Viajar al espacio es un sueño que ha cautivado a la humanidad desde tiempos inmemoriales, ya en el año 125 antes de asirio Lucien de Samosata dejó escritos del viaje de Ulises a la luba, pero sólo unas pocas personas han podido realizar su sueño. Tras la batalla espacial entre USa y la URSS durante la guerra fría los avances espaciales fueron espectaculares llegando a las misiones espaciales tripuladas que a día están al alcance de cualquier persona que tenga los recursos económicos suficientes como para pagarse un vuelo espacial de los ofrecidos por empresas privadas. De acuerdo a algunos científicos como el prestigioso Stephen Hawking el futuro de la raza humana pasa por poder salir de la tierra y adaptarse a la vida en el espacio.
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00:00After this space adventure, humanity has meaning for me.
00:05Claudie Heckner, astronaut.
00:26Imagine floating in ingravity.
00:29Discovering the depth of the cosmos.
00:33And that your planet is slowly turning before your eyes.
00:40Living in space for a few hours, or a few days, in a hotel in orbit, is no longer a dream.
00:48It is our future.
00:53To prepare that future, we, the astronauts, explore this new frontier.
01:00ASTRONAUT
01:13I am Thomas Pesquet, astronaut.
01:18At the moment, I am training for my six-month mission at the International Space Station.
01:30The space exploration of the future is important, and it concerns us all.
01:36The more we investigate space, the more we investigate our past.
01:40When we get to Mars, we also want to see our future.
01:47We are moving in a complicated medium, but we are moving fast.
01:51It is an incredible journey, and those who embark on it will never regret it.
01:59Space future.
02:07Living in space.
02:19I have been training for seven years.
02:21Seven years to get myself out of planet Earth, and live six months at 400 kilometers from our planet.
02:29To prepare a mission like this, I am traveling around the world,
02:32and I meet the best specialists in the aerospace sector,
02:36especially in Russia, in the city of stars off Moscow.
02:44This ancient secret city, where all the pioneers of space exploration passed,
02:49is also an important center for astronaut training.
02:55It is legendary, and we see that there are many things that are original.
02:58In fact, we recognize sculptures from the 60s that we saw in the photos with Yuri Gagarin.
03:03It always impresses a little, and then there are the people who have been there since the beginning.
03:07There are instructors that we all know.
03:11Nothing should be overlooked.
03:13We need to know in depth the management of each of the facilities of our transporter, the Soyuz.
03:21We see, learn and work a lot.
03:23There are many things to remember.
03:25Behind each panel like this, there are complex systems to purify the atmosphere,
03:29to exchange data, to communicate with the Earth, to keep people alive.
03:35And since the distances are large, like the center itself,
03:38I use my bicycle to attend my orbital physics classes, especially in winter.
03:55Everything that's green has been drawn by Andy, so it's obviously wrong.
03:58Everything that's green has been drawn by me, so it should be right.
04:01And what about all the black?
04:03All the black is all the stuff we don't understand so far.
04:06So we don't understand a lot.
04:08No.
04:09Okay.
04:10But there's some green here, so we're on the right track.
04:15We also have to be prepared to withstand the acceleration forces during takeoff.
04:19The centrifuge allows us to adapt to this incredible pressure.
04:24Look straight ahead.
04:25Let's go.
04:351G is the acceleration of gravity.
04:37Under 1G, things weigh their normal weight, the weight we're used to feeling.
04:422G weighs twice as much.
04:44We train up to 8 or 9G.
04:46You have to breathe with your belly because we can no longer expand the chest.
04:49It's like having an elephant sitting on top of you.
04:52The skin on your face stretches in both directions, and you have to hold your breath.
05:04End of rotation. How do you feel?
05:06Better.
05:09Good.
05:10It's not a particularly pleasant experience,
05:12but it's very similar to what a combat pilot can experience.
05:16Sometimes they get to experience 3G accelerations.
05:19Nightlife in the city of stars is also a study.
05:23We're in Star City in the evening.
05:25So what do you do in Star City in the evening?
05:27You study.
05:28That's right.
05:29What do you study?
05:30Soyuz.
05:31You study Soyuz.
05:32And then?
05:33And then what do we do?
05:34Well, hopefully we find a space.
05:36You mean the flight data files.
05:38So this is really important stuff.
05:40This is what flies through space with us.
05:42Yes.
05:43And hopefully keeps us alive.
05:44All right.
05:46Everything we learn here could save our lives there.
05:50As astronauts, we have to fully master the space transporter that will take us to space.
05:57In real conditions, equipped with my spacesuit,
06:00I learn to pilot Soyuz inside a simulator
06:03and to respond to the situations and incidents that the trainers pose.
06:16Even in the simulation of the most serious cases,
06:18like a fire,
06:19I have to apply the procedure very calmly.
06:35With the heat of the spacesuit and the tension of the simulation,
06:38the exercise has been very demanding.
06:41Now when I see a launch,
06:43especially when it's about colleagues or friends,
06:45it's no longer the same.
06:47When you have someone close in a rocket that is taking off,
06:50the experience is different.
06:52The more you train, the more aware you are of everything that can go wrong.
06:59Space is a hostile environment for humans.
07:02The dangers are constant.
07:04Like on July 16, 2013.
07:09At 9.41, Houston time,
07:11my colleague the Italian Luca Parmitano went into space
07:14and 44 minutes later the control center announced that he had a problem.
07:44I can feel it in the back of my head.
07:48His helmet continues to fill with water.
07:50The water gets into his nose and eyes.
07:54I'm making the decision to end today's EVA early.
07:58Okay.
07:59Luca sees nothing and hears nothing.
08:02He can hardly breathe.
08:04I've got the airlock.
08:06Coming off on the wing.
08:10I've got a lot of water.
08:12Shane, I don't know if you can hear him.
08:14He's at the airlock with a lot of water.
08:18He has only a few minutes to reach the airlock.
08:23A few minutes that can cost him his life.
08:27I can get out a little bit back to the airlock.
08:30Two minutes later,
08:32the control center lost all communication with the astronaut.
08:43After 14 minutes, without panicking,
08:46Luca managed to enter the station
08:48guided only by his memory.
08:52His colleagues hurried to remove the spacesuit
08:55that could have been his coffin.
08:58He could finally breathe.
09:01It's about learning to handle incidents like this
09:03that occurred during a spacewalk.
09:06To do this, I train at NASA's space center in Houston, Texas.
09:17Here is the largest covered pool in the world.
09:21It's the largest in the world.
09:23It's the largest in the world.
09:25It's the largest in the world.
09:27Here is the largest covered pool in the world.
09:3023 million liters of water to test my spacesuit.
09:36Training with the spacesuit is also difficult.
09:38When you've been in the spacesuit for six hours,
09:40everything hurts.
09:41It's like the spacesuit is fighting against you
09:43and resisting the movements because it's pressurized.
09:48You have to remember the pressure inside.
09:50When you move your arms or your feet,
09:52it's like crushing a tennis ball.
09:55There are movements that can't be done
09:57without a little shoulder pain.
09:59It's a little annoying.
10:03In a submersible model of the space station,
10:06I train for different missions in emergency situations.
10:11Are you all right, Andy?
10:13Andy?
10:15Oh, God damn it.
10:18I could have lost... I seem to have lost com with him.
10:22I'm making my way out of the truss.
10:25That's the end of the aircraft.
10:31This is gate two, slider locked.
10:33Black on black.
10:36When I activate the black code,
10:38I indicate that there is a medical emergency.
10:40The scenario has changed.
10:42It's a situation similar to the one
10:44that Luca Parmitano experienced in space.
10:46My goal is to take my partner to the station as soon as possible,
10:49where he can be treated.
10:52Between the pressure of the water and the suit,
10:54taking Andy safely becomes a painful exercise.
11:02OK, so Andy is there.
11:06Is that good?
11:07Good job.
11:08It's 26 minutes,
11:11which is a pretty difficult starting position,
11:13so good job.
11:14OK.
11:17This training is repeated over and over again
11:19until everything becomes easy and natural.
11:22Because once we are there,
11:24suspended in the void of space,
11:26there will be no room for error.
11:28In case of problems,
11:30we can rely on ourselves.
11:32The risk is to think during the training.
11:36As the instructors are perverse,
11:38they cause situations with very complicated combinations.
11:43In the end, one is like Superman.
11:45As a team, we face all kinds of situations
11:49and we always come out on top.
11:51We know that we are taking care of a ship
11:54that should be like an extension of our body
11:57and that the team should be a single entity.
12:00In the end, a problem is no longer an obstacle,
12:03but an opportunity to find the solution.
12:06We do not believe that the danger is to lose life.
12:09The danger is to make mistakes that sabotage an experience.
12:12The obsession of astronauts
12:14is to successfully carry out any commissioned mission.
12:20On November 15, 2016,
12:23in the middle of the cold of Kazakhstan,
12:26the day of my great trip will come.
12:30That day I will follow the steps of the man
12:32who opened the space for humanity, Yuri Gagarin.
12:38On April 12, 1961,
12:41after writing a farewell letter to his wife,
12:44he went to the control of the take-off platform,
12:47called Tania.
12:52He does not know if he will return alive
12:54from the first trip to space.
12:58All these moments,
12:59all the actions carried out by our icon,
13:02have become immutable and mandatory rituals
13:04for all astronauts.
13:08Among the gestures that Gagarin made
13:10before his first flight
13:12and that are repeated today
13:14are planting a tree,
13:16watching the film The White Sun of the Desert,
13:19visiting the places where he was.
13:24In Russia, in Baikonur,
13:26it will soon be my turn to sign
13:28at the door of my hotel room.
13:30Before the trip I will be blessed by an Orthodox bishop
13:33and I will say goodbye to my family from behind a glass
13:36to avoid any risk of disease transmission.
13:44The atmosphere in which one is completely immersed
13:47and that is the space adventure
13:49that is going to be lived in a few hours.
13:57You are a professional, a professional,
13:59you are prepared.
14:01And then you become an astronaut,
14:03you are already an astronaut.
14:07The atmosphere in which one is completely immersed
14:10and that is the space adventure
14:12that is going to be lived in a few hours.
14:18After Yuri Gagarin
14:20and the 558 men and women
14:22who have followed his footsteps,
14:24on November 15, 2016,
14:26I will finally be an astronaut.
14:42The first sensation of space flights
14:44is the great gunshot in the ass.
14:46It is not as powerful as in some of the attractions
14:49of Disneyland, but it lasts longer.
14:51We know that we are at the top
14:53of a large rocket full of explosives
14:55and when the fuel rockets are lit,
14:57a phenomenon of low-frequency vibrations occurs
15:00that make you feel like you are riding a horse.
15:03These are vibrations of several centimeters in amplitude
15:06and, depending on how you feel,
15:08it is possible to go up and down
15:11and, depending on the temperature
15:13or the wind outside,
15:15you may have problems
15:17to read the control screens.
15:19That is the first sensation,
15:21the one of the force you feel in your back.
15:25The second sensation that occurs
15:27one or two minutes later
15:29is that the sky turns black like ink
15:31in broad daylight.
15:35My first memory
15:37is when I tried to look out the window
15:39after removing the protective cover
15:41and I saw that we crossed the atmosphere
15:43at a height of 70 kilometers
15:49and that the Earth was moving away.
15:59This incredible human adventure
16:01allows me to discover the beauty of our planet
16:03during the six-hour trip
16:05in orbit around the Earth.
16:09The Space Station Intercontinental
16:11The Space Station Intercontinental
16:25My capsule arrives
16:27as I did in 1996
16:29to what will be my home
16:31during the six months of the mission.
16:35The Space Station Intercontinental
16:39The Space Station Intercontinental
17:09The Space Station Intercontinental
17:11The Space Station Intercontinental
17:31Did the first impressions
17:33that you had
17:35correspond to the expectation
17:37of this first experience
17:39and this first contact with space?
17:41It is a thousand times more beautiful
17:43than I could have imagined
17:45and I am very lucky to participate
17:47in such a mission.
17:49I hope to be able to convince everyone
17:51of the beauty of what we are doing
17:53and the usefulness of what we are going to do
17:55during these 15 days.
17:57But it is really a show
17:59of sensations,
18:01absolutely fabulous emotions.
18:03It is a real dream that I live now.
18:05If the engine turns off,
18:07it stays in orbit forever
18:09until we do something to move it.
18:11And there we are,
18:13pregnant forever, floating.
18:25We do not make efforts
18:27to stand up, to move.
18:29We do not feel the weight.
18:31If you look out the window,
18:33you remember that you have a body.
18:35You can even forget
18:37that you have a body.
18:39You are floating as consciousness,
18:41which is reflected in that
18:43you can focus more on work.
18:47It is a very strange feeling.
18:51In space there is no up or down.
18:55Man discovers the third dimension.
18:59You see astronauts floating
19:01like Captain Haddock's whiskey ball.
19:03The liquids float.
19:05Microgravity movements
19:07are conquered little by little.
19:11At first you are a little clumsy,
19:13you feel uncomfortable,
19:15it is difficult for you to concentrate
19:17while you push the wall of a propeller.
19:19But there comes a time
19:21when you can orient yourself
19:23in the three dimensions
19:25with a module above,
19:27a module behind, one below.
19:29We can move loads of 700 kilos
19:31only with our hands.
19:33Both in scientific or medical experiments
19:35or in maintenance and repair operations,
19:37gravity complicates things a bit.
20:00Hey, Aki, what are you doing down there?
20:05This is one of the cool things
20:07about space too.
20:09It sort of looks like there is a big old hole here,
20:11but you don't even think twice about it.
20:13You can just jump over the hole
20:15or, if you want,
20:17you can go jump into the hole.
20:19I am coming down.
20:21Woo!
20:27The second feature
20:29of gravity
20:31when you are not used to it
20:33is that you lose things.
20:35All astronauts have lost articles,
20:37batteries, batteries, watches.
20:39One lost his watch
20:41and found it
20:43floating another crew
20:45two flights later.
20:47It was trapped in a corner
20:49and found by another crew.
20:51The two main tools
20:53in spaceships
20:55are adhesive tape
20:57and Velcro.
21:01The absence of gravity
21:03also requires
21:05that we adapt our way of eating.
21:07What's on the menu tonight?
21:09Strawberry shortcake
21:11with these butter cookies
21:13and some strawberries
21:15with a little bit of milk on top.
21:17Because, as everything floats,
21:19you have to find a way
21:21to keep it under control.
21:23Otherwise, things get a little complicated.
21:25For example,
21:27bread shouldn't make crumbs
21:29because they get in your eyes
21:31and get to the ventilation ducts
21:33or stay behind the panels
21:35where there are electronic devices.
21:37So it's not a good idea.
21:39In space, the kitchen is not equipped
21:41to prepare meals
21:43and the space oven
21:45Attach it to the water distributor,
21:47choose the right quantity
21:49and push the button.
21:57Ready.
21:59There are spinach,
22:01honey pies,
22:03or chocolate cake.
22:05The meals have been diversified
22:07with the space missions.
22:09The tubes and cans of canned food have run out.
22:11European astronauts
22:13go through NASA's food laboratory
22:15where they taste and taste
22:17all the dishes
22:19that are prepared for astronauts
22:21and give them a score.
22:27It's here,
22:29in the Houston Space Center,
22:31where everything is prepared.
22:33Once cooked in the laboratory,
22:35all the dishes are liophilized.
22:43Sorry.
22:45It's going to be about the same amount today.
22:47I know.
22:49So just take small bites.
22:51Fruit juice,
22:53cereals,
22:55shrimp curry or chili with meat breakfast.
22:57In total, I try about 50 dishes
22:59and different drinks.
23:01Some will be handled
23:03with caution in space.
23:05If you inadvertently cut that oxygen scavenger,
23:07you'd have little particles
23:09going everywhere.
23:11So it's probably better
23:13to try to tear that pouch open
23:15at the notches rather than
23:17cutting it.
23:19That's just on the bread products.
23:21In space, the gills are a problem,
23:23but so is the taste.
23:25When you don't have weight,
23:27you don't necessarily maintain
23:29the same tastes.
23:31With pregnancy, all the body fluids
23:33rise and you feel
23:35as if you had a cold.
23:37I have a colleague
23:39who said he loved shrimp,
23:41so he brought a lot of them.
23:43Then on board,
23:45it was impossible to eat them.
23:47He wasn't lucky.
23:49The taste changes.
23:51OK?
23:53OK.
23:55Finally, of the 50 dishes,
23:57there is none that has given
23:59a negative score.
24:01I think I'm a bit of a glutton.
24:03At least I know
24:05food won't be a problem for me.
24:07The taste changes too much,
24:09which I don't expect it will.
24:11It might change slightly.
24:13I don't think it will change.
24:15I hope the party food
24:17keeps its flavor there.
24:19I'll have the chance
24:21to spend Christmas,
24:23New Year's Day and my birthday
24:25at the space station.
24:27So I thought I'd invite my colleagues
24:29with a bit of gourmet French food.
24:31Chef Thierry Marx
24:35Thomas has two chefs.
24:37A more historical chef,
24:39who has been working
24:41with CNE for a long time,
24:43Alain Ducasse,
24:45and a chef
24:47that Thomas has recently hired,
24:49Thierry Marx.
24:53In the Mandarin Oriental-style kitchen
24:55of Chef Thierry Marx,
24:57I come up with a terrifying recipe.
25:01Chef Thierry Marx
25:07When the menu
25:09Thomas Pesquet was designed,
25:11the goal was very simple.
25:13Pleasure above all.
25:17We were told
25:19about a chicken with white wine.
25:21He was ecstatic
25:23about a chicken with white wine,
25:25so we prepared it
25:27for him.
25:29Then we thought
25:31about a traditional French dish,
25:33little known,
25:35and we looked for
25:37a traditional French recipe,
25:39the lamb tongue
25:41in the Lucula style.
25:43And for dessert,
25:45something with ginger,
25:47candied apples,
25:49roasted apples,
25:51membrillo.
25:53That made us think
25:55about ginger bread
25:57as one of the dishes he wanted to take.
25:59While he made us dream
26:01and remember Julio Verne,
26:03thinking that our food
26:05could be shared
26:07by other astronauts
26:09400 kilometers above
26:11our heads.
26:13It's almost incomprehensible.
26:15It's something that seems to belong
26:17to the field of fiction.
26:19In practice, it's like sharing
26:21a little experience of orbital flight.
26:23For Thomas,
26:25it will be a French adventure
26:27and he could share it
26:29with his foreign colleagues.
26:31Thierry March
26:33is not only a stellar chef,
26:35but an innovator.
26:37With the chemist Raphael Hommond,
26:39he has created what will be
26:41tomorrow's food,
26:43both in space and on Earth,
26:45for everyone.
26:47The idea, ultimately,
26:49is to observe nature.
26:51When we observe a fruit like a tomato,
26:53it has a thin skin,
26:55which is an edible membrane.
26:57So we thought about doing laboratory tests
26:59to reconstruct the skin
27:01of fruits and vegetables
27:03and we managed to encapsulate the products.
27:05We realized that
27:07when we eat a membrane,
27:09it is pierced and releases
27:11the aroma that is inside.
27:13Now it is covered
27:15by an orange membrane
27:17that retains the aroma inside.
27:19We can eat it all,
27:21but on Earth,
27:23after three days,
27:25everything has disappeared.
27:27On the other hand,
27:29this format facilitates
27:31the ingestion of food.
27:33You can eat and do something
27:35at the same time.
27:37This could be interesting
27:39in the food on board the station.
27:41What has interested us,
27:43both Thierry March and me,
27:45is to share our fascination
27:47for space.
27:49To do this,
27:51the chemist and the chef
27:53used Jean-François Clervoy's
27:55zero-gravity aircraft
27:57to carry out their experiment.
27:59The zero-gravity flight
28:01was absolutely necessary
28:03to prove
28:05that our technical knowledge
28:07could have
28:09a large-scale
28:11operational result.
28:13We went with our capsules,
28:15with a water capsule,
28:17and we gave it to Jean-François
28:19to test it
28:21in zero-gravity conditions.
28:25It's drinking water,
28:27but with an orange taste.
28:29I feel the taste.
28:31The taste is spread in the liquid.
28:33He told us,
28:35this investigation seems very interesting.
28:37It seems that when the membrane is pierced,
28:39the water will escape.
28:41That's why we say
28:43that maybe these are the cans of tomorrow.
28:45These are not aluminum cans
28:47or plastic bottles.
28:49However, they can be for immediate consumption,
28:51and it's a shame to generate waste.
28:53The success of this experiment
28:55and the objective of this laboratory
28:57is to generate zero waste,
28:59and we have achieved this
29:01but only with plant contents.
29:03We hope that this technology
29:05will not only be applied to astronauts,
29:07but will serve as a model of distribution
29:09for future companies,
29:11for example, in offices.
29:15The first test
29:17of the new technology
29:19In the hope of making
29:21our own water cans,
29:23we have our water and lemonade distributors.
29:25And sometimes we can fill
29:27our water bottles
29:29with something else.
29:31It goes without saying
29:33that alcohol is prohibited
29:35on board the space station.
29:37But in my first mission
29:39I found cognac flavor.
29:41It was a very low dose
29:43and it did not have the flavor
29:45that it has on Earth, unfortunately.
29:47However, in a moment of change,
29:49a moment to share,
29:51a moment of coexistence,
29:53and that is important.
29:55A space mission is, of course,
29:57a scientific and technological mission
29:59of operational performance,
30:01but it is also an extraordinary adventure
30:03with international teams on board,
30:05and wine was part
30:07of that bond.
30:09Fortunately,
30:11in space there are also
30:13small moments of madness.
30:19They are small differences
30:21in the middle of a tight
30:23work schedule.
30:25Days start early,
30:27and in space,
30:29like on Earth,
30:31the first thing we do
30:33is use the bathroom.
30:35Only in ingravity, again,
30:37can we use the bathroom.
30:41You moisten yourself with towels
30:43and you have taken a shower.
30:45You can even bathe
30:47in a water bubble,
30:49which is very fun.
30:57Wash your hair
30:59or use shampoo,
31:01everything can be done
31:03with wet towels.
31:07And I have a mirror here
31:09so I can kind of watch
31:11what I'm doing.
31:15Sometimes the water gets away from you
31:17and you try and catch
31:19as much as you can.
31:21Then I just work the water
31:23up through to the ends
31:25of my hair.
31:27Then I take my
31:29no-rinse shampoo
31:31and squirt it also on the scalp
31:33just a little bit
31:35and rub it in.
31:37Again, kind of working it up to the ends.
31:39And that is how
31:41I wash my hair in space
31:43on the International Space Station.
31:47And that's it. Thank you.
31:57Hello, and welcome
31:59to the toilet of the International Space Station.
32:01Let's say you're up here
32:03and you need to go to the restroom.
32:05You want to come to this cabin
32:07and the first thing you want to do
32:09is grab this piece of equipment
32:11and turn this rotary switch
32:1390 degrees to the open position.
32:15What that does is
32:17it turns on a fan,
32:19which creates a suction effect in this hose
32:21so that you can use this
32:23yellow element for your
32:25number one.
32:27For number two,
32:29the principle is actually exactly the same.
32:31Suction.
32:33We have a solid waste container here
32:35and on top of it is this
32:37seat.
32:39And the solid waste container is connected
32:41via this hose to the same fan
32:43so that, again,
32:45the same suction effect allows you
32:47to do your number two
32:49in weightlessness.
32:53In fact, there is a bag in there.
32:55It looks like this.
32:57And when we are done with our business,
32:59we close the bag and we push it down
33:01into the solid waste container
33:03and then, of course, as a courtesy to the next person,
33:05we put a new fresh bag inside.
33:29So you put on a shirt for a week
33:31and maybe you've been doing sports
33:33every day.
33:37Weightlessness allows
33:39all movements,
33:41or almost all.
33:43In space, sport is
33:45mandatory.
33:47Once zero gravity,
33:49the muscles no longer work at all.
33:51Even worse, our heart has more
33:53to pump because it has a hard time
33:55carrying blood from the lower part of the body
33:57to the upper part of the body.
33:59The treadmill and the fixed bike,
34:01always tied together,
34:03are an integral part of the day-to-day
34:05in orbit.
34:07Performing two and a half hours of exercise
34:09a day helps us maintain the level.
34:11We have a machine of weights with
34:13automatic cylinders that allows
34:15many different movements,
34:17even for the muscles of the back.
34:19It keeps the spine straight.
34:21On Earth, we do it constantly
34:23without realizing it,
34:25but astronauts grow up to five centimeters
34:27because there is no weight to compress
34:29the vertebral discs,
34:31the spine lengthens.
34:33This high-tech equipment
34:35has very little to do with what
34:37the first astronauts used.
34:39It allows a freer style.
34:41For example,
34:43my British colleague Tim
34:45will run the London Marathon
34:47live from the Space Station on tape.
34:49We can do things like that.
34:51While in London there were
34:5340,000 runners taking the exit
34:55to do the 42 kilometers of the Marathon.
34:57At the Space Station,
34:59Tim Peake achieved the record
35:01of the fastest marathon in orbit
35:03with a time of three hours,
35:0535 minutes and 21 seconds.
35:17At night, I retire to my cubicle,
35:19my bedroom.
35:23Here there is no bed or pillow,
35:25but a simple sleeping bag
35:27tied to the wall
35:29to avoid ending up in the morning
35:31on the ceiling.
35:33For example,
35:35when we sleep at the Space Station,
35:37people sleep with their arms
35:39like this in front
35:41because there is no weight
35:43to take them to one side of the body
35:45and each joint has a certain angle.
35:47It is surprising at first
35:49people wake up
35:51with their hands in front of their face
35:53without realizing that they are their hands.
36:21Although sleep is crucial
36:23for astronauts,
36:25we have to know in detail
36:27our abilities,
36:29so every night
36:31the pattern of sleep
36:33is controlled and analyzed.
36:47In California,
36:49at NASA's Ames Research Center,
36:51Dr. Erin Flynn Evans
36:53conducts sleep studies
36:55of astronauts in her laboratory.
37:01It is impossible
37:03to perform this experiment
37:05in space with an encephalogram helmet.
37:07It would be too complicated.
37:09There we simply monitor
37:11sleep with a watch.
37:15This is the device
37:17we use in field studies,
37:19both if it is people
37:21here on Earth
37:23and astronauts in space.
37:27And the reason we use it
37:29is that it allows us to study
37:31many people
37:33without having to make a great effort
37:35using an activity monitor.
37:37And yet it offers
37:39a lot of information
37:41about their sleep patterns.
37:43By studying the data
37:45of sleep patterns,
37:47this scientist wants to know
37:49if people sleep as well
37:51in space as they do on Earth.
37:53The quality of sleep
37:55in space is quite good.
37:57In fact, people sleep
37:59much better than before
38:01in the space station.
38:03However, they don't sleep
38:05as much in the station
38:07as they do on Earth,
38:09although astronauts
38:11have the opportunity
38:13to sleep on Earth.
38:15And they are not training
38:17for the flight.
38:19And although the workload
38:21contributes a bit to this,
38:23because sometimes it takes
38:25them time to sleep,
38:27it is probably a consequence
38:29of microgravity.
38:31For now, we don't know
38:33why gravity affects our sleep.
38:35We may simply need
38:37to sleep less in space.
38:39It is not a complete certainty,
38:41but it is a possibility
38:43that we are contemplating
38:45in our studies.
38:57Although we don't need
38:59to sleep so much,
39:01Sunday is a sacred day
39:03of rest.
39:05In the ISS, we work
39:07six or five and a half days.
39:09In the afternoon, we clean
39:11and then we have Sunday rest.
39:13Some people listen to music
39:15and there is even a guitar
39:17and a keyboard.
39:19I have decided to take my saxophone
39:21because I am a saxophonist.
39:23My rest day allows me
39:25to follow what is happening
39:27on Earth and communicate
39:29with my family via the Internet,
39:31like astronaut Michael Hopkins,
39:33who saw live the hockey game
39:35in which his son played
39:37Where is Lucas playing?
39:39I can't tell.
39:53We keep in touch
39:55with our Earth,
39:57without looking away
39:59from the sublime spectacle
40:01that each moment offers us.
40:03The most moving and dramatic experience
40:05of our days is to contemplate
40:07the Earth.
40:09We go around the Earth
40:11sixteen times a day.
40:23You contemplate the signs
40:25of life on Earth,
40:27the lights at night
40:29that outline the coasts.
40:31It is clear that a significant percentage
40:33of the population of the Earth
40:35lives on the coast of the continents.
40:37Natural phenomena are also observed
40:39with a vision
40:41that is hardly imaginable.
40:43Therefore, from there you feel
40:45the strength of nature
40:47and you also feel the fragility
40:49of life.
40:55Imagine contemplating
40:57the eye of a hurricane
40:59or the Italian boot.
41:13It is a spectacle
41:15that seems like a dream.
41:25I think I will not escape
41:27from the rule.
41:29I will be like everyone else,
41:31fascinated by this spectacle
41:33of nature and the fragility
41:35of the Earth.
41:37I would like to see northern lights,
41:39storms, volcanic eruptions,
41:41geometric shapes in the Sahara
41:43or in the centre of Australia.
41:45You can see the mountains
41:47of the Himalayas.
41:49It is an incredible journey.
41:51I really try to document it
41:53by taking photos to share them
41:55with you during the space station.
42:01The next day,
42:03thanks to social media,
42:05everyone can see
42:07what I have the opportunity
42:09to see from my window today.
42:11But soon, you will also be able
42:13to enjoy space
42:15and perhaps even become
42:17a true astronaut.
42:19We are moving forward
42:21in a difficult environment
42:23for the first time in 15 years
42:25with a permanent human presence
42:27in the low orbit of the space station.
42:29What will happen when astronauts
42:31take a step back
42:33and the general public
42:35can access space?
42:37The pioneer of space tourism
42:39is Dennis Tito.
42:41At 60 years old,
42:43the multi-millionaire American
42:45has managed to integrate
42:47into a Soyuz team
42:49after months of conflict
42:51in the space station.
43:05In the end,
43:07on April 28, 2001,
43:09he traveled for an eight-day stay
43:11at the space station.
43:13I think the price of the flight
43:15was about 20 million dollars.
43:17For now,
43:19access to space
43:21is limited to a few privileged millionaires.
43:25I think the average price
43:27is still about 30 million dollars.
43:29It is not mass tourism.
43:39So far,
43:41five men and a woman
43:43have paid between 25 and 35 million dollars.
43:48In fact,
43:50to enter this new El Dorado,
43:52you have to be rich.
43:54Multi-millionaire.
43:56But you also have to be very motivated
43:58and in good physical shape
44:00to support the same training
44:02as us, the astronauts.
44:04I don't think it's dangerous
44:06to send normal people,
44:08but for medical reasons,
44:10you still have to control it a bit.
44:12This is perhaps the problem.
44:14Why can't we send someone
44:16who has a good physical shape?
44:18It is very demanding for the participant.
44:20He has to train for three months
44:22in the city of the stars,
44:24near Moscow,
44:26just like the real astronauts.
44:28He has to learn all the security protocols,
44:30etc.
44:32It is a hard training.
44:34There are also several candidates
44:36who have tried it and have failed.
44:38They have not surpassed the training.
44:40The trip to space must be won.
44:42And the Holy Grail for all space travelers
44:44is the astronaut.
44:46To achieve it,
44:48you just have to do one thing,
44:50be more than 100 km above the ground,
44:52on the space border.
44:56Remember that the space border
44:58is 100 km away.
45:00So at kilometer 99,
45:02one is still terrestrial.
45:04From 101,
45:06you become an astronaut.
45:08The new border
45:10does not attract only billionaires.
45:12In Marseille,
45:14a man also intends
45:16to become an astronaut.
45:18Yves Blandou is not a millionaire.
45:20He is a businessman
45:22and, above all,
45:24an aviation enthusiast.
45:26First of all,
45:28it is a kind of personal challenge
45:30to go into space
45:32and have the extraordinary privilege
45:34of seeing the Earth from above.
45:56Space is a dream of my childhood.
45:58Since childhood,
46:00I wanted to fly
46:02with my own wings.
46:26It is a dream that has become possible
46:28thanks to a historic achievement.
46:30The success of the 21st of June 2004
46:32of the first two spaceflights
46:34carried out by a private ship,
46:36the Spaceship One.
46:44For Yves Blandou, it was the trigger.
46:48I saw it on television
46:50and I said to myself,
46:52maybe it is becoming possible
46:54to become part of the small
46:56club of people
46:58and pioneers
47:00who embark on space.
47:04The commercial space age has begun.
47:08Several companies are entering
47:10the space race for the general public.
47:16And in 2010,
47:18Virgin Galactic sells tickets
47:20for space.
47:22For 150 times cheaper,
47:24the space is available
47:26for 200,000 dollars.
47:28At the end of 2010,
47:30I sold my house
47:32and with what I earned,
47:34I bought a ticket
47:36from Virgin Galactic.
47:38Otherwise,
47:40it would not have been possible for me.
47:48This space transporter
47:50was designed to get closer to the stars.
47:54It is the suborbital plane
47:56VSS Unity of Virgin Galactic,
47:58developed by its founder
48:00Richard Branson.
48:20The plane has four reactors
48:22to gain altitude.
48:24Yves Blandou will feel
48:26the acceleration of the rocket
48:28that will take him
48:30up to a vertical of 110 km
48:32above the ground.
48:42Then he will live five minutes
48:44of ingravity admiring the Earth.
48:50Before returning to Earth
48:52floating three hours later.
49:20For now, Yves Blandou
49:22is still waiting for the flight date,
49:24delayed by the accident
49:26of the first model of the launcher.
49:30It was October 31, 2014.
49:34In full test flight,
49:36the spacecraft disintegrates
49:38at 13,700 meters high.
49:40The first officer had time
49:42to launch in parachutes,
49:44but the pilot died on the spot.
49:46The investigation concluded
49:48that the accident was due to a human error.
49:50But this type of technology,
49:52propulsion, is not without risks
49:54to dominate.
49:56And so far, no system
49:58has been validated yet.
50:00The inherent reliability
50:02at present is that we can
50:04expect a serious accident
50:06every 1,000 flights.
50:08But if there are 10,000 flights a year
50:10and your device explodes
50:12every 1,000 flights,
50:14it does not work.
50:16The reliability of the
50:18propulsion system of the rockets
50:24is a risk that Yves Blandou
50:26is willing to accept.
50:30No, never.
50:32If they don't stop it,
50:34I'm not going to back out.
50:36We can stop having expectations
50:38if it is said that it will not be
50:40before 30 years.
50:42If tomorrow is impossible,
50:44they will give us the money.
50:46It would be one of the causes of return.
50:48But I trust that they can
50:50correct their mistakes.
50:52The pioneering spirit is based
50:54on trust.
50:56Richard Branson has reacted
50:58immediately by saying,
51:00we are moving forward,
51:02we are going to investigate the problem
51:04and we will find a solution soon.
51:08I can continue to trust the system.
51:10Meanwhile, from the air,
51:12Yves Blandou contemplates his region.
51:16What I like is the freedom
51:18that is felt.
51:20It is an extraordinary privilege
51:22to see the earth from above
51:24and contemplate the wonders
51:26of our country.
51:28It is a beautiful landscape.
51:32I think it is good to be part
51:34of the pioneers,
51:36of those who have sacrificed
51:38a little time,
51:40savings,
51:42of those who have made
51:44some sacrifices too,
51:46and who have
51:48got on the train.
51:54It is interesting to observe
51:56the parallelism.
51:58At the beginning of aviation,
52:00fashion was spoken,
52:02it was said that it was dangerous.
52:04Over time, it has become
52:06accessible to almost everyone
52:08and connects people
52:10all over the world.
52:12I believe in an optimistic vision
52:14of a future space exploration
52:16similar to the evolution
52:18of aeronautics on Earth.
52:24And if we have ships
52:26to go to nearby space,
52:28why not develop hotels
52:30for a few days of vacation
52:32in orbit around the Earth?
52:36Is it science fiction?
52:38No, it is the daring idea
52:40of an American businessman
52:42of hotel chains,
52:44Robert Bigelow.
52:46The idea that is considered
52:48today is that of the
52:50Robert Bigelow Hotel.
52:52The first hotel that is planned
52:54to deploy in space
52:56would consist of three modules
52:58connected to each other
53:00in the shape of a star.
53:02In each of the modules
53:04there is a bathroom,
53:06a kitchen block and a place
53:08to relax, watch movies
53:10and communicate with the Earth.
53:12You can exercise in a treadmill
53:14and wear space suits
53:16for an emergency exit.
53:18Each module is autonomous.
53:20This means that it has gas,
53:22water, electricity,
53:24air conditioning, etc.
53:26It helps comfort independently.
53:28They are insulable in case of problems.
53:30It allows astronauts,
53:32astronauts and tourists
53:34to survive for a long time
53:36while someone comes to help them.
53:42On April 8, 2016,
53:44the first module, Team,
53:46takes off inside a SpaceX
53:48and the launch takes place
53:50from a ship in the middle of the ocean.
54:02The BEAM module
54:04will be implemented and used
54:06at the International Space Station
54:08to subject it to a real
54:10two-year test.
54:14For now it is empty,
54:16but it could be arranged
54:18in the way of a hotel room
54:20with the added advantage
54:22of incredible views
54:24of our planet.
54:26It's good, it's positive.
54:28This shows that what we do
54:30is for something
54:32and not for fun,
54:34that there is a real interest.
54:36The private company
54:38will be on this new space frontier.
54:44But we will go further.
54:46Surely one day there will be humans on Mars.
54:48It's just a matter of time.
54:50It's not a matter of whether we get it,
54:52but of when we will do it.
54:54When we can go somewhere
54:56where man has never set foot,
54:58we will be willing to do it.
55:02If access to the near space
55:04for the whole world
55:06takes place tomorrow,
55:08astronauts will be ready
55:10to go further.
55:12To Mars.
55:28To Mars.
55:32To Mars.
55:40To Mars.
55:46To Mars.
55:50To Mars.
55:52To Mars.
56:00To Mars.
56:06To Mars.
56:12To Mars.
56:18To Mars.
56:22To Mars.