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Transcript

00:00:00The Moon is the second brightest object in our sky, and yet, among the other celestial bodies, it is one of the least bright and least reflective.

00:00:18Our natural satellite looks bright only because it is close to Earth.

00:00:23As a comparison, our planet looks much brighter when you look at it from space.

00:00:29It is because of the clouds, the ice and the snow that reflect much more light than most types of rocks.

00:00:35Triton, the moon of Neptune, has its entire surface covered with several layers of ice.

00:00:40If this satellite replaced our current moon, the night sky would be seven times brighter.

00:00:45The closer the moon is to the horizon, the bigger it looks.

00:00:49This phenomenon is called the lunar illusion.

00:00:53One of the theories that explains this states that the atmosphere acts as a magnifying lens, which makes the moon look bigger.

00:01:00In fact, if the atmosphere had something to say, the moon would look smaller, probably not bigger.

00:01:06Most experts believe that the illusion is created by our own mind.

00:01:10It can increase the size of the moon by more than double.

00:01:13When the Earth's satellite is high enough in the sky, you don't have a visual reference to indicate its distance.

00:01:18But when it is close to the horizon, you can see objects around it in detail.

00:01:22This gives the impression that the moon is bigger.

00:01:25But this is just one of the many theories explaining the phenomenon.

00:01:28Besides, you can have fun checking this illusion if you lean back and look at the moon upside down through your legs.

00:01:35Two or three years ago, an asteroid was projected into the Earth's orbit and began to travel around the planet.

00:01:42Even if it is not bigger than a standard car, it is still something.

00:01:47Among the more than a million asteroids that astronomers have sensed, only the second has orbited around our planet.

00:01:54Called 2020 CD3, it is our temporary mini-moon.

00:01:58It will not be with us for long, that said.

00:02:00The asteroid follows a random orbit and drifts slowly.

00:02:04Temporary objects, like 2020 CD3, are rare.

00:02:09They must have a trajectory and a specific speed to be captured by the Earth's gravitational force.

00:02:15Otherwise, they land and explode against another planet or drift in another direction.

00:02:21The transitory lunar phenomenon is one of the most enigmatic things to happen on the Moon.

00:02:26It is a very quick change of light, color or another element on the surface of our satellite.

00:02:31Very commonly, these are random light flashes.

00:02:35Astronomers have observed this phenomenon since the 1950s.

00:02:39They noticed that the flashes happened by chance.

00:02:42Sometimes they can take place several times a week.

00:02:45Then they disappear for several months.

00:02:47Some of them do not last more than a few minutes.

00:02:50But others lasted hours.

00:02:52In 1969, one day before the launch of Apollo 11,

00:02:55one of the participants in the mission noticed that part of the natural satellite was more illuminated than the surrounding landscape.

00:03:02It would have been said that this area had a kind of fluorescent light.

00:03:05Unfortunately, we can not say if this phenomenon had a link with the mysterious lunar flashes.

00:03:11It could be that lunar craters contain more metals, such as titanium or iron, than astronomers thought.

00:03:17The major problem that this causes?

00:03:19This contradicts the main theory on the formation of the Moon.

00:03:23It wants the Earth's natural satellite to be actually from our planet

00:03:28after it has collided with a giant space object.

00:03:31But then, why does the Earth's crust, poor in metal, has much less iron oxide than the lunar crust?

00:03:38This may mean that the Moon was formed from a material that finds its source much deeper in our planet.

00:03:44Or these metals may have appeared when the lunar surface melted and cooled down, little by little.

00:03:50The gravity of the Moon is about 17% of the Earth's gravity.

00:03:55If you weighed 90 kilos on your home planet, on the Moon your weight would be brought back to about 15 kilos.

00:04:01You could also carry objects 6 times heavier than what you could carry on Earth.

00:04:06It would also be easier to walk on the surface of the Moon.

00:04:09But it would also be more dangerous.

00:04:11Your feet, in a heavy astronaut costume, would sink 15 centimeters into the lunar soil.

00:04:15But let's imagine that you decide to float in the air.

00:04:18You would then lose control of your jumps in a blink of an eye.

00:04:21Besides, the surface of the Moon is full of deep craters.

00:04:24It would be very difficult to avoid them all.

00:04:27Not so long ago, astronomers discovered a massive liquid stretch of a mysterious substance.

00:04:33It was hidden under the surface of the dark side of the Moon.

00:04:37Its mass was the same as that of a pile of metals 5 times larger than the Great Island of Hawaii.

00:04:42This enigmatic element is located about 322 kilometers below a huge crater

00:04:47that appeared on the lunar surface billions of years ago.

00:04:51The drop certainly has something to do with a super collision.

00:04:55It may be the metallic core of the object that hit the Moon at that time.

00:05:00Scientists are eager to make their discovery.

00:05:03This would explain many things about the South Pole Hayden Basin,

00:05:06the largest crater known to the Solar System.

00:05:09If it were on Earth, this oval-shaped basin would stretch from Washington DC to Texas.

00:05:16There is no air on the Earth's natural satellite.

00:05:19But then, how can it rust?

00:05:21Scientists have discovered the presence of hematite on the Moon.

00:05:25And it's a kind of rust.

00:05:27A NASA special research instrument examined the light reflected on the surface of the Moon.

00:05:33It turns out that the composition of the poles of the satellite was very different from the rest.

00:05:38The surface of the Moon is equipped with rocks rich in iron.

00:05:41But without oxygen or liquid, rust cannot appear.

00:05:44Solar winds have come to add to the mystery.

00:05:47They bombed the hydrogen moon.

00:05:49And hydrogen makes the formation of hematite even more difficult.

00:05:53But even if the Moon has no atmosphere, it still has traces of oxygen.

00:05:57Its source is the upper layer of our atmosphere.

00:06:00The Earth also protects the Moon from about 100% of solar winds.

00:06:03Even if it's not all the time.

00:06:05And even if our natural satellite was born dry,

00:06:08there may be frozen water in the shaded craters of its other facet.

00:06:12The Moon is not a perfect sphere.

00:06:14It is in the shape of an egg.

00:06:16In addition, the central mass of the satellite is offset by just over 1.6 km from its geometric center.

00:06:22The Earth and the Moon gradually orient themselves in different directions.

00:06:26As slowly as our nails grow.

00:06:28It is the reverse of the medal of the gravitational force of the satellite.

00:06:32The Moon creates tides in the oceans of the Earth.

00:06:35It repels the Moon.

00:06:37In return, it makes it move towards a higher orbit.

00:06:40In prehistoric times, the Moon was much closer to our planet than it is today.

00:06:46Fortunately, we are not going to lose the Moon.

00:06:49The further it goes, the more its gravitational force weakens.

00:06:52This means that soon our planet will no longer repel the Moon with such force.

00:06:57There is very little activity inside the Moon.

00:07:00In addition, there is almost no atmosphere around.

00:07:02This is why scientists can trace the impact of craters on the surface several billion years ago.

00:07:08By giving age to these craters,

00:07:10astronomers have discovered that the Moon, as well as our planet,

00:07:13had experienced a large late bombardment about 4 billion years ago.

00:07:17This event is also known as the lunar cataclysm.

00:07:20This interval lasted several hundred million years.

00:07:23At that time, an incredibly high number of asteroids

00:07:26collided with the Earth, Mercury, Mars and Venus.

00:07:30There may be a maze of lava tunnels on the Moon.

00:07:33Not so long ago, astronomers received the results of an underground lunar topography.

00:07:37They discovered a massive cave under the surface of the satellite.

00:07:41About 48 km long and 96 km wide,

00:07:44the cave could well be the result of a volcanic activity dating back 3 billion years.

00:07:49After the lava flows hardened,

00:07:51they created a thick and solid crust outside.

00:07:54But inside, the lava continued to flow,

00:07:57melting the rock and creating tunnels and caves.

00:08:01A good number of holes discovered on the surface of the Moon by NASA

00:08:04could be the openings of lava tunnels.

00:08:07The orbit of the Moon around the Earth does not form a circle.

00:08:10It is oval.

00:08:12This is why the distance between our planet and the satellite

00:08:16varies from a distance of 362,000 km to more than 402,000 km.

00:08:21There is a very slight seismic activity inside the Moon.

00:08:24However, the mini-moon quakes,

00:08:26caused by the gravitational force of our planet,

00:08:29sometimes take place several kilometers below its surface.

00:08:32Then, small cracks and fractures appear on the crust,

00:08:35and gases escape.

00:08:39Our planet has experienced 5 massive extinctions.

00:08:42One of them was so devastating

00:08:44that it destroyed more than 95% of life forms on Earth.

00:08:48And scientists think they have found the culprit.

00:08:51The volcanoes.

00:08:53By analyzing ancient rocks from a dozen sites around the world,

00:08:58they discovered high levels of mercury,

00:09:00released by volcanoes millions of years ago.

00:09:03This suggests that volcanic eruptions

00:09:05are probably the cause of the extinction of Permian-Trias.

00:09:09Mercury was not only in the rocks,

00:09:11but also in the atmosphere.

00:09:13This means that when the volcanoes erupted,

00:09:16they released this toxic gas into the air.

00:09:19They spat out about 3 million cubic kilometers of ash,

00:09:22much more than the famous eruption of Mount St. Helens.

00:09:26The gas left a mark on one of the most significant disasters in history,

00:09:30and prepared the ground for the era of dinosaurs.

00:09:33These eruptions also probably released mercury

00:09:36by inflating vast deposits of coal.

00:09:39The shallower waters revealed mercury peaks

00:09:42just on the main horizon of the extinction.

00:09:45While the deeper sections recorded peaks

00:09:48several tens of thousands of years ago.

00:09:51This could mean that the effects of volcanic activity

00:09:54and the extinction it caused

00:09:56varied according to the different oceanic depths.

00:09:59This also means that this extinction was prolonged and complex.

00:10:03It not only resulted from a major climate warming at the time,

00:10:06but also caused other harmful effects,

00:10:09such as acid rains,

00:10:10aggravating the situation for plants and animals.

00:10:13Although few traces of Permian have survived to this day,

00:10:16we can get an idea of what the world looked like at that time

00:10:20thanks to the fossils discovered in eastern Kansas.

00:10:23252 million years ago,

00:10:25the earth was in full abundance.

00:10:27Terrestrial continents gathered to form the supercontinent Pangaea.

00:10:31The earth was mainly arid,

00:10:33resembling an austere desert

00:10:35with vast rocky expanses

00:10:37and few water sources.

00:10:39The climate alternated between hot summers

00:10:41and icy winters.

00:10:43Some plants, mainly conifers,

00:10:45giant ferns and primitive mosses

00:10:48grew in areas with a little water.

00:10:51The earth was dominated by creatures similar to dinosaurs,

00:10:55such as pelicosaurs and therapsids,

00:10:57often called mammalian reptiles.

00:11:00The formidable Dimetrodon,

00:11:02with its remarkable veiled dorsal fin,

00:11:05was also one of the main predators of the time.

00:11:08Small reptiles and amphibians also populated the landscape,

00:11:11alongside emerging insects such as beetles and dragonflies,

00:11:14which thrived in this dry environment.

00:11:17But the most interesting events

00:11:19took place mainly in shallow tropical seas.

00:11:23The marine environments were then full of life,

00:11:26rich in coral reefs,

00:11:29a quantity of molluscs called brachiopods,

00:11:32bryozoares and large unicellular fusilinidae,

00:11:35resembling small forms covered in moss.

00:11:39Ammonites, small and fascinating,

00:11:41were also widespread,

00:11:43evolving alongside brachiopods,

00:11:45bonefish and sharks.

00:11:47Trilobites,

00:11:49ancient marine organisms,

00:11:51which lived for the first time 500 million years ago

00:11:53during the Cambrian period,

00:11:55persisted until the Permian period.

00:11:57They were highly diversified,

00:11:59ranging from active predators to carnivores,

00:12:01as well as plankton eaters.

00:12:03However, almost all these magnificent creatures

00:12:06would be brought to extinction

00:12:08during the extinction of the Permian-Trias.

00:12:10It proved to be truly pitiful.

00:12:13More than two-thirds of amphibian and reptile species

00:12:16disappeared,

00:12:17and almost one-third of all insect species were destroyed.

00:12:21Usually, insects are among the most resilient survivors,

00:12:25which illustrates the extent of this event.

00:12:27Among these missing animals

00:12:29was the terrifying Meganeuropsis,

00:12:31a giant dragonfly

00:12:33with a width of nearly 80 cm,

00:12:35which lived in the center of Kansas near Elmo.

00:12:39The place is famous for its rich collection

00:12:41of Permian insect fossils,

00:12:43including crickets and ancient slugs.

00:12:46For a while,

00:12:47the exact cause of this event

00:12:49remained mysterious.

00:12:51Theories allude to the impact

00:12:53of a huge asteroid

00:12:55on natural pollutants

00:12:56depriving the oceans of oxygen,

00:12:58as well as dust clouds

00:13:00from colossal volcanic eruptions

00:13:02that would have masked the sun

00:13:04and cooled the planet.

00:13:05There was evidence

00:13:07supporting each of these scenarios.

00:13:09However, a recent discovery

00:13:11seems to favor volcanoes.

00:13:14It is also possible

00:13:15that the cause of this extinction

00:13:17is not limited to volcanoes.

00:13:19Researchers funded by NASA

00:13:21have recently discovered

00:13:22what could be the digital footprints

00:13:24of this former leader,

00:13:26or at least one of his accomplices.

00:13:28Studying rocks from all over the world,

00:13:30they found clues suggesting

00:13:31that a massive impact of asteroids

00:13:33could also be involved.

00:13:35They discovered unusual molecules

00:13:37in the form of rugby balls,

00:13:39called fullerenes.

00:13:41These molecules contain rare gases,

00:13:43generally of extraterrestrial origin,

00:13:45suggesting that a huge asteroid,

00:13:47perhaps as large as Mount Everest,

00:13:49would have crashed on Earth,

00:13:50contributing to the extinction.

00:13:52It seems that a series of catastrophic events

00:13:54have occurred.

00:13:56Volcanoes have spat out

00:13:57huge amounts of lava and gas,

00:13:59thus altering the climate.

00:14:01The formation of the Pangea

00:14:02disturbed the meteorological

00:14:03and oceanic patterns.

00:14:05And an asteroid

00:14:06also hit the Earth.

00:14:08Fortunately for us,

00:14:09nature is extremely tenacious

00:14:11and always finds a way to be reborn,

00:14:13proving the adaptability of our planet.

00:14:17It is interesting to note

00:14:18that this was not an isolated event.

00:14:20The extinction of the Pangea

00:14:22about 360 million years ago

00:14:25is also linked to volcanic activity.

00:14:28The eruptions and proliferation

00:14:30of terrestrial plants

00:14:31could have changed

00:14:32the flow of nutrients

00:14:33towards the oceans.

00:14:35The extinction of the Jurassic Trias,

00:14:37which occurred about 200 million years ago,

00:14:40shortly before the appearance of dinosaurs,

00:14:42could also be due

00:14:43to the combination of volcanic eruptions

00:14:45and an impact of asteroids.

00:14:47Finally,

00:14:48about 66 million years ago,

00:14:50a last drastic change

00:14:52took place on Earth.

00:14:54Our planet went from the era of dinosaurs

00:14:56to that of mammals.

00:14:58This size change

00:14:59is known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction.

00:15:03Just like the extinction of the Permian,

00:15:05it is a sudden event

00:15:06that introduced new forms of life.

00:15:09And, once again,

00:15:10two great theories

00:15:11explain what happened.

00:15:13The most widespread theory

00:15:15states that the dinosaurs

00:15:16would have disappeared

00:15:17because of a huge asteroid.

00:15:19The Chicksulub meteorite

00:15:21crashed into what is now

00:15:22the south of Mexico,

00:15:24forming the crater

00:15:25which bears its name.

00:15:26This meteorite

00:15:27measured about 10 km in diameter

00:15:29and headed towards Earth

00:15:31at a prodigious speed.

00:15:33The impact instantly vaporized

00:15:35everything that was nearby

00:15:37and released an unequal amount of energy

00:15:39in a billion years.

00:15:41The consequences were catastrophic.

00:15:43Earthquakes shook the continents

00:15:45and the ground was shaking like a sea.

00:15:48The dust raised by the asteroid

00:15:50fell back on Earth

00:15:51in a scorching rain,

00:15:53heating the atmosphere

00:15:54to the point of burning

00:15:55the forests of the entire world.

00:15:57Shortly after,

00:15:58a gigantic tsunami

00:15:59caused by the upheaval of the seabed

00:16:02to submerge the coasts

00:16:03near the Gulf of Mexico.

00:16:05All the dinosaurs

00:16:06did not disappear instantly.

00:16:08In regions like New Zealand,

00:16:10some populations

00:16:11first survived.

00:16:13However,

00:16:14a sky obscured by ashes

00:16:15ended up enveloping the planet,

00:16:17hiding the sun

00:16:18and plunging the world

00:16:19into cold and darkness.

00:16:21This long-term effect

00:16:22truly sealed

00:16:23the fate of the dinosaurs.

00:16:25Without sunlight,

00:16:26the food chain

00:16:27quickly collapsed.

00:16:29The herbivores

00:16:30slowly disappeared,

00:16:31followed by the carnivores

00:16:32that depended on them,

00:16:33while the ashes

00:16:34accentuated

00:16:35the environmental upheavals

00:16:37and the temperature fluctuations

00:16:39making survival difficult.

00:16:42However,

00:16:43there is another theory

00:16:44according to which

00:16:45the asteroid

00:16:46would have been

00:16:47only a stroke of grace.

00:16:48The extinction of the dinosaurs

00:16:49was already inevitable

00:16:51because of the volcanoes.

00:16:53About a million years

00:16:54before their disappearance,

00:16:55an intense volcanic activity

00:16:57began in the subsurface

00:16:58of present-day India.

00:17:00This event created

00:17:01the famous

00:17:02Deccan Trap,

00:17:03a vast lava plateau

00:17:05covering a surface

00:17:06as large as France.

00:17:08For hundreds of thousands of years,

00:17:10these volcanoes

00:17:11ejected sulfur dioxide

00:17:12and carbon dioxide

00:17:13into the atmosphere,

00:17:14darkening the skies

00:17:15and making the rain acid,

00:17:17poisoning food sources

00:17:19and turning the oceans

00:17:20into toxic baths.

00:17:21These gradual but relentless changes

00:17:23put the ecosystems

00:17:24to the test,

00:17:25breaking down food chains

00:17:27on Earth

00:17:28and causing a slow

00:17:29but continuous decline

00:17:30of many species,

00:17:31including dinosaurs.

00:17:32Although we do not know

00:17:33with certainty

00:17:34which theory

00:17:35is the most precise,

00:17:36scientists now think

00:17:37that the two phenomena

00:17:38have played a role.

00:17:40Maybe one day

00:17:41we will have a clear picture

00:17:42of how the reign

00:17:43of the dinosaurs

00:17:44suddenly came to an end.

00:17:47The largest volcanic region

00:17:48on Earth

00:17:49is not in Africa

00:17:50or Japan,

00:17:51but under the ice

00:17:52of Antarctica.

00:17:53Scientists have discovered

00:17:54138 volcanoes

00:17:55in its western part

00:17:56and if they ever erupt,

00:17:58you will surely notice it.

00:18:00They could melt

00:18:01huge amounts of ice

00:18:02that would spill

00:18:03into the ocean,

00:18:04increase the level

00:18:05and make our planet

00:18:06uninhabitable for humans.

00:18:08But before you pack your bags

00:18:10to fly to another planet,

00:18:12listen to me.

00:18:13Currently,

00:18:14only two of the volcanoes

00:18:15in Antarctica

00:18:16are officially classified

00:18:17as active

00:18:18and it would take

00:18:19a whole series of eruptions,

00:18:20decade after decade,

00:18:22for them to have

00:18:23a serious impact

00:18:24on the whole world.

00:18:26Mount Erebus,

00:18:27one of these two volcanoes

00:18:28currently active,

00:18:30proudly bears the title

00:18:31of the most austral

00:18:32active volcano in the world.

00:18:34It has been erupting

00:18:35continuously

00:18:36since at least 1972.

00:18:38It emits gasses

00:18:39and vapors

00:18:40and sometimes

00:18:41it even expels rocks.

00:18:43Scientists call it

00:18:44strombolian eruptions.

00:18:46One of its most impressive

00:18:47characteristics

00:18:48is a lava lake

00:18:50located in one

00:18:51of its summit craters

00:18:52with fusion materials

00:18:53at the surface.

00:18:54Such lakes

00:18:55are quite rare

00:18:56because certain conditions

00:18:57are necessary

00:18:58for their surface

00:18:59to never freeze.

00:19:01The second active volcano

00:19:02is the Island of Disappointment,

00:19:03a mass of land

00:19:04in the shape of an iron horse.

00:19:05It is the caldeira

00:19:06of an active volcano

00:19:07that erupted

00:19:08for the last time

00:19:09more than 50 years ago.

00:19:10Scientists

00:19:11who monitor it

00:19:12say that it should not

00:19:13wake up right away.

00:19:14Antarctica is also

00:19:15the theater

00:19:16of regular fumaroles.

00:19:17It is an emanation

00:19:18of gases

00:19:19and volcanic vapors.

00:19:20In adequate conditions,

00:19:21crevasses

00:19:22can expel

00:19:23enough materials

00:19:24to erect

00:19:25ice towers

00:19:263 meters high.

00:19:27Scientists

00:19:28monitor

00:19:29the volcanoes

00:19:30of Antarctica

00:19:31with seismometers

00:19:32that start working

00:19:33when the earth

00:19:34starts shaking

00:19:35due to volcanic activity.

00:19:36Sometimes,

00:19:37they also use

00:19:38more complex technologies,

00:19:39but operations

00:19:40are always difficult

00:19:41due to the distance

00:19:42of this polar region

00:19:43and the means

00:19:44that must be put in place

00:19:45to get there.

00:19:46This is why

00:19:47no one can predict

00:19:48when one of the continents'

00:19:49volcanoes,

00:19:50currently asleep,

00:19:51will enter

00:19:52an eruption.

00:19:53We could know

00:19:54what such a wake-up

00:19:55would look like

00:19:56if we analyzed

00:19:57what happened

00:19:58nearly 20,000 years ago.

00:19:59But do we?

00:20:00One of the

00:20:01asleep volcanoes

00:20:02of Antarctica,

00:20:03Mount Takahe,

00:20:04once experienced

00:20:05a series of eruptions

00:20:06and emitted

00:20:07a good amount

00:20:08of halogens

00:20:09rich in ozone.

00:20:10Some scientists

00:20:11say that

00:20:12these events

00:20:13have warmed

00:20:14the southern hemisphere.

00:20:15The glaciers

00:20:16would have started

00:20:17to melt

00:20:18and this would have

00:20:19contributed

00:20:20to the eruption

00:20:21and this would have

00:20:22contributed

00:20:23to the end

00:20:24of the last glacial era.

00:20:25For these events

00:20:26to repeat,

00:20:27a series of eruptions

00:20:28with halogen emissions

00:20:29from one

00:20:30or several volcanoes

00:20:31above the ice

00:20:32would be needed again.

00:20:33This is an unlikely scenario,

00:20:34but as it has already

00:20:35happened in the past,

00:20:36it is not

00:20:37completely impossible.

00:20:38As for the volcanoes

00:20:39hidden under

00:20:40a thick layer of ice,

00:20:41it is thought

00:20:42that their gases

00:20:43would have had

00:20:44a hard time

00:20:45reaching the atmosphere.

00:20:46However,

00:20:47they would be

00:20:48powerful enough

00:20:49to make

00:20:50huge caverns melt

00:20:51and produce

00:20:52large quantities

00:20:53of meltwater.

00:20:54The glacier map

00:20:55of western Antarctica

00:20:56is wet

00:20:57and not attached

00:20:58to its base.

00:20:59This meltwater

00:21:00would act

00:21:01as a lubricant

00:21:02and would quickly

00:21:03move the ice

00:21:04that covers it.

00:21:05The volume of water

00:21:06that a volcano

00:21:07of this size

00:21:08could produce

00:21:09is nothing

00:21:10compared to the volume

00:21:11of ice

00:21:12that overflows it.

00:21:13Thus,

00:21:14a single eruption

00:21:15would not make

00:21:16a difference.

00:21:17However,

00:21:18with several eruptions

00:21:19of volcanoes

00:21:20located near

00:21:21or under

00:21:22the great

00:21:23ice currents

00:21:24of western Antarctica,

00:21:25it would be

00:21:26another story.

00:21:27These ice currents

00:21:28are rivers

00:21:29that transport

00:21:30a large part

00:21:31of Antarctica's water

00:21:32to the ocean.

00:21:33If they changed

00:21:34their speed

00:21:35and brought

00:21:36unusual quantities

00:21:37of water

00:21:38into the ocean,

00:21:39their level would rise.

00:21:40As the ice

00:21:41would become

00:21:42more and more thin,

00:21:43there would be

00:21:44more and more eruptions.

00:21:45Scientists

00:21:46call this

00:21:47a packing effect,

00:21:48a similar phenomenon

00:21:49that occurred

00:21:50in Iceland.

00:21:51The number

00:21:52of volcanic eruptions

00:21:53increased

00:21:54when glaciers

00:21:55began to recede

00:21:56at the end

00:21:57of the last

00:21:58glacial period.

00:21:59For massive

00:22:00changes to occur,

00:22:01it would seem

00:22:02that several volcanoes

00:22:03located above

00:22:04the ice

00:22:05and containing

00:22:06rich halogen gases

00:22:07must become active

00:22:08in a short

00:22:09period of time

00:22:10and remain powerful

00:22:11for tens

00:22:12or even

00:22:13hundreds of years.

00:22:14Antarctica contains

00:22:15about 80%

00:22:16of all the

00:22:17ice in the world.

00:22:18If all this

00:22:19ice melted,

00:22:20the global

00:22:21sea level

00:22:22would increase

00:22:23by nearly

00:22:2460 meters.

00:22:25And we would have

00:22:26to look for

00:22:27a new planet

00:22:28to live on.

00:22:29But this scenario

00:22:30is unlikely.

00:22:31It is more likely

00:22:32that underwater

00:22:33eruptions

00:22:34would lubricate

00:22:35the ice floes

00:22:36and send masses

00:22:37of water

00:22:38into the ocean.

00:22:39But this

00:22:40would not be

00:22:41the end of the world.

00:22:42An extremely

00:22:43powerful

00:22:44and furious

00:22:45supervolcano

00:22:46was born.

00:22:47The world

00:22:48underwent

00:22:49a major transformation

00:22:50with not one

00:22:51or two

00:22:52but four

00:22:53massive volcanic

00:22:54eruptions.

00:22:55The magmatic

00:22:56Central Atlantic

00:22:57province

00:22:58was in

00:22:59continuous

00:23:00eruptions

00:23:01for 600,000

00:23:02years.

00:23:03It was in

00:23:04Wrangelia,

00:23:05a large mass

00:23:06of land

00:23:07and once

00:23:08a supermassive

00:23:09volcano

00:23:10spreading

00:23:11over

00:23:12what is

00:23:13today

00:23:14the territory

00:23:15of the

00:23:16Jurassic Park.

00:23:17This

00:23:18volcanic activity

00:23:19would have

00:23:20allowed

00:23:21dinosaurs

00:23:22to become

00:23:23the giants

00:23:24that we

00:23:25discovered

00:23:26in Jurassic Park.

00:23:27It would have

00:23:28triggered

00:23:29a season

00:23:30of rain

00:23:31of 2 million

00:23:32years

00:23:33and made

00:23:34the planet

00:23:35hot and

00:23:36humid.

00:23:37Dinosaurs

00:23:38loved it.

00:23:39Researchers

00:23:40dug deep

00:23:41into the

00:23:42sedimentary

00:23:43layers

00:23:44to find

00:23:45carbon

00:23:46dioxide

00:23:47levels.

00:23:48This

00:23:49would have

00:23:50made the

00:23:51atmosphere

00:23:52torrid

00:23:53and the

00:23:54rain began

00:23:55to fall

00:23:56abundantly.

00:23:57The bad

00:23:58news is

00:23:59that another

00:24:00eruption like

00:24:01this could

00:24:02occur.

00:24:03The super

00:24:04volcano

00:24:05located

00:24:06under

00:24:07Yellowstone

00:24:08National

00:24:09Park

00:24:10has been

00:24:11sleeping

00:24:12for 70,000

00:24:13years.

00:24:14It occurred

00:24:15after two months

00:24:16of earthquake

00:24:17and magma

00:24:18injection

00:24:19that weakened

00:24:20and destroyed

00:24:21the northern

00:24:22face of the

00:24:23mountain.

00:24:24The eruptive

00:24:25column rose to

00:24:26more than

00:24:2724,000 meters

00:24:28in the

00:24:29atmosphere

00:24:30and spread

00:24:31ashes

00:24:32on 11

00:24:33American states

00:24:34and several

00:24:35Canadian provinces.

00:24:36The last

00:24:37eruption of

00:24:38Yellowstone

00:24:39was 1,000

00:24:40times bigger

00:24:41than this one.

00:24:42It was

00:24:43located

00:24:44just below

00:24:45the park

00:24:46at about

00:24:478 km

00:24:48deep

00:24:49and made

00:24:50the ground

00:24:51swell like

00:24:52a balloon.

00:24:53But when

00:24:54the magma

00:24:55cooled down

00:24:56the ground

00:24:57returned to

00:24:58its usual

00:24:59state.

00:25:00Volcanologists

00:25:01have been

00:25:02monitoring this

00:25:03activity for

00:25:04a century.

00:25:05They noticed

00:25:06that the ground

00:25:07had risen

00:25:08by about

00:25:0925 cm

00:25:10about twenty

00:25:11meters

00:25:12above

00:25:13the surface

00:25:14of the

00:25:15volcano.

00:25:16But

00:25:17a certain

00:25:18underground

00:25:19activity is

00:25:20currently

00:25:21attracting

00:25:22scientists'

00:25:23attention.

00:25:24As humans

00:25:25have not

00:25:26witnessed

00:25:27everything that

00:25:28happened

00:25:29to Yellowstone,

00:25:30it is

00:25:31rather difficult

00:25:32to say

00:25:33with certainty

00:25:34what is

00:25:35happening

00:25:36down there.

00:25:37Yellowstone

00:25:38has experienced

00:25:39a few

00:25:40eruptions

00:25:41in recent years

00:25:42and has

00:25:43truly remodeled

00:25:44the entire

00:25:45landscape

00:25:46dispersing

00:25:47ashes and

00:25:48debris

00:25:49all the way

00:25:50to Louisiana.

00:25:51It is

00:25:52still possible

00:25:53to see the

00:25:54consequences

00:25:55in the

00:25:56caldera of

00:25:57Yellowstone.

00:25:58Experts

00:25:59say that

00:26:00a massive

00:26:01eruption

00:26:02like this

00:26:03is a

00:26:04unlikely

00:26:05scenario.

00:26:06It is

00:26:07more likely

00:26:08that we

00:26:09will

00:26:10never

00:26:11see

00:26:12it again.

00:26:13Between

00:26:14the year

00:26:15774

00:26:16and

00:26:17the year

00:26:18775,

00:26:19the Earth

00:26:20was hit

00:26:21by an

00:26:22immense

00:26:23radiation

00:26:24explosion.

00:26:25This

00:26:26explosion of

00:26:27energy

00:26:28left

00:26:29traces.

00:26:30The

00:26:31trunks of

00:26:32the trees

00:26:33of that

00:26:34year

00:26:35had

00:26:36levels of

00:26:37radioactivity

00:26:38in them.

00:26:39Astronomer

00:26:40Phil Plett

00:26:41estimates that

00:26:42if this

00:26:43was the

00:26:44case,

00:26:45the supernova

00:26:46in question

00:26:47should have

00:26:48been less

00:26:49than a

00:26:50thousand light

00:26:51years away

00:26:52and would

00:26:53have been

00:26:54incredibly

00:26:55powerful.

00:26:56However,

00:26:57there is

00:26:58no trace

00:26:59of this

00:27:00supernova,

00:27:01no star

00:27:02of death

00:27:03in sight.

00:27:04After

00:27:05examining the

00:27:06radioactive

00:27:07particles

00:27:08of the

00:27:09supernova,

00:27:10we

00:27:11discovered

00:27:12that

00:27:13there

00:27:14was

00:27:15a

00:27:16supernova

00:27:17in

00:27:18the

00:27:19galaxy

00:27:20of

00:27:21775

00:27:22years

00:27:23ago.

00:27:24This

00:27:25type of

00:27:26accident

00:27:27produces

00:27:28a very

00:27:29fast

00:27:30gamma

00:27:31radiation

00:27:32explosion

00:27:33without

00:27:34any

00:27:35luminous

00:27:36effect.

00:27:37If

00:27:38one of

00:27:39them

00:27:40occurred

00:27:41nearer

00:27:42to the

00:27:43Earth,

00:27:44it

00:27:45could

00:27:46seriously

00:27:47disrupt

00:27:48life

00:27:49on

00:27:50our

00:27:51planet.

00:27:52Even

00:27:53if it

00:27:54occurred

00:27:55a thousand

00:27:56light

00:27:57years away,

00:27:58such

00:27:59an event

00:28:00could

00:28:01cause

00:28:02chaos

00:28:03in all

00:28:04sophisticated

00:28:05galaxies

00:28:06around

00:28:07the

00:28:08universe.

00:28:09In

00:28:101874,

00:28:11during a

00:28:12hot summer

00:28:13in

00:28:14Kansas,

00:28:15things

00:28:16took a

00:28:17strange

00:28:18turn.

00:28:19The

00:28:20sauterelles,

00:28:21or should

00:28:22I say

00:28:23the

00:28:24crickets,

00:28:25invaded

00:28:26the

00:28:27Great

00:28:28Plains.

00:28:29They

00:28:30swirled

00:28:31like a

00:28:32storm,

00:28:33covering

00:28:34the

00:28:35entire

00:28:36area.

00:28:37The

00:28:38sauterelles

00:28:39were

00:28:40everywhere,

00:28:41destroying

00:28:42everything in

00:28:43their path.

00:28:44Even

00:28:45the poor

00:28:46sheep

00:28:47lost

00:28:48their

00:28:49wool.

00:28:50The

00:28:51sauterelles

00:28:52even

00:28:53cut

00:28:54the paint

00:28:55of the

00:28:56wagons

00:28:57and the

00:28:58handles

00:28:59of the

00:29:00forks.

00:29:01How

00:29:02destructive

00:29:03were

00:29:04the

00:29:05sauterelles?

00:29:06The

00:29:07sauterelles

00:29:08were

00:29:09so

00:29:10destructive

00:29:11that

00:29:12the

00:29:13American

00:29:14army

00:29:15had to

00:29:16intervene.

00:29:17Finally,

00:29:18the

00:29:19crickets

00:29:20left

00:29:21and the

00:29:22plains

00:29:23found

00:29:24their

00:29:25calm.

00:29:26Natural

00:29:27disasters

00:29:28can be

00:29:29even more

00:29:30unexpected

00:29:31than the

00:29:32sauterelles.

00:29:33The

00:29:34sauterelles

00:29:35were

00:29:36so

00:29:37destructive

00:29:38that

00:29:39the

00:29:40American

00:29:41army

00:29:42had to

00:29:43intervene.

00:29:44The

00:29:45sauterelles

00:29:46were

00:29:47so

00:29:48destructive

00:29:49that

00:29:50the

00:29:51American

00:29:52army

00:29:53had to

00:29:54intervene.

00:29:55The

00:29:56sauterelles

00:29:57were

00:29:58so

00:29:59destructive

00:30:00that

00:30:01the

00:30:02American

00:30:03army

00:30:04had to

00:30:05intervene.

00:30:06The

00:30:07sauterelles

00:30:08were

00:30:09so

00:30:10destructive

00:30:11that

00:30:12the

00:30:13American

00:30:14army

00:30:15had to

00:30:16intervene.

00:30:17The

00:30:18sauterelles

00:30:19were

00:30:20so

00:30:21destructive

00:30:22that

00:30:23the

00:30:24American

00:30:25army

00:30:26had to

00:30:27intervene.

00:30:28The

00:30:29sauterelles

00:30:30were

00:30:31so

00:30:32destructive

00:30:33that

00:30:34the

00:30:35American

00:30:36army

00:30:37had to

00:30:38intervene.

00:30:39The

00:30:40sauterelles

00:30:41were

00:30:42so

00:30:43destructive

00:30:44that

00:30:45the

00:30:46American

00:30:47army

00:30:48had to

00:30:49intervene.

00:30:50The

00:30:51sauterelles

00:30:52were

00:30:53so

00:30:54destructive

00:30:55that

00:30:56the

00:30:57American

00:30:58army

00:30:59had to

00:31:00intervene.

00:31:01The

00:31:02sauterelles

00:31:03were

00:31:04so

00:31:05destructive

00:31:06that

00:31:07the

00:31:08American

00:31:09army

00:31:10had to

00:31:11intervene.

00:31:12The

00:31:13sauterelles

00:31:14were

00:31:15so

00:31:16destructive

00:31:17that

00:31:18the

00:31:19American

00:31:20army

00:31:21had to

00:31:22intervene.

00:31:23The

00:31:24sauterelles

00:31:25were

00:31:26so

00:31:27destructive

00:31:28that

00:31:29the

00:31:30American

00:31:31army

00:31:32had to

00:31:33intervene.

00:31:34The

00:31:35sauterelles

00:31:36were

00:31:37so

00:31:38destructive

00:31:39that

00:31:40the

00:31:41American

00:31:42army

00:31:43had to

00:31:44intervene.

00:31:45The

00:31:46sauterelles

00:31:47were

00:31:48so

00:31:49destructive

00:31:50that

00:31:51the

00:31:52American

00:31:53army

00:31:54had to

00:31:55intervene.

00:31:56The

00:31:57sauterelles

00:31:58were

00:31:59so

00:32:00destructive

00:32:01that

00:32:02the

00:32:03American

00:32:04army

00:32:05had to

00:32:06intervene.

00:32:07The

00:32:08sauterelles

00:32:09were

00:32:10so

00:32:11destructive

00:32:12that

00:32:13the

00:32:14American

00:32:15army

00:32:16had to

00:32:17intervene.

00:32:18The

00:32:19sauterelles

00:32:20were

00:32:21so

00:32:22destructive

00:32:23that

00:32:24the

00:32:25American

00:32:26army

00:32:27had to

00:32:28intervene.

00:32:29The

00:32:30sauterelles

00:32:31were

00:32:32so

00:32:33destructive

00:32:34that

00:32:35the

00:32:36American

00:32:37army

00:32:38had to

00:32:39intervene.

00:32:40The

00:32:41sauterelles

00:32:42were

00:32:43so

00:32:44destructive

00:32:45that

00:32:46the

00:32:47American

00:32:48army

00:32:49had to

00:32:50intervene.

00:32:51The

00:32:52sauterelles

00:32:53were

00:32:54so

00:32:55destructive

00:32:56that

00:32:57the

00:32:58American

00:32:59army

00:33:00had to

00:33:01intervene.

00:33:02The

00:33:03sauterelles

00:33:04were

00:33:05so

00:33:06destructive

00:33:07that

00:33:08the

00:33:09American

00:33:10army

00:33:11had to

00:33:12intervene.

00:33:13The

00:33:14sauterelles

00:33:15were

00:33:16so

00:33:17destructive

00:33:18that

00:33:19the

00:33:20American

00:33:21army

00:33:22had to

00:33:23intervene.

00:33:24The

00:33:25sauterelles

00:33:26were

00:33:27so

00:33:28destructive

00:33:29that

00:33:30the

00:33:31American

00:33:32army

00:33:33had to

00:33:34intervene.

00:33:35The

00:33:36sauterelles

00:33:37were

00:33:38so

00:33:39destructive

00:33:40that

00:33:41the

00:33:42American

00:33:43army

00:33:44had to

00:33:45intervene.

00:33:46The

00:33:47sauterelles

00:33:48were

00:33:49so

00:33:50destructive

00:33:51that

00:33:52the

00:33:53American

00:33:54army

00:33:55had to

00:33:56intervene.

00:33:57The

00:33:58sauterelles

00:33:59were

00:34:00so

00:34:01destructive

00:34:02that

00:34:03the

00:34:04American

00:34:05army

00:34:06had to

00:34:07intervene.

00:34:08The

00:34:09sauterelles

00:34:10were

00:34:11so

00:34:12destructive

00:34:13that

00:34:14the

00:34:15American

00:34:16army

00:34:17had to

00:34:18intervene.

00:34:19The

00:34:20sauterelles

00:34:21were

00:34:22so

00:34:23destructive

00:34:24that

00:34:25the

00:34:26American

00:34:27army

00:34:28had to

00:34:29intervene.

00:34:30The

00:34:31sauterelles

00:34:32were

00:34:33so

00:34:34destructive

00:34:35that

00:34:36the

00:34:37American

00:34:38army

00:34:39had to

00:34:40intervene.

00:34:41The

00:34:42sauterelles

00:34:43were

00:34:44so

00:34:45destructive

00:34:46that

00:34:47the

00:34:48American

00:34:49army

00:34:50had to

00:34:51intervene.

00:34:52The

00:34:53sauterelles

00:34:54were

00:34:55so

00:34:56destructive

00:34:57that

00:34:58the

00:34:59American

00:35:00army

00:35:01had to

00:35:02intervene.

00:35:03The

00:35:04sauterelles

00:35:05were

00:35:06so

00:35:07destructive

00:35:08that

00:35:09the

00:35:10American

00:35:11army

00:35:12had to

00:35:13intervene.

00:35:14The

00:35:15sauterelles

00:35:16were

00:35:17so

00:35:18destructive

00:35:19that

00:35:20the

00:35:21American

00:35:22army

00:35:23had to

00:35:24intervene.

00:35:25The

00:35:26sauterelles

00:35:27were

00:35:28so

00:35:29destructive

00:35:30that

00:35:31the

00:35:32American

00:35:33army

00:35:34had to

00:35:35intervene.

00:35:36The

00:35:37sauterelles

00:35:38were

00:35:39so

00:35:40destructive

00:35:41that

00:35:42the

00:35:43American

00:35:44army

00:35:45had to

00:35:46intervene.

00:35:47The

00:35:48sauterelles

00:35:49were

00:35:50so

00:35:51destructive

00:35:52that

00:35:53the

00:35:54American

00:35:55army

00:35:56had to

00:35:57intervene.

00:35:58The

00:35:59sauterelles

00:36:00were

00:36:01so

00:36:02destructive

00:36:03that

00:36:04the

00:36:05American

00:36:06army

00:36:07had to

00:36:08intervene.

00:36:09The

00:36:10sauterelles

00:36:11were

00:36:12so

00:36:13destructive

00:36:14that

00:36:15the

00:36:16American

00:36:17army

00:36:18had to

00:36:19intervene.

00:36:20The

00:36:21sauterelles

00:36:22were

00:36:23so

00:36:24destructive

00:36:25that

00:36:26the

00:36:27American

00:36:28army

00:36:29had to

00:36:30intervene.

00:36:31The

00:36:32sauterelles

00:36:33were

00:36:34so

00:36:35destructive

00:36:36that

00:36:37the

00:36:38American

00:36:39army

00:36:40had to

00:36:41intervene.

00:36:42The

00:36:43sauterelles

00:36:44were

00:36:45so

00:36:46destructive

00:36:47that

00:36:48the

00:36:49American

00:36:50army

00:36:51had to

00:36:52intervene.

00:36:53The

00:36:54sauterelles

00:36:55were

00:36:56so

00:36:57destructive

00:36:58that

00:36:59the

00:37:00American

00:37:01army

00:37:02had to

00:37:03intervene.

00:37:04The

00:37:05sauterelles

00:37:06were

00:37:07so

00:37:08destructive

00:37:09that

00:37:10the

00:37:11American

00:37:12army

00:37:13had to

00:37:14intervene.

00:37:15The

00:37:16sauterelles

00:37:17were

00:37:18so

00:37:19destructive

00:37:20that

00:37:21the

00:37:22American

00:37:23army

00:37:24had to

00:37:25intervene.

00:37:26The

00:37:27sauterelles

00:37:28were

00:37:29so

00:37:30destructive

00:37:31that

00:37:32the

00:37:33American

00:37:34army

00:37:35had to

00:37:36intervene.

00:37:37The

00:37:38sauterelles

00:37:39were

00:37:40so

00:37:41destructive

00:37:42that

00:37:43the

00:37:44American

00:37:45army

00:37:46had to

00:37:47intervene.

00:37:48The

00:37:49sauterelles

00:37:50were

00:37:51so

00:37:52destructive

00:37:53that

00:37:54the

00:37:55American

00:37:56army

00:37:57had to

00:37:58intervene.

00:37:59The

00:38:00sauterelles

00:38:01were

00:38:02so

00:38:03destructive

00:38:04that

00:38:05the

00:38:06American

00:38:07army

00:38:08had to

00:38:09intervene.

00:38:10The

00:38:11sauterelles

00:38:12were

00:38:13so

00:38:14destructive

00:38:15that

00:38:16the

00:38:17American

00:38:18army

00:38:19had to

00:38:20intervene.

00:38:21The

00:38:22sauterelles

00:38:23were

00:38:24so

00:38:25destructive

00:38:26that

00:38:27the

00:38:28American

00:38:29army

00:38:30had to

00:38:31intervene.

00:38:32The

00:38:33sauterelles

00:38:34were

00:38:35so

00:38:36destructive

00:38:37that

00:38:38the

00:38:39American

00:38:40army

00:38:41had to

00:38:42intervene.

00:38:43The

00:38:44sauterelles

00:38:45were

00:38:46so

00:38:47destructive

00:38:48that

00:38:49the

00:38:50American

00:38:51army

00:38:52had to

00:38:53intervene.

00:38:54The

00:38:55sauterelles

00:38:56were

00:38:57so

00:38:58destructive

00:38:59that

00:39:00the

00:39:01American

00:39:02army

00:39:03had to

00:39:04intervene.

00:39:05The

00:39:06sauterelles

00:39:07were

00:39:08so

00:39:09destructive

00:39:10that

00:39:11the

00:39:12American

00:39:13army

00:39:14had to

00:39:15intervene.

00:39:16The

00:39:17sauterelles

00:39:18were

00:39:19so

00:39:20destructive

00:39:21that

00:39:22the

00:39:23American

00:39:24army

00:39:25had to

00:39:26intervene.

00:39:27The

00:39:28sauterelles

00:39:29were

00:39:30so

00:39:31destructive

00:39:32that

00:39:33the

00:39:34American

00:39:35army

00:39:36had to

00:39:37intervene.

00:39:38The

00:39:39sauterelles

00:39:40were

00:39:41so

00:39:42destructive

00:39:43that

00:39:44the

00:39:45American

00:39:46army

00:39:47had to

00:39:48intervene.

00:39:49The

00:39:50sauterelles

00:39:51were

00:39:52so

00:39:53destructive

00:39:54that

00:39:55the

00:39:56American

00:39:57army

00:39:58had to

00:39:59intervene.

00:40:00The

00:40:01sauterelles

00:40:02were

00:40:03so

00:40:04destructive

00:40:05that

00:40:06the

00:40:07American

00:40:08army

00:40:09had to

00:40:10intervene.

00:40:11The

00:40:12sauterelles

00:40:13were

00:40:14so

00:40:15destructive

00:40:16that

00:40:17the

00:40:18American

00:40:19army

00:40:20had to

00:40:21intervene.

00:40:22The

00:40:23sauterelles

00:40:24were

00:40:25so

00:40:26destructive

00:40:27that

00:40:28the

00:40:29American

00:40:30army

00:40:31had to

00:40:32intervene.

00:40:33The

00:40:34sauterelles

00:40:35were

00:40:36so

00:40:37destructive

00:40:38that

00:40:39the

00:40:40American

00:40:41army

00:40:42had to

00:40:43intervene.

00:40:44The

00:40:45sauterelles

00:40:46were

00:40:47so

00:40:48destructive

00:40:49that

00:40:50the

00:40:51American

00:40:52army

00:40:53had to

00:40:54intervene.

00:40:55The

00:40:56sauterelles

00:40:57were

00:40:58so

00:40:59destructive

00:41:00that

00:41:01the

00:41:02American

00:41:03army

00:41:04had to

00:41:05intervene.

00:41:06The

00:41:07sauterelles

00:41:08were

00:41:09so

00:41:10destructive

00:41:11that

00:41:12the

00:41:13American

00:41:14army

00:41:15had to

00:41:16intervene.

00:41:17The

00:41:18sauterelles

00:41:19were

00:41:20so

00:41:21destructive

00:41:22that

00:41:23the

00:41:24American

00:41:25army

00:41:26had to

00:41:27intervene.

00:41:28The

00:41:29sauterelles

00:41:30were

00:41:31so

00:41:32destructive

00:41:33that

00:41:34the

00:41:35American

00:41:36army

00:41:37had to

00:41:38intervene.

00:41:39The

00:41:40sauterelles

00:41:41were

00:41:42so

00:41:43destructive

00:41:44that

00:41:45the

00:41:46American

00:41:47army

00:41:48had to

00:41:49intervene.

00:41:50The

00:41:51sauterelles

00:41:52were

00:41:53so

00:41:54destructive

00:41:55that

00:41:56the

00:41:57American

00:41:58army

00:41:59had to

00:42:00intervene.

00:42:01The

00:42:02sauterelles

00:42:03were

00:42:04so

00:42:05destructive

00:42:06that

00:42:07the

00:42:08American

00:42:09army

00:42:10had to

00:42:11intervene.

00:42:12The

00:42:13sauterelles

00:42:14were

00:42:15so

00:42:16destructive

00:42:17that

00:42:18the

00:42:19American

00:42:20army

00:42:21had to

00:42:22intervene.

00:42:23The

00:42:24sauterelles

00:42:25were

00:42:26so

00:42:27destructive

00:42:28that

00:42:29the

00:42:30American

00:42:31army

00:42:32had to

00:42:33intervene.

00:42:34The

00:42:35sauterelles

00:42:36were

00:42:37so

00:42:38destructive

00:42:39that

00:42:40the

00:42:41American

00:42:42army

00:42:43had to

00:42:44intervene.

00:42:45The

00:42:46sauterelles

00:42:47were

00:42:48so

00:42:49destructive

00:42:50that

00:42:51the

00:42:52American

00:42:53army

00:42:54had to

00:42:55intervene.

00:42:56The

00:42:57sauterelles

00:42:58were

00:42:59so

00:43:00destructive

00:43:01that

00:43:02the

00:43:03American

00:43:04army

00:43:05had to

00:43:06intervene.

00:43:07The

00:43:08sauterelles

00:43:09were

00:43:10so

00:43:11destructive

00:43:12that

00:43:13the

00:43:14American

00:43:15army

00:43:16had to

00:43:17intervene.

00:43:18The

00:43:19sauterelles

00:43:20were

00:43:21so

00:43:22destructive

00:43:23that

00:43:24the

00:43:25American

00:43:26army

00:43:27had to

00:43:28intervene.

00:43:29The

00:43:30sauterelles

00:43:31were

00:43:32so

00:43:33destructive

00:43:34that

00:43:35the

00:43:36American

00:43:37army

00:43:38had to

00:43:39intervene.

00:43:40The

00:43:41sauterelles

00:43:42were

00:43:43so

00:43:44destructive

00:43:45that

00:43:46the

00:43:47American

00:43:48army

00:43:49had to

00:43:50intervene.

00:43:51The

00:43:52sauterelles

00:43:53were

00:43:54so

00:43:55destructive

00:43:56that

00:43:57the

00:43:58American

00:43:59army

00:44:00had to

00:44:01intervene.

00:44:02The

00:44:03sauterelles

00:44:04were

00:44:05so

00:44:06destructive

00:44:07that

00:44:08the

00:44:09American

00:44:10army

00:44:11had to

00:44:12intervene.

00:44:13The

00:44:14sauterelles

00:44:15were

00:44:16so

00:44:17destructive

00:44:18that

00:44:19the

00:44:20American

00:44:21army

00:44:22had to

00:44:23intervene.

00:44:24The

00:44:25sauterelles

00:44:26were

00:44:27so

00:44:28destructive

00:44:29that

00:44:30the

00:44:31American

00:44:32army

00:44:33had to

00:44:34intervene.

00:44:35The

00:44:36sauterelles

00:44:37were

00:44:38so

00:44:39destructive

00:44:40that

00:44:41the

00:44:42American

00:44:43army

00:44:44had to

00:44:45intervene.

00:44:46The

00:44:47sauterelles

00:44:48were

00:44:49so

00:44:50destructive

00:44:51that

00:44:52the

00:44:53American

00:44:54army

00:44:55had to

00:44:56intervene.

00:44:57The

00:44:58sauterelles

00:44:59were

00:45:00so

00:45:01destructive

00:45:02that

00:45:03the

00:45:04American

00:45:05army

00:45:06had to

00:45:07intervene.

00:45:09The

00:45:10sauterelles

00:45:11were

00:45:12so

00:45:13destructive

00:45:14that

00:45:15the

00:45:16American

00:45:17army

00:45:18had to

00:45:19intervene.

00:45:20The

00:45:21sauterelles

00:45:22were

00:45:23so

00:45:24destructive

00:45:25that

00:45:26the

00:45:27American

00:45:28army

00:45:29notoriety after the arrival of Google Earth. This spiral formation here is also located

00:45:34in Nevada, and it looks like another circle of scary cultures. But things get

00:45:40even stranger if you use the Street View option. As you get closer and closer, you

00:45:45will notice that it is made up of carefully arranged stones. This labyrinth, so to speak,

00:45:51is part of a museum in the open air, located in the ghost town of Rhyolite. And if all

00:45:56this is not scary enough, take a look around you and you will see dozens of strange men

00:46:02dressed in white capes. Despite their realism, these silhouettes are actually the statues

00:46:08of an installation created by a Belgian artist in the 1980s.

00:46:11What is even stranger than falling on a large circle engraved in the ground is to find

00:46:20a whole bunch of them. Our next step, in Wyoming, is made up of these

00:46:25singular circles, to the point that it is difficult to list them all. During the 20th century,

00:46:31this American state went from an agricultural economy to an industrial economy, dominated

00:46:36by the extraction of oil, gas and coal. It is therefore likely that these circles are

00:46:42the remains of a reservoir park, namely the places where hydrocarbons were once stored.

00:46:48If you want to avoid nightmares, I strongly recommend that you do not look for the

00:46:55Emil Becker mausoleum in Poland. If you manage to find it using the Street View mode,

00:47:00prepare to come across an abandoned place, adorned with the most terrifying sculpture

00:47:05there is. Oh, it's cold in the back. As long as we are talking about scary things, let's head

00:47:11to an isolated corner of Kazakhstan, where we can find a pentagram engraved on the very surface of

00:47:17the earth. This formation is immense and measures approximately 360 meters in diameter. But before

00:47:24drawing conclusive conclusions about the fact that it is linked to a kind of infernal cult,

00:47:29it is worth noting that this pentagram turns out to be, in fact, the outline of a park designed

00:47:35in the shape of a star. This shape is delimited by roads, which are now lined with trees,

00:47:40making the star even more distinct in aerial photos. We can see this strange

00:47:45symbol from afar. At first glance, it could even look like a kind of hieroglyph from another

00:47:51world, as if a very advanced civilization was trying to send us a message. But this mystery

00:47:58is already solved. We are in the Dutch park of Oogveluwe, located in the province of

00:48:04Gelderland. And these lines actually belong to the park logo. Enter these coordinates to

00:48:13discover what looks like an earthly formation straight out of another planet. Or maybe

00:48:18from the avatar shooting set. This place, located in Inner Mongolia, in northern China, is supposed

00:48:25to be a granite quarry. But this striking blue hue that appears on Google Earth seems

00:48:30very mysterious. If you visualize the same location on Microsoft Bing Maps, for example. It

00:48:37appears with a much more natural hue. In the Australian outback is a gigantic

00:48:42geoglyph, known as a man-of-the-sea. Discovered at the end of the 90s, it seems to

00:48:48represent an Aboriginal Australian hunter with a boomerang or a stick. The figure

00:48:53extends over 3 km long, for about 2.5 km wide. It is made of deep

00:49:00holes dug into the ground, which adds to the mystery of its formation and its origin.

00:49:04Despite all the efforts to discover its function, its origin remains unknown.

00:49:12This is Desert Breath, located in the Egyptian Sahara. Like many things you have seen in this video,

00:49:20this formation also aroused some speculation about its creation by aliens.

00:49:25But a quick search on Google clarifies this mystery. It turns out that this is an installation

00:49:31created by three Greek artists in 1997. They did not doubt the means and moved

00:49:38about 2,600 square meters of sand, going so far as to create a large basin in the middle.

00:49:43Egypt still hosts many mysteries, and you can explore them yourself with

00:49:48Google Earth. This is how people came across this intriguing triangular-shaped plateau,

00:49:53and immediately thought they had discovered a forgotten pyramid. However, the experts

00:49:58quickly destroyed all their hopes. They think there is no plausible explanation

00:50:04for a pyramid existing in this region, located 13 km west of the Nile Valley,

00:50:09in Upper Egypt. This discovery is probably nothing more than a hill that

00:50:15has undergone the effects of erosion, combined with an overflowing imagination.

00:50:22In some cases, nature itself creates frightening sculptures, like the Badlands Guardian of Alberta,

00:50:28in Canada. If you look at it from above, you will notice not one, but two human heads emerging

00:50:35from the landscape. These gigantic beings have been sculpted by the erosion of rainwater

00:50:41on clay-rich strata. Ironically, the additional structures created by man

00:50:47give the impression that it is wearing headphones. It seems that the desert is the ideal place

00:50:52to discover strange images on Google Earth. So our next stop is in China.

00:50:58In the Gobi Desert, you can observe these zigzag white lines, which seem to have no tail or head.

00:51:04The first challenge for Internet users was to determine what these structures were made of,

00:51:09because it is difficult to say whether they were painted or dug into the landscape.

00:51:14There are still a lot of speculations about this on the Internet, but the most plausible explanation

00:51:19is that this structure is used to calibrate satellites. Thus, their cameras can focus

00:51:26on this large grid to orient themselves in space.

00:51:32So look at this plane, practically intact, which seems to have sunk off Crooked Island,

00:51:37in the Bahamas. Some videos claim that it was a crashed plane,

00:51:41belonging to the famous Pablo Escobar. But the truth is that an object resting at the bottom

00:51:48of the ocean cannot be so visible. It is therefore more likely that it was a plane

00:51:53that was actually flying when Google took these photos. However, we think that Pablo Escobar

00:51:59did indeed have a plane that crashed nearby, but in another part of the atoll,

00:52:05known as Normans Cay. You can still see it in these turquoise and shallow waters.

00:52:12Just look for Normans Cay's sunken plane, and the trick is done.

00:52:18If you are convinced that aliens are already among us,

00:52:21then do not hesitate to enter these coordinates on Google Earth. Explore the area using Street View

00:52:26and ... Hey, but what is it? These are not visitors from another planet, of course.

00:52:33But the shadow of this gigantic creature always gives me shivers. It turns out that it is just

00:52:39someone who carries one of his Street View cameras at 360 degrees, stored in his backpack.

00:52:45So if you go around Google Earth a bit, you could come across other of these

00:52:49elongated-nosed beings that walk around the globe.

00:52:56The most powerful earthquake ever recorded in the east of the Mississippi River,

00:53:00which occurred more than 200 years ago, is never finished, according to some scientists.

00:53:05Most earthquakes last from a few seconds to a few minutes,

00:53:09and the official record so far is a silent earthquake in Sumatra that lasted 32 years.

00:53:15This slow-slip event triggered a massive earthquake and a tsunami.

00:53:19So, if it is true that the earthquake in New Madrid still sends replicas,

00:53:23we will have a new name at the head of this sad list.

00:53:27The earthquake began in December 1811 by a powerful earthquake in a

00:53:32sparsely populated part of northeast Arkansas. We felt the tremors at

00:53:36nearly 1600 km away from the White House, and the bells of the towers rang in Boston,

00:53:41even further away. It even made the powerful Mississippi flow upside down for a few minutes

00:53:46on new waterfalls formed by the displaced soil.

00:53:49The city of New Madrid, in Missouri, completely disappeared in the disaster.

00:53:55The earth would not remain still until the end of January of the following year,

00:53:59when things became serious again. A huge earthquake struck,

00:54:04this time near the junction of the Ohio River and the Mississippi Rivers,

00:54:09right in the heel of the Missouri Bottom. Geologists think it was a rupture on the

00:54:13New Madrid fault, putting even more pressure on the Real Foot fault nearby,

00:54:19just when people thought it couldn't get any worse.

00:54:22Two other weeks of tremors have passed, and the Real Foot fault has settled

00:54:25deep under New Madrid. In Tennessee, about 24 km south of New Madrid,

00:54:31the rise of the ground created Lake Real Foot. Steamboats sailed along the river,

00:54:37with thousands of floating trees and hectares of wood torn apart by the earthquake.

00:54:41In St. Louis, Missouri, which is 257 km away, the buildings were seriously damaged,

00:54:48and the chimneys fell in Cincinnati, Ohio, 644 km away.

00:54:53People up to Montreal, Canada, more than 1,600 km away,

00:54:58felt the earthquake.

00:55:00Seismologists have recorded about 200 small earthquakes in New Madrid's seismic zone

00:55:05each year since 1974. Some researchers estimate that up to 30% of these

00:55:12were replicas of these great earthquakes that occurred in 1811 and 1812.

00:55:18In some parts of the United States, where there is not much tectonic activity,

00:55:22these replicas could continue to grow for years,

00:55:26These replicas could continue to grow for years,

00:55:29maybe even centuries, after the great earthquakes.

00:55:32The replicas are the way the Earth releases all this accumulated tension

00:55:35from the main earthquake. When the ground shakes because of the first earthquake,

00:55:40it exerts a ton of pressure on the nearby rocks. And when these rocks

00:55:44can no longer withstand this pressure, they crack, causing even more shaking,

00:55:49this is the replica. They can be quite intense, especially just after the main earthquake,

00:55:55but they weaken over time.

00:55:59Not all scientists agree that contemporary earthquakes

00:56:03have a link with those of 200 years ago. We mainly associate the faults

00:56:07with these lines where the terrestrial plates meet. But there is an entire network

00:56:11of these just below the center of the North American plate.

00:56:14They are like relics dating back 750 million years, when North America

00:56:19was part of a supercontinent called Rodinia. When Rodinia began to dislocate,

00:56:24he left behind these rifts, weak points of the terrestrial crust that extend

00:56:29in depth, under modern Midwest. This could explain the seismic activity.

00:56:34An international team of geologists decided to take a new look at three

00:56:38major earthquakes that shook North America, and put an end to the debate.

00:56:44They used a new mathematical method called the nearest neighbor.

00:56:48It states that if earthquakes are too close in space,

00:56:52time and magnitude could be considered as background independent events,

00:56:56then we suppose that one triggered the other.

00:56:59According to the way you look at the figures, between 10 and 65% of the recent earthquakes

00:57:05in the region could be replicas of these historical earthquakes.

00:57:09And a huge earthquake that struck Charleston, in South Carolina, at the end of the 19th century,

00:57:15could explain up to 72% of the earthquakes in the region since then.

00:57:20But not all places are the same, so the scientific debate continues.

00:57:26In 1774, the British explorer James Cook noticed a glow in the distance.

00:57:32It was the volcano of Mount Yassur, Yassur, in Vanuatu.

00:57:36This vile boy has been spitting lava and ashes since then,

00:57:39and it is very likely that he has been doing this for much longer.

00:57:42The volcano has been on alert since October 2016,

00:57:45which means that things are really unstable there.

00:57:49They even delimited a radius of 610 meters around the crater to keep people safe.

00:57:55There have been low to moderate intensity eruptions,

00:57:58projecting ashes, gases and steam,

00:58:01and some larger explosions that propelled materials out of the crater.

00:58:05Satellite images have detected some hot spots of sulfur dioxide,

00:58:10showing that Yassur is still spitting a big storm there.

00:58:13Stromboli, one of the volcanic islands near Sicily,

00:58:17officially holds the Guinness World Record as the longest erupting volcano.

00:58:23It made a fire show for more than 2,400 years in a row.

00:58:27The former sailors nicknamed it the lighthouse of the Mediterranean.

00:58:30Most of the time, Stromboli is content to spit splashes.

00:58:34But from time to time, it makes lava flow or projects moderately high fountains.

00:58:39Sometimes, you could also see eruptions caused by steam.

00:58:44More than 200 million years ago, the world underwent a major transformation,

00:58:49with not one, not two, but four massive volcanic eruptions that changed the game.

00:58:55All this happened in Wrangelia, a large piece of land

00:58:58that used to be a supermassive volcano spreading through what is now British Columbia and Alaska.

00:59:05This volcanic activity could have helped dinosaurs grow from the size of a kitten

00:59:11to the size of the giants we saw in Jurassic Park.

00:59:15It triggered a rainy season of 2 million years.

00:59:19It made the whole world hot and humid.

00:59:21And the dinosaurs just loved it.

00:59:24Researchers dug deep into the layers of sediment under an old lake in China to discover its secrets.

00:59:30They found traces of volcanic ash and mercury, clear signs of these epic eruptions.

00:59:36There were carbon signatures showing huge peaks of carbon dioxide levels,

00:59:41making the atmosphere hot and the rain falling down.

00:59:44All this happened in four distinct impulses, each triggered by these monstrous volcanic explosions.

00:59:54There is a place in a national park not far from Sydney, in Australia,

00:59:58where a fire has been raging deeply underground for at least 6,000 years.

01:00:02It is called Burning Mountain, and it is a layer of coal fire

01:00:06that burns its way through a layer of coal under the surface of the earth.

01:00:10Once these underground fires begin, they are almost impossible to put out.

01:00:14This ball of fire is up to 9 meters wide and is extremely hot.

01:00:19But there is no flame, it covers.

01:00:22The fire progresses slowly at a rate of about 1 meter per year.

01:00:25A local farmer saw it for the first time in the 19th century and thought it was a volcano.

01:00:31People who have lived here since the illustrious believe that this place is sacred.

01:00:35They used it to cook and make tools,

01:00:38and say that it was born from the tears of a widow or the torch of a hero.

01:00:42But experts think it could be a flash of lightning,

01:00:45or coal that heats up like a summer barbecue because of the interaction with oxygen.

01:00:52Some say that it could have burned before the time when dinosaurs roamed the earth.

01:00:57No one knows exactly how long this mountain will burn,

01:01:01or in which direction it will move.

01:01:03At the moment, coal has enough oxygen to burn for centuries,

01:01:07even millennia, without human intervention.

01:01:10The fire heats the mountain like a gigantic oven,

01:01:13making it crack and crack, inviting more oxygen to feed on it.

01:01:19Even if humans decide to act,

01:01:21these coal-fired veins require water trucks and liquid nitrogen to control them.

01:01:26Several years ago,

01:01:27explorers noticed that the embers were approaching a cliff overlooking a small river.

01:01:32And depending on what the coal vein decides to do next,

01:01:34we could see spectacular changes here in the decades to come.

01:01:38There could be flames with much more heat,

01:01:41or the coal vein could sink,

01:01:43extinguish and extinguish.

01:01:48The Richat structure is a gigantic formation in the middle of the Sahara,

01:01:52and which looks like a large arrowhead.

01:01:56It is so large that we can see it from space.

01:01:59Even the CIA is interested in it.

01:02:01In 1965, they had planned to fly over it,

01:02:05in search of geomagnetic anomalies.

01:02:08The results are still classified today.

01:02:11Maybe the rumors are true,

01:02:14and that this place is really the lost city of Atlantis.

01:02:17We suppose that Atlantis would have sunk under the waves.

01:02:20But recent discoveries lead us in a different direction.

01:02:24It is an ancient story that dates back a long time,

01:02:27and Plato was the first to mention it.

01:02:30The place had a luxurious vegetation and a singular structure.

01:02:34Three concentric circles of earth surrounding two circles of water.

01:02:38Two key quotes from Plato's writings suggest

01:02:40that Atlantis might not have been an ordinary island in the middle of the ocean.

01:02:45In addition, Atlantis would have undergone a major influence from Africa and Europe.

01:02:50This raises the question of the idea that it could have been in the Atlantic.

01:02:54It turns out that the eye of the Sahara and Atlantis are similar.

01:02:57When the astronauts saw the eye of the Sahara from space,

01:03:01they first suspected that it was the impact crater of a meteorite.

01:03:06But the rings of the structure correspond to the arrangement described for Atlantis.

01:03:10More importantly, the Sahara has not always been a desert.

01:03:14It transformed from a tropical region into an arid desert,

01:03:18about 11,000 years ago.

01:03:20Researchers found traces of a huge river, the Tamora VII,

01:03:24which could have flooded an entire community.

01:03:27It flowed into the structure of Richa.

01:03:30Similarly to Plato's description.

01:03:32The trans-Saharan maritime route crossed the Sahara 50 to 100 million years ago.

01:03:37And it is claimed that the sea destroyed Atlantis about 11,500 years ago.

01:03:43Probably due to a rapid rise in sea level

01:03:46caused by the end of the ice age.

01:03:49NASA satellite imagery shows patterns that agree with this theory.

01:03:54These concentric circles could be the key to revealing the secrets

01:03:59of the evolution of our planet over millions of years.

01:04:02They were shaped by the erosion of several layers of resistant rocks,

01:04:06creating a strange pattern made of ridges and ravines.

01:04:10The main peak stands proudly 400 meters high.

01:04:14The central part has undergone a significant transformation due to erosion,

01:04:18developing a circular structure with a high peak.

01:04:21Contrary to the impact crater,

01:04:23the eye of the Sahara presents a striking symmetry and balance.

01:04:27Some claim that this would result from the lifting of the rocks,

01:04:30sculpted by the wind and water.

01:04:32Others think it would be an ancient anticlinal,

01:04:35eroded until it revealed this concentric shape.

01:04:38Then there is the theory of the salt dome,

01:04:41suggesting that it is the floatability of the salt that would have sculpted this wonder.

01:04:46Dating techniques have shown that it was formed 252 to 541 million years ago.

01:04:52More or less a million years ago.

01:04:54Ancient artifacts are scattered around the outer rings of the structure,

01:04:59near the bed of the dried up river.

01:05:01Some tools made of older stones have also been found in the same area.

01:05:07And yet, even if some neolithic spearheads have been found there,

01:05:12there are not many signs that people lived there at the time.

01:05:15The region seems to have been exploited for short-term activities

01:05:19such as hunting or the manufacture of tools.

01:05:22There are other supernatural mysteries that sprinkle our world.

01:05:25One of these enigmas is found in Norway.

01:05:28The sinister phenomenon of the lights of Esdalen,

01:05:31also known as the Valley of Lights,

01:05:34leaves scientists perplexed.

01:05:36This valley is 15 km wide.

01:05:40It is quite remote.

01:05:42But a strange blue box is at the top of the hill,

01:05:45equipped with cameras that scrutinize the valley upside down.

01:05:48The disturbing saga began in the 1980s,

01:05:52when the night sky above Esdalen separated from incandescent fireballs.

01:05:58A recurring spectacle that shocked everyone who saw it.

01:06:02It was not an ephemeral phenomenon.

01:06:05On the contrary, it occurred very regularly.

01:06:08Terrified, the inhabitants pointed out

01:06:11contacts with these unexplained luminous phenomena,

01:06:14some of which would be a product near their house.

01:06:18Fear spread like a drop of powder.

01:06:21At its peak, there were about 20 appearances every week.

01:06:25The phenomenon made its way in newspapers,

01:06:28magazines and the media around the world.

01:06:30Very quickly, people flocked to the valley,

01:06:33hoping to see these lights for themselves.

01:06:36In 1984, experts gathered at the hill,

01:06:40armed with sophisticated instruments such as magnetometers,

01:06:43radiometers and many other things to the meter.

01:06:47What they observed was staggering.

01:06:49These lights defied any explanation.

01:06:52Some moved at a calm pace,

01:06:54while others crossed the sky at a lightning speed of 30,000 km per hour.

01:07:00People tried to explain them.

01:07:03Planes, distant reflections, lightning bolts,

01:07:06satellites, planets, meteors.

01:07:09But the speed and the way these lights danced

01:07:12eclipsed all these theories.

01:07:14We are slowly approaching another mysterious place.

01:07:17It is the largest subglacial lake among the 675 lakes known in Antarctica.

01:07:22It could easily house forms of unknown life.

01:07:25This lake is located under the Atlantic Ocean, east of Antarctica.

01:07:29If you dive about 4 km under the ice,

01:07:32you will see Lake Vostok,

01:07:34located 200 m below sea level.

01:07:37This lake is 250 km long

01:07:41and 50 km wide,

01:07:43at its widest point.

01:07:45With an average depth of 430 m,

01:07:49it is also the 6th largest lake in the world in terms of volume.

01:07:53It looks like an underwater city,

01:07:55with high pillars and deep basins.

01:07:58This secret lake was discovered in 1993.

01:08:02However, it was expected to be discovered for more than 2,000 years,

01:08:06keeping all its secrets.

01:08:08In 2012, scientists drilled the ice,

01:08:12collecting the longest ice cube in history.

01:08:15They crossed the frozen calotte to the surface of the lake.

01:08:18The year 2013 brought an unexpected rebound.

01:08:22When these calm waters arose during the extraction of an ice cube.

01:08:26They mixed with the drilling fluids.

01:08:29Then, they finally obtained a sample of pure water in 2015.

01:08:33Some think that there could be unknown forms of life over there,

01:08:37because it is a reserve of fossil water that has not been touched for millions of years.

01:08:42It could look a lot like these oceans covered with ice

01:08:46that are suspected to exist on moons like Europe and Enceladus.

01:08:49It all started with a 19th century theory,

01:08:52suggesting that soft water would be hidden under the ice caps of Antarctica.

01:08:57Then, in 1959, seismic surveys revealed the existence of an underwater lake.

01:09:05And in the 1990s, satellite data confirmed the existence of Lake Vostok.

01:09:11It is not the only one.

01:09:13In 2005, an island was discovered in the middle of the lake.

01:09:17Then, two smaller lakes joined the party.

01:09:20It is suspected that a secret network of rivers under glaciers could have connected these lakes.

01:09:25Very far from Antarctica, in Venezuela,

01:09:28the Catatumbo lightning offers a stunning light show

01:09:31to the confluence of the Catatumbo River and Lake Maracaibo.

01:09:35This disturbing electrical phenomenon occurs about 140 to 160 nights a year,

01:09:40for 10 hours a day,

01:09:42and can release up to 280 lightning bolts in one hour.

01:09:47The frequency of this lightning show changes with the seasons and from year to year.

01:09:52It took a break from January to March 2010,

01:09:55which caused concern that it could disappear forever.

01:09:59At sunset, the east winds begin to gain intensity.

01:10:03This strong wind is called a low-altitude nocturnal gust,

01:10:06like what can be observed in the Great Plains of North America.

01:10:10These winds bring humidity,

01:10:12mainly from the Caribbean and the lake itself.

01:10:16This humid air meets the high peaks of the Cordillera,

01:10:20causing the creation of storms on the mountains.

01:10:23Thanks to the constancy of these winds,

01:10:25other storms appear as the night progresses.

01:10:29This pattern is repeated.

01:10:31This is why this region has the highest annual rate of lightning in the world.

01:10:36The next place that scientists are unable to explain is in China.

01:10:41These are Longjiu caves.

01:10:43They have high and inclined vaults and robust pillars.

01:10:47The place has been hidden for centuries.

01:10:50These caves, created by man, dug about 2,000 years ago,

01:10:54decided to reveal themselves only in the 90s.

01:10:57Local farmers have drained the ponds and revealed 5 massive caves.

01:11:02Additional excavations have exposed 19 other smaller caves.

01:11:06They range from 20 to 35 meters wide for 10 to 20 meters high.

01:11:10Archaeologists have found ancient relics there,

01:11:13dating from the reign of Emperor Han Suan Di,

01:11:16dating back more than 2,000 years.

01:11:18How did these caves survive for more than two millennia without collapsing?

01:11:23No written trace explains the way they were designed.

01:11:27The walls have burin marks,

01:11:29suggesting a layer-after-layer sculptural activity.

01:11:33But the exact construction process remains a puzzle.

01:11:38There are entire communities of unusual organisms

01:11:42that live in the lagoons of Patagonia.

01:11:45They are among the first forms of life ever to exist.

01:11:48No one knew them until two scientists, Brian and Maria,

01:11:53went to explore some areas in Patagonia.

01:11:56Patagonia occupies almost half of Argentina, and few people live there.

01:12:00Only a few farmers and sheep farmers,

01:12:03who stay mainly near rivers and cultivate things like apples, pears and alfalfa.

01:12:09A long time ago, it was a wild and remote place where Indian tribes lived.

01:12:14For example, the Tewelch.

01:12:16But this time, we will follow the traces of forms of life that appeared long before humans

01:12:21and take a closer look at these interesting microorganisms that Brian and Maria found.

01:12:26These two had to drive for nine hours on difficult roads to reach their destination.

01:12:32They stayed in a small village.

01:12:34Only 35 people live there.

01:12:36Six genes depend on a single source because it almost never rains there.

01:12:40On the last night in the village,

01:12:42Brian realized that the satellite images he had taken showed a set of lagoons,

01:12:47which were only 16 km away.

01:12:50The next day, the little team jumped in a car

01:12:53and drove as far as they could,

01:12:56until it became too difficult to drive.

01:12:59They continued to hike the rest of the way.

01:13:02It was difficult because they had to carry water to face the intense sun.

01:13:07In some places, they ended up sinking to their knees in a salt bath.

01:13:11Up there, there were 12 lagoons with perfectly clear waters.

01:13:15The place itself did not offer much apart from very acid and salty water and a direct and intense sun.

01:13:20But it was a bit like a time travel,

01:13:23because these conditions looked like what the earth looked like.

01:13:28When Brian examined the lagoons,

01:13:31he was surprised to see many unusual microorganisms there.

01:13:35We call them.

01:13:37And they are so small that we cannot even see them without a microscope.

01:13:41But they gather and form large communities.

01:13:45In the past, many unusual species lived this way.

01:13:49For example, cyanobacteria.

01:13:51They were important at the time because they produced oxygen,

01:13:55the earth, at its beginning, did not have much of this gas in its atmosphere.

01:14:01The first stromatolites could have been formed by different types of bacteria

01:14:05that did not necessarily produce oxygen,

01:14:08but simply lived their peaceful lives there.

01:14:11They formed layers, stacking on top of each other,

01:14:14so that at least some of them could receive a bit of sunlight.

01:14:18They used sand and glue liquids to stay close to each other.

01:14:23Brian was also incredibly surprised,

01:14:26because it was one of the largest living stromatolites he had ever seen.

01:14:31Living stromatolites usually grow up to more than a meter high.

01:14:35But those that had just been discovered were 5 meters wide and a few feet high,

01:14:40which is gigantic compared to those living in other places.

01:14:44And the fossils were even bigger.

01:14:47A long time ago, they could have grown bigger than today

01:14:51because there were not many other species that could eat or harm them.

01:14:55In addition, there are many other organisms today that can develop faster

01:15:00and in a more massive way than them and take their place.

01:15:03This is why stromatolites can only survive in rare places

01:15:07where almost nothing else can live.

01:15:10Like in these salty lagoons located at high altitude,

01:15:13more than 3,650 meters, in the Apuna of Atacama.

01:15:18The stromatolites found there are the most famous,

01:15:20because they could be among the best examples of the first forms of life on our planet.

01:15:25However, they are not really the first form of life on Earth.

01:15:29The oldest of their fossils are 3.5 billion years old,

01:15:34while other evidence we have tells us that life on our planet

01:15:38appeared about 4.1 billion years ago.

01:15:41Maybe some stromatolites also lived at that time.

01:15:45But the Earth has changed a lot since then,

01:15:47and the places where they could have lived have not survived.

01:15:51All this may not seem like much at first glance,

01:15:54because no one has yet found an exotic and strange beast

01:15:57that our world has never seen before.

01:16:00But these are notable examples of what the search for life elsewhere in the universe could look like.

01:16:05Scientists interested in the study of Mars often come to this place

01:16:09because it could look like what the red planet looked like a long time ago.

01:16:14If fossils were hidden in ancient rocks on Mars,

01:16:17they could look like these stromatolites.

01:16:20Another distant country has revealed some of its secrets.

01:16:23It is Antarctica with an ancient lost world found under its ice.

01:16:27Antarctica has not always been this isolated and icy land of snow and ice.

01:16:32In the past, it was part of the supercontinent Gondwana,

01:16:36with what is now South America, Africa, Australia, the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent.

01:16:42But at some point, it separated and began to build a separate life.

01:16:47It was formed when other terrestrial masses began to move,

01:16:51which formed its coast.

01:16:53But Antarctica was also different in many ways at that time.

01:16:57It was a land covered with magnificent forests and rivers full of life.

01:17:01Scientists used radars and satellites to explore a mysterious world hidden under the ice there.

01:17:07This ancient land, which is close to the Indian Ocean,

01:17:10is as large as the American state of Maryland or Belgium.

01:17:13It is more than 14 million years old.

01:17:15Some studies say that this area was formed more than 34 million years ago,

01:17:19long before Antarctica fell into its great ice.

01:17:22At first, the temperatures there were higher.

01:17:25Maybe like the weather in Patagonia,

01:17:27or the rainy, cold-tempered forests of Tasmania, New Zealand,

01:17:31or maybe even more tropical than that.

01:17:34But as the climate became cooler,

01:17:36small glaciers began to form on the hills near the rivers.

01:17:40The valleys sank more because of all this ice covering them.

01:17:44And then, the temperatures dropped again.

01:17:47And a huge layer of ice covered the entire continent,

01:17:50hiding these ancient glaciers.

01:17:52Rivers shaped this lost world a long time ago,

01:17:55long before they ended up being covered with ice almost 3.2 km thick in some places.

01:18:01Scientific studies of this region have shown

01:18:04that these landscapes were filled with high lands and mountains.

01:18:07The ice that had formed on Antarctica made the entire region very cold,

01:18:11so that the landscape could no longer erode.

01:18:14This means that everything remained essentially the same and intact

01:18:18under the ice for millions and millions of years.

01:18:21What is interesting is that we know less about this land hidden under the ice

01:18:26than on the surface of Mars.

01:18:28A way to explore it more would be to forest ice caps

01:18:31to verify the sediment samples below.

01:18:34They could tell us more about the flora and fauna frozen below.

01:18:39This is not a new method.

01:18:41A similar method has been used to collect samples from 2 million years ago in Greenland.

01:18:47Australia also has its own secret world.

01:18:49Ancient organisms have been found hidden in rocks from the north of the continent

01:18:54and dating back to about 1.6 billion years.

01:18:57These microscopic things are part of a family called Eukaryotes.

01:19:02The members of this family that exist today include plants, mushrooms, animals

01:19:08and even these tiny organisms have a single cell, such as amoebas.

01:19:13All living beings with nuclei in their cells, including us,

01:19:17can trace their genealogical tree to one of the oldest members of this family.

01:19:22This is called the last common ancestor Eukaryote

01:19:25and it lived more than 1.2 billion years ago.

01:19:29These ancient organisms were more complex and larger than bacteria.

01:19:34Perhaps they were the first predators on Earth, hunting bacteria.

01:19:39Antarctica used to be a green land populated by dinosaurs,

01:19:42but it is now a frozen continent larger than the United States and does not belong to anyone.

01:19:47It is not difficult to find.

01:19:49By heading south, you will inevitably end up at a time

01:19:52by falling on a large block of ice at the south pole of the planet.

01:19:56It is located inside the Antarctic Circle and forms the largest mass of ice on Earth.

01:20:01The continent is larger than the United States and even larger than Europe as a whole.

01:20:05And yet, Antarctica was only officially discovered recently.

01:20:09Scientists ignored its existence until 1820.

01:20:12After its discovery, it took another two decades to confirm that it was a brand new continent.

01:20:18And a few more decades after that, to find a name for it.

01:20:21In Antarctic, anti means opposite.

01:20:25As a result, Antarctica means the opposite of the Arctic.

01:20:29But before our scientists discovered this land,

01:20:32the Greeks of Antiquity had theorized that there must have been a southern continent

01:20:37to balance the Arctic, located in the north.

01:20:39In addition, some scientists who have studied the art and oral history of Polynesia

01:20:44think that they and their inhabitants discovered the continent more than a millennium before the Europeans.

01:20:49Anyway, today we know this frozen land of the South Pole.

01:20:53Because of its situation, there are only two seasons there.

01:20:56Summer and winter, and they last six months.

01:20:59In summer, it is a little warmer, and the continent is bathed in light.

01:21:03In winter, it is dark all day long.

01:21:0798% of Antarctica is made up of ice.

01:21:11This continent alone accounts for 60% of all the fresh water on the planet.

01:21:16And yet, despite this, Antarctica is the largest desert in the world.

01:21:20By definition, a desert is an area where vegetation is rare, and where there is little snow or rain.

01:21:26Note that the abundance of sand is not a necessary condition.

01:21:29Even if the continent has sand, and even dunes.

01:21:33Antarctica is the most windy continent on the planet.

01:21:37The wind speed can reach 322 km per hour.

01:21:40It's faster than a hurricane.

01:21:44The little snow that falls on these lands never melts.

01:21:47It accumulates for centuries and millennia.

01:21:50The layer of ice is therefore very, very thick.

01:21:53Antarctica is full of secrets.

01:21:55A whole world is hidden under this ice.

01:21:58For example, a large number of mountains on the continent exceed 2,500 meters.

01:22:03It is higher than three Burj Khalifa stacked on top of each other.

01:22:07Currently, it is the highest skyscraper in the world.

01:22:10But if we do not see all these mountains,

01:22:13it is because they are hidden under a layer of ice of nearly 5,000 meters thick.

01:22:18There is also a lake below, at 3,350 meters deep.

01:22:23It is Lake Vostok, named after the Vostok Research Station where it is located.

01:22:29Originally, it was just a hypothesis.

01:22:32More than a century ago, a scientist suggested that the enormous pressure created by the tons of ice

01:22:37could reduce the melting point of the ice in the lowest layers of the calotte.

01:22:42And thus create liquid water and form a lake.

01:22:45He could not prove his theory himself.

01:22:47But scientists later resumed their work and confirmed that all this was true.

01:22:52There is also a canyon in Antarctica, hidden under huge amounts of snow.

01:22:57It is deeper than the Grand Canyon of Arizona.

01:23:01A mountain range divides the continent into two parts.

01:23:05The eastern Antarctic and the western Antarctic.

01:23:08In the western part of the continent, the temperatures are higher and the melting of the ice has begun.

01:23:14If the western Antarctic melts and releases all its water,

01:23:17the average sea level will increase by about 5 meters.

01:23:20This will suffice for some cities to disappear completely from one end to the other of the planet.

01:23:25The first to disappear underwater could be the Thai capital, Bangkok,

01:23:30which is only 1.5 meters above sea level.

01:23:33Then it will be Amsterdam in the Netherlands, then Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam,

01:23:39Cardiff in the United Kingdom and New Orleans in the United States.

01:23:42Today, we work a lot in Antarctica,

01:23:45where scientists stay for long months to study this mysterious continent.

01:23:49Over the years, some children were even born there.

01:23:52But it is not a country and these lands belong to no one.

01:23:56It is governed by the Antarctic Treaty, a peace-making research and collaboration agreement

01:24:01that prohibits any territorial claim.

01:24:04Signed originally by 12 nations, it now has 59 signatories,

01:24:09half of whom have a power of decision.

01:24:12The continent is populated all year long by researchers from all over the world.

01:24:16About 5,000 people live there in summer and 1,000 in winter.

01:24:21However, no one lives there permanently.

01:24:24People go and come, and scientists stay there in turn.

01:24:29The average annual temperature there is less than 34 degrees Celsius.

01:24:33But it was a time when Antarctica was about as hot as today's Melbourne.

01:24:38It was about 45 million years ago, and I was not yet born at the time.

01:24:43But the continent was covered with forests, and dinosaurs roamed these lands.

01:24:47Living under temperatures close to 17 degrees Celsius.

01:24:51It was long before the hot months.

01:24:54Today, it is so cold in Antarctica that not a single bush grows there.

01:24:58There is only snow.

01:25:00The only plants that can thrive under such extreme temperatures are lichens, mosses and algae.

01:25:06Humans cannot survive in such rigorous conditions for long periods either.

01:25:11This is why the continent has never had an indigenous population.

01:25:14Well, if you don't count leeches, seals, whales and a few species of birds.

01:25:21The fauna of Antarctica is the rarest and the least diversified on the planet.

01:25:25Because only a few organisms can resist these difficult conditions.

01:25:29And also because it is forbidden to bring non-indigenous species there.

01:25:33Therefore, if you want to travel to Antarctica with your cat, you will not be allowed to enter.

01:25:37It is not me who decides the rules.

01:25:39The few species that live in the South Pole are totally owners of the place.

01:25:43That's all. There are no more than 5,000 human inhabitants and about 20 million leeches.

01:25:49But they are colonists.

01:25:51In a way, the ancestors of the leeches lived in Australia and New Zealand.

01:25:55There are still some species of leeches there, including the smallest on the planet, which only measures 30 centimeters.

01:26:02However, most migrated to Antarctica at some point.

01:26:05Maybe because the perspective of large quantities of food attracted them.

01:26:09It is not because of the cold that they love for the region.

01:26:12It turns out that most leeches leave the continent at the end of summer.

01:26:16The only ones to stay there are the male emperor leeches.

01:26:19And they do it to warm up and protect the eggs left by their companions.

01:26:23But where are all the others going?

01:26:25At first, it was a great mystery, even for scientists.

01:26:28But by attaching tiny locating devices to the paws of some of these animals, they found the answer.

01:26:34The leeches go to live in the southern oceans when it is too cold in Antarctica.

01:26:39For six months, none of them return to the mainland, then they return to the continent.

01:26:45When they return, the eggs entrusted to the male leeches begin to hatch.

01:26:50And the families are reunited.

01:26:52The leeches feed on different fish.

01:26:55And the ocean is full of them despite the cold temperatures.

01:26:58In some regions, the water can reach temperatures close to zero because it is salty.

01:27:03But the fish do not freeze because their bodies contain antifreeze proteins.

01:27:09There are also about a million leeches in Antarctica.

01:27:12They also love fish and can hold their breath underwater for two hours.

01:27:16They see much better underwater than in daylight and use their mustaches to locate their food.

01:27:23The holes they dig in the ice to breathe can close while they swim.

01:27:28And they must then use their teeth to make a new hole.

01:27:31Leeches can even sleep underwater and go back to the surface from time to time without waking up.

01:27:36Impressive.

01:27:40Imagine a tiny particle, like a proton,

01:27:43moving towards your hand at 99.99% of the speed of light.

01:27:49Would you feel anything when it hits you?

01:27:52The night of October 15, 1991.

01:27:55A mysterious particle crossed space with the energy of entire stars concentrated in tiny atoms.

01:28:01This energy represented 40 million times the energy of the most powerful protons ever developed in our most advanced particle accelerators.

01:28:09Like Hadron's Great Collider.

01:28:11And besides, it was prodigiously fast.

01:28:14Its luminous trace even exceeded the ordinary speed limit of particles.

01:28:18According to some scientists, any particle going that fast should inevitably slow down.

01:28:23But this one didn't care about the rules.

01:28:25It kept going just a little bit slower than the speed of light.

01:28:30The scientist John Linsley was so shocked that he exclaimed,

01:28:33« Oh my God ! » while examining these data for the first time.

01:28:36And that's how this object was named.

01:28:38The particle « Oh my God ».

01:28:40Now imagine an ordinary particle, like a photon,

01:28:44which would move in space next to this bolide.

01:28:47Well, the particle « Oh my God » contains an energy that is 100 trillion times greater than that of photons.

01:28:53From our terrestrial point of view, it would take more than 215,000 years for photons to make the slightest progress.

01:28:58If we examine its energy, it would be like a baseball bat launched at nearly 100 km per hour,

01:29:04which would hurt quite a bit if you caught it with your bare hands.

01:29:07But surprisingly, if the particle « Oh my God » hit you, you wouldn't feel anything.

01:29:12It would simply pass through your hand.

01:29:14It could scatter a few other particles around,

01:29:17but the impact would be imperceptible as a whole.

01:29:20And all this is due to the nature of cosmic rays.

01:29:23When you are in space,

01:29:25lots of invisible particles rush around you at incredibly high speeds.

01:29:30They look like small balls overloaded with energy.

01:29:33These fast particles are what we call cosmic rays.

01:29:37We generally observe the consequences of their atmospheric dance at sea level.

01:29:42Most of these cosmic rays are composed of isolated protons,

01:29:45with just a touch of heavier particles.

01:29:48The higher the energy concentration, the rarer the ray.

01:29:52They come from various parts of the universe and are divided into two flavors.

01:29:56The galactic cosmic rays coming from the outside of our solar system,

01:30:01and the particles of solar energy emitted by our star.

01:30:04We are mainly protected against this by the magnetic bubble of our Earth, the magnetosphere.

01:30:10This protective shield deflects many charged particles,

01:30:14including cosmic rays, far from our planet,

01:30:17or redirects them to the polar regions.

01:30:19And guess what they cause there?

01:30:21That's right.

01:30:22The famous auroras of Boreal and Austral.

01:30:26This luminous phenomenon, which is often observed in the Arctic and Antarctic regions,

01:30:31is caused by travelers from extra-atmospheric space.

01:30:35But it's not as if none ever reached our planet.

01:30:38In fact, we are surrounded by cosmic rays.

01:30:42Everywhere.

01:30:43Thousands of these rays revolve around us at every moment.

01:30:47And they don't just surround us.

01:30:49They hit us and cross our bodies.

01:30:52However, we don't feel anything despite all this.

01:30:55It's because, although they are very charged in energy,

01:30:58they remain infinitely small, and their mass is tiny.

01:31:03In fact, they are so tiny that they often pass through the space between the atoms,

01:31:09and even inside the atoms themselves, with minimal interaction.

01:31:14For all these reasons, we have ignored their existence until the 1910s.

01:31:22A long time ago, scientists discovered that the air at altitude

01:31:25presented a particular phenomenon called ionization.

01:31:29Ionization is when atoms or molecules gain or lose their electric charges,

01:31:33turning into ions.

01:31:35In simpler terms, it's like giving a positive or negative charge to a neutral thing,

01:31:40an atom or a molecule.

01:31:42These charged particles can then behave in a very interesting way.

01:31:46For example, they play a role in the electric current

01:31:49and allow things like lamps and electronic devices to work.

01:31:53In any case, scientists wanted to know where the latter came from.

01:31:57It was first thought that it came from radioactive elements in the ground.

01:32:01But later, at the beginning of the 20th century,

01:32:04some scientists climbed into a balloon

01:32:06and discovered that this ionization increased as we gained altitude.

01:32:11It turns out that something coming from distant space, and not from the sun,

01:32:14caused this ionization.

01:32:16Scientists have learned a lot about these rays over the years,

01:32:20such as their origin and what constitutes them.

01:32:23And that's how cosmic rays were identified.

01:32:27The mysterious particle OMG, which we talked about earlier,

01:32:30was part of these cosmic rays.

01:32:32This particle was detected in 1991 by the cosmic ray detector

01:32:37in Oeil-de-Mouche, which is located in Utah.

01:32:39And to this day, it holds the record for the highest energy cosmic ray ever recorded.

01:32:45Of course, this aroused the curiosity of scientists.

01:32:49They wanted to discover where this overloaded particle came from

01:32:52and how it had obtained this incredible velocity.

01:32:55So we decided to study it.

01:32:57And the more we studied it, the more strange things we discovered.

01:33:01For example, we discovered that time itself stretched around this particle

01:33:05because of its insane speed.

01:33:07The theory of restricted relativity, which we owe to Albert Einstein,

01:33:11says that as you accelerate, strange things happen.

01:33:15And when you approach this limit close to the speed of light,

01:33:19time starts to play tricks on you.

01:33:21For example, if the particle OMG began its journey from a point

01:33:25located a billion and a half light years away,

01:33:28for the particle, it would seem that only about two days passed

01:33:32when it reached us on Earth.

01:33:36Since scientists discovered this incredible particle OMG,

01:33:40they have detected hundreds of events at very high similar energies

01:33:44that occurred in space.

01:33:46But it is extremely difficult to understand why it moves in such a way.

01:33:50All theories have their own flaws.

01:33:52Among the suspects are supernovae, massive star explosions

01:33:58overflowing with magnetic fields and energy.

01:34:01It would nevertheless seem that even their incredible energy

01:34:04is not enough to create an OMG particle.

01:34:08Another suspect was Centaurus A, a fairly close active galaxy.

01:34:13But this theory is difficult to prove because the magnetic field of the Milky Way

01:34:18alters the trajectory of cosmic rays.

01:34:21Of course, there are some other possibilities as delusional as exotic,

01:34:25such as the topological flaws of the Big Bang

01:34:28or mysterious interactions within black matter.

01:34:31Researchers are also exploring even more daring ideas.

01:34:34Who knows, maybe it's really a disruption of the laws of physics.

01:34:41High-energy astrophysics is also very useful

01:34:44to study and understand cosmic rays.

01:34:46It is a field of study that explores highly energetic elements of space,

01:34:50such as extreme cosmic events.

01:34:52Scientists are looking to understand how cosmic rays are linked

01:34:56to the events that occur there.

01:34:58Alas, even after almost 30 years of work,

01:35:01the true origin of OMG particles remains a mystery.

01:35:04But fortunately, recent studies could bring us some answers.

01:35:09In the vast deserts of Utah,

01:35:11there is a real network of telescopes

01:35:13looking for fast particles called

01:35:16ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.

01:35:18Imagine a huge system of detectors scattered through the desert

01:35:22and constantly monitoring the particles.

01:35:25And here's what he recently discovered.

01:35:27There would be a specific area in the Great Bear constellation.

01:35:31At first, scientists didn't think much about it.

01:35:34But later, they analyzed the data in depth

01:35:37and realized its importance.

01:35:39This exceptional area is a hot spot.

01:35:42Where could these cosmic rays come from?

01:35:45And it is almost 100% likely to exist.

01:35:48It would be related to the hidden energy source of the universe.

01:35:51But what is this source and why does it exist?

01:35:56Cosmic rays don't just intrigue astronomers.

01:35:59They also have terrestrial applications.

01:36:01In 2017, researchers used cosmic rays

01:36:05to discover a hidden space in the Pyramid of Cheops.

01:36:08They used tomography by MUONS,

01:36:11a method that examines the cosmic rays

01:36:13penetrating solid objects.

01:36:15And this is how scientists

01:36:17revealed the secrets of the old structure.

01:36:19Researchers also use it

01:36:21to look inside volcanoes.

01:36:23They use the same method as with pyramids.

01:36:26When these rays cross a volcano,

01:36:28scientists can study how they move

01:36:31to generate images of what is inside.

01:36:34This helps them determine where

01:36:36different materials are in the volcano

01:36:38and to monitor all signs

01:36:40indicating that it could erupt.

01:36:42So, the more we learn about them,

01:36:45the closer we get to

01:36:47unraveling the mysteries of our universe.

01:36:49Scientists had to design better detectors

01:36:52in order to learn more.

01:36:54And thanks to all these new technologies,

01:36:57they discover things very quickly.

01:36:59Let's now wait to find out

01:37:01what truth they will discover in the future.

01:37:04When we think of active volcanoes,

01:37:06a region comes to mind.

01:37:08It is the Pacific fire belt.

01:37:10Three quarters of the Earth's volcanoes

01:37:12are in this belt.

01:37:14Compare this region to Australia,

01:37:16which has no volcanic activity.

01:37:19The old European continent is also calm.

01:37:22At least, that's what we like to think.

01:37:25Which is the most active volcano in Europe,

01:37:27according to you?

01:37:29If you think of Etna, in Sicily, Italy.

01:37:32You are right.

01:37:34This volcano has erupted about 200 times

01:37:36and it has been rather agitated

01:37:38in recent decades.

01:37:40The last time it was mentioned

01:37:42was in August 2023.

01:37:44The highest Mediterranean volcano

01:37:46is half a billion years old.

01:37:48But in Iceland,

01:37:50there is a much younger volcano.

01:37:52It woke up on July 10, 2023.

01:37:54In the afternoon,

01:37:56three cracks appeared in the ground

01:37:58on a peninsula,

01:38:00southwest of the island.

01:38:02The crater was the base

01:38:04of a small mountain peak.

01:38:06Its name means

01:38:08small belly in the local language.

01:38:10The volcano spat lava

01:38:12in fusion very high in the air.

01:38:14There were also gas panaches in the area.

01:38:16But this event did not surprise

01:38:18the scientific community.

01:38:20We already knew a lot about the region

01:38:22which extends between the cities

01:38:24of Reykjavik and Keflavik.

01:38:26The name of this volcano

01:38:28is difficult to pronounce.

01:38:30The volcano erupted

01:38:32during the two previous summers.

01:38:34This activity occurred

01:38:36after eight centuries of sleep.

01:38:38The seismologists,

01:38:40who study earthquakes,

01:38:42have recorded more than

01:38:4412,000 earthquakes.

01:38:46When the ground opened in July,

01:38:48the cracks were no more

01:38:50than a kilometer long.

01:38:52The next morning,

01:38:54two of them closed.

01:38:56All the lava came out

01:38:58in the simplest form

01:39:00that a volcano can take.

01:39:02The lava then filled a large crater.

01:39:04From the first week,

01:39:06the cone reached

01:39:08nearly 30 meters high

01:39:10and continued to grow.

01:39:12On the night of the first eruption,

01:39:14the lava spread in all directions.

01:39:16These ashes ignited

01:39:18the surrounding foam.

01:39:20The authorities closed the area.

01:39:22Toxic gases escaped,

01:39:24volcanoes, and smoke

01:39:26After a week,

01:39:28they declared that the area was safe.

01:39:30Visitors came quickly

01:39:32to witness the birth

01:39:34of the youngest volcano in Europe.

01:39:36This form of tourism

01:39:38is quite developed in Iceland.

01:39:40People come from all over the world

01:39:42to observe active volcanoes.

01:39:44The country of fire and ice

01:39:46houses more than 130 volcanoes.

01:39:48About thirty of them are active.

01:39:50I know what you're thinking.

01:39:52Is this type of tourism safe in Iceland?

01:39:54Yes.

01:39:56The authorities constantly monitor

01:39:58all the hot spots.

01:40:00The island is scattered

01:40:02with dozens of seismic stations.

01:40:04These allow researchers

01:40:06to predict future eruptions.

01:40:08Emergencies are used

01:40:10to this kind of event.

01:40:12They can quickly close

01:40:14the areas at risk.

01:40:16This is what happened in 2010.

01:40:18A volcano located

01:40:20south of Iceland,

01:40:22erupted.

01:40:24It spit out steam and ash

01:40:2611 km high.

01:40:28It was not easy

01:40:30for air travelers.

01:40:32The winds carried the huge ash

01:40:34to the southeast,

01:40:36towards northern Europe.

01:40:38Many countries closed

01:40:40their airspace for several days

01:40:42for safety reasons.

01:40:44The volcano erupted in March,

01:40:46but the earth was already shaking

01:40:48since January.

01:40:50As for the youngest volcano on the continent,

01:40:52the tourist infrastructure

01:40:54is already there.

01:40:56Visitors can leave their car

01:40:58on a parking lot.

01:41:00They then hike for 5 hours.

01:41:02This leads to an observation platform.

01:41:04Tourists are so close

01:41:06to the epicenter

01:41:08that they can feel the mist

01:41:10coming out of the crater.

01:41:12It is at night that the show

01:41:14is the most impressive.

01:41:16Security is never a problem.

01:41:18This is how

01:41:20those who follow the rules

01:41:22have nothing to fear.

01:41:24More than a week after the beginning

01:41:26of the eruption,

01:41:28part of the crater collapsed.

01:41:30The lava flowed along the slope

01:41:32to the west.

01:41:34This majestic incandescent river

01:41:36is lava that moves slowly.

01:41:38Scientists class it in the category

01:41:40AH-AH.

01:41:42It is a Hawaiian term.

01:41:44It describes a basaltic lava

01:41:46It consists of fragmented lava blocks,

01:41:48pyroclasts.

01:41:50They fall as the substance flows,

01:41:52leaving reddish areas.

01:41:54The colder lava sections

01:41:56are gray and black.

01:41:58As it progresses,

01:42:00it emits a sound of broken glass.

01:42:02Almost a month after the eruption

01:42:04of the new volcano,

01:42:06we obtained images of an interesting phenomenon.

01:42:08A tornado had formed

01:42:10directly above the lava flow.

01:42:12This phenomenon occurred

01:42:14due to high temperatures,

01:42:161200°C.

01:42:18When the conditions are met,

01:42:20a heated air column can easily

01:42:22turn into a mini-tornado.

01:42:24Scientists observed a similar event

01:42:26during the eruption of Mount Kilauea

01:42:28in Hawaii in 2018.

01:42:30The lava fields of the second

01:42:32largest island in Europe

01:42:34tell us the history of the creation of Iceland.

01:42:36It is located above the junction

01:42:38zone of the North American

01:42:40and Eurasian plates.

01:42:42Tectonic plates are huge

01:42:44rock blocks of the most external layer

01:42:46of the Earth, the lithosphere.

01:42:48They rest on a partially

01:42:50melted rock layer.

01:42:52All the lava we see on the surface

01:42:54begins its journey.

01:42:56Here, these plates float on

01:42:58fusion rock. Their limits are

01:43:00unstable. When two plates rub

01:43:02against each other, they release

01:43:04huge amounts of energy.

01:43:06This is how volcanoes are formed.

01:43:08These are the points where magma

01:43:10reaches the surface.

01:43:12Iceland was formed

01:43:14about 60 million years ago.

01:43:16The tectonic plates moved away

01:43:18from each other.

01:43:20Enough lava accumulated

01:43:22to create a solid ground.

01:43:24This ancient rock

01:43:26is now under the waves.

01:43:28When the new lava reaches the surface

01:43:30and cools, it repels the old

01:43:32rock in the center of the island.

01:43:34This is why the oldest parts

01:43:36of Iceland are not 60,

01:43:38but 16 million years old.

01:43:40The country's active lava fields

01:43:42are young in terms of geology.

01:43:44Some of them are less

01:43:46than 1,000 years old.

01:43:48Scientists consider the island as

01:43:50one of the most sensitive volcanic areas.

01:43:52Nearly a third of the basaltic lava

01:43:54that has reached the surface of the Earth

01:43:56in documented history since the 16th century

01:43:58comes from Icelandic eruptions.

01:44:00Cracks like those

01:44:02that preceded the eruption of 2023

01:44:04cover 30% of the country.

01:44:06For this reason,

01:44:08only a quarter of the island is inhabited.

01:44:10The Vikings were the first

01:44:12to settle in Iceland in the early 10th century.

01:44:14Nature reserved them

01:44:16a warm welcome.

01:44:18Only a few years after their arrival

01:44:20in 930 BC,

01:44:22they witnessed one of the largest

01:44:24volcanic eruptions in history.

01:44:26The Vikings came from a region

01:44:28where there were no volcanoes.

01:44:30So they had no idea

01:44:32what was going on.

01:44:34The Vikings are used to such events.

01:44:36It's a good thing because their homeland

01:44:38has just entered a new era of volcanic activity.

01:44:40Volcanologists think

01:44:42that recent events mark

01:44:44the beginning of decades of eruptions.

01:44:46The peninsula,

01:44:48which houses the youngest volcano on Earth,

01:44:50is only 27 km

01:44:52southwest of the capital.

01:44:54It has been inactive for a long time.

01:44:56Current eruptions remind us

01:44:58that the natural processes

01:45:00that created Iceland, volcanism,

01:45:02still exist today.

01:45:04Recently, we have discovered

01:45:06that there is a link between

01:45:08the volcanic eruptions of northern Europe

01:45:10and glaciers.

01:45:12Our planet has experienced

01:45:14at least five great glacial periods.

01:45:16These are very long periods

01:45:18during which the average temperature

01:45:20of the Earth drops extremely.

01:45:22The result was the expansion

01:45:24of the layers of glaciers

01:45:26through northern Europe

01:45:28and northern America.

01:45:30Researchers are still trying

01:45:32to understand how these glacial periods

01:45:34affect volcanic activity.

01:45:36They think it is the weight

01:45:38of all this ice that disturbs

01:45:40the flow of magma under the Earth.

01:45:42When the glaciers withdraw,

01:45:44the pressure decreases.

01:45:46The lava can then flow more easily

01:45:48to the surface, where it spills.

01:45:54Living on our beautiful planet

01:45:56may seem safe,

01:45:58until you start thinking

01:46:00about everything that lurks

01:46:02in the corners of the street

01:46:04or in the vast darkness of the cosmos.

01:46:06Let's see what could lead

01:46:08to the end of the planet Earth.

01:46:10Each new potential threat

01:46:12is more terrifying than the previous one.

01:46:14I warned you.

01:46:16First of all, let's talk about

01:46:18hypercyclones.

01:46:20This natural disaster

01:46:22can become really extreme.

01:46:24A hypercyclone is a theoretical

01:46:26phenomenon that would occur

01:46:28if the ocean was overheated

01:46:30due to climate change.

01:46:32A massive volcanic eruption

01:46:34could also be the cause.

01:46:36In any case, the created hurricane,

01:46:38unlike the usual hurricanes,

01:46:40would extend well beyond

01:46:42the low stratosphere.

01:46:44The speed of such a storm

01:46:46would reach 800 km per hour.

01:46:48The pressure inside the hypercyclone

01:46:50would be very low and,

01:46:52consequently, it would last

01:46:54for a long time.

01:46:56But the worst, it would damage

01:46:58or destroy part of the ozone layer

01:47:00and the hole that would result

01:47:02would be the size of the entire

01:47:04North American continent.

01:47:06Then, there are the super destructive

01:47:08tornadoes.

01:47:10A tornado is a column of air

01:47:12in violent rotation.

01:47:14It usually spreads from a storm

01:47:16and is in contact with the ground.

01:47:18Inside a storm cloud,

01:47:20hot and humid air rises

01:47:22These conditions can lead to

01:47:24the appearance of air currents

01:47:26in rotation inside the cloud.

01:47:28It is interesting to note that

01:47:30these air currents are first horizontal

01:47:32but, at some point,

01:47:34they can become vertical

01:47:36and begin to descend,

01:47:38thus transforming into tornadoes.

01:47:40Some tornadoes are narrow whirlwinds

01:47:42like ropes.

01:47:44Others are large funnels.

01:47:46Tornadoes are classified

01:47:48using the improved Fujita scale.

01:47:50Tornadoes can reach speeds

01:47:52of up to 100 km per hour,

01:47:54and do not move at more than

01:47:56160 km per hour.

01:47:58The next level is a strong tornado.

01:48:00These whirlwinds can last

01:48:02about 20 minutes,

01:48:04and their winds can reach

01:48:06320 km per hour.

01:48:08Finally, violent tornadoes

01:48:10can last more than one hour

01:48:12and move at a speed

01:48:14between 320 and 480 km per hour.

01:48:16On average,

01:48:18there is a region called

01:48:20Tornado Alley,

01:48:22an area that extends

01:48:24over a dozen states in the Midwest.

01:48:26But tornadoes can occur

01:48:28in any state.

01:48:30One of the most destructive

01:48:32natural disasters was the

01:48:34tornado of the three states

01:48:36in the United States.

01:48:38It lasted an endless time

01:48:40and traveled 354 km

01:48:42through Missouri,

01:48:44Illinois and Indiana.

01:48:46Today, a much larger and

01:48:48much more powerful tornado

01:48:50than all that we have known

01:48:52so far crosses countries

01:48:54and entire continents.

01:48:56It would devastate everything

01:48:58in its path.

01:49:00And what about supercellular

01:49:02storms? It is the least common

01:49:04type of storm,

01:49:06but the most dangerous.

01:49:08It is likely to cause

01:49:10violent meteorological phenomena,

01:49:12destructive winds,

01:49:14it is the presence of a deep

01:49:16and persistent upward current

01:49:18called mesocyclone.

01:49:20Supercellular storms can last

01:49:22hours and cause considerable damage.

01:49:24The impact of an asteroid

01:49:26could also end any

01:49:28form of life on Earth.

01:49:30If one of these space vagabonds

01:49:32was big enough,

01:49:34it could cause widespread devastation.

01:49:36As was the case with the asteroid

01:49:3813 km wide appeared

01:49:4066 million years ago.

01:49:42It destroyed three quarters of the

01:49:44plant and animal species of the planet,

01:49:46including dinosaurs.

01:49:48Depending on the size of the asteroid

01:49:50and its approach speed,

01:49:52the impact could cause

01:49:54large-scale fires, tsunamis

01:49:56and create an eternal winter.

01:49:58This occurs when debris ejected

01:50:00into the atmosphere block

01:50:02the sunlight and disturb

01:50:04the global climate.

01:50:06Fortunately, thanks to our technology,

01:50:08we would probably notice an asteroid

01:50:10of this size approaching

01:50:12our planet long before the collision,

01:50:14and we would have enough time

01:50:16to get rid of it.

01:50:18It may be our own sun

01:50:20that will put an end to our world.

01:50:22Our star is a gigantic

01:50:24ball of gas in fusion,

01:50:26in constant evolution.

01:50:28From time to time, it spits

01:50:30energy bubbles, solar eruptions.

01:50:32They often go hand in hand

01:50:34with what is called

01:50:36coronal mass ejections.

01:50:38These are giant bubbles of

01:50:40ionized gas that can reach

01:50:42incredible speeds.

01:50:44The most powerful volcanic eruptions

01:50:46do not look like solar eruptions,

01:50:48which release 10 million times

01:50:50more energy. In a few minutes,

01:50:52a solar eruption can emit

01:50:54billions of tons of charged particles.

01:50:56Solar eruptions are also

01:50:58extremely hot, with temperatures

01:51:00reaching several million degrees.

01:51:02Astronomers think that these

01:51:04solar radiation explosions occur

01:51:06when the magnetic field of the sun

01:51:08deforms in certain regions.

01:51:10At some point, all the

01:51:12reflected energy is released.

01:51:14The star emits light and

01:51:16particles, mainly electrons

01:51:18and protons. Most

01:51:20solar eruptions last a few minutes,

01:51:22but some last hours.

01:51:26Scientists class solar eruptions

01:51:28according to their x-ray

01:51:30luminosity. You probably

01:51:32won't notice the smallest eruptions

01:51:34if you don't have special equipment.

01:51:36Medium solar eruptions cause

01:51:38short power cuts in the pole,

01:51:40but nothing serious.

01:51:42Class X eruptions should worry you.

01:51:44They cause the strongest

01:51:46and most durable solar storms.

01:51:48If you could see gamma rays,

01:51:50you would see flashes of extreme

01:51:52luminosity. They occur

01:51:54every day, eclipse everything

01:51:56around you, then disappear again.

01:51:58These are called gamma bursts.

01:52:00Only one of them could

01:52:02destroy the Earth's atmosphere.

01:52:04The light that could destroy our planet

01:52:06would probably be born in a distant galaxy

01:52:08during the fusion of two stars

01:52:10collapsing. It would be

01:52:12immensely powerful and superluminous.

01:52:14Even a thousand light years from Earth,

01:52:16it would already shine as much as the sun.

01:52:18The atmosphere of our planet

01:52:20would try to protect us, but this

01:52:22natural shield would be quickly destroyed.

01:52:24This radiation would be

01:52:26so powerful that it would literally

01:52:28burn the atmosphere.

01:52:30This nitrogen oxide would destroy

01:52:32the ozone layer. Without this layer,

01:52:34the ultraviolet rays from the sun

01:52:36would hit the surface of the Earth

01:52:38with full force. They would destroy

01:52:40all the tiny plankton of the ocean.

01:52:42However, this plankton produces

01:52:4450 to 70% of all the oxygen on the planet.

01:52:46Their disappearance would lead

01:52:48to a serious lack of oxygen,

01:52:50which would lead to the disappearance

01:52:52of life on the planet.

01:52:54Finally, the heat and ultraviolet light

01:52:56from the sun would transform the planet

01:52:58into a huge ball of rock.

01:53:00What if we fell into a black hole?

01:53:02You may know that a black hole is a region

01:53:04of space where gravity is so strong

01:53:06that even light cannot escape it.

01:53:08Luckily, the closest black hole

01:53:10to us is 1500 light years away.

01:53:14So, we didn't really worry about it

01:53:16until we learned about

01:53:18the existence of black holes.

01:53:20There, things started to get really scary.

01:53:22If such a black hole entered

01:53:24our solar system, the Earth

01:53:26would be doomed. We would have no chance

01:53:28against this monster of space.

01:53:30In 2020, 13 black holes

01:53:32were spotted not far from our planet.

01:53:34But, not very far,

01:53:36in space terms, means

01:53:38about 1 billion light years.

01:53:40So, we have a little time left.

01:53:42The possibility of such a disaster

01:53:44is very, very low.

01:53:46One day, a wandering planet

01:53:48could push the Earth out of the

01:53:50habitable zone and place it on an

01:53:52extreme orbit, further from the sun.

01:53:54The climate of the planet

01:53:56would then start to get colder and colder.

01:53:58Don't forget that the farther

01:54:00our planet is from the sun,

01:54:02the less gravitational attraction

01:54:04of the star on our planet.

01:54:06In the end, our beautiful Earth

01:54:08would move too far from its main

01:54:10source of light and heat.

01:54:12It would turn into a piece of rock

01:54:14without life, covered with a thick layer

01:54:16of ice.

01:54:18Or the sun could expand

01:54:20and turn into a red giant.

01:54:22If this happened,

01:54:24the entire habitable zone of the solar system

01:54:26would be modified.

01:54:28The disaster would start when our star

01:54:30would run out of hydrogen.

01:54:32This would trigger a chain reaction

01:54:34that would eventually lead to warming

01:54:36and the densification of the heart of the sun.

01:54:38As a result, our beautiful star

01:54:40would become much larger than it is now.

01:54:42During this transformation,

01:54:44it would swallow Venus, Mercury

01:54:46and Earth.

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