90 faits mondiaux pour faire de vous un génie de la conversation

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Transcript

00:00:00The Moai statues stand proudly on Easter Island for hundreds of years.

00:00:05At the time, the inhabitants made enormous efforts to sculpt these grandiose figures.

00:00:09And then they suddenly stopped.

00:00:12Why? Let's try to solve this mystery.

00:00:16Easter Island, located 4,000 km east of Tahiti, has an area of 163 square kilometers.

00:00:22To this day, it is one of the most isolated islands in the world.

00:00:27In the past, it was covered with forests, filled with different species of trees and ferns.

00:00:32But when the first humans arrived on the island around the year 400,

00:00:37the forests slowly began to disappear.

00:00:43And around the year 1250, the Moai statues began to appear everywhere.

00:00:49The locals made them from different types of rocks,

00:00:52such as compressed volcanic ash, basalt, trachyte and red scurry.

00:00:56As it is a volcanic island, these are all the ingredients that the creatures of the statues used.

00:01:01Once the builders had finished their work, they covered the statues with sandstone.

00:01:06The faces of the statues are different.

00:01:09They all have thick eyebrows and big noses, but with distinct expressions.

00:01:13Their arms are sculpted directly into their bodies.

00:01:16Some have hats on their heads.

00:01:18There are nearly 900 statues on the entire island, and they vary in size.

00:01:22The average height is 4 meters, and the largest reach 10 meters in height and weigh up to 82 tons.

00:01:30As the statues have so many different faces, there are theories that they represent, and honor,

00:01:36ancestors, leaders and other important characters who lived on the island.

00:01:40But without any tangible proof, it is almost impossible to understand the real objective of the Moai.

00:01:46In the past, they stood magnificently along the coast, watching over the locals living in the villages.

00:01:51And their backs were turned to the world of the spirits of the sea.

00:01:54When the Europeans discovered the Moai statues in the 1700s, many of them had already fallen.

00:02:00And the construction of the statues had stopped much earlier than that.

00:02:05Enormous efforts have been made to make these statues.

00:02:08The expert craftsmen spent a lot of time sculpting them slowly with rudimentary picks.

00:02:14A team of up to six people could work hard for a whole year to make a single statue.

00:02:20Then they often had to transport it to its final location on the island,

00:02:23at a distance of up to 18 kilometers.

00:02:26Thanks to carbon dating, experts have managed to determine that the statues began to appear around 1250.

00:02:33And then suddenly, around 1500, the process simply stopped.

00:02:39The creators of the statues simply left their burins where they had used them for the last time.

00:02:45And only a quarter of all the statues have actually been placed where they were supposed to be.

00:02:50Half of them are still in the quarries, while others have been left on the ground halfway.

00:02:55Something happened on this island that led the inhabitants to be totally disinterested in the statues.

00:03:00There are many theories about the reason why this could happen.

00:03:04And they are mainly related to deforestation.

00:03:07The inhabitants of the island may have used wood to move the statues across the island,

00:03:11with the help of sledges and ropes,

00:03:13or rodents to make the statues roll,

00:03:15or rafts to make them float.

00:03:18The wood ended up running out.

00:03:20The trees on the island took a very long time to grow back,

00:03:23and the rowers ate most of the seeds.

00:03:25The inhabitants used the wood for many purposes.

00:03:28They needed it not only for practical things, but also to create other statues.

00:03:33Another reason why the inhabitants of the island could stop building the statues

00:03:36could be that they devoted themselves to other projects.

00:03:39The rocks became more and more common with a growing population.

00:03:44However, these rocks were excellent for the ground,

00:03:47keeping it warm and fertilizing it at the same time.

00:03:49The islanders devoted a lot of time and effort to carving these rocks,

00:03:53and they simply did not have enough time for the construction and moving of the statues.

00:03:57Another theory suggests that the beliefs of the locals have changed over time.

00:04:01It is supposed that in the past, the inhabitants of the island saw the statues as a link with their ancestors.

00:04:06But after a while, the rituals describing a demonstration of strength and endurance

00:04:11have become more common.

00:04:13And with these rituals, the islanders began to carve images related to the sea birds.

00:04:18These have become the main animal on the island.

00:04:21People have begun to believe that their ancestors looked at them through the birds instead of the statues.

00:04:26So there was no longer any reason to build the moai.

00:04:30Whatever the degree of veracity of these theories,

00:04:33the main problem was that the small island could no longer support a growing population.

00:04:38What was once a luxurious land covered with forests

00:04:41has quickly become a sterile landscape.

00:04:44During the first centuries, people depended on forest resources.

00:04:48But agriculture took off some time after 1550,

00:04:52when the forests disappeared.

00:04:54The tribes that used to work together to build the fantastic monoliths

00:04:58ended up competing with each other.

00:05:01In this struggle for land and resources, the moai statues were overthrown

00:05:05because people wanted to reduce their importance.

00:05:08Over the following centuries, all the statues were overthrown,

00:05:12but not always deliberately.

00:05:14Many fell naturally after being neglected for so long.

00:05:18Some even ended up in the waters of the ocean surrounding the island.

00:05:21They stayed there for a while.

00:05:23But some of these statues have lived a second life.

00:05:26They were rebuilt, offering a wonderful experience to visitors from all over the world.

00:05:30If you make a trip to this isolated island,

00:05:33the first question you will ask yourself

00:05:35will probably not be to know how the statues were built or moved.

00:05:40It will be rather, how the hell did someone get here in the first place?

00:05:45It was one of the most incredible exploits ever.

00:05:48The Polynesians undoubtedly did quite extraordinary things.

00:05:51From 1500 B.C., this people of sailors began to explore the world.

00:05:56They used the most advanced marine inventions of their time.

00:06:00They crossed the ocean in catamarans and boats,

00:06:04starting with Southeast Asia and populating many other regions in the Pacific.

00:06:09They went as far as present-day Hawaii, in the north, in 900 B.C.,

00:06:14and present-day New Zealand, in the south, in 1200 B.C.

00:06:18And the most distant trip to the east was, of course, Easter Island.

00:06:22In just a few hundred years,

00:06:24these first navigators populated an area of several thousand square kilometers.

00:06:28They simply memorized the places where they had already gone,

00:06:31and in this way managed to navigate the ocean.

00:06:34They used a wide range of techniques.

00:06:37They observed the sky when they got up and went to bed,

00:06:40while at night the stars helped them.

00:06:42If the weather was cloudy and the sailors could not orient themselves visually,

00:06:46they used other brilliant methods.

00:06:48They observed in particular the movement of ocean currents and the motifs of the waves,

00:06:52and paid attention to the bioluminescence in the water.

00:06:55These motifs helped them find the location of specific islands.

00:06:58These sailors even understood how islands and atolls in the distance

00:07:01caused motifs of air and maritime interference.

00:07:05Birds also provided them with precious clues.

00:07:08Some of them migrated over long distances from one island to another,

00:07:12which gave the sailors a kind of visual link for their itinerary.

00:07:16Other types of birds had specific feeding periods.

00:07:19The sailors knew when and where they were hunting,

00:07:21and directed their boats according to the places where these birds were feeding.

00:07:25The Vikings probably received far too much merit in relation to their maritime skills.

00:07:29While they used a solar compass,

00:07:31the first Polynesians relied solely on their knowledge

00:07:34of how nature itself could guide them.

00:07:37Their skills were so advanced that in 1769,

00:07:40Captain James Cook, a famous English explorer,

00:07:43even hired a Polynesian navigator for his in-depth knowledge of the seas.

00:07:48And what is even more surprising is that this navigator drew a memory card.

00:07:53It covered an area of 3,200 km2.

00:07:56In this area, there were 130 islands,

00:07:59and the navigator knew 74 of these islands by name.

00:08:03At the beginning of their journey,

00:08:05Captain Cook often ignored the navigator's advice.

00:08:08But towards the end of their journey, he was very impressed.

00:08:12He also recognized the Polynesians as probably the most widespread people on Earth.

00:08:17This summer, you finally decide to go on this exceptional world tour

00:08:21that you may only do once in your life.

00:08:24The first step in this exciting adventure begins in Europe.

00:08:27You embark on a trip to Italy,

00:08:29the country of pasta, pizzas and wonderful ice cream.

00:08:32Ah, here it is, the Tower of Pisa, famous all over the world.

00:08:37You buy your ticket and enter the monument.

00:08:40You are about to climb 251 sliding steps,

00:08:44so be careful and don't forget to breathe.

00:08:47The white marble stones are amazing,

00:08:49and from time to time, you take a look outside to enjoy the view of the city.

00:08:54Congratulations, you did it!

00:08:56You have reached the top of Campanile,

00:08:58and you can take all the selfies you want.

00:09:01The Tower of Pisa is one of the most emblematic sites in Italy.

00:09:05While you climb the stairs,

00:09:07a guide explains to you that this is a medieval monument.

00:09:10It was built between the 12th and 14th centuries,

00:09:13and it took more than 200 years to finish it.

00:09:16And in case you wonder if it has always been tilted,

00:09:19I can answer you without hesitation, yes.

00:09:22After the third floor was finished,

00:09:24Campanile began to sink.

00:09:27In fact, the very name of Pisa comes from a Greek word

00:09:30which means swampy land.

00:09:32The ground there is extremely soft, made of clay, mud and sand.

00:09:36And the architects try to preserve the tower since it was built.

00:09:41At the top of the monument, 56 meters high,

00:09:44you take your time to admire the city.

00:09:47How many red roofs can you count?

00:09:50If you move to the south side of the monument,

00:09:53you may feel closer to the ground.

00:09:55It's because the Tower of Pisa is facing south.

00:09:58At one time, it was tilting almost 5.5 degrees,

00:10:02without ever collapsing.

00:10:04Today, when you visit the monument,

00:10:07your guide may tell you that the tower tilts a little less.

00:10:10A few years ago, the best architects and engineers in the world

00:10:13did construction work next to the building

00:10:16to strengthen its seat.

00:10:18They dug several tunnels

00:10:20and removed more than 38 cubic meters of earth

00:10:23from the north side of the tower.

00:10:25Now, the tower only tilts at an angle of 4 degrees.

00:10:28So, if you want to take one of these pictures

00:10:31where you pretend to support the tower,

00:10:33you'd better hurry.

00:10:35Who knows how long the tower will remain tilted like this.

00:10:38Now, it's time for you to go to Rome.

00:10:41This city is a real open-air museum,

00:10:44and you absolutely have to discover it.

00:10:46The heat is suffocating, but you are lucky.

00:10:49Today, you will visit the Thermae of Caracalla.

00:10:52Are you ready to live an authentic experience of ancient Rome?

00:10:55You enter through what used to be a kind of locker room.

00:10:58You will have to use your imagination.

00:11:00Today, you can only see brick walls

00:11:0340 meters high here.

00:11:05The Romans of all social backgrounds

00:11:07spent an hour or two in the Thermae every day.

00:11:10They came after a long day of work or before dinner.

00:11:13The complex of imperial Thermae, like this one,

00:11:16was generally free.

00:11:18But here, you had to pay an entrance fee.

00:11:21After the locker room,

00:11:23visitors stopped in a heated room

00:11:25where they were given an oil massage.

00:11:28Then, some went to one of the two exercise classes.

00:11:32Do you see how vast they were?

00:11:34Here, there were very elaborate marble porticoes,

00:11:37and you can even see some colored mosaic fragments

00:11:40decorating the floor.

00:11:42If you wanted something more intellectual,

00:11:45you could stop to listen to a philosopher

00:11:47or visit one of the libraries.

00:11:49Now, we come to the most impressive room,

00:11:52the Caldarium.

00:11:53It was a circular room,

00:11:55steam heated,

00:11:56measuring 35 meters in diameter.

00:11:58There were not one or two,

00:12:00but seven hot pools inside.

00:12:02Above your head,

00:12:03you could admire a magnificent dome

00:12:05supported by large granite columns.

00:12:08The whole structure was richly decorated

00:12:11with multicolored mosaic and glass

00:12:13and beautiful white marble.

00:12:15The complex also housed an Olympic-sized pool

00:12:18with water coming up to your waist.

00:12:21Nowadays,

00:12:22you will only see a few brick walls

00:12:24and reddish concrete.

00:12:26Emperor Caracalla,

00:12:27like many other Roman emperors,

00:12:29built a megacomplex

00:12:31for the greatest happiness of the citizens.

00:12:33After a long international flight,

00:12:35you arrive in Egypt.

00:12:37Wonderful walks with camels

00:12:39and delicious nuts await you.

00:12:41Do you like dates?

00:12:43You leave your hotel at dawn

00:12:45to go to the outskirts of Cairo.

00:12:47You pass in front of the Nile

00:12:49towards the west bank.

00:12:51Don't forget to take pictures.

00:12:53In the distance,

00:12:54you see a large monument.

00:12:56It is the Great Sphinx of Giza.

00:12:58Do you realize that this monument

00:13:00was created more than 4,500 years ago?

00:13:03Once you get closer,

00:13:05you see the Great Pyramids

00:13:06just north of the Sphinx.

00:13:08You learn that,

00:13:09unlike the pyramids,

00:13:10the Sphinx was carved directly

00:13:12into the rocky base of the plateau of Giza.

00:13:15To this day,

00:13:16it is one of the largest statues in the world,

00:13:18measuring 20 meters high

00:13:20and 73 meters long.

00:13:22Legs in a queue.

00:13:24The face of the Sphinx

00:13:25is a little refreshed today,

00:13:27but according to archaeologists,

00:13:29it has not always been so.

00:13:31Thanks to a reenactment

00:13:32modeled on the Sphinx,

00:13:33you will see that it was actually very different.

00:13:36As you can see,

00:13:37its nose as well as parts of its chin

00:13:39were cut at a certain time.

00:13:41Scientists think

00:13:43that the statue is a representation

00:13:45of the great pharaoh Khephren.

00:13:47That's why its face

00:13:48looks so much like that of a human.

00:13:50Just below the eyes,

00:13:51a sculpted line has been added

00:13:53to represent the black line,

00:13:55or mesdemet,

00:13:56carved by the ancient Egyptians.

00:13:58Funny fact,

00:13:59it was not only for cosmetic reasons.

00:14:01They protected their eyes

00:14:02from ultraviolet rays.

00:14:04In a desert region

00:14:05where the sun is so present,

00:14:06it can actually be useful.

00:14:08Specialists are still wondering

00:14:11whether the Sphinx had a beard or not.

00:14:13Many believe that

00:14:14if it was supposed to represent a pharaoh,

00:14:16it most likely had a braided beard,

00:14:19which would have been destroyed by erosion.

00:14:22Even today,

00:14:23you can see the remains

00:14:24of a royal headdress

00:14:25on the head of the Sphinx.

00:14:27This ornament was associated

00:14:29with power and royalty.

00:14:31Now imagine blue and golden stripes.

00:14:34This is probably what the monument

00:14:36looked like when it was built.

00:14:38We have no idea how long it took

00:14:40to build the Sphinx,

00:14:42but it must have been very long,

00:14:44because the sculpted details

00:14:45are very impressive.

00:14:47If you are lucky,

00:14:48your guide may take you

00:14:49to one of the secret rooms

00:14:51inside the statue,

00:14:53if they really exist

00:14:54and are not just a myth.

00:14:56Ah, the crystalline waters of Greece!

00:14:59Whether you arrive by boat or plane,

00:15:01you will really take full advantage of it.

00:15:03We are here,

00:15:04at the heart of the archaeological sites.

00:15:06You arrive at the port of Mandraki.

00:15:08But what's going on?

00:15:10You don't see any monuments

00:15:11in the vicinity.

00:15:13The Colossus of Rhodes is untraceable.

00:15:15The reason is that it was destroyed

00:15:18a very, very long time ago.

00:15:20Before collapsing

00:15:21during a powerful earthquake,

00:15:23the great statue was considered

00:15:25one of the seven wonders

00:15:26of the ancient world.

00:15:28If you saw the Colossus,

00:15:29you would probably confuse it

00:15:31with the Statue of Liberty.

00:15:33In fact, it is not a coincidence.

00:15:35Apparently, there is a link

00:15:37between the old Statue of Rhodes

00:15:39and the American Statue.

00:15:40They were both built

00:15:42as symbols of freedom.

00:15:44And the Statue of Liberty

00:15:45is often nicknamed

00:15:46the Colossus of Modern Times.

00:15:48The Colossus of Rhodes

00:15:49was 30 meters high.

00:15:51But now,

00:15:52all you can see

00:15:53is a concrete mound

00:15:54with a huge void in the middle.

00:15:56Now, imagine a bronze statue

00:15:58placed on one side and the other

00:16:00of a large bridge.

00:16:01The Colossus was built

00:16:02in the 3rd century BC

00:16:04and 900 camels

00:16:06participated in its construction.

00:16:08The statue existed

00:16:09for about 54 years

00:16:11before being destroyed

00:16:12by a powerful earthquake.

00:16:14It struck the city so hard

00:16:16that there was only

00:16:18a gigantic foot left of the statue.

00:16:20Despite this,

00:16:21people continued

00:16:22to visit the monument.

00:16:23Are you ready to go home?

00:16:25Thank you for joining me

00:16:26during this trip.

00:16:27And don't forget to tell me

00:16:28what was your favorite site.

00:16:30See you next time!

00:16:35The Great Pyramid

00:16:39The Great Pyramid

00:16:40was created as a resting place

00:16:42for the ancient Egyptian monarch

00:16:44Cheops.

00:16:46According to legend,

00:16:48Napoleon entered the Great Pyramid

00:16:50and came out of it

00:16:51shaking and very pale.

00:16:53He never revealed

00:16:54what he saw inside,

00:16:55but whatever it was,

00:16:56it was said

00:16:57that it affected him

00:16:58for the rest of his life.

00:17:00When Napoleon

00:17:01entered the Pyramid,

00:17:02he would have crossed

00:17:03a very narrow

00:17:04and ascending passage.

00:17:05He would then have crossed

00:17:06another corridor

00:17:07called the Great Chamber.

00:17:09This corridor would have been

00:17:11much higher than the previous one

00:17:13and would also have been paved.

00:17:15He would then have reached

00:17:16the King's Chamber,

00:17:17the masterpiece

00:17:18of the Great Pyramid

00:17:19which was lined

00:17:20with huge blocks of granite.

00:17:22But it would not have looked

00:17:23as grandiose

00:17:24as we can imagine.

00:17:25No hieroglyph

00:17:26decorates its walls

00:17:27because the Egyptians

00:17:28began to decorate

00:17:29the funeral chambers

00:17:30of the pyramids

00:17:31much later.

00:17:33The Pharaoh's tombs

00:17:34at the heart of the Pyramid

00:17:36would also have been

00:17:37filled with treasures,

00:17:38gold coins,

00:17:39and the most precious jewels

00:17:40in the world.

00:17:41But all this

00:17:42would have been looted

00:17:43a long time ago.

00:17:45The only thing

00:17:46that would probably

00:17:47have remained inside

00:17:48would have been

00:17:49a huge sarcophagus

00:17:50which once contained

00:17:51the King's mummy.

00:17:53It would also have passed

00:17:54in front of the Queen's Chamber.

00:17:56But this room

00:17:57probably did not

00:17:58receive a queen

00:17:59because the pyramids

00:18:00were generally built

00:18:01only for one person.

00:18:03Mysterious tunnels

00:18:04start from there.

00:18:06To this day,

00:18:07no one really knows

00:18:08what they are used for.

00:18:10And this is not

00:18:11the only mysterious

00:18:12and frightening thing

00:18:13that Napoleon

00:18:14has been able to encounter

00:18:15because the stories

00:18:16of Pharaohs

00:18:17leaving ancient curses

00:18:18on the pyramids

00:18:19are legion.

00:18:20Many pyramids

00:18:21carried warnings

00:18:22written outside

00:18:23telling the horrible things

00:18:24that would happen

00:18:25to those who would enter

00:18:26and disturb

00:18:27the peace of the places.

00:18:28We may not know

00:18:29what Napoleon

00:18:30found exactly

00:18:31in the Great Pyramid

00:18:32that frightened him so much,

00:18:33but we know with certainty

00:18:34what was found

00:18:35in Tutankhamun's tomb.

00:18:37Tutankhamun was

00:18:38an Egyptian pharaoh

00:18:39who was only

00:18:408 or 9 years old

00:18:41when he ascended

00:18:42the throne.

00:18:43He became

00:18:44a cultural phenomenon

00:18:45when his tomb

00:18:46was discovered

00:18:47almost entirely intact

00:18:48in 1922.

00:18:50His tomb is

00:18:51in the Valley of the Kings

00:18:52in Thebes,

00:18:53the current Luxor,

00:18:54which is in Egypt.

00:18:56Unlike the Great Pyramid,

00:18:58Tutankhamun's tomb

00:18:59was covered

00:19:00with magnificent

00:19:01mural decorations.

00:19:02The walls

00:19:03told the story

00:19:04of his journey

00:19:05to the beyond

00:19:06through the hells.

00:19:07The Egyptians

00:19:08believed that everyone

00:19:09had to complete this journey,

00:19:10so they filled

00:19:11the tombs

00:19:12with objects

00:19:13and paintings

00:19:14to help the dead

00:19:15to get there.

00:19:16There would also have been

00:19:17sortileges painted

00:19:18on the walls.

00:19:19They thought

00:19:20that would help people

00:19:21to get to the next kingdom.

00:19:22This journey

00:19:23would be quite long,

00:19:24that's why

00:19:25the ancient Egyptians

00:19:26also filled

00:19:27their tombs

00:19:28with food pyramids.

00:19:29Tutankhamun's pyramid

00:19:30was filled

00:19:31with eight baskets of fruit.

00:19:32They even found

00:19:33palm fruit.

00:19:34The rooms

00:19:35were filled

00:19:36with furniture,

00:19:37statues,

00:19:38clothes

00:19:39and sticks,

00:19:40among other things.

00:19:41They probably also

00:19:42found a lot of

00:19:43expensive clothes

00:19:44and jewelry

00:19:45in the pyramids.

00:19:46The ancient Egyptians

00:19:47wanted their ancestors

00:19:48to travel with style

00:19:49to the beyond.

00:19:50They placed

00:19:51Tutankhamun

00:19:52in his last home

00:19:53with more than

00:19:5450 pieces of furniture

00:19:55all of the highest quality.

00:19:56There were tunics,

00:19:57scarves,

00:19:58gloves

00:19:59and hats

00:20:00and a ton of jewelry

00:20:01as well as bracelets,

00:20:02pendants,

00:20:03necklaces,

00:20:04rings

00:20:05and scarabs

00:20:06to protect him.

00:20:07Each of them

00:20:08was made of gold

00:20:09or precious stones.

00:20:10There were also

00:20:11fans made of

00:20:12ostrich feathers

00:20:13to keep the young

00:20:14pharaoh cool

00:20:15under the Egyptian

00:20:16hot sun.

00:20:17But the temperature

00:20:18inside the pyramids

00:20:19never really

00:20:20exceeded

00:20:21the temperature

00:20:22of Friday.

00:20:23The ancient Egyptians

00:20:24developed

00:20:25a very sophisticated

00:20:26air conditioning system

00:20:27that we still

00:20:28don't fully understand

00:20:29today.

00:20:30The Tutankhamun

00:20:31pyramid

00:20:32also contained

00:20:33130 walking sticks

00:20:34made of ebony,

00:20:35ivory,

00:20:36silver

00:20:37and gold

00:20:38to help him

00:20:39in his journey.

00:20:40There were

00:20:41three hidden tanks

00:20:42in case he got tired

00:20:43of all this walking.

00:20:44Eleven boats

00:20:45were also

00:20:46placed inside

00:20:47but there was

00:20:48no sign

00:20:49of any boat

00:20:50inside.

00:20:51The pyramids

00:20:52were filled

00:20:53with the scent

00:20:54of the pharaoh

00:20:55and his favorite

00:20:56perfumes.

00:20:57During the excavations

00:20:58of the Tutankhamun

00:20:59tomb,

00:21:00it quickly appeared

00:21:01that it had been

00:21:02partially emptied

00:21:03during Antiquity.

00:21:04The doors

00:21:05had been damaged

00:21:06and traces of oil

00:21:07had been left

00:21:08in empty jars.

00:21:09It seems

00:21:10that someone

00:21:11made a raid

00:21:12on the pyramid

00:21:13to get the gold,

00:21:14perfumes and oils

00:21:15that had been

00:21:16left for the king.

00:21:17There was still

00:21:18some perfume

00:21:19made of coconut

00:21:20and blood

00:21:21in a jar.

00:21:22It seems

00:21:23that the pharaoh

00:21:24Tutankhamun

00:21:25liked board games.

00:21:26There was a board

00:21:27in ivory

00:21:28of the game

00:21:29of Senet

00:21:30in his pyramid.

00:21:31Although we did not

00:21:32know exactly

00:21:33how to play it,

00:21:34we understood

00:21:35that it was

00:21:36an Egyptian version

00:21:37of Baggamon.

00:21:38It seems

00:21:39that it was a game

00:21:40for two players

00:21:41where the goal

00:21:42was to eject

00:21:43their opponent

00:21:44from the board.

00:21:45It remains to be seen

00:21:46who could play

00:21:47Tutankhamun's mummy.

00:21:48Ancient Egyptians

00:21:49may seem

00:21:50strange to us.

00:21:51For example,

00:21:52they used to shave

00:21:53their eyebrows

00:21:54if they ever

00:21:55lost a cat.

00:21:56It is therefore

00:21:57not surprising

00:21:58that they put

00:21:59really weird things

00:22:00inside the pyramids.

00:22:01Archaeologists

00:22:02discovered

00:22:03a collection

00:22:04of mummified cats

00:22:05and beetles

00:22:06in pyramids

00:22:07dating back

00:22:08more than 4000 years.

00:22:09They were found

00:22:10in the pyramids

00:22:11of Saqqara

00:22:12in the south of Cairo.

00:22:13They also found

00:22:14make-up

00:22:15and mirrors

00:22:16inside.

00:22:17The make-up

00:22:18was worn

00:22:19proudly by men

00:22:20and women

00:22:21in ancient Egypt.

00:22:22Eyeliner

00:22:23was the most popular

00:22:24cosmetic product.

00:22:25Rosette stone

00:22:26is one of the most

00:22:27significant discoveries

00:22:28ever made

00:22:29in the pyramids.

00:22:30It was found

00:22:31by Napoleon Bonaparte's

00:22:32army.

00:22:33It is a black granite stone

00:22:34dating from

00:22:35196 BC.

00:22:36It is transcribed

00:22:37in Greek,

00:22:38Demotic

00:22:39and hieroglyphic.

00:22:40When it was

00:22:41translated

00:22:42in 1822,

00:22:43we obtained

00:22:44the key

00:22:45to understand

00:22:46the hieroglyphs

00:22:47of ancient Egypt

00:22:48for the very first time.

00:22:49The discovery

00:22:50of the mummy

00:22:51of Queen Hatshepsut

00:22:52in 1903

00:22:53changed forever

00:22:54our understanding

00:22:55of ancient Egyptians.

00:22:56After her death,

00:22:57her successor

00:22:58Thutmose III

00:22:59removed most

00:23:00of the evidence

00:23:01of her reign.

00:23:02So much so

00:23:03that we knew

00:23:04practically nothing

00:23:05about one of the

00:23:06first great

00:23:07leaders of Egypt.

00:23:08She has now

00:23:09become

00:23:10one of the rarest

00:23:11and most famous

00:23:12pharaohs.

00:23:13The pharaoh

00:23:14Cheops

00:23:15had a whole

00:23:16boat in his pyramid.

00:23:17Archaeologists

00:23:18discovered

00:23:19more than

00:23:201,200 pieces

00:23:21of a giant boat

00:23:22near the Great

00:23:23Pyramid of Giza.

00:23:24They reassembled

00:23:25the boat

00:23:26and it is

00:23:27an impressive

00:23:28length

00:23:29of 43 meters.

00:23:30It is most likely

00:23:31a solar boat

00:23:32designed to

00:23:33transport the

00:23:34resurrected king

00:23:35to the god

00:23:36Ra.

00:23:37Fun fact,

00:23:38the Pyramid of Giza

00:23:39is the last

00:23:40of the seven wonders

00:23:41of the ancient world.

00:23:42The other six

00:23:43are the suspended

00:23:44gardens of Babylon,

00:23:45the temple of Artemis,

00:23:46the mausoleum

00:23:47of Ali Karnas,

00:23:48the lighthouse

00:23:49of Alexandria

00:23:50and the statue

00:23:51of Zeus

00:23:52at Olympus.

00:23:53This pyramid

00:23:54was also

00:23:55the highest

00:23:56artificial structure

00:23:57in the world

00:23:58for 3,800 years.

00:23:59To build

00:24:00the largest

00:24:01pyramid in Egypt,

00:24:02it took

00:24:03a staggering

00:24:04number of

00:24:052.3 million blocks

00:24:06of limestone,

00:24:07some of which

00:24:08weighed up to

00:24:0980 tons.

00:24:10It also took

00:24:115,000 workers

00:24:12and 23 years

00:24:13to build it.

00:24:14In 2017,

00:24:15archaeologists

00:24:16discovered

00:24:17something strange

00:24:18about the Great

00:24:19Pyramid of Egypt.

00:24:20There is a hidden

00:24:21void at least

00:24:2230 meters long

00:24:23and no one

00:24:24really knows

00:24:25why it is there

00:24:26or what it

00:24:27really contains.

00:24:28This strange void

00:24:29is the first

00:24:30interior structure

00:24:31discovered in the

00:24:32Pyramid of 4,500 years

00:24:33since the

00:24:341800s.

00:24:35Scientists

00:24:36used cosmic rays

00:24:37to detect

00:24:38the massive hole

00:24:39but are still

00:24:40not ready

00:24:41to discover

00:24:42what is inside.

00:24:43Ancient Egyptians

00:24:44took great care

00:24:45when building

00:24:46the pyramids

00:24:47and everything

00:24:48was strategically

00:24:49and structurally

00:24:50solid.

00:24:51It is therefore

00:24:52unlikely

00:24:53that this hole

00:24:54was caused

00:24:55by the fall

00:24:56of blocks

00:24:57over time.

00:24:58Many pyramids

00:24:59also contained

00:25:00small model figurines

00:25:01called

00:25:02oujbetis.

00:25:03They represented

00:25:04assistants.

00:25:05They believed

00:25:06they would

00:25:07live to serve

00:25:08the pharaohs

00:25:09in the afterlife.

00:25:10But it is fascinating

00:25:11to see

00:25:12how they

00:25:13were able

00:25:14to create

00:25:15space

00:25:16inside structures.

00:25:17Everyone

00:25:18loves archaeological

00:25:19sites.

00:25:20The Roman Colosseum,

00:25:21the ancient

00:25:22city of Machu Picchu,

00:25:23the Pyramids of Giza.

00:25:24But have you ever

00:25:25wondered

00:25:26what they

00:25:27used to look like

00:25:28when they were

00:25:29built?

00:25:30Or even

00:25:31when they were

00:25:32covered in ivy

00:25:33and forgotten

00:25:34by humanity?

00:25:35Fasten your seatbelt

00:25:36because we are

00:25:37going on a time travel

00:25:38to the world's

00:25:39largest archaeological

00:25:40sites.

00:25:41Our journey

00:25:42begins in

00:25:43South America

00:25:44at the bottom

00:25:45of the Peruvian

00:25:46mountains.

00:25:47This is

00:25:48the city of

00:25:49Machu Picchu.

00:25:50It is an

00:25:51immense

00:25:52tribute to

00:25:53the ingenuity

00:25:54and power

00:25:55of the Inca

00:25:56civilization.

00:25:57At its peak,

00:25:58it extended

00:25:59over 4,000

00:26:00kilometers

00:26:01along the

00:26:02coast of

00:26:03South America

00:26:04from the

00:26:05present

00:26:06Equator

00:26:07to Chile.

00:26:08And Machu Picchu

00:26:09was located

00:26:102,000 meters

00:26:11above sea

00:26:12level,

00:26:13more or less

00:26:14around 1,450

00:26:15BC.

00:26:16The city,

00:26:17made of

00:26:18walls,

00:26:19was made

00:26:20of about

00:26:21150 stone

00:26:22buildings.

00:26:23The Incas

00:26:24managed to

00:26:25build temples,

00:26:26houses,

00:26:27and even

00:26:28a complex

00:26:29aqueduct system

00:26:30to irrigate

00:26:31the whole city.

00:26:32And yes,

00:26:33they did

00:26:34all this

00:26:35without

00:26:36wheels

00:26:37or iron

00:26:38instruments.

00:26:39The Incas

00:26:40did not use

00:26:41cement to

00:26:42seal the

00:26:43blocks together.

00:26:44However,

00:26:45they fit perfectly

00:26:46with each

00:26:47other.

00:26:48In addition

00:26:49to this,

00:26:50the Incas

00:26:51had to develop

00:26:52a rudimentary

00:26:53but effective

00:26:54anti-seismic

00:26:55technology,

00:26:56since in the

00:26:57event of an

00:26:58earthquake,

00:26:59the stones

00:27:00shook

00:27:01without

00:27:02collapsing.

00:27:03If Machu

00:27:04Picchu

00:27:05had been

00:27:06built today,

00:27:07it would have

00:27:08been a

00:27:09historic site.

00:27:10According

00:27:11to some

00:27:12theories,

00:27:13it could have

00:27:14been built

00:27:15as a ceremonial

00:27:16site,

00:27:17a strong

00:27:18place for

00:27:19the Inca people,

00:27:20or even

00:27:21a village

00:27:22for royalty.

00:27:23What we

00:27:24know for

00:27:25sure is

00:27:26that in the

00:27:2716th century,

00:27:28100 years

00:27:29after the

00:27:30construction

00:27:31of Machu

00:27:32Picchu,

00:27:33its population

00:27:34abandoned it.

00:27:35The roots

00:27:36of the trees

00:27:37were

00:27:38planted

00:27:39by the

00:27:40Inca people

00:27:41in the

00:27:4217th

00:27:43and 18th

00:27:44centuries.

00:27:45In the

00:27:4617th

00:27:47century,

00:27:48Machu

00:27:49Picchu

00:27:50was

00:27:51a place

00:27:52where

00:27:53the

00:27:54Inca

00:27:55people

00:27:56lived.

00:27:57Machu

00:27:58Picchu

00:27:59was

00:28:00a place

00:28:01where

00:28:02the

00:28:03Inca

00:28:04people

00:28:05lived.

00:28:06The

00:28:07destruction

00:28:08of a

00:28:09city

00:28:10is not

00:28:11something

00:28:12that will

00:28:13happen

00:28:14immediately.

00:28:15But you

00:28:16must wonder

00:28:17what Pompeii

00:28:18looked like

00:28:19on its last

00:28:20day.

00:28:21It only

00:28:22took 18

00:28:23hours for

00:28:24the streets,

00:28:25the markets,

00:28:26the houses

00:28:27and the

00:28:28forum

00:28:29of Pompeii

00:28:30to be

00:28:31covered

00:28:32in millions

00:28:33of tons

00:28:34of volcanic

00:28:35ash.

00:28:36In

00:28:37the

00:28:3817th

00:28:39century,

00:28:40the

00:28:41Inca

00:28:42people

00:28:43lived

00:28:44in

00:28:45the

00:28:46Inca

00:28:47city.

00:28:48In

00:28:49the

00:28:5017th

00:28:51century,

00:28:52the

00:28:53Inca

00:28:54people

00:28:55lived

00:28:56in

00:28:57the

00:28:58Inca

00:28:59city.

00:29:00In

00:29:01the

00:29:0217th

00:29:03century,

00:29:04the

00:29:05Inca

00:29:06people

00:29:07lived

00:29:08in

00:29:09the

00:29:10Inca

00:29:11city.

00:29:12In

00:29:13the

00:29:1417th

00:29:15century,

00:29:16the

00:29:17Inca

00:29:18people

00:29:19lived

00:29:20in

00:29:21the

00:29:22Inca

00:29:23city.

00:29:24In

00:29:25the

00:29:2617th

00:29:27century,

00:29:28the

00:29:29Inca

00:29:30people

00:29:31lived

00:29:32in

00:29:33the

00:29:34Inca

00:29:35city.

00:29:36In

00:29:37the

00:29:3817th

00:29:39century,

00:29:40the

00:29:41Inca

00:29:42people

00:29:43lived

00:29:44in

00:29:45the

00:29:46Inca

00:29:47city.

00:29:48In

00:29:49the

00:29:5017th

00:29:51century,

00:29:52the

00:29:53Inca

00:29:54people

00:29:55lived

00:29:56in

00:29:57the

00:29:58Inca

00:29:59city.

00:30:00In

00:30:01the

00:30:0217th

00:30:03century,

00:30:04the

00:30:05Inca

00:30:06people

00:30:07lived

00:30:08in

00:30:09the

00:30:10Inca

00:30:11city.

00:30:12In

00:30:13the

00:30:1417th

00:30:15century,

00:30:16the

00:30:17Inca

00:30:18people

00:30:19lived

00:30:20in

00:30:21the

00:30:22Inca

00:30:23city.

00:30:24In

00:30:25the

00:30:2617th

00:30:27century,

00:30:28the

00:30:29Inca

00:30:30people

00:30:31lived

00:30:32in

00:30:33the

00:30:34Inca

00:30:35city.

00:30:36In

00:30:37the

00:30:3817th

00:30:39century,

00:30:40the

00:30:41Inca

00:30:42people

00:30:43lived

00:30:44in

00:30:45the

00:30:46Inca

00:30:47city.

00:30:48In

00:30:49the

00:30:5017th

00:30:51century,

00:30:52the

00:30:53Inca

00:30:54people

00:30:55lived

00:30:56in

00:30:57the

00:30:58Inca

00:30:59city.

00:31:00In

00:31:01the

00:31:0217th

00:31:03century,

00:31:04the

00:31:05Inca

00:31:06people

00:31:07lived

00:31:08in

00:31:09the

00:31:10Inca

00:31:11city.

00:31:12In

00:31:13the

00:31:1417th

00:31:15century,

00:31:16the

00:31:17Inca

00:31:18people

00:31:19lived

00:31:20in

00:31:21the

00:31:22Inca

00:31:23city.

00:31:24In

00:31:25the

00:31:2617th

00:31:27century,

00:31:28the

00:31:29Inca

00:31:30people

00:31:31lived

00:31:32in

00:31:33the

00:31:34Inca

00:31:35city.

00:31:36In

00:31:37the

00:31:3817th

00:31:39century,

00:31:40the

00:31:41Inca

00:31:42people

00:31:43lived

00:31:44in

00:31:45the

00:31:46Inca

00:31:47city.

00:31:48In

00:31:49the

00:31:5017th

00:31:51century,

00:31:52the

00:31:53Inca

00:31:54people

00:31:55lived

00:31:56in

00:31:57the

00:31:58Inca

00:31:59city.

00:32:00In

00:32:01the

00:32:0217th

00:32:03century,

00:32:04the

00:32:05Inca

00:32:06people

00:32:07lived

00:32:08in

00:32:09the

00:32:10Inca

00:32:11city.

00:32:12In

00:32:13the

00:32:1417th

00:32:15century,

00:32:16the

00:32:17Inca

00:32:18people

00:32:19lived

00:32:20in

00:32:21the

00:32:22Inca

00:32:23city.

00:32:24In

00:32:25the

00:32:2617th

00:32:27century,

00:32:28the

00:32:29Inca

00:32:30people

00:32:31lived

00:32:32in

00:32:33the

00:32:34Inca

00:32:35city.

00:32:36In

00:32:37the

00:32:3817th

00:32:39century,

00:32:40the

00:32:41Inca

00:32:42people

00:32:43lived

00:32:44in

00:32:45the

00:32:46Inca

00:32:47city.

00:32:48In

00:32:49the

00:32:5017th

00:32:51century,

00:32:52the

00:32:53Inca

00:32:54people

00:32:55lived

00:32:56in

00:32:57the

00:32:58Inca

00:32:59city.

00:33:00In

00:33:01the

00:33:0217th

00:33:03century,

00:33:04the

00:33:05Inca

00:33:06people

00:33:07lived

00:33:08in

00:33:09the

00:33:10Inca

00:33:11city.

00:33:12In

00:33:13the

00:33:1417th

00:33:15century,

00:33:16the

00:33:17Inca

00:33:18people

00:33:19lived

00:33:20in

00:33:21the

00:33:22Inca

00:33:23city.

00:33:24In

00:33:25the

00:33:2617th

00:33:27century,

00:33:28the

00:33:29Inca

00:33:30people

00:33:31lived

00:33:32in

00:33:33the

00:33:34Inca

00:33:35city.

00:33:36In

00:33:37the

00:33:3817th

00:33:39century,

00:33:40the

00:33:41Inca

00:33:42people

00:33:43lived

00:33:44in

00:33:45the

00:33:46Inca

00:33:47city.

00:33:48In

00:33:49the

00:33:5017th

00:33:51century,

00:33:52the

00:33:53Inca

00:33:54people

00:33:55lived

00:33:56in

00:33:57the

00:33:58Inca

00:33:59city.

00:34:00In

00:34:01the

00:34:0217th

00:34:03century,

00:34:04the

00:34:05Inca

00:34:06people

00:34:07lived

00:34:08in

00:34:09the

00:34:10Inca

00:34:11city.

00:34:12In

00:34:13the

00:34:1417th

00:34:15century,

00:34:16the

00:34:17Inca

00:34:18people

00:34:19lived

00:34:20in

00:34:21the

00:34:22Inca

00:34:23city.

00:34:24In

00:34:25the

00:34:2617th

00:34:27century,

00:34:28the

00:34:29Inca

00:34:30people

00:34:31lived

00:34:32in

00:34:33the

00:34:34Inca

00:34:35city.

00:34:36In

00:34:37the

00:34:3817th

00:34:39century,

00:34:40the

00:34:41Inca

00:34:42people

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00:42:07The employees and their families could enjoy these hidden rooms, which are placed above many establishments.

00:42:14Most of them are no longer just dumps or empty rooms nowadays, but some are accessible to the public,

00:42:21such as those that are part of the $4.4 million renovation project of the apartments of the Washington Heights library.

00:42:29From an old dusty attic of 350 square meters, it was transformed into a space dedicated to teenagers,

00:42:36which also features a library with rooms for adult education. It's pretty cool!

00:42:42Most of us believed for a long time that Stonehenge, one of the most emblematic monuments in the world,

00:42:49was an ancient calendar due to its alignment with the solstices of summer and winter.

00:42:55But no one could understand how it really worked.

00:42:58Today, a team of researchers has published a new study.

00:43:02It turns out that Stonehenge could have worked as a solar calendar on a period similar to the one used by the ancient Egyptians

00:43:10and based on a year made up of 365.25 days.

00:43:15Each of the stones in this great mysterious circle represented a day in a month.

00:43:20And these big rocks are called Sarsen stones.

00:43:24It is in fact a perpetual calendar where people could follow each sunset of the winter solstice.

00:43:30In this way, people who lived near Stonehenge, which is still today in the Wiltshire in the United Kingdom,

00:43:36could follow the days and months of the year.

00:43:39We now understand this mysterious system of calendars, thanks to this interesting discovery made in 2020.

00:43:46The team identified the origin of 50 of the 52 Sarsen stones, which make up the emblematic stone circle.

00:43:53They analyzed the chemical composition of these stones and traced their origins to the forest of Westwoods,

00:43:59in the Wiltshire, which is located about 24 km from the monument.

00:44:04Not only do these 50 stones come from the same source,

00:44:07but they were also placed at their current location at about the same time.

00:44:12They form the external circle of Stonehenge, as well as an inner ring in the form of a horsehair.

00:44:18Near the center of the monument, there are smaller rocks called blue stones.

00:44:22The team traced the origins of the blue stones to Wales.

00:44:26They also discovered that the Sarsen rocks had a common chemical composition,

00:44:31more than 99% silica with traces of iron, aluminum and calcium.

00:44:37However, two Sarsen stones were different from each other and from the main mass.

00:44:42The Sarsen stones were arranged in three different formations at Stonehenge.

00:44:47Thirty of them formed this huge stone circle that dominates the monument.

00:44:52Four stone positions were found in rectangular formation outside the circle,

00:44:58while the others, located inside the circle, were arranged in five trillites.

00:45:03Also known as dolmen, a trillite is made up of two vertical stones with a horizontal lintel at the top.

00:45:11Thirty, five and four are quite interesting numbers in this calendar system.

00:45:17The thirty lintels that are distributed around the main ring could represent the days of the month.

00:45:23If you multiply this number by twelve, you get 360.

00:45:27And if you add five, which is the number of central trillites, the result is 365.

00:45:32And to really adjust the calendar so that it corresponds to a solar year,

00:45:37you have to add an additional bisectile day every four years.

00:45:41The team thinks that the ancients used the four stone positions for this.

00:45:46In this system, they marked the solstices of summer and winter each year with the same pair of stones.

00:45:52The ancients began to build Stonehenge about 5,000 years ago,

00:45:57and it took them more than a thousand years to finish the work.

00:46:00But the Stonehenge that we can see today is not the complete and original version of the beginning.

00:46:06Many of these ancient blue stones and these blocks of sarsene have been broken or imported.

00:46:11The entire structure has also changed over time,

00:46:14because many generations, 180 to be precise, have succeeded each other since the beginning of Stonehenge,

00:46:20and they have participated in its construction and reconstruction.

00:46:24The people created Stonehenge in four stages.

00:46:27They first built a circular ring that extended over 100 meters in diameter and surrounded 56 pits.

00:46:33A high pitch flanks the pit of the enclosure, while there is a low pitch on the outside.

00:46:39Some theories even say that this part was a kind of communal cemetery.

00:46:44Later, in the second phase, the builders added a horse-drawn cart in sarsene.

00:46:50During the third stage, they built a ceremonial avenue about 3 km long.

00:46:56It probably followed the path of the blue stones,

00:46:59and moved them from the first pits of Aubray to the pits Q and R,

00:47:02a double arch in which these blue stones were placed.

00:47:06At this stage, the builders also reorganized the entry stones and cut the ditch of the main enclosure.

00:47:12During the fourth stage, the stones were broken and the builders engraved sculptures in sarsene.

00:47:19Later, the blue stones were modified again.

00:47:22The builders left no written mark on how they managed to drag these heavy stones to the site

00:47:28and make them stand so perfectly straight.

00:47:31But according to some theories, their technique was more linked to the work of wood than to masonry.

00:47:37They made mortise holes and sawing tenons to assemble the stones,

00:47:41and used grooves and tabs to do so.

00:47:45When they dug the hole for the stones,

00:47:47they placed wooden posts at the back of the hole, which served as a support.

00:47:52Then they put the stone in position and hoisted it up with ropes.

00:47:57They packed gravel into the hole to make sure the stone stayed in place.

00:48:01A pre-industrial agricultural company therefore assembled this fascinating monument

00:48:05using only stone and bone tools.

00:48:09The wheel had not even been invented yet.

00:48:12This unusual formation is also known as a resonant rock.

00:48:16The stones you can see at Stonehenge have quite strange acoustic properties.

00:48:21When you hit them, they make a loud gong sound.

00:48:25This could be one of the reasons why people took the trouble to transport them

00:48:29over such a long distance in the first place.

00:48:32In some ancient cultures, people believed that these rocks had healing powers.

00:48:37It is a very popular place that attracts more than one million visitors a year.

00:48:41When it was opened to the public for the first time,

00:48:44visitors were allowed to walk among the stones.

00:48:47They could even climb on them because there were no restrictions.

00:48:51Until the end of the 19th century,

00:48:53visitors regularly carved pieces of the rock to bring them home as souvenirs.

00:48:58They also engraved their initials on the stones.

00:49:01They camped inside the circle and lit campfires

00:49:05without realizing that this could seriously compromise the stability of the entire monument.

00:49:10Over time, there were more and more restrictions

00:49:14until the monument was finally banned from access in 1997

00:49:18because of the serious erosion of the stones.

00:49:21This means that if you want to visit it, you can only see it from afar,

00:49:25unless you pay an additional fee for the visit of the stone circle,

00:49:28which can only be organized outside of normal visiting hours.

00:49:32Originally, Stonehenge had two entrances leading to the enclosure.

00:49:36There was a large one in the northeast and another one a little narrower, located on the south side.

00:49:41If you look at it today, you can see that there is much more space between the stones.

00:49:46It is mainly because of the traces made later that once crossed the monument.

00:49:51The ground inside Stonehenge was severely disturbed,

00:49:55and not only because of visitors digging pits.

00:49:58A group of people dug a large and deep hole in the stone circle in the 17th century

00:50:04because they were looking for a treasure.

00:50:06Then there was Charles Darwin, who also did excavations because he studied the earthworms in the region.

00:50:12He wanted to know how these worms could have an impact on objects in the ground over time.

00:50:17He observed how a stone that had fallen there had sunk deeper into the ground

00:50:22and realized that this was happening because of the activities of these tiny creatures

00:50:26that were constantly scratching the ground.

00:50:29In 1963, a theory was circulated that Stonehenge had been built as a kind of computer

00:50:36predicting solar and lunar eclipses.

00:50:39Later, some suggested that it had actually been built as a monument to the deceased ancestors.

00:50:45According to this theory, the permanence of these stones represented eternal life after death.

00:50:51An average block of sarsene weighs 25 tons, while the largest weighs about 30 tons.

00:50:57If you want to get an idea of the real size of these stones,

00:51:00you can go behind the visitors' center, in the outdoor gallery,

00:51:04to see a replica of sarsene rocks.

00:51:07It is a replica of a menhir from one of the trillites found in the interior iron of the monument.

00:51:13There are five Neolithic houses in Stonehenge,

00:51:16if we base ourselves on the real archaeological traces of habitation found in this area.

00:51:20Each of them had walls built with piers and an anchored floor.

00:51:24Some even had furniture.

00:51:26We also discovered a lot of debris,

00:51:29which means that the people of this region organized celebrations and festivities.

00:51:34Research has shown that people lived in these houses for 50 to 100 years,

00:51:38around 4,500 BC,

00:51:41which corresponds to the time when the builders brought the sarsene rocks to Stonehenge.

00:51:46While Stonehenge was being built,

00:51:48entire generations experienced major changes,

00:51:51from the Stone Age to the early Bronze Age.

00:51:54People were no longer as sedentary and isolated.

00:51:57They began to travel and trade more,

00:52:00which meant that they communicated much more than their ancestors,

00:52:03even at the international level.

00:52:05This is how they were able to make Stonehenge known,

00:52:08and it was also at this moment that all the mystery and fascination for this monument began.

00:52:15In 1886, a competition was announced in Paris.

00:52:19The winner would have the right to design and build

00:52:23the masterpiece of the Universal Exhibition of 1989,

00:52:28Gustave Eiffel's company proposed a project that was selected among 107 others.

00:52:34The first project of the architects of the Eiffel Society

00:52:37was a tower with stone pedestals,

00:52:40monumental arches between the columns,

00:52:42rooms with glass walls at each level,

00:52:45the top in the form of a light bulb,

00:52:47and a lot of ornaments.

00:52:48As this project was too complicated,

00:52:50they modified it by leaving only the lower arches.

00:52:53It took a record time of 5 months to finish the foundations,

00:52:57and 21 other months to assemble the 18,000 metallic pieces of the top.

00:53:02You can still see them and count them all when you visit Paris.

00:53:06Even today, the Eiffel Tower looks revolutionary where it is,

00:53:10but at the end of the 19th century,

00:53:12it made a sensation and was highly criticized.

00:53:15Famous writers have said that it was a tragic lampshade,

00:53:19a construction plant pipe, or a giant skeleton.

00:53:22They were not entirely wrong.

00:53:24The tower really has something in common with a human skeleton.

00:53:28It was inspired by a femur.

00:53:30As they were just starting to work on the project,

00:53:33the Eiffel team was faced with a serious problem.

00:53:36They had to make the tower strong enough to resist the elements,

00:53:40but at the same time, it had to be as light as air.

00:53:43If they had made a single mistake,

00:53:46the tallest building in the world at the time

00:53:48would have collapsed under its own weight, gravity or violent winds.

00:53:52Not to mention that they had to work with iron,

00:53:55which was a new revolutionary building material at the time.

00:53:59At the same time, anatomist Hermann von Meyer

00:54:02was doing research on the femur.

00:54:04It is the longest and strongest bone in the human body.

00:54:08The bones are strong and robust on the outside and spongy on the inside,

00:54:12just like bamboo.

00:54:14The femur reaches such a size because it is made up of hollow tubes,

00:54:18made up of smaller tubes, which are made up of even smaller tubes.

00:54:21The bone, just like the bamboo,

00:54:23takes on the load it carries because of the structures inside.

00:54:27These are brush fibers arranged in the shape of a cross.

00:54:30A Swiss engineer, Karl Kühlmann,

00:54:32developed this concept and created a crane

00:54:35in which motifs such as those of the femur

00:54:37were used exactly where the support was most necessary.

00:54:42Gustave Eiffel was inspired by this idea

00:54:45and decided to build his tower

00:54:47by using interlaced motifs of ascent and downwind

00:54:50to support the construction.

00:54:52He did a good job of calculating

00:54:54and designed his tower so that the violent winds

00:54:56were directed directly towards the most solid part,

00:54:59namely the four feet,

00:55:01so that the lighting rockets,

00:55:03which are directed outward at the base of the tower,

00:55:06look like femurs upside down.

00:55:08The plan was implemented little by little

00:55:11and the construction was completed on 31 March 1889.

00:55:15Many things have changed since then

00:55:17in the fields of science and architecture,

00:55:19but nature has always inspired new inventions and technologies.

00:55:23This is what we call biomimicry.

00:55:26For example, the world's first high-speed train,

00:55:29the Shinkansen, which has been in operation since 1964,

00:55:33was also inspired by nature.

00:55:35When the train left the tunnel at a speed of 300 km per hour,

00:55:39it produced a sonic boom.

00:55:41This noise woke up the inhabitants of the neighboring cities

00:55:44and frightened the wild animals.

00:55:46A group of engineers were trying to solve this problem.

00:55:49One of them, who was also an ornithologist,

00:55:51suggested modifying the train

00:55:53to make it look more like a fishing boat.

00:55:55This bird has a pointed deck

00:55:57that allows it to dive into the water

00:55:59practically without splinters when it hunts.

00:56:02They remodelled the front of the train

00:56:04by giving it a kind of beak

00:56:06and solved the noise problem.

00:56:08This shape also reduced energy consumption

00:56:11because it is more aerodynamic

00:56:13and increased the speed of the train by 10%.

00:56:16The Velcro inventor was inspired by his own dog.

00:56:19He wanted to know why the bars

00:56:21adhere so easily to his fur

00:56:23and he noticed tiny hook-shaped tips on the microscope.

00:56:27They cling to different materials,

00:56:29such as fur and fabric, using loops.

00:56:32Georges de Mestral reproduced this technology

00:56:35and created his own company in 1959.

00:56:38Since then, the system of fixation of nylon loops

00:56:41that attach to tiny tips

00:56:43has been used on many occasions.

00:56:45Sharks are among the best swimmers in the world.

00:56:48They are very fast, thanks to the shape of their bodies

00:56:51and also to a special type of skin

00:56:53covered with small teeth and not scales.

00:56:56Scientists have created a plastic material

00:56:58based on this secret technology of sharks.

00:57:01When a ship is covered in it,

00:57:03small marine creatures can't stay attached to it,

00:57:06which allows the ship to move faster

00:57:08and save fuel.

00:57:10Swimmers wearing swimsuits made of shark-inspired material

00:57:14also become much faster.

00:57:16They also bite harder.

00:57:18No, I'm kidding.

00:57:20Butterflies and pans in bright colors

00:57:22have inspired an energy-saving technology

00:57:24for phone screens.

00:57:26These creatures have small structures

00:57:28on their wings and feathers.

00:57:30When the white light illuminates them,

00:57:32they reflect several colors at different speeds

00:57:35because the surface is not uniform.

00:57:37In the screens inspired by this idea,

00:57:39the colors also come from reflection.

00:57:41The screen does not produce them

00:57:43and thus saves energy.

00:57:45The colors are always bright and bright,

00:57:47so everyone wins.

00:57:49The scarab of the African desert of the Namib

00:57:51is a pro at collecting water.

00:57:53It transforms the fog into droplets of water

00:57:56in the form of small bumps on its shell.

00:57:59Scientists and engineers at MIT

00:58:01have designed a similar structure

00:58:03in glass and plastic.

00:58:05It can be used for cooling devices

00:58:07and to safely clean toxic waste.

00:58:09Whales are among the largest creatures on the planet

00:58:12and they are also excellent swimmers,

00:58:14divers and jumpers.

00:58:16Their secret lies in the protuberances of their fins,

00:58:19which look like wings.

00:58:21They can control the flow of water

00:58:23to help them swim.

00:58:25Scientists have decided to use this idea

00:58:27for wind turbines.

00:58:29Tests have shown that these turbines

00:58:31inspired by whales are more stable,

00:58:33more durable and quieter

00:58:35than ordinary turbines

00:58:37and can generate more energy

00:58:39from the wind and water.

00:58:41Elephant trunks have more than 40,000 muscles

00:58:44and are super agile.

00:58:46They can lift heavy loads

00:58:48and perform complicated maneuvers

00:58:50such as picking apples on a cliff.

00:58:52The design of the trunk

00:58:54inspired the creation of a super safe

00:58:56and flexible robotic arm.

00:58:58It has a memory

00:59:00and learns to reach and grab objects

00:59:02thanks to its own experience,

00:59:04like a human baby.

00:59:06This technology is already used

00:59:08in factories, laboratories and hospitals.

00:59:10Another type of robot,

00:59:12the Squishy,

00:59:14was modeled on the model of a pear.

00:59:16This robot does not move

00:59:18on a predictable trajectory

00:59:20like other hard-bodied robots.

00:59:22It can crouch,

00:59:24shrink and take a new shape

00:59:26because it has no fixed articulation.

00:59:28It does not bump into objects

00:59:30and adapts to any environment

00:59:32without problem.

00:59:34This is why it can be very useful

00:59:36to save people.

00:59:38Bats move thanks to echolocation.

00:59:40They produce ultrasonic sounds

00:59:42that bounce on objects

00:59:44and then calculate the distance

00:59:46that separates them from these objects.

00:59:48The Squishy has a similar system

00:59:50for walking sticks

00:59:52for visually impaired people.

00:59:54It sends 60,000 impulses per second

00:59:56and receives echoes.

00:59:58The stronger the echo,

01:00:00the closer the object is.

01:00:02Squishy are super climbers

01:00:04that can move on all kinds of surfaces,

01:00:06including walls, ceilings and glass.

01:00:08The secret to their success

01:00:10lies in the tons of microscopic hairs

01:00:12that give them fantastic adhesion

01:00:14to any material.

01:00:16Squishy can be used

01:00:18to transform humans

01:00:20into human spiders in the future.

01:00:22Their fixation material

01:00:24is activated by UV light.

01:00:26Squishy are delicious.

01:00:28They also have a unique vision.

01:00:30Their eyepieces are like flat mirrors

01:00:32that do not bend the light

01:00:34but reflect it from many different angles.

01:00:36Scientists use this principle

01:00:38to build telescopes

01:00:40that can focus from different angles

01:00:42in space.

01:00:44Squishy are also inspired

01:00:46by X-ray devices

01:00:48that can see through a thick steel wall.

01:00:50Have I already said that squishy are delicious?

01:00:52Squishy spend their days

01:00:54hitting tree trunks.

01:00:56But their skulls and brains

01:00:58remain healthy and safe.

01:01:00Their beaks and skulls

01:01:02are made up of several layers

01:01:04and some parts are flexible

01:01:06and absorb shocks.

01:01:08Scientists noticed this

01:01:10on bird scanners

01:01:12and on shock absorbers

01:01:14for micro-devices.

01:01:16They can also use Squishy

01:01:18to make insulation

01:01:20for space shuttles

01:01:22and protect football players

01:01:24from injuries.

01:01:26All attempts at biomimicry

01:01:28did not succeed.

01:01:30At the end of the 1990s,

01:01:32Mercedes-Benz was looking

01:01:34for a new design

01:01:36for a safe, efficient

01:01:38and easy-to-handle car.

01:01:40But the car was too slow

01:01:42and stayed on its path,

01:01:44even in the busy sea.

01:01:46What worked well in the sea

01:01:48did not work for a car.

01:01:50It turned out to be super unstable.

01:01:52But you know what?

01:01:54They did not admit defeat.

01:01:56Not at all.

01:01:58They just drew the conclusions

01:02:00of their failure

01:02:02and continued to try

01:02:04until they found the following model.

01:02:06Hmm, well done guys!

01:02:08It's nice, isn't it?

01:02:10Except that there is a hitch.

01:02:12You can visit them

01:02:14for the last time in your life.

01:02:16Indeed, they are threatened

01:02:18to disappear during our existence.

01:02:20Ah, Paris, the city of light,

01:02:22all that, all that.

01:02:24For us, it seems difficult

01:02:26to imagine the city

01:02:28without its most emblematic monument,

01:02:30the Eiffel Tower.

01:02:32But it has not always been there, of course.

01:02:34Gustave Eiffel, the architect

01:02:36built it in 1889.

01:02:38But the one nicknamed the Iron Lady

01:02:40was supposed to stand

01:02:42only for 20 years.

01:02:44After that, it should have been disassembled.

01:02:46Except that this plan

01:02:48never found a buyer.

01:02:50If the tower has not been dismantled,

01:02:52it is because an antenna

01:02:54has been erected at its top

01:02:56and it serves as a radio transmitter.

01:02:58But there is a problem.

01:03:00The Iron Lady is made of iron

01:03:02and with time and the bad weather

01:03:04it rusts.

01:03:06And this rust weakens the iron

01:03:08until it cracks.

01:03:10And if a tower made only of iron

01:03:12starts to crack,

01:03:14you doubt what that means.

01:03:16No more selfies in the process

01:03:18of crumbling in front of the famous Eiffel Tower.

01:03:20Obviously, the French authorities

01:03:22are aware of the phenomenon.

01:03:24But instead of repairing the entire tower,

01:03:26we are somehow content

01:03:28to repaint over the rust.

01:03:30Your next stop will be

01:03:32the Colosseum, of course.

01:03:34One of the most visited monuments in the world.

01:03:36Gladiators used to give themselves

01:03:38a show.

01:03:40Well, let's say

01:03:42Arrivederci to this place

01:03:44as long as you can.

01:03:46Like many ancient monuments,

01:03:48the Colosseum is threatened with disappearance.

01:03:50It has survived for nearly 2,000 years

01:03:52since its construction was ordered

01:03:54by Emperor Vespasian.

01:03:56But because of its regular exposure

01:03:58to bad weather,

01:04:00the problem is mainly due to the snow.

01:04:02When it falls on the Colosseum,

01:04:04the ice water infiltrates

01:04:06the cracks in the rock and makes it inflate.

01:04:08You know, like when you leave a soda can

01:04:10in the freezer for too long

01:04:12and the bottom ends up coming out.

01:04:14Of course, snow is a rare visitor

01:04:16to Rome.

01:04:18But even these rare drops in temperature

01:04:20can seriously damage the Colosseum.

01:04:22And since we can't control the weather,

01:04:24who knows how long

01:04:26we'll still have the opportunity

01:04:29After taking the plane to India,

01:04:31you arrive at the Taj Mahal,

01:04:33which is unique in its kind.

01:04:35It is even more charming in reality

01:04:37than in the photos,

01:04:39and the Taj is one of the 7 wonders

01:04:41of the modern world.

01:04:43But why is it likely to disappear?

01:04:45The monument was completed in 1643,

01:04:47shaped using an immaculate white marble

01:04:49as a gift from Emperor Shah Jahan

01:04:51to his late wife.

01:04:55But if our white shirts get dirty

01:04:57just by leaving the house,

01:04:59imagine a monument delivered

01:05:01in the 80s and which has existed

01:05:03for more than 4 centuries.

01:05:05The Taj Mahal is located in the city of Agra,

01:05:07right next to the Yamuna River.

01:05:09Over the years,

01:05:11the region has become very polluted,

01:05:13and all this pollution

01:05:15slowly destroys the Taj.

01:05:17The Supreme Court of India

01:05:19seized this case several years ago

01:05:21and claims that the monument

01:05:23has a greenish hue.

01:05:25High authorities therefore decided

01:05:27that if the local government

01:05:29did not completely restore the Taj Mahal,

01:05:31they would order its closure,

01:05:33or worse, they would destroy it.

01:05:35For the good of humanity,

01:05:37we can only hope that they will decide

01:05:39to restore it, otherwise

01:05:41we will only have 6 wonders left.

01:05:43Ah, finally, you have arrived

01:05:45in South America.

01:05:47More precisely, you are now

01:05:49in the mountainous territory of Peru.

01:05:51If you are not used to such altitudes,

01:05:53it is worth it,

01:05:55if only to admire the fascinating

01:05:57Inca ruins of Machu Picchu.

01:05:59The city is located more than 2,000 meters

01:06:01above sea level, and no one knows

01:06:03how the Incas were able to build

01:06:05such a sophisticated complex.

01:06:07This is why the site attracts

01:06:09about 440,000 visitors each year.

01:06:11But since the regulations

01:06:13are not so strict,

01:06:15the site deteriorates so slowly.

01:06:17Machu Picchu may be the victim

01:06:19of what is called over-tourism.

01:06:21It is said that if you look at any

01:06:23picture of the complex on an ordinary day,

01:06:25it is usually bombed.

01:06:27And even if it is a city made of stone

01:06:29and that these are quite resistant,

01:06:31it suffers immeasurably from erosion,

01:06:33whether caused by man or the weather.

01:06:35Oh la la, this is what does not promise

01:06:37anything good.

01:06:39There is another stone monument

01:06:41that you must visit on your list.

01:06:43Can you guess which monument it is?

01:06:45Yes, it's Stonehenge,

01:06:47located in the peaceful hills of

01:06:49England. Stonehenge has existed

01:06:51for more than 5,000 years.

01:06:53Well, no one knows exactly

01:06:55when it was built, but you will know

01:06:57to be forgiving. If the only cause

01:06:59of its degradation was erosion,

01:07:01then it would take millions of years

01:07:03for the monument to disappear.

01:07:05Except that this is not the case.

01:07:07Since 1995, the British government

01:07:09has issued multiple proposals

01:07:11aiming to build an underground tunnel

01:07:13that would connect the southeast and southwest

01:07:15of England. The thing is that this tunnel

01:07:17is under Stonehenge and that it could

01:07:19crumble the foundations of the site.

01:07:21Anyway, since the project

01:07:23has been suggested, the local supporters

01:07:25of the monument have founded

01:07:27an association, Save Stonehenge,

01:07:29to ensure its safety.

01:07:31They firmly believe that any enterprise

01:07:33such as this tunnel would seriously

01:07:35harm the site.

01:07:37Ah, Egypt. This time,

01:07:39to get to the destination,

01:07:41you decide to travel in style.

01:07:43And by that, we mean with a drummer's back.

01:07:45Just in time for a little photo session, of course.

01:07:47But why are you here?

01:07:49You came to see the Sphinx of Giza.

01:07:51You know, the one with the broken nose.

01:07:55The Sphinx, too, was built

01:07:57a long time ago, more than 4,000 years ago.

01:08:01And at the time, the Egyptians used

01:08:03what they had at their disposal,

01:08:05limestone stones. Today, some

01:08:07researchers believe that extreme weather conditions

01:08:09could damage the limestone

01:08:11stones of the Sphinx.

01:08:13The stones are very porous,

01:08:15so that water easily infiltrates

01:08:17inside, which tries to strengthen

01:08:19and accelerate erosion.

01:08:21But water also comes from below.

01:08:25Unlike the pyramids of Giza,

01:08:27the Great Sphinx was carved

01:08:29directly into the stone.

01:08:31And just below the monument

01:08:33is the bed of a river,

01:08:35which also infiltrates the statue,

01:08:37making it more fragile.

01:08:39Let's cross our fingers

01:08:41for the future.

01:08:43We hope you brought your swimsuit

01:08:45because it's time to dive

01:08:47deep into the Dead Sea.

01:08:49Except that you probably won't go that deep.

01:08:51You know, since there is so much salt

01:08:53in this water that you can hardly

01:08:55float. Surprisingly,

01:08:57this sea is ten times saltier than the oceans.

01:08:59It may seem a little ironic

01:09:01that the Dead Sea itself

01:09:03may one day perish,

01:09:05but it is the case.

01:09:07The level of this sea drops by 1.20 meters

01:09:09and this is due to one of its main

01:09:11affluents, the Jourdain.

01:09:13An affluent is a stream

01:09:15that spills into a much larger mass of water.

01:09:17But the fact is

01:09:19that the region is not very rich

01:09:21in natural water.

01:09:23So the Israeli authorities

01:09:25ended up turning away this affluent

01:09:27to satisfy human activities.

01:09:29But as any action leads to a reaction,

01:09:31the Dead Sea is now faced

01:09:33with some difficulties.

01:09:35We end with the United States,

01:09:37a city that never sleeps.

01:09:39And if you understood the theme of the trip,

01:09:41you already know the monument we are going to visit.

01:09:43This is the Statue of Liberty.

01:09:45This may surprise some,

01:09:47but the famous statue was originally covered

01:09:49in copper and it became green

01:09:51due to its oxidation.

01:09:53Finally, maybe I would also take a greenish hue

01:09:55if I were constantly exposed

01:09:57to the weather conditions of New York.

01:09:59Some researchers claim that air pollution

01:10:01can also accelerate this oxidation process,

01:10:03thus endangering the long existence

01:10:05of Lady Liberty.

01:10:07Of course, the city of New York contributes to maintaining it.

01:10:09We can only hope that this will be enough

01:10:11to allow us to continue to admire

01:10:13the statue throughout our lives.

01:10:15It is now time to go home.

01:10:17We really enjoyed this trip,

01:10:19and we hope you too.

01:10:21Let's hope we can still visit these places for a long time.

01:10:23Imagine that you work 7 days a week

01:10:25on a large construction site.

01:10:27Like thousands of other people,

01:10:29you carry millions of blocks of stone

01:10:31and you put them on top of each other

01:10:33according to a complex system.

01:10:35You work without modern construction equipment.

01:10:39You have no air conditioning

01:10:41or permanent access to water.

01:10:43It is so hot outside

01:10:45that you can fry eggs on the road.

01:10:47You have been building this pyramid

01:10:49for decades.

01:10:51And now, when it is finally finished,

01:10:53you appreciate the result of the colossal work

01:10:55of thousands of people.

01:10:57You have in front of you

01:10:59a giant cultural monument

01:11:01of world value

01:11:03that will freeze over time

01:11:05and amaze people for tens of thousands of years.

01:11:07A few thousand years have passed.

01:11:09People of the 21st century

01:11:11see the pyramids

01:11:13and say to themselves,

01:11:15wow, I can't believe humans built this.

01:11:17Yes, the people who built the pyramids

01:11:19would not have appreciated

01:11:21this kind of remark.

01:11:23But in fact, there are good reasons

01:11:25to think that the people who built it

01:11:27used an extraordinary technology.

01:11:29From the outside,

01:11:31it looks like the great pyramids

01:11:33are just two large stone triangles.

01:11:35People just put heavy blocks

01:11:37on top of each other.

01:11:39And that's all.

01:11:41In fact, the design seems too perfect

01:11:43to be true.

01:11:45The pyramid is made up

01:11:47of more than 2 million blocks.

01:11:49They are so close to each other

01:11:51and so regular

01:11:53that you could not even slide

01:11:55a thin sheet of paper between them.

01:11:57This is the exact technology

01:11:59used to build the Egyptian pyramids.

01:12:01One of the largest and most famous

01:12:03is the Great Pyramid of Giza.

01:12:05This huge construction,

01:12:07known all over the world,

01:12:09has a great secret.

01:12:11There must have been a crowning stone

01:12:13at the top of the pyramid.

01:12:15It is a block of triangular-shaped stone,

01:12:17a small pyramid,

01:12:19at the top of a huge one.

01:12:21The thing is also known

01:12:23under the name of Pyramidion.

01:12:25It is made of stone and limestone

01:12:27and is covered with gold.

01:12:29No document or ancient drawing

01:12:31can prove that there was

01:12:33a Pyramidion at the top

01:12:35of the Great Pyramid of Giza.

01:12:37But there is another ancient Egyptian structure

01:12:39in this type of triangle,

01:12:41the Red Pyramid.

01:12:43It was built before the Great Pyramid

01:12:45and its crowning stone has survived

01:12:47to this day.

01:12:49Archaeologists have found and reconstructed it.

01:12:51But where could the crowning stone

01:12:53of the Great Pyramid be?

01:12:55It is a mystery

01:12:57that still has no answer.

01:12:59Some are convinced that thieves

01:13:01stole it at the top.

01:13:03Maybe they just climbed

01:13:05and pushed the Pyramidion down.

01:13:07It is quite logical.

01:13:09The angular stone was probably

01:13:11the most precious element of the pyramid.

01:13:13Many scientists and archaeologists

01:13:15still do not know its exact function.

01:13:17Some believe that this top,

01:13:19covered with gold, glorified the Pharaohs.

01:13:21The crowning stone reflected

01:13:23the light of the moon

01:13:25and illuminated all the space

01:13:27around it.

01:13:29During the day,

01:13:31this stone reflected the light

01:13:33of the sun with its shiny surface.

01:13:35We could see it from afar.

01:13:37The top of the pyramid was

01:13:39a kind of guiding star

01:13:41for lost travelers.

01:13:43All the other blocks of stone

01:13:45of the pyramid are made of limestone.

01:13:47People polished them to make them shine.

01:13:49What was the light?

01:13:51We could see luminous pyramids

01:13:53from space,

01:13:55even if they looked like

01:13:57very small lights.

01:13:59Over the thousands of years,

01:14:01winds, sandstorms and rains

01:14:03have changed the appearance

01:14:05of the pyramids.

01:14:07If people had taken care of them

01:14:09during all this time,

01:14:11they would have looked like

01:14:13something from science fiction

01:14:15or Las Vegas pyramids.

01:14:17Some archaeologists and scientists

01:14:19believe that the crowning stone

01:14:21could absorb the energy of the sun

01:14:23and distribute it uniformly

01:14:25in the pyramid.

01:14:27No one knows exactly

01:14:29why the Egyptians needed

01:14:31this technology.

01:14:33There is a theory

01:14:35according to which the pyramids

01:14:37are ancient energy systems.

01:14:39The Pharaohs applied this energy

01:14:41to use unique technologies

01:14:43more advanced than all the

01:14:45other civilizations of the 21st century.

01:14:47And the triangular shape of the pyramids

01:14:49was ideal to stimulate

01:14:51this electromagnetic energy.

01:14:53In theory, the solar radiation

01:14:55or electromagnetic forces

01:14:57accumulate at the top of the pyramid,

01:14:59fill the interior parts

01:15:01and descend along the walls

01:15:03to the base.

01:15:05Any deformation of the surface

01:15:07could prevent the flow from spreading.

01:15:09So they had to create

01:15:11a perfectly smooth surface.

01:15:13This is why they installed

01:15:15the blocks so that no one

01:15:17could slip a needle

01:15:19or a razor blade between them.

01:15:21Many people believe this theory

01:15:23because they built the pyramids

01:15:25in limestone.

01:15:27This material can retain

01:15:29the energy inside.

01:15:31In the interior part,

01:15:33they created deposits of granite

01:15:35to cause the ionization of the air,

01:15:37i.e. to create an electric charge.

01:15:39They also dug channels

01:15:41to generate electricity.

01:15:43And at the top, they placed

01:15:45a gold crownstone,

01:15:47the best conductor of electricity.

01:15:49This is how we get

01:15:51a great generator of electricity.

01:15:53Different cultures used

01:15:55similar technologies

01:15:57to create electricity

01:15:59all over the world.

01:16:01But these are just theories.

01:16:03If it had worked,

01:16:05humanity would have used

01:16:07these technologies today.

01:16:09We know about physics,

01:16:11mathematics and astronomy

01:16:13in some ancient documents.

01:16:15Most scientists do not believe

01:16:17in all these things.

01:16:19We know the detailed stages

01:16:21of the development

01:16:23of these technologies

01:16:25in different cultures.

01:16:27In the 21st century,

01:16:29scientists, historians

01:16:31and anthropologists

01:16:33can follow the evolution

01:16:35of all modern devices.

01:16:37The creation of antiquity

01:16:39could have been erased

01:16:41from the surface of the Earth

01:16:43by global cataclysms.

01:16:45Imagine how people

01:16:47would find a laptop

01:16:49in 5,000 years.

01:16:51They may not understand

01:16:53what kind of device it is.

01:16:55Another Egyptian wonder

01:16:57surrounded by mystery

01:16:59is the sphinx statue.

01:17:01The Egyptians carved it

01:17:03in a gigantic limestone piece

01:17:05that still does not have

01:17:07the exact date of its construction

01:17:09or who built it.

01:17:11The Egyptians painted the sphinx

01:17:13in different colors

01:17:15so that its appearance

01:17:17was much brighter

01:17:19and more alive

01:17:21in a distant past.

01:17:23It shone just like

01:17:25the great pyramids.

01:17:27Anyway, time

01:17:29has not only changed

01:17:31its appearance

01:17:33but also its function.

01:17:35It emphasized the greatness

01:17:37of the Egyptian rulers.

01:17:39It also served

01:17:41the symbolic function

01:17:43of a guard dog

01:17:45who watched the Pharaoh's tomb

01:17:47and the paths leading to it.

01:17:49This version seems realistic

01:17:51since archaeologists

01:17:53discovered many secret entrances

01:17:55at the foot of the sphinx.

01:17:57Perhaps these pieces

01:17:59and complex tunnels

01:18:01were used to find jewels.

01:18:03According to legends and theories,

01:18:05the sphinx keeps the archive room

01:18:07where all the knowledge

01:18:09of humanity is stored.

01:18:11Information on the ancient mythical

01:18:13state of Atlantis

01:18:15could be found here.

01:18:17You can find many maps

01:18:19detailing the internal dungeons

01:18:21of the sphinx on the Internet.

01:18:23They show structures

01:18:25of 12 floors deep

01:18:27under the statue.

01:18:29There are many ancient artifacts.

01:18:31But you can't believe

01:18:33all these maps.

01:18:35They are just theories.

01:18:37Thousands of years have passed

01:18:39but people still have

01:18:41very little information

01:18:43on this subject.

01:18:45Archaeologists know

01:18:47there are many strange

01:18:49and fascinating things

01:18:51about the sphinx

01:18:53that have not yet been discovered.

01:18:55People in the area

01:18:57and especially scientists

01:18:59from other countries

01:19:01are digging.

01:19:03In 1998, scientists

01:19:05discovered strange tunnels

01:19:07leading to empty rooms

01:19:09under the sphinx.

01:19:11They found that people

01:19:13had tried to pass through

01:19:15these tunnels in the past.

01:19:17It is possible that these people

01:19:19had taken all the treasures

01:19:21that were there.

01:19:23One legend says

01:19:25the sphinx is a symbol

01:19:27of the ancient Egypt.

01:19:29But the inhabitants hide it

01:19:31because it could harm the planet.

01:19:33Some think you can find

01:19:35unknown technology evidence

01:19:37painted on the granite walls

01:19:39of the Pharaohs' tombs.

01:19:41But most likely,

01:19:43these paintings and signs

01:19:45just tell us the myths

01:19:47and legends of ancient Egypt.

01:19:49But what happens

01:19:51if the symbols and Egyptian drawings

01:19:53disappear?

01:19:55People in the future

01:19:57will not be able to

01:19:59obtain energy by themselves.

01:20:01So let's leave them

01:20:03detailed instructions.

01:20:05Anyway, there are many

01:20:07enigmas and theories.

01:20:09In reality,

01:20:11the search for answers

01:20:13is a dangerous business

01:20:15because it is not easy

01:20:17to penetrate the underground

01:20:19rooms.

01:20:21In fact,

01:20:23it would be great

01:20:25if researchers could

01:20:27invent a device that could

01:20:29scan the underground areas

01:20:31and show us detailed plans.

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