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https://www.eastnews.ru
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FunTranscript
00:00 Why do you think that respecting the right and the left have their importance in audio headsets?
00:04 Because the sound moves very slowly. The echo is a perfect example.
00:08 So try to shout to a building far away to see if your voice comes back to you with a slight shift.
00:13 The sounds move slowly enough so that the brain can detect the time difference between the sound coming to your right ear and your left ear.
00:21 Even if the difference is minimal, of the order of 10 microseconds.
00:24 This is what we call the interaural time difference.
00:29 If a friend is talking to you on the right, your brain knows that the sound is coming from this side.
00:33 Because the same sound will take a little more time to get to your left ear.
00:37 For this reason, stereo music gives the illusion that the sound comes from different directions.
00:42 And headphones reinforce this illusion because they transport the music directly into our ears.
00:47 If the headphones are inverted, the sounds coming from the front will seem to come from the back and vice versa.
00:53 You won't see a big difference with a mono sound.
00:56 But with an inverted stereo sound, watching movies will certainly be a little disconcerting.
01:01 Have you ever wondered how a wireless charging works?
01:06 This technology works thanks to a transmission support as well as a receiver compatible with the technology located inside the device.
01:13 Charging is done through the phenomenon of magnetic induction.
01:17 To put it simply, the proximity of the device and the support causes an electromagnetic field that generates current.
01:24 This is how the device will recharge.
01:27 Let's imagine that you send electrons through the charger and that you place the other device a little further.
01:33 In this case, we can place the transmitter on a charging stand and the receiver antenna in the phone.
01:39 And yes, your phone just needs to be close to it to make it work.
01:44 There is a place where you can dive between two continents.
01:49 This is Silfra, near Iceland, a crack formed between two continents because two tectonic plates are constantly moving away.
01:55 It is a geological wonder and a popular place that many adventure lovers write on their list of things to do before they die.
02:02 In some places, the space is so narrow that you can reach Europe and North America at the same time.
02:07 In reality, giraffes don't sleep only half an hour.
02:12 It's a myth that many people still believe.
02:14 In fact, they spend about 4 and a half hours sleeping.
02:18 And this is not so unusual for active animals during the day.
02:22 In addition, giraffes stretch to sleep for shorter periods of about 11 minutes.
02:27 How is it that the leftovers of pizza are so good?
02:33 A single night in the refrigerator gives the pizza a delicious flavor.
02:37 It does indeed retain its texture even when it is no longer hot.
02:40 It is because the tomato sauce layer does not let the fat of the cheese filling soak the base of the dough.
02:45 The temperatures of the foods we eat also affect our perception of taste.
02:49 Cold foods have less intense flavors in general.
02:52 We have sensitive heat channels in our bitter and sweet taste receptors.
02:56 And if the temperature is between 15 and 35 degrees, it opens widely,
03:01 which triggers a chain reaction and sends strong signals to our brain.
03:05 However, if the temperatures are lower, these channels barely open, which means that the signals also weaken.
03:12 The temperature does not affect the receptors of the acid and salty taste,
03:15 so that the cold pizza can seem more salty and tasty.
03:19 One last thing for gourmets.
03:22 Did you know that several studies have confirmed that triangular sandwiches have a better taste than rectangular ones?
03:27 It would seem that triangles allow you to taste more filling per bite.
03:32 A triangular sandwich has two corners at 45 degrees.
03:35 Thus, it is possible to bite further towards the center in only two bites.
03:40 And the center often contains more filling.
03:43 And just after, follow a third perfect bite, without crust, because we thus cover the space left in the middle.
03:49 Yum! Here's to hunger!
03:51 The shoes designed at the end of the 14th and early 15th centuries could measure up to 60 cm.
03:57 People wore pointy shoes, especially in the 12th century.
04:02 And a few centuries later, they remained in vogue, and even ended up stretching even more.
04:08 Manufacturers filled the ends of their shoes with hair, foam, wool, or even grass.
04:13 A narwhal's defense is not a classic defense, but a kind of upside-down tooth.
04:20 These creatures belong to the whale category.
04:23 And unlike most other whales, they have a large defense, or more precisely, a tooth.
04:28 Which looks almost like a kind of skin, because it has many sensory nerve endings.
04:35 On Mars, you can hear the wind. Literally.
04:38 Thanks to the sensors of the NASA InSight lander on the Martian surface,
04:42 researchers recorded the first sounds of the winds on Mars, through vibration.
04:46 Even if the sound of Martian winds is a decibel level just within human reach,
04:52 you would still need a low-frequency headphone to hear it.
04:56 The world record for the longest underwater breath is almost 24 minutes.
05:03 Without training, an average human can generally stay underwater for about 90 seconds,
05:07 before having to go back to the surface to breathe.
05:10 But in 2016, a professional diver, Alex Segura-Vendrell,
05:15 managed to set this record for the longest breath.
05:19 Did you know that butterflies don't taste their food like us, with their mouths, but with their paws?
05:24 When a butterfly comes close to a plant it wants to eat,
05:28 it uses the sensors of its paws to know if the plant on which it is is edible.
05:32 The sensors on its paws are 200 times more powerful than our taste buds.
05:37 In the same way that we use digital prints,
05:42 we can identify lions by the shape of their moustaches.
05:44 Each of us has unique digital prints.
05:47 Well, lions have a moustache and a bobbin pattern that is totally unique to them.
05:51 If you're not sure if the eggs in your fridge are old or fresh,
05:56 just fill a bowl with water and put them in.
05:59 If they float, they are perimated.
06:02 And if they sink, it means that they are fresh eggs, so you can go there.
06:05 Contrary to what many people still believe,
06:09 when someone touches the wing of a butterfly, the animal does not lose its ability to fly.
06:13 This is not a reason to try to do it,
06:15 but even if you do it accidentally, the butterfly will still get out of it.
06:18 Their wings are covered with small scales.
06:21 If you touch them, some of them can come off, it's true.
06:24 But this is also what happens in nature,
06:26 not only when you scratch something with their wings.
06:28 It can also help them in difficult situations,
06:30 for example when they try to escape from spider webs.
06:33 Two parts of the human body do not have blood vessels.
06:38 The cartilage and the cornea.
06:40 The cornea is what covers the pupil and other parts of the eye.
06:44 How does our skin become wrinkled after a while in the water?
06:49 Even after 5 to 10 minutes in the bathtub,
06:51 we can notice the formation of small wrinkles on the feet and hands.
06:55 This is certainly how our body manages to take support
06:58 when it is in a slippery environment.
07:00 And what is particularly crazy is that our skin wrinkles
07:02 according to the same pattern as the drainage system of rivers.
07:05 Even if some cat owners hope otherwise,
07:08 most of the time, cats do not respond when they hear their name.
07:11 Not because they don't recognize them,
07:13 but because they just don't want to answer.
07:15 These fugitive creatures just do what they are told.
07:18 They will therefore stop ignoring you when they think they have to.
07:23 Speaking of our adorable pets in Rongrong,
07:26 why do you think many domestic cats have white paws?
07:29 During the domestication process, which began about 10,000 years ago,
07:33 humans crossed the most docile cats to get nicer animals.
07:37 And one of the consequences of this process
07:40 is the presence of white spots on the paws.
07:43 The clouds certainly look light and fluffy,
07:46 but in reality they are very heavy.
07:49 The average cumulus,
07:51 this beautiful white cloud that you see on a sunny day,
07:54 weighs 500,000 kilos.
07:56 Music can help you keep mosquitoes away.
08:00 But not all musical genres.
08:03 According to a study published in 2019 in the journal Acta Topica,
08:07 electro music could make insects flee.
08:10 It is because it combines high and low frequencies.
08:13 It is also generally quite loud
08:15 and presents growing tones throughout a song.
08:18 Imagine that you are in a dark room without light
08:21 and that you spend a few minutes with your eyes closed.
08:24 What are you waiting to see once you have opened your eyes?
08:27 Complete darkness?
08:28 Here is a surprise for you.
08:30 What you will see in reality is a kind of dark gray.
08:33 What is even more curious is that this particular color nuance has a name.
08:38 Eigengroh.
08:39 It is the German equivalent of the intrinsic gray.
08:42 I hope this will never happen to you.
08:44 But if you completely lose a nail,
08:47 it will take a while to grow back.
08:49 Research has even been conducted on the subject
08:52 and indicates that a nail takes about 6 months to grow back from the base to the tip.
08:56 For toenails, it can take up to a whole year.
09:00 They do not grow as fast on both hands.
09:03 They generally grow faster on the dominant hand and on the longest fingers.
09:07 They also tend to show an accelerated growth during the day and during the summer.
09:13 A very solid material is hidden in your body.
09:16 Experts say that the human bone is, in fact,
09:19 more solid than steel and concrete,
09:22 provided that they are compared for the same volume.
09:24 This means that 2.5 cubic centimeters of water can technically support a load of 8,618 kilos,
09:31 which corresponds more or less to the weight of 5 standard trucks.
09:34 In other words, your bones are 4 times stronger than concrete.
09:38 Speaking of things for which the human body is very gifted,
09:41 such as serving 4 meals at the same time in a restaurant,
09:44 when your brain sends information through nerves,
09:48 it does so through a process that can go up to 322 kilometers per hour.
09:53 Surprisingly, the hardest natural material on our planet is found in a very small creature.
10:00 It is the snail of fresh water,
10:02 and its teeth can withstand a pressure stronger than that required to transform carbon into diamond.
10:08 Have you ever wondered why the space bar was so wide?
10:11 It was designed in such a way that you can easily insert spaces between words
10:15 when you tap with the thumb of one or the other hand.
10:18 This is also the reason why it is located on the lowest row of each keyboard.
10:22 Speaking of dactylography,
10:24 these little dots that you see on the letters J and I when they are typed in lowercase
10:29 actually have a name.
10:31 They are called a "suscribed dot" or "head dot".
10:35 When visiting a natural history museum,
10:37 you might think that dinosaurs are related to lizards,
10:41 but they actually have more in common with birds than with reptiles.
10:45 Researchers at Harvard University even confirmed in 2018
10:49 that the famous T-Rex shared more genetic data with hens than with alligators.
10:54 And you who thought you had weird parents?
10:57 There is a city called Rome or Roma on each continent of the planet.
11:02 Okay, except Antarctica.
11:04 But it's actually just ice and snow.
11:07 When you buy a pair of tailor-made shoes
11:10 or you have to have your feet measured in a store,
11:13 the seller has to measure them with a rather curious metal tool.
11:16 It is a Branoc device.
11:19 A man named Charles Branoc invented it and patented it in 1926.
11:24 The Branoc Device Company continues to manufacture them to this day.
11:28 With all the precision put aside,
11:30 I imagine that the emperor's feet were more or less 30 cm long.
11:34 Some dogs don't bark.
11:36 Well, some smaller breeds have higher barks.
11:39 And the bigger dogs have deeper barks and deeper growls.
11:43 But the Basenji doesn't bark at all.
11:46 It's not mute, however.
11:48 It communicates with sounds similar to a yodel or a growl.
11:52 What a great name for a dog!
11:54 Over here, yodel!
11:56 Do you know that Antarctica is the largest unclaimed territory on our planet?
12:00 According to a document called "System of the Antarctic Treaty",
12:03 it is governed by countries such as Argentina, Australia, Chile, France,
12:08 New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom.
12:11 However, this piece of land with extreme weather conditions
12:14 can only be used for scientific purposes.
12:17 There are about 2,000 storms that occur on the planet Earth at any time.
12:21 Of course, some regions suffer from extreme weather conditions much more often.
12:26 It is the National Severe Storms Laboratory that has calculated this average.
12:31 According to this laboratory, thousands of storms occur permanently.
12:35 However, on an annual basis, there are about 16 million storms on the planet.
12:40 At one point, a letter was completely removed from the alphabet.
12:46 You heard right!
12:47 Around 300 BC, a Roman censor named Appius Claudius Cæsus
12:52 removed the letter Z from the alphabet because he thought people did not use it enough.
12:57 For the next 200 years, this letter has not appeared in the alphabet at all.
13:02 It looks more like a science fiction movie subject,
13:05 but there is a creature on Earth that has eyes all over its body.
13:09 It is called the Limulus, and it has a total of 10 eyes,
13:13 even near its mouth and along its tail.
13:16 If you have ever thought of becoming a pilot, there is a secret language you must learn.
13:21 It is the English of aviation,
13:23 composed of 300 words that experienced crew members must know,
13:27 where they are, and whatever their mother tongue.
13:30 It is crucial for people who coordinate air traffic
13:34 to be able to communicate and understand each other.
13:36 Yes, it could be useful.
13:38 Did you know that there are buildings so huge that they end up having their own postal code?
13:43 This is the case of the Empire State Building,
13:46 which houses a large number of companies with their own postal code,
13:50 the 10118, even if it is located in the 10001 zone.
13:55 Dogs may not have a unique digital fingerprint like humans,
13:59 but they have their own equivalent, their nose.
14:02 The dog's sniffing device has a unique pattern,
14:05 similar to that of a human fingerprint.
14:08 We cannot learn from an old dog, but we can certainly recognize it by its nose.
14:13 Avocados are among the only fruits that do not wither when they are still on the tree.
14:18 You have to pick them up before they reach this creamy texture
14:21 that we all look for in guacamole.
14:24 A quarter of all products from an ordinary American bakery
14:27 contain ingredients from corn.
14:29 If that seems a lot to you, think about it.
14:32 These crispy fries and chicken nuggets
14:35 draw their unique texture from the corn fibers.
14:37 Not to mention that most of the U.S. gas stations
14:40 contain corn syrup, which is not surprising, is it?
14:43 Wouldn't it be great to have the super power to be in two places at the same time?
14:48 I would definitely choose the beach.
14:51 Well, maybe it's not possible yet.
14:53 But there is a building in Chicago where you can see four different states in clear time.
14:58 This is the Willis Tower,
15:00 and from its skydeck, located 412 meters high,
15:04 you can see Illinois, of course, Indiana, Wisconsin and Michigan.
15:10 Apparently, Olympic gold medals are not all gold.
15:14 If you are more of the sporty type and you dream of one of these medals,
15:18 know that nowadays they are made up of 92.5% silver.
15:22 However, they are plated with at least 6 grams of gold.
15:25 Olympic gold medals were once pure gold,
15:28 but the last time an athlete received one was in 1912.
15:32 Still as sporty? Sorry, I didn't mean to discourage you, you know.
15:36 If you like to swim or if you are generally a water lover,
15:39 then the state of Michigan is the ideal place where you could consider settling.
15:43 At any time in Michigan, you are never more than 10 kilometers from a waterfront.
15:49 In addition, you will be less than 137 kilometers from one of the Great Lakes.
15:54 One of the most popular hobbies of our time, 3D movies,
15:58 dates back to September 27, 1922.
16:02 It was at this date that the first film of this genre was screened.
16:06 It was called "The Power of Love"
16:08 and a privileged audience attended it in the projection room of the Los Angeles Ambassador Hotel.
16:13 Oh, it looks so realistic!
16:15 It's breakfast time and you cut an egg.
16:18 You realize that it is green inside.
16:20 It looks disgusting!
16:22 Well, it looks like you cooked it too long.
16:25 The color of the egg is produced because of the thin layer of sulfur in the white and iron in the yellow.
16:30 Although the mixture of these substances usually gives black,
16:33 the layer here is so thin that when it is mixed with the yolk of the egg, you get green.
16:37 But don't be afraid of these strange greenish eggs, they are quite clean to the consumption.
16:42 When you pose for a photo, it is normal to say "Wistiti" today,
16:46 because your smile is perfect.
16:48 But in the 19th century, it was different.
16:51 Photographers asked their photos to say "prune" instead.
16:54 They wanted a serious expression with a mouth called "chicken butt".
16:58 It was then considered the right way to pose for a photograph.
17:02 Strawberries are not considered as berries, but rather as "false fruit",
17:06 and even "multiple fruit".
17:09 What we believe is that these tiny brown or white things on their surface are seeds,
17:14 but they are actually individual fruits attached to the flesh of the strawberry.
17:17 But how could they make this mistake so long ago?
17:20 Well, it all started a hundred years ago, when the fruit was named for the first time.
17:25 It was long before botanists came to help to rectify things.
17:30 Science fiction films were often inspired by real space exploration.
17:35 But there is one thing that NASA has put in place according to a science fiction film.
17:39 This film from 1929, "The Woman on the Moon", introduced a countdown,
17:44 and the suspense was great.
17:46 NASA found it useful and started using it in 1969.
17:50 Not only does it make the moment even more exciting, but it's also very practical.
17:54 This allows the huge teams working on each launch to be perfectly synchronized until the last second.
18:00 Here is some information that will make you look at the beautiful juicy apples differently
18:04 the next time you go to the supermarket.
18:06 Usually harvested between August and November, our apples are immediately covered with wax,
18:11 then dried in the hot air, and then sent to the cold room.
18:15 Before arriving at the supermarket, all sparkling, they were stored for 6 to 12 months.
18:21 I bet you won't make it. Try to run around while stuffing your nose.
18:26 You can't hear anything, can you?
18:28 If the air doesn't come out, no sound can come out either.
18:33 The largest national park in the world, in Greenland, occupies an area of 970,000 square kilometers,
18:39 twice the size of California.
18:44 And although it's huge, it only has 40 permanent residents,
18:48 making it one of the most isolated places on the planet.
18:52 You have a bad breath?
18:54 Usually people use chewing gums to solve this problem, but other things are just as effective.
18:59 Cucumber, for example, is an excellent natural solution, and even better.
19:03 Its action is similar to that of chewing gums. It stimulates saliva production.
19:06 But what differentiates it from other odor eliminators is its water retention.
19:10 Removing pieces of food stuck between your teeth also avoids mouth dryness.
19:15 You might think that the Z is the last letter to be added to the alphabet.
19:21 But in fact, it's the J.
19:23 A long time ago, in 1524, an Italian grammarian was looking for a way to separate the letters I and J.
19:31 Together, they formed a vowel.
19:33 And the J was then used as a consonant that sounded like a Y.
19:37 It was only in 1633 that an English grammarian explained the correct use of the J.
19:43 And it was added to the alphabet instead of the one it is used today.
19:46 The first vacuum cleaner was invented in 1901, the size of a camper van.
19:52 It took four people to operate it.
19:54 A gasoline engine provided energy, but it also needed a horse to make it move.
19:59 I imagine that in the end, it was mainly used to clean what the horse left behind.
20:04 But we didn't have to wait long to see easier ways to clean the house.
20:08 Because it was in 1910 that the first hand vacuum cleaner was invented.
20:11 Have you ever been told that you sweat like a pig?
20:13 Don't overdo it.
20:15 It's more of a compliment.
20:17 Because pigs don't sweat.
20:19 Pigs are born bloody, sudoriparous.
20:21 And the only way for them to cool down a bit is to find a nice puddle of water, or even better, mud.
20:26 Umbrellas were invented about 4000 years ago.
20:29 And according to the etiquette of the time, only women could use them.
20:32 Their initial function was to protect our eyes from the sun.
20:35 But it was also a fashion accessory.
20:37 It was only in the middle of the 18th century that men used it, and that the modern and waterproof version that we know today was made.
20:46 More importantly, the very first dog umbrella was invented in 1965.
20:50 Dentists can be very strict about the sweets you eat.
20:56 You will probably be surprised to learn that the bearded dad was invented by a dentist.
21:01 John C. Wharton, a dentist and confidant of his state, wanted to be able to offer his clients a treat after each visit.
21:07 Hmm, maybe it was to make sure that he would come back often.
21:11 If we could build a highway to space and adjust the effects of gravity,
21:19 it would only take you an hour to cross the atmosphere by driving at 100 km/h.
21:24 A project for you, perhaps, Elon Musk?
21:27 What is the weight of a cloud?
21:30 It may seem very light to us. After all, we see them floating in the sky.
21:34 But a cloud can weigh up to 450 tons.
21:38 If they can float above us, it is because the air is lighter up there and less dense down there.
21:44 It's the same as when you see oil floating on the surface of a mass of water.
21:48 Do you think you're floating because you're bored or you're tired?
21:51 Well, know that it's a myth.
21:53 If you float more often at the end of the day, it's simply to stay more alert.
21:58 By breathing fresh air and stretching your muscles, your body refreshes your brain.
22:03 Researchers have even been able to identify the size of the brain of different species of animals
22:07 depending on their growth.
22:09 The bigger the brain, the longer the growth.
22:11 So, how long do you grow?
22:14 Playing video games regularly increases your gray matter, dear gamer.
22:18 This stimulates the connectivity of your brain,
22:21 and this is thanks to muscle control, memory use, perception and spatial orientation.
22:25 An experiment conducted in a New York medical center
22:28 revealed that surgeons who regularly played video games
22:31 made 37% less mistakes and operated 27% faster than non-gamers.
22:37 Have you ever dreamed of being a little bit taller?
22:41 Well, put on your space suit.
22:43 The human body grows by about 3% in space.
22:46 On Earth, our spine is compressed by gravity.
22:50 But in weightlessness, decompression allows the vertebral discs to expand,
22:54 which allows the spine to lengthen.
22:56 Cows do not know when to sleep when they are standing up,
23:01 but they can still take a nap.
23:03 It is an evolutionary feature that allows their ancestors to avoid predators.
23:06 They crouch down to escape quickly if a danger approaches.
23:10 But they only sleep when they are lying down.
23:13 They only need 4 hours of sleep to fill up their energy for the next day.
23:17 Women have more taste buds than men,
23:21 and 35% of women are considered super-tasters.
23:24 Only 15% of men are.
23:26 So it's no surprise that more women like to have pineapple on their pizza.
23:30 Don't get angry if you don't agree.
23:32 During your sleep, you are unable to sleep forever.
23:36 It seems unbelievable, especially when you are drunk.
23:40 But while your body is resting,
23:42 the nerves that allow you to sleep forever are also resting.
23:45 When you sleep, your brain ignores the irritating sensations
23:48 and the distractions that make you feel tired during the day.
23:51 In the past, our year of the cow ended in February.
23:55 The reason is that it is the last month that we added to the calendar.
23:59 In the past, a year of the cow only lasted 304 days.
24:03 So there was still a little room for a new month.
24:06 It was Julius Caesar who reformed the calendar in 46 BC.
24:11 Previously, our calendar was based on the moon.
24:15 But Julius Caesar saw a problem there,
24:17 because it did not correspond to the seasons.
24:19 He therefore hired an astronomer
24:21 who created a calendar based on the sun.
24:24 Alexander the Great,
24:26 one of the most famous characters in ancient history,
24:29 was apparently a big fan of a summer snack
24:32 that many people still enjoy today.
24:34 Marco Polo, the Italian explorer and writer,
24:38 would have brought from Asia a recipe resembling a sorbet,
24:41 an ice cream dessert made by mixing sweet water
24:45 with different types of aromas.
24:47 This dessert, which was later named "Ice Cream",
24:50 was a frequent snack at Charles I's court in England in the 17th century.
24:55 In France, it was Catherine of Medici
24:58 who introduced the ice cream dessert so much appreciated.
25:01 Shortly after her marriage to Henri II,
25:03 the ice cream became accessible to the general public
25:06 around the 1660s,
25:08 when a Sicilian mixed milk, cream, butter and eggs
25:12 was introduced to the Procope Café, the first known café in Paris.
25:16 Thomas Jefferson himself had a favorite recipe
25:19 for making the ice cream,
25:21 which required no less than 18 steps.
25:24 Ice cream has become so important in popular culture
25:27 that it even quickly had its own laws and regulations
25:30 to ensure that it is always produced according to certain standards of quality.
25:34 But all the ice cream desserts you see on the market
25:37 are not actually ice cream
25:39 To be marketed under this name,
25:41 the ice cream dessert must contain a minimum of 10% of dairy-free fat
25:45 and must not weigh less than 0.5 kg per liter.
25:49 The real ice cream should not be too soft.
25:53 In technical terms,
25:54 this means that it should not have more than 100% overflow.
25:58 To obtain this specific texture that we have all learned to know and love,
26:03 the base of the ice cream must be sufficiently whipped,
26:06 but only to a certain degree.
26:08 More precisely, for each liter of ice cream base,
26:11 the finished products should not exceed 2 liters after whipping.
26:15 Your favorite summer dessert can still be divided into many other subcategories,
26:20 such as reduced-fat, light-fat or fat-free ice cream,
26:27 depending on the percentage of the latter.
26:30 To have a precise idea of what you order each time,
26:33 it is preferable to look at the nutritional information of each product.
26:37 An interesting type of ice cream dessert is gelato.
26:41 Although it literally translates as "ice cream" in Italian,
26:44 there are differences between gelato and ice cream.
26:48 Again, depending on the regulations on the fat content of the milk.
26:52 Gelato normally contains less than ice cream should officially contain,
26:56 but as it has a low overflow of about 20 to 30%,
27:00 the final result is still dense and rich in texture.
27:03 However, Italians also mention that gelato should not have less than 3.5% fat.
27:09 And as if that were not complicated enough,
27:11 the French also bring their own touch to desserts.
27:14 The French ice cream, paradoxically known as frozen English cream,
27:18 should also contain, in addition to standard ingredients,
27:21 eggs added to the mixture with no less than 1.4% egg yolk.
27:26 Many other foods have also been miscategorized,
27:29 such as raspberries, which are actually part of the family of roses,
27:33 just like cherries, apricots, plums, pears, apples, peaches or walnuts.
27:38 Yes, they have been classified in this category because of their flowers.
27:42 They bloom in five equal petals, arranged around a central nucleus.
27:46 Bananas are considered to be berries,
27:49 while strawberries are not, since they belong to the same family as roses.
27:53 We share about 50% of our DNA with bananas,
27:57 which explains why bananas and some seductive people
28:00 can have so many attractive powers.
28:03 Wow! Another common idea?
28:05 White chocolate is not really chocolate,
28:07 since it does not contain solid chocolate.
28:10 It is made only from a mixture of sugar,
28:13 dairy products, vanilla, lecithin and cocoa butter.
28:17 It is not without reason that parents around the world
28:19 try to feed their children with broccoli.
28:22 At equal calories, it turns out that broccoli contains
28:24 almost as much protein as a steak.
28:27 I am not sure that parents really know this,
28:29 but since it has a low fat content,
28:31 broccoli has many other health benefits,
28:35 unlike meat, which is now considered
28:37 to be the essential companion of fries.
28:40 But at one time, ketchup was considered to have healing properties.
28:45 In the 1800s, a doctor based in Ohio
28:48 indicated that tomatoes could help to treat digestive problems,
28:52 publishing a formula similar to ketchup,
28:54 which was then adapted into pills.
28:56 Do you want a pill with your fries?
28:58 Speaking of fries, it turns out that this filling,
29:01 one of the most popular in the world, is not actually French.
29:04 Potatoes served this way are native to Belgium,
29:08 but they are called French fries,
29:10 in English because of the way they are cut,
29:13 and perhaps also because the name "choux" in Brussels
29:15 was already used.
29:17 There is probably a pot of peanut butter
29:19 somewhere in your closet,
29:21 but you probably don't know how much
29:23 Americans love it.
29:25 Studies have shown that Americans
29:27 eat enough peanut butter
29:29 to cover the soil of the Grand Canyon every year.
29:32 To be a little more precise,
29:33 this represents about 227 million kilos.
29:36 The pink color of salmon is not always 100% natural.
29:40 Wild salmon is pink because of the large amount
29:43 of shrimp it eats natively.
29:45 Breeding salmon, on the other hand,
29:47 is generally white,
29:49 so breeders have to add plant-based pigments
29:52 to get this light pink hue.
29:54 Carrots were not originally orange either.
29:56 The living hue we know today
29:58 comes from a genetic mutation
30:00 of the well-known vegetable
30:02 that occurred at one point in the 16th century.
30:05 Originally, carrots were white or purple.
30:07 Just like you add ketchup to your fries,
30:10 it is very likely that you are a wasabi hazelnut
30:13 with each plate of sushi.
30:15 In reality, it would certainly be strong raw.
30:18 The Japanese alternative to strong raw
30:20 is very expensive.
30:21 That's why 99% of restaurants
30:23 serve ordinary strong raw.
30:25 You may see them packaged together in the supermarket,
30:28 but red, green and yellow peppers
30:30 are not actually the same vegetable.
30:32 You would need different types of seeds
30:34 to be able to grow them individually,
30:36 because they each belong to a type of plant.
30:39 Did you know that a hazelnut out of four
30:41 ends up in a Nutella jar?
30:43 Creamy spread is so popular
30:45 that scientists are looking for ways
30:47 to grow hazelnuts in laboratories
30:50 to counter global poverty.
30:52 Of course, there is an expiration date
30:54 for each bottle of water,
30:56 but the water doesn't really expire.
30:58 The mentioned date actually concerns the bottle itself,
31:01 because plastic can possibly
31:03 let harmful substances escape in the water.
31:06 Have you ever wondered why the food
31:08 on airplanes is sometimes bland?
31:10 The cook may not always be to blame.
31:13 The altitude at which you fly
31:15 can have an impact on your body's chemistry,
31:17 which makes you feel differently
31:19 about the taste of food.
31:21 You may have added it to a salad at least once,
31:24 but you may be surprised to learn
31:26 that cilantro and coriander are not the same thing.
31:29 Coriander is the name given to dried seeds,
31:32 while leaves and stems are called cilantro.
31:35 For all fruit lovers,
31:37 scientists have created a fruit salad tree.
31:39 Yes, a tree that can grow
31:41 different types of fruit at the same time.
31:43 It was developed in Australia
31:45 and can support up to six different types of fruit.
31:48 There is a variety of core fruits,
31:50 including peaches, plums, nectarines, and apricots,
31:53 and a variety of herbs,
31:55 for those who prefer lemons, mandarins, oranges,
31:58 or even pomegranates and pampas.
32:01 You probably avoid it because it can give you bad breath,
32:04 but garlic is considered
32:06 one of the richest food in nutrients.
32:08 A single clove can contain 2%
32:10 of your recommended daily intake of vitamin B6.
32:13 Studies have shown that the chemical substance
32:16 that gives garlic its distinctive flavor,
32:18 called allicin, is good for your health.
32:21 The only food that never goes to waste
32:24 when stored properly is honey,
32:26 or at least the only one we've discovered so far.
32:29 It's because it contains a lot of sugar
32:31 and has a low moisture content.
32:34 An enzyme created by bees also helps with this,
32:37 because it can suppress any bacterial growth.
32:40 Of course, if you store your honey in a bad way
32:43 and expose it to additional moisture,
32:45 it can get damaged.
32:47 But honey that is sealed and stored properly
32:49 technically has no expiration date.
32:51 If you're a beginner in the kitchen,
32:53 you'll probably be happy to know
32:55 that mushrooms can't be overcooked,
32:57 because they contain a polymer called chitin.
33:00 This chemical product allows them to stay tender
33:03 even if you cook them for a few minutes to an hour.
33:06 By the way, don't hesitate to add a little butter and garlic.
33:09 A chip is much faster than you think.
33:13 It can accelerate even faster than the American space shuttle.
33:16 A jumping chip can reach dizzying heights
33:19 of up to 10 centimeters in just one millisecond,
33:22 which is incredibly fast.
33:24 Acceleration is the term that defines
33:26 the change in speed of an object
33:28 over a given period.
33:30 It's measured in g.
33:32 The gravity on Earth creates an acceleration of 1 g,
33:36 or 9.8 meters per second squared.
33:39 The American space shuttle accelerates at about 5 g,
33:43 but when the chips jump,
33:45 they accelerate at 100 g.
33:47 If the difference is so huge,
33:49 it's because the chip's body contains
33:51 a certain type of elastic protein similar to rubber.
33:54 This allows the insect to store and release energy
33:57 when it needs it most.
33:59 Do you remember those little yellow plastic bumps
34:02 you can see on the side of the station's platforms?
34:05 We officially call them podotactile surfaces.
34:08 They may not look that big,
34:10 but you need a whole team to install them.
34:13 First, they have to remove the old yellow line from the platform.
34:17 Then, they temporarily drill a steel rule in place.
34:20 This helps the workers know where they have to drill the holes.
34:24 They have to have a special drilling device
34:27 to create the holes with the appropriate spacing.
34:30 Once they've finished all the holes,
34:32 a grid of curious shapes appears on the ground.
34:35 Then, the workers start to push plastic chips in one by one.
34:39 These bumps are part of the warning surface on the platform's edge.
34:43 Their goal is to warn the blind
34:45 that they have come too close to the edge of a station platform.
34:49 The powder has an incredibly high temperature
34:52 of about 27,760 degrees Celsius,
34:55 which is five times hotter than the sun's surface.
34:58 In general, it hits more than 8 million times a day
35:01 around the world,
35:02 which is about 93 lightning strikes per second.
35:06 Despite the ideas received,
35:08 it's possible that the powder hits twice in the same place.
35:11 It also tends to hit isolated, high and pointed objects.
35:15 For example, the Empire State Building is hit up to 100 times a year.
35:20 Are you one of those people who associate the smell of citrus trees with cleanliness?
35:24 That's because in the past,
35:26 people often used lemons to clean their homes.
35:29 Their juice contains citric acid, which dissolves limestone
35:32 and helps give a new shine to objects like cast iron pans.
35:36 That's why people extracted lemon oil from zests
35:39 and used it in wood wax.
35:41 Even after the emergence of commercial detergents and cleansing creams,
35:45 people still preferred to add lemon oil
35:47 because of its pleasant scent.
35:49 Boeing uses potatoes
35:51 to improve its flight Wi-Fi system.
35:54 You can't have people sit for days
35:56 to test new Wi-Fi systems.
35:58 But they still need something
36:00 that can imitate the conditions of passengers on a flight.
36:03 So why not take potatoes?
36:05 It's a perfect choice because,
36:07 due to their water content and chemical composition,
36:09 these vegetables absorb and reflect radio waves signals
36:12 in the same way as our body.
36:14 You may see water lilies
36:16 as pretty delicate things
36:18 floating peacefully on the surface of the water.
36:21 It's hard to believe that a leaf of this kind
36:23 can support a weight of 32 kilos.
36:26 That's the weight of a big dog,
36:28 like the shepherd Bergamasque or the Bouvier-Bernois.
36:31 But if you want a water lily to support this weight,
36:34 you have to spread it evenly on the surface of the leaf.
36:37 For example, by placing a sheet of plywood on the water lily.
36:41 Even a single T-Rex can seem pretty scary, right?
36:45 Imagine now 2.5 billion of these ferocious king dinosaurs
36:49 wandering in different parts of the Earth.
36:51 Scientists think that's the total number of T-Rexes
36:54 that probably traveled our planet in the past.
36:57 But not all of them existed at the same time.
36:59 There were more than 127,000 generations of these dinosaurs
37:02 over a few million years.
37:04 That's pretty scary.
37:06 The Moon is very far from us.
37:08 Mars, Saturn and Jupiter are even further away.
37:11 The solar system is huge.
37:13 Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is even bigger.
37:16 And don't forget that there are many other galaxies
37:19 that we will probably never find,
37:21 even if scientists keep discovering new space objects.
37:24 But only 5% of the Universe is visible.
37:27 This visible part includes planets, moons, stars, galaxies
37:32 and other space bodies.
37:34 We can't see the rest of the Universe
37:36 and we have no idea what it might look like.
37:39 This part of the Universe, more than 70%,
37:41 is made up of dark energy.
37:43 Dark matter is 25% of it,
37:46 but it's something people can't detect.
37:49 Dark matter doesn't interact with ordinary matter.
37:52 It's also invisible and doesn't emit light
37:54 or any form of electromagnetic radiation.
37:57 But scientists think it exists
37:59 because of some unusual gravitational effects
38:02 that galaxies and galaxy clusters know about.
38:05 For example, according to the laws of physics,
38:07 stars orbiting a rotating spiral galaxy
38:10 are supposed to rotate much slower
38:12 than those close to the center of the latter.
38:15 The center of a galaxy is a place
38:17 where the largest amount of visible matter is concentrated.
38:20 But stars travel at about the same speed,
38:23 regardless of their position in the galactic disk.
38:26 And this makes perfect sense
38:28 if we assume that stars orbiting a galaxy
38:31 are under the gravitational effect of an invisible mass.
38:35 This mass could be hidden in a halo
38:37 that surrounds the galaxy.
38:39 Did you know that people can produce venom?
38:41 Well, obviously, not for the moment.
38:43 But technically, it's something humans could do.
38:46 All reptiles and mammals are able to do it.
38:49 We see this ability in creatures
38:52 like snakes, spiders, or lorillas,
38:55 which are the only venomous primates we know of.
38:58 Biologists have discovered a common genetic past
39:01 between venom and saliva,
39:03 which means that venomous reptiles and mammals
39:06 have a distant common ancestor.
39:08 Salivary glands are like empty bowls,
39:11 while the venomous glands are the same bowls filled with venom.
39:14 We don't lack any special mechanisms or genes.
39:17 We don't have any special protein
39:19 that could help us fill these bowls.
39:21 This means that anything that has salivary glands
39:24 can potentially become venomous,
39:26 from mouse to human.
39:28 There's a reason why we all love the smell of rain.
39:32 This smell has a special name,
39:34 petrichor.
39:36 Water doesn't have a particular smell,
39:38 but when it rains, the air is filled with a pleasant aroma.
39:41 This happens thanks to special molecules
39:44 created by bacteria living in the soil,
39:46 geosmin.
39:47 So you look outside and you notice that it's raining.
39:50 At that moment, small air pockets are formed.
39:53 They contain tiny amounts of these molecules.
39:56 The rain first traps these air pockets,
39:58 then releases them.
40:00 By doing so, it sends these molecules into the air.
40:03 They spread everywhere,
40:05 and produce this characteristic smell of rain.
40:08 By the way, rain is not always made up of droplets of water.
40:11 It can also rain fish, frogs,
40:13 or other strange objects
40:15 that we wouldn't expect to see falling from the sky.
40:17 This kind of case is rare,
40:19 but it happens, especially during powerful storms.
40:22 The tornadoes' winds can be so powerful
40:24 that they propel objects and animals into the air.
40:27 After a while, they all have to go down again.
40:30 A small Australian town reported
40:32 that hundreds of fish fell from the sky in 2010.
40:35 There are planets where rain is not regular either.
40:39 On Venus, as well as on other planets and moons,
40:42 rain is made up of methane and sulfuric acid.
40:45 There is even a planet 5,000 light years away from us
40:49 where rain drops are made of iron.
40:51 At the deepest points of Uranus, Saturn and Neptune,
40:54 it could rain diamonds.
40:57 It's hard to prove,
40:59 because the outer planets of our solar system are very hard to study.
41:02 But scientists suppose that extreme pressure on these planets
41:05 could crystallize carbon atoms,
41:07 thus transforming them into diamonds.
41:09 They even think that 1 million kilos of diamonds
41:12 would form on Saturn every year.
41:15 There is a small town in Norway,
41:17 located north of the polar circle.
41:19 There, the sun does not set at all between May 18 and July 26.
41:24 That's why the inhabitants of this place want to eliminate all notion of time.
41:28 During this period, it is always day outside,
41:31 and people act accordingly.
41:33 If you go there and you walk in the middle of the night,
41:36 let's say at 2 am,
41:38 you can see people playing football,
41:40 sunbathing, painting their house or bathing.
41:42 Normal, what!
41:44 Man uses only a small percentage of the total amount of water
41:47 on our planet.
41:49 It is true that about 71% of the Earth's surface is covered with water,
41:53 but we can only use 0.3% of this water.
41:56 The rest is in the ice caps, glaciers, oceans,
41:59 the ground or floats in the atmosphere of the planet.
42:02 Which means that it is not accessible to us.