SAJONIA (El Último de su Especie) - Documental
Durante más de 500 años los caballeros y sus castillos determinaron el porvenir de individuos y naciones por toda europa, luego su era llegó a su fin, al menos en el campo de batalla, pero incluso hasta el siglo XIX emperador y reyes e incluso algunos ciudadanos ricos se construyeron románticos castillos como los de los caballeros. La figura de noble caballero, que era incluso ficción en su época sobrevive hasta nuestras días como objeto de nostalgia.
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00:00How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:02How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:04How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:06How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:08How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:10How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:12How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:14How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:16How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:18How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:20How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:22How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:24How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:26How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:28How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:30How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:32How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:34How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:36How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:38How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:40How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:42How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:44How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:46How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:48How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:50How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:52How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:54How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:56How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
00:58How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:00How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:02How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:04How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:06How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:08How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:10How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:12How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:14How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:16How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:18How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:20How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:22How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:24How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:26How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:28How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:30How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:32How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:34How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:36How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:38How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:40How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:42How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:44How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:46How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:48How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:50How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:52How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:54How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:56How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
01:58How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:00How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:02How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:04How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:06How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:08How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:10How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:12How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:14How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:16How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:18How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:20How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:22How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:24How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:26How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:28How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:30How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:32How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:34How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:36How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:38How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:40How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:42How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:44How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:46How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:48How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:50How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:52How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:54How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:56How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
02:58How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:00How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:02How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:04How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:06How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:08How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:10How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:12How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:14How did they survive the ambushes with tents and sieges?
03:16But when the emperor called him, he had to go.
03:18But when the emperor called him, he had to go.
03:20He was forced to fight for the emperor.
03:22He was forced to fight for the emperor.
03:24Although mainly Ghotz fought his own battles.
03:26Although mainly Ghotz fought his own battles.
03:28He was involved in 15 contests and supported his friends with energy and enthusiasm, as he used to say.
03:30He was involved in 15 contests and supported his friends with energy and enthusiasm, as he used to say.
03:32He was involved in 15 contests and supported his friends with energy and enthusiasm, as he used to say.
03:34He was involved in 15 contests and supported his friends with energy and enthusiasm, as he used to say.
03:36That earned him a reputation as a bandit.
03:38That earned him a reputation as a bandit.
03:40His sign of identity was his iron hand.
03:42His sign of identity was his iron hand.
03:44But robberies were not his only supplementary business.
03:46But robberies were not his only supplementary business.
03:48In the siege of Lanshut, he fought as a mercenary from Bavaria against the Palatinate.
03:50In the siege of Lanshut, he fought as a mercenary from Bavaria against the Palatinate.
03:52In the siege of Lanshut, he fought as a mercenary from Bavaria against the Palatinate.
03:54He sold his services, as did many poor knights who needed some extra money.
03:56He sold his services, as did many poor knights who needed some extra money.
03:58He sold his services, as did many poor knights who needed some extra money.
04:00He sold his services, as did many poor knights who needed some extra money.
04:02He sold his services, as did many poor knights who needed some extra money.
04:04They had just started using the small field cannons.
04:06They had just started using the small field cannons.
04:08They were not particularly popular among the knights.
04:10Don't let the bullet fall on your feet!
04:16Let's go!
04:22The culebrinas were not very precise.
04:24The culebrinas were not very precise.
04:26But their noise terrified the knights equally.
04:36To them!
04:46And then it happened.
04:52He was wounded by a cannon of his own side.
04:54He was wounded by a cannon of his own side.
04:56He miraculously survived, but lost his hand.
04:58He miraculously survived, but lost his hand.
05:00Run, Cecilia!
05:04In 1504, you received help and was traveling to the right place.
05:06In 1504, you received help and was traveling to the right place.
05:10Nuremberg was like a Silicon Valley for the middle ages.
05:12Nuremberg was like a Silicon Valley for the middle ages.
05:15everybody really loved it.
05:20Perfect tool makers made the first watches ever.
05:22Perfect tool makers made the first watches ever.
05:24The whole world.
05:28And they found a solution for Gotch.
05:33I'm being honest, I hate cannons.
05:36And the people too.
05:38Well, welcome to the blacksmith.
05:40I'm sure there will be one in your village.
05:44Shut your mouth if you want my money.
05:49If you pull from there, the hand opens.
05:55In Nuremberg, even a merodeador has to pay.
06:00Will you do it?
06:02If it opens, I'll pay.
06:15You failed, charlatan.
06:18God has judged you.
06:21Listen to me.
06:23I told you to shut your mouth.
06:25No one speaks to Gotch like that.
06:28He will answer with his iron fist.
06:38That's it.
06:41It's the best craftsmanship in Nuremberg.
06:46You'll pay me before St. John's Day.
06:51Shut up!
06:54And so the legend of the knight of the iron fist was born.
06:59It became his symbol, feared all over the country.
07:07Today, the Baron of Berligingen takes care of the original iron fist of his ancestor.
07:14Gotch could not grab a sword with it, but he could hold the reins.
07:21This iron prosthesis has several special features.
07:28Each phalanx of the fingers can be moved.
07:32From the initial position, Gotch could bend the fingers for the phalanx he needed to grab any object.
07:43The thumb can also be bent.
07:45It has several buttons, like this one, for the thumb, which returns it to the initial position.
07:52And not only did the fingers move, but also the whole hand by the wrist, so that it was able to grab light objects.
08:05His iron hand is a masterpiece of precision mechanics.
08:09It is made up of 252 pieces with hinges, gears and springs, like a clock.
08:16And he paved the way for the development of prosthetic arms.
08:24After the First World War, lame or lame soldiers used to receive prostheses,
08:29something that only knights could afford in the Middle Ages.
08:33In 1915, a famous surgeon, Dr. Sauerbruch, used Gotch's iron fist as a model for the Sauerbruch hand.
08:44So the iron hand of our knight became the prototype of all artificial hands,
08:50as flexible as to hold objects or even catch a ball.
08:55For Gotch, the castle of Hormer was his sanctuary.
08:59But for the villagers, merchants and local rulers, it was a lair of thieves and a constant threat.
09:08Gotch von Berlichingen, Knight of His Majesty the Emperor Maximilian.
09:14Here I am as God created me, and the world has left me.
09:18The Archbishop of Maguncia claims you before him.
09:25What do I need you for?
09:31He has insulted me enough.
09:34You have the Counselor Kigenmeister captive, sir.
09:37I do not know him.
09:39However, you asked for his rescue.
09:41It's not true.
09:43Krautheim's Alguacil has confirmed it.
09:48That man will see what I'm made of.
09:55Send my most cordial greetings to Krautheim's Alguacil.
10:00I will visit him.
10:02Leave at once.
10:04And so the historic encounter between Gotch von Berlichingen and Krautheim's Alguacil took place.
10:10There, Gotch pronounced a phrase that can have a great effect when it comes to the story,
10:15or it can simply escape us.
10:18Krautheim's Alguacil.
10:20Krautheim's Alguacil.
10:22Krautheim's Alguacil.
10:24Krautheim's Alguacil.
10:27Krautheim's Alguacil.
10:29Krautheim's Alguacil.
10:31Krautheim's Alguacil.
10:34Stumpf!
10:36Show yourself!
10:39Stumpf!
10:41I want to talk to you!
10:43We could set the castle on fire.
10:46Stumpf!
10:48Are you a coward?
10:50Come out and face me!
10:53Santa Maria, it's Gotch!
10:56Look, his women are laughing.
10:58Traitor!
11:00Traitor!
11:02I will complain to the Emperor!
11:05You know what?
11:07I can only advise you to kiss my ass!
11:12Several centuries later, in 1774,
11:15the young Goethe became famous overnight
11:18for his work Gotch von Berlichingen de la mano de hierro.
11:22He had read a description of Gotch's life in which he found the phrase
11:25Podéis lamerme el trasero.
11:28But in the work he changed it to
11:32Puede besarme el culo.
11:35And so Gotch's words went down in history.
11:41The knight of the iron hand
11:43did not answer more than one person.
11:46The Emperor.
11:50Count on it, Gotch!
11:52I'll tell the Emperor!
11:55I warned you!
12:02What?
12:07Even if I could,
12:09I would never hurt the Emperor.
12:12At least as long as he's alive.
12:17When he set fire to Krautheim's warehouse
12:21or stole goods,
12:22Gotch was sure that justice was on his side.
12:26He appealed to the old law of chivalry
12:29and was not able to understand that someone had any complaint against him.
12:33The merchant of Nuremberg.
12:41And what problem does he have now?
12:44It's Gotch von Berlichingen.
12:46You can wait.
12:47The Emperor Maximilian I
12:50knew how to recognize what the new times required.
12:54He established a more stable state of law
12:57and made the imperial court the most important appeal court.
13:01He made sure that people of all social classes
13:04had a voice in Parliament
13:06and introduced the postal monopoly.
13:10In 1508 Maximilian gave himself the title of Roman Emperor Elect
13:14without ever being crowned by the Pope.
13:20He reformed the Holy Roman Empire.
13:23On the one hand, he was a modern monarch
13:26and on the other, a traditionalist who defended the old ideals of chivalry.
13:31His favorite pastime was attending medieval tournaments.
13:35He even wrote a novel,
13:37The Adventures of the Knight Toyerdank.
13:39It could be said that Maximilian was a devotee of chivalry.
13:45One of the main problems of Maximilian
13:48were the knights who ruled as if they were kings in their fiefdoms.
13:52He wanted trade to be safe in his empire
13:55and that there were no robbers on the roads.
13:59Gotch has already attacked us three times.
14:02We can't travel to any fair without being robbed.
14:06His Majesty will see if our loans...
14:10My apologies, sir.
14:12But Gotch threatens the peace of the empire.
14:15Your Majesty?
14:19Your Majesty?
14:21If the merchants lose a sack of pepper,
14:24I have to remove heaven and earth to recover it.
14:27But what about the money?
14:29I have no money.
14:31I have no money.
14:32I have to remove heaven and earth to recover it.
14:35But when the future of the Holy Roman Empire is at stake
14:39and I ask you for help, no one does anything.
14:42You always keep your arms crossed.
14:49I have nothing to clean myself with.
15:03All right.
15:05I will exterminate Gotch von der Lichingen.
15:12That was his punishment.
15:14Gotch became a prostitute.
15:17He was not allowed to approach his castle or ride a horse.
15:21And the greatest humiliation of all.
15:24The emperor will need my services.
15:27He lost his sword and armor.
15:29It's only a matter of time.
15:31Wait for those evil Turks to march on their beloved empire.
15:40How stupid.
16:01Bravo!
16:05Maximilian, our great emperor.
16:08Emperor of the Romans.
16:10Protector of the Empire.
16:12King of Germany.
16:14King of Dalmatia.
16:16King of Jerusalem.
16:18Duke of Burgundy.
16:20And Count of Tyrol.
16:21And Count of Tyrol.
16:25Apart from all his titles, Maximilian liked to be known as the last knight.
16:31He loved to fight for honor and fame.
16:34Although in reality he did not live like a knight.
16:37It was what we would call a recreator today.
16:46This was how the tournaments began.
16:48In Maximilian's time, they were the sporting event of the year.
16:53A bit like a grand prize.
16:55The tournaments were no longer war games, like in the Middle Ages.
17:03A barrier prevented the horses from colliding with each other.
17:10The tips of the spears were Roma.
17:13And the spears were designed to split with the impact.
17:18Bravo!
17:22The knights also had to defend their colors.
17:26Because when lowering the visors, they could only be identified by their colors and their armor shields.
17:35Only the knights of blue blood could participate in the tournaments.
17:41The books of armory or heraldry identified the members of the nobility.
17:49One of the most beautiful belonged to the men of Gemmingen.
17:54It catalogs the peak of tournaments in the Middle Ages.
18:00And it included a radical innovation.
18:03Not only the knights, kings and dukes appeared in magnificent armor.
18:08But also the richest nobles.
18:10Anyone who could afford it could play to be a knight.
18:16As long as he had a certain skill.
18:21And just like football fans fill albums with chrome,
18:25the rich knights had books of tournaments.
18:29Several generations later, they could commemorate the legendary victories of their ancestors.
18:35The tournaments had a great political importance for Maximilian.
18:40They gave him recognition among the knights.
18:48And he himself achieved 70 victories in tournaments.
18:52He even caused the death of his father.
18:55And he was the only one to win the title.
18:58And he was the only one to win the title.
19:00And he achieved 70 victories in tournaments.
19:03Even causing the death of several of his opponents.
19:08For you, my lady, I will knock down my opponent.
19:11Wish me luck.
19:16But what knight would have dared to dismantle an emperor?
19:20Maximilian's victory, heart of steel, was probably guaranteed.
19:26For Maximilian, courage and audacity were knightly virtues.
19:31And he lived according to that code.
19:34Both in the battlefield and in the tournaments.
19:38He even challenged the king of France in vain,
19:42to face him in a tournament, instead of a battlefield.
19:46The kings thought they should fix their differences themselves,
19:50instead of taking their people to a slaughter.
19:52It was a good idea, but unfortunately it didn't work.
19:59The tournaments were used to test new technologies.
20:04Like helmets with narrow slits to protect the eyes.
20:11Or armor that deflected arrows and spears.
20:15To hold the helmets, the armor was fixed with huge bolts and nuts.
20:23Today, fixed helmets like these,
20:26help to protect Formula 1 drivers from cervical injuries.
20:34We have asked some scientists to help us find out
20:38what could happen to a knight during a tournament.
20:46In Opel's crash test laboratory,
20:48they have transformed a mannequin into a medieval knight,
20:52with armor and helmet.
20:54What will happen to him in a crash?
21:03The knight-mannequin crashes at 60 km per hour.
21:11The weight of the impact of the spear is more than 400 kilos,
21:15like 16 bags of cement.
21:18In a frontal impact, the cervical whip would be the least dangerous.
21:25If he fell off the horse, the knight would probably break his spine,
21:29that is, he would die.
21:32Another victory for the emperor, the greatest recreator of his time.
21:37Maximilian's tournaments would be discussed for decades.
21:42It was not just a matter of survival, fame or honor.
21:46The knights fought to earn the praise of beautiful maidens and noble ladies.
21:57But the tournaments were not for Götz von Ferlinghingen.
22:00He did not fit into the new world of the emperor.
22:03He had to wait five years for Maximilian to forgive him,
22:07and then he acted without hesitation.
22:09He announced that he would avenge any injustice,
22:12and he proclaimed himself a legal lawyer.
22:18He helped Sindelfingen,
22:20a tailor whose arrow had hit the target in a tournament in Cologne,
22:24but had not received the prize money.
22:27Götz then declared a contest against Cologne.
22:30The tailor received his prize, and Götz, a generous commission.
22:34A hunting game trampled the field of a farmer.
22:37Götz took letters on the matter.
22:40The farmer was compensated, and Götz received his reward.
22:47When a noble was killed,
22:49he made sure that the widow was rewarded.
22:52And as always, he took his share.
22:56Without judicial orders, he defended himself,
22:59but he did not give up.
23:01Without judicial orders,
23:03he defended the interests of the clients
23:05according to the old laws, in his own words.
23:08That is, by force.
23:13Then he took a totally unexpected direction.
23:17In 1524, the peasants demanded freedom from their masters.
23:26During the Peasant Revolution,
23:27they looted monasteries and castles.
23:30It was a revolutionary movement
23:32born of the poverty and oppression of, among others, the nobles.
23:38A multitude of peasants
23:40gathered in front of Götz's castle as well.
23:43And then something incredible happened.
23:46The nobleman joined the peasants.
23:51An experienced commander would do them good,
23:54and threatened with death,
23:55he agreed to be their captain.
24:01I don't want to,
24:03but I have to do it.
24:08On April 30, 1525,
24:11Götz rode to Odenwald
24:13to meet the Christian Brotherhood,
24:15as the peasants were called.
24:17He had to swear that he would lead them for a month.
24:20Götz said that he became the leader of the peasants
24:23to limit their atrocities.
24:26Historians confirm that he did so.
24:31He instilled discipline in the rebellious crowd.
24:35The peasants looted the Amorbach Monastery,
24:38but Götz made sure that the monks did not suffer any harm.
24:44The peasants, however,
24:45had promised that they would not pass anyone by the sword,
24:48but some fanatical groups carried out massacres as well.
24:52Götz could not stop them,
24:54and that would be expensive for them later.
25:02Götz had no intention of ending up in the orca
25:05for leading the peasant army,
25:08and he left it as soon as his month of service was completed.
25:11He was the leader of the peasants.
25:13His arches were full.
25:25He had also made a vow,
25:29although he would regret it.
25:35On May 15, 1525,
25:38a great battle was fought between the peasants and the princes in Frankenhausen,
25:41in the center of Germany.
25:44The peasants were convinced of their victory.
25:47They believed that God was on their side.
25:52But they faced the knights with cannons.
25:55Fire!
26:08The princes had hired knights to end the revolution in any way.
26:20In the end, the knights massacred 100,000 peasants
26:22throughout Germany.
26:28And Götz had not fought on the winning side.
26:32For his participation in the peasant revolution,
26:35he was sentenced to three years in prison.
26:38And once again, he was declared a prosecutor.
26:41But the Turks came to the gates of Vienna,
26:44and the emperor needed him.
26:47Once again, he was forgiven.
26:49Götz von Berlichingen was one of the last of his kind.
26:59Knights richer than Götz had fortified their castles,
27:03reinforcing towers and walls.
27:08Seizing fortresses like those
27:11took a long time and was very expensive.
27:14The rich cities were also defended
27:16by building higher and stronger walls
27:19and placing cannons in their almanacs.
27:22Their message was,
27:24we will never give up.
27:26A man played an important role
27:29in the development of attack tactics.
27:33Emperor Maximilian, heart of steel.
27:38Artillery is the future of battles.
27:41With cannons like these,
27:43we will transform our way of war.
27:49Excuse me, Majesty.
27:51It is still dangerous.
27:53The cannon maker must make the first three shots.
27:56That's what the law says.
28:02Ready?
28:04Three, two, one, fire!
28:13Well,
28:15we still have a lot to do.
28:20The one who proclaimed himself the last of the knights
28:24was always working on a revolutionary cannon.
28:31The walls of the castle were built
28:34by the men of the royal family.
28:37The walls were built by the men of the royal family.
28:41The walls of the cannon are still very thin.
28:45I am not surprised that they crack.
28:47They must serve all kinds of purposes
28:50and be of different sizes.
28:53These little ones,
28:55more mobile, are good for the battlefield.
29:00We will avoid confusion
29:02if we use the same caliber for all heavy artillery.
29:05The gentlemen will not like it.
29:06Yes,
29:08but first we must get them out of their castles
29:11and the bourgeoisie out of their cities.
29:14They hide behind their walls and will not go out to fight.
29:18We need better cannons
29:21to get them to be forced to leave there.
29:24Something with more noise would be fine.
29:29See?
29:30This heavy cannon is from the time of Maximilian.
29:34The barrel was reinforced with iron rings
29:37and had a caliber of 34 and a half centimeters.
29:40Each cannon bullet weighed 50 kilos.
29:43They called him Faule Magt, the lazy maid,
29:46because he only worked once a day.
29:49He got too hot.
29:55Maximilian was a man of his word.
29:58Maximilian was known by his contemporaries
30:02as the first gunner of the empire.
30:05Your Majesty, you should not...
30:07Don't worry.
30:09I designed this noble lady and made the calculations.
30:13And I found her.
30:16The beautiful Gati
30:18carries my shield of arms.
30:28It's the third shot.
30:30Fire!
30:36Now Maximilian could subdue both castles and cities at will.
30:45He did not leave stone by stone.
30:48He did not leave stone by stone.
31:01The emperor gathered an arsenal of artillery for future wars.
31:07There was a type for each battle.
31:10The siege cannon and the field cannons
31:12stand out in the catalog of his arsenal in Innsbruck.
31:17While for maneuvering battles, he had light artillery.
31:22To end the inconsistencies in the artillery,
31:25he developed a standard caliber for barrels and cannonballs.
31:30He located cities and castles with huge cannons
31:33pulled by 16 horses and with a caliber of 23 centimeters.
31:38His cannonballs weighed 25 kilos.
31:43He named his fearsome weapons as Ronroneo or Despertar.
31:48In 1504, he used the lion to bomb the city of Kufstein
31:53until his surrender.
31:56Maximilian also revolutionized battle tactics.
32:00We will start the battle, naturally at my order,
32:04with a first burst of light artillery.
32:07And that will sow confusion among the enemy.
32:11It will cause the first deaths.
32:13As Godz says, no knight likes cannons.
32:19Then our cavalry will intervene.
32:24His army is made up of soldiers standing with spears.
32:28Our heavy cavalry will crush them.
32:34Will our knights say your majesty?
32:37Not only them.
32:39In the future, a rider with armor will be anyone
32:42who knows how to ride and fight with spear and sword.
32:46Then the Lanzgenetes will come into action.
32:54Maximilian's preference of using soldiers on foot,
32:58cheaper, won him another title.
33:01Father of the Lanzgenetes.
33:06And so Maximilian laid the foundations of modern war.
33:11The battle began with a bombardment of all the available artillery.
33:1650 cannons or more attacked the enemy lines.
33:23Then Maximilian's heavy cavalry charged against them.
33:28His task was to break the enemy ranks and sow chaos.
33:35If the enemy attacked,
33:36he could expect to face a heresy of spears and spears of several meters long.
33:44The spearmen dismounted the knights and killed them.
33:56From the beginning of the 16th century on,
33:59the bulk of the battle was a great clash between soldiers on foot.
34:03Spear against spear.
34:04Man against man.
34:08In battles between 10,000 or 20,000 men or even more,
34:12there was no room for the knights.
34:17If you give a man an alabarda, you will have an alabardero.
34:23Alberto Durero drew them with his elegant outfit.
34:26They were farmers, bakers, carpenters.
34:29It could be anyone who wanted to earn extra money or was forced.
34:35Unlike the more expensive knights,
34:38the soldiers on foot were cheap and abundant.
34:41A valuable resource for the commanders.
34:46Maximilian, the father of the lanzquenetes,
34:50was the first to prefer quantity to quality.
34:59These alabardas are like those used by the Swiss allies
35:02of Maximilian against the knights.
35:07This alabarda was like the Swiss knife of the Middle Ages
35:13and could perform several functions.
35:16It has a smaller blade and a larger one,
35:21and in the end it is narrowed at a sharp point.
35:26The handle of the alabarda used to be polygonal
35:29and was covered by a strip of leather
35:32to prevent it from turning between the hands in case of a blow.
35:36The edge of the sharp ax and the hook
35:40were used to cut the tendons exposed to a horse
35:44that were not protected by the armor.
35:47They attacked the horse so that it fell and dismounted the rider.
35:51Then they hit it repeatedly,
35:54nailing the part of the ax or the hook indifferently.
35:59It could also be used to open an armor,
36:02like a can opener,
36:05to stab someone more easily.
36:08So the soldiers had the option of withdrawing
36:12to regroup and launch a new attack.
36:19We prepared an experiment to find out
36:22what wounds these weapons could cause.
36:25We did not use the most sophisticated alabarda,
36:28but a simpler model.
36:31It only has a blade and a tip,
36:34and it could have been made by the blacksmith of any village.
36:42The experiment will show what an armor could withstand.
36:49Andreas Kruger made this replica
36:51from an original alabarda from a museum.
36:55The first blow does not go through the steel,
36:58although it could knock down the opponent.
37:05But even an armor has weak points.
37:09If a vulnerable point is found, it could cut an arm.
37:13These new weapons were a nightmare for the knights.
37:16The new way of fighting turned the knights into dinosaurs.
37:21Their power was failing.
37:46New laws.
37:47But your majesty,
37:49as far as the emperor and the empire are concerned, the knights...
37:53Enough, you were great, but you are nothing but thieves.
37:57You want what belongs to the emperor.
38:01Maximilian suppressed violence and anarchy.
38:08He wanted his ways to be safe for the merchants.
38:12Put your hands here.
38:13By God Almighty!
38:15He wanted to put an end to the disputes by force.
38:20And to the contests.
38:22The courts would make the decisions.
38:25He wanted a lasting peace in his lands.
38:28For the knights to fight in the tournaments.
38:31He rejected all his requests to maintain the old customs.
38:35You are imperial knights.
38:38Nice title, isn't it?
38:40What else do you want?
38:41Those who do not participate in the new era
38:45may continue to wear their armor.
38:48I think it will look very good as a goalkeeper.
38:51No, no, no, don't worry.
38:53A knight who is not stupid
38:55could be useful to me as an advisor.
39:03Maximilian had three titles.
39:06The last knight,
39:08the first gunner,
39:09and the father of the Lanzgenetes.
39:12And he ended up with the military and political knights.
39:19The knights wore less important armor and weapons in battles
39:24and the most splendid and sophisticated in tournaments.
39:27They were the medieval equivalent of a Ferrari.
39:32They were brilliant
39:35and expensive.
39:37Only the richest nobles could afford them.
39:45They are ornamental armors and for tournaments of the 16th and 17th centuries.
39:51In no other place in the world,
39:53the cavalry is more glamorous than in the armory of the 3D castle.
40:07THE END OF THE ERA
40:25For more than 500 years,
40:27the knights and their castles
40:29determined the future of individuals and nations throughout Europe.
40:33Then their era came to an end.
40:34At least in the battlefield.
40:37But even until the 19th century,
40:40emperors and kings and even some rich citizens
40:43built romantic castles like those of the knights.
40:54The figure of the noble knight,
40:57probably fiction even in its time,
41:00survives to this day as an object of nostalgia.
41:04THE END