
21:45form of armor that was used
21:47at that time.
21:49It was made of interlocking rings
21:51and protected mainly against
21:53swords, spears and cutting weapons.
21:55But it was not very effective
21:57against the arrows,
21:59as our experiment shows.
22:01However, it did stop some arrows.
22:05The coat of mail does not offer
22:07much resistance to projectiles,
22:09but it reduces the impact force
22:11so that the deadly arrows
22:13are trapped in the jugón.
22:17The Franco scam armor
22:19makes the arrows bounce.
22:23The Franco entered the territory
22:25of the gypsies in staggered columns
22:27and defeated the enemy units
22:29attacking the flanks.
22:33Charge!
22:55The most important factor
22:57in the military successes of
22:59Charlemagne is simply money.
23:03He ruled a state with
23:05a growing economy.
23:07It had a small industrial sector,
23:09although important,
23:11as it allowed him to manufacture
23:13weapons and armor in large quantities.
23:25Sir!
23:27Sir!
23:29You have a son!
23:31Your wife has given birth
23:33to a child!
23:35We have a heir!
23:37The Francos
23:39will be the winners!
23:55After the victory,
23:57Charlemagne regained
23:59control of Aquitaine
24:01and also annexed the part
24:03that he had inherited
24:05from his brother Charlemagne.
24:19The success in the battle
24:21of Charlemagne legitimizes
24:23his reign.
24:25It allows him to show his court
24:27that he is a king soldier
24:29capable of winning
24:31and that gives legitimacy
24:33and stability to his government.
24:35Probably his brother
24:37had not thought
24:39that if Charlemagne did not win,
24:41he as a younger brother
24:43would be in a secondary position.
24:45So we can assume
24:47that Charlemagne
24:49regretted not having assisted
24:51in the liberation of Aquitaine.
24:55Carlos gave his son
24:57the name of his father Pipino.
24:59He was also happy
25:01for having made clear
25:03his superiority to his brother
25:05with his demonstration of strength.
25:07But a few months later
25:09something unheard of happened.
25:11Charlemagne
25:13also baptized his firstborn
25:15with the name of Pipino.
25:17It was a great provocation
25:19towards his brother.
25:21You should know that Carlos
25:23always patiently endured
25:25the hostility
25:27and jealousy of his brother.
25:31Yes, also then
25:33people were surprised
25:35that he never reacted
25:37with fury.
25:39Rather, he took care
25:41of his affairs in his own way.
25:43Or maybe it's better to say
25:45that it was his mother
25:47who began to organize
25:49in her own way
25:51the affairs of her son.
25:57The king's mother,
25:59Bertrada, secretly crossed
26:01the Alps towards Italy.
26:05She was heading to the palace
26:07of the king of the Lombards,
26:09Desiderio, in Pavia.
26:11Bertrada wants to close
26:13an alliance with the old enemy
26:15of the Francs
26:17to strengthen the reign
26:19of Charlemagne.
26:21The sources usually give
26:23very little information
26:25about the role of women
26:27at that time.
26:29Therefore, in the case of Bertrada,
26:31we can see that she enjoyed
26:33a position of dominance
26:35very unusual
26:37and that she handled
26:39the situation
26:41very well.
27:09With your permission,
27:11I would like to introduce you to my daughter.
27:17This princess will marry Charlemagne
27:19sealing an alliance with the Lombards
27:21that will allow them to surround
27:23the kingdom of Charlemagne from the north,
27:25the west and the south.
27:27That is the plan.
27:31The only problem is the Pope
27:33who distrusts the alliance
27:35between the enemies of Rome,
27:37the Francs.
27:41The Pope, Esteban III,
27:43sees in Bertrada's strategy
27:45the hand of the devil
27:47and writes directly
27:49to the king of the Francs.
27:51Already in paradise,
27:53Satan used a woman
27:55to incite the infidelity
27:57of the divine law.
27:59Now,
28:01he uses the same method again.
28:03This marriage
28:05is a diabolical
28:07inspiration.
28:09The noble and excellent people of the Francs
28:11cannot and should not
28:13unite with those damn Lombards.
28:17Saint Peter himself
28:19implores for the dreadful day
28:21of the final judgment
28:23that the king of the Francs
28:25does not marry the daughter of the king of the Lombards.
28:29But Bertrada imposed her decision.
28:31Charles separated from his wife
28:33and sent her,
28:35as is usually done in these cases,
28:37to live in a convent.
28:41Unfortunately,
28:43we know very little about Himmeltruda.
28:45We do not know anything about her family either.
28:47But we can assume
28:49that it was not a very powerful family
28:51because there are no protests
28:53against repudiation.
28:55Charlemagne separated from her
28:57even though he had given her
28:59a son named Pipino,
29:01the hunchback.
29:05We also do not know
29:07what happened to her
29:09after the repudiation.
29:11The sources do not mention anything else.
29:31Carlos,
29:33your fiancée has come a long way
29:37and she would like to meet you.
29:49I hope your trip
29:51has not been tiring.
29:57I'll wait for you for dinner.
30:01That marriage
30:03to the princess Lombard
30:05seemed very useful.
30:07King Lombard
30:09had married his daughters
30:11to very prestigious people
30:13and Charlemagne
30:15was entering
30:17a constellation of power already existing.
30:23Now it's time to move
30:25Charlemagne's card.
30:31He's coming.
30:51I know what to do.
30:57Our second son
30:59of hands of the same father tomorrow I will send a letter to Rome
31:08His Holiness will agree and seal is a new alliance
31:20but Carlos and above all Bertrada did not want to allow an alliance between
31:27Carloman and the Pope and the alliance did not come to be established because as was to be expected
31:35Bertrada began to move the threads once again and managed to attract the Pope to his land
31:42Carloman was so angry that he came to think of marching against Rome he wanted to attack the city of
31:50Apostol San Pedro? That's right, and in that case the fratricidal war that had been threatening for a long time would have exploded
32:00but Providencia had other projects
32:07sometimes the ways of the Lord are really inescrutable
32:10The fate took the reins before the war broke out
32:23With only 20 years old, Carloman died in mysterious circumstances
32:38for Carlomagno the death of his brother there would be unexpected possibilities
33:08Take care of our two children and protect yourself from my brother
33:24You must not allow it to be done with the crown
33:27Carlomagno did not take long to proclaim himself the only king of the Francs
33:40Carloman's unexpected death was a gift for Carlomagno
33:47I'm not so sure he didn't play dirty
33:51but speculation is just one part of historical work
33:57the other is the statement of the witnesses
34:00which in this case does not give indications that Carlomagno had something to do with the death of his brother
34:08Carloman's widow, Gerberga, has a very temerous plan
34:16to put his children out of Carlomagno's reach through the Alps
34:21His destination is the court of the king of the Lombards, Desiderio
34:35Gerberga flees to Italy, probably with the hope of being able to face his powerful brother-in-law and defeat him with the help of the Lombards
34:44I couldn't be more wrong
34:47Carlomagno took two years to march on Italy
34:50but by then Carloman's heirs were gone
34:57Carlomagno's Lombard wife's days in court were also counted
35:14Isn't your wife coming?
35:18She has already sat at my table too many times
35:21I made a mistake
35:24I shouldn't have agreed to that marriage
35:27We have a valuable alliance with your wife's family
35:32What do you mean, Carlos?
35:35I mean that I am the king of the Francs
35:38and that from now on I will make all the decisions
35:41and that your Lombard will return with his people of traitors
35:47Carlomagno resumes his father's policy and abandons his mother's
35:51Until the year 771 we did not know what Carlomagno's true opinion was
35:58With the death of his brother Carlomagno things changed radically
36:02and he finally had freedom of decision
36:06But don't you understand that this is a declaration of war against Desiderio?
36:11So be it
36:14Didn't my father fight against the Lombards?
36:17And for the Pope?
36:20Your father's times are over
36:23We don't need wars, but alliances
36:26You're wrong, mother
36:28Why is my sister-in-law hiding in Desiderio's court?
36:31She trusts me to help her children to be crowned behind my back
36:36I don't think that's your sister-in-law's intention
36:39The war, mother, started a long time ago
36:42and you don't make the decisions anymore
36:57His relationship with Italy was changing
37:00He wanted an alliance with the Pope
37:03and he wanted to break away from the Lombards
37:07But he also needed to marry a woman of the aristocracy
37:13which is much more normal than a foreign marriage
37:17He wanted to marry a powerful family
37:20capable of supporting him politically and militarily
37:23who would provide military and political support for him
37:30Carlomagno married Hildegarda
37:33the daughter of a count of the aristocracy
37:38It had been a long time since he had sent his wife to Lombardy with his father
37:44During the next eleven years
37:47Hildegarda gave birth to nine children
38:00On the one hand, Hildegarda had relatives in the kingdom of Carlomagno
38:18Her father was a great support for Carlomagno in that territory
38:24In addition, the young Hildegarda, who was then 14 years old
38:29had to be charming
38:32since she managed to reconcile with those who opposed the marriage
38:39As far as we know, she became one of the most beloved queens
38:49Desiderio, the king of the Lombards, humiliated by Carlomagno
38:53He went to Rome to face his last chance to convince the Pope
38:58Holiness
39:00I suppose you have already heard of the misfortune that the children of Carlomagno have suffered
39:05Do you mean ...
39:07that our, if you allow me ...
39:09impetuous Carlos has overtaken the poor children in the successive line?
39:15Has he taken away the crown of the Franks that was their right?
39:19Well ...
39:21And what role do you want him to play in this function?
39:26Holiness
39:28With permission
39:29You
39:30You are the only one who can determine the legitimacy of the crown
39:35I beg you
39:36to crown the young as the legitimate heirs to the throne of Carlomagno
39:42They are his children
39:46It is true that, as I have heard
39:48you have them under your protection
39:51and do you expect to get any benefit?
39:54Well ...
39:56I'll think about it, but ...
39:58such a decision takes time
40:05For Carlomagno
40:07the papal blessing to the children of his late brother
40:10would have been a great challenge
40:12He could not allow the Pope to legitimize other claimants to the throne
40:18because after the death of his brother
40:21he had claimed the whole kingdom of the Franks
40:25and that would be a reason to go to war
40:36In May of the year 772
40:38the war with the Lombards seemed inevitable
40:41but the treatment that Carlomagno had dispensed to his nephews
40:44bothered many nobles of the kingdom
40:50The situation is very tense when Carlomagno, like every year
40:53renews the vows of the vassalage
40:59Prince Gerol
41:01the faithful vassal of my brother
41:04And now, if God allows it, yours
41:08And also my brother-in-law
41:11Let's go!
41:13Let's not waste time!
41:22As I see it
41:25we are not united
41:27and that saddens me
41:29especially when I see
41:31how the Frankish princes
41:33do not swear loyalty to their legitimate king but to a ...
41:37traitor Lombard
41:39But let's leave the Lombards
41:42and let's take care of the Saxons
41:47When Carlomagno returned home
41:49to his Lombard wife
41:51he knew he would go to war against the Lombards
41:54but he also knew that in his own ranks
41:57partly because of his mother
41:59the campaign against the Lombards
42:01would find resistance
42:03therefore he would have to eliminate that resistance
42:05to be able to declare war against the Lombards
42:09During that time he acted as the king soldier
42:11who was and organized the campaign against the Saxons
42:14at that time a king had to be always at war
42:17that was his main occupation
42:19the war
42:26Pipino, Carlomagno's father
42:28had already faced the Saxons
42:30a confederation of Germanic tribes
42:32his son was following in his footsteps
42:35The Saxons had been introducing themselves for years
42:37more and more in the north of the kingdom of the Franks
42:39Carlomagno decided to go one step further
42:41than his father
42:43in the year 772
42:45he decided to enter brutally
42:47in the Saxon territory
42:49to the upper Béxar
43:07Ah! Ah! Ah!
43:33The war against the Saxons
43:36which unlike the Franks
43:38were not baptized or Christianized
43:40had to have a religious component
43:42religion
43:44was a part of the ethnic and political identity
43:46that could be used
43:48to subdue a people
43:50in this sense, we do not know that Carlomagno
43:52has considered military rule
43:54and the imposition of Christianity in Saxony
43:56as two independent processes
43:58for him they were two sides of the same coin
44:00Who were the Saxons?
44:02How and where did they live?
44:04It is said that the imposing megaliths
44:06of Eksterstein
44:08of the mountains of Ege
44:10were a place of worship for the Saxons
44:12a pagan Germanic people
44:14who dedicated animal sacrifices
44:16to the gods of nature
44:18The doctor in physics
44:20Clemens Boda
44:22tries to determine
44:24if these artificial chambers
44:26were still used
44:28in times of Carlomagno
44:32It is very likely
44:34that they have continued to be used
44:36at the entrance the wear is very pronounced
44:42Years ago, remains of bonfires
44:44were found here
44:46The question is
44:48how long did bonfires burn in these walls?
44:50Clemens Boda
44:52hopes that the dating by luminescence
44:54of the samples obtained
44:57will be the answer
45:01This is good
45:03Yes, this will serve
45:13Little is known about the religious rituals
45:15of the Saxons
45:17However, the fire
45:19was considered sacred
45:21in all pagan religions
45:23as well as the blood of the animals
45:25with which the priests
45:27intended to punish
45:29their terrible gods
45:31Yes
45:33Yes
45:35Yes
45:37Yes
45:39Yes
45:41Yes
45:43Yes
45:45Yes
45:47Yes
45:53Clemens Boda
45:55dates the samples
45:57by luminescence
46:00and can determine
46:02the moment of the last increase
46:04of temperature
46:06of the quartz grains
46:08contained in the rock
46:10It takes several days
46:12to prepare
46:14and analyze the samples
46:26The results show
46:28that a bonfire was lit
46:30in the caves of Eksterstein
46:32between the 8th century
46:34and the 16th century
46:36That is, also during the wars
46:38between the Franks and the Saxons
46:44It is not possible to determine
46:46whether they were bonfires
46:48used for rituals
46:50because there are no archaeological remains
46:52that indicate it
46:54But in the surroundings of Eksterstein
46:57there is a great importance
46:59of the place
47:01Many believe that here
47:03was the legendary Irminsul
47:05the main relic of the Saxons
47:07It was an immense tree
47:09that supported
47:11the celestial vault
47:15In the exterior wall
47:17of the main cave
47:19was carved in the 16th century
47:21a Christian relief
47:23that showed a descent
47:25the representation
47:27of the furrow
47:29of a tree similar
47:31to the descriptions of Irminsul
47:37Does the relief tell us
47:39that here was the main
47:41sanctuary of the Saxons?
47:43This would explain
47:45why Charlemagne fought
47:47so fiercely for this region
47:49Charlemagne hoped
47:51that by conquering the sanctuary
47:53he would be able to
47:55restore peace
47:57But what he did not imagine
47:59is that the fight
48:01would last many years
48:23you