El mundo de los dinosaurios es difícil y peligroso. Recuerda los velocirraptores feroces de "Parque Jurásico?" Vea como las versiones más grandes de ellos, Utahraptores, tumban presas de mayor tamaño por que cazaban en grupos. Se necesitan adaptaciones revolucionarias para mantenerse con vida durante la era de los dinosaurios y este episodio expone cómo las diferentes especies cambiaron para sobrevivir. Vea cómo una versión más pequeña del Utahraptor, el Rahonavis, utiliza su habilidad especial para trepar a los árboles para evadir depredadores. En el cielo, un joven pterosaurio - un reptil volador - utiliza el vuelo a eludir a sus enemigos. Revelaremos un descubrimiento radical, los mamíferos eran mucho más diversos en esta época de lo que se pensaba. Veremos el inusual Castorocauda, ??un animal similar al castor y el volaticotherium, un animal similar a una ardilla voladora, unos mamíferos que compartían la tierra con los dinosaurios durante su reinado.
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00:30It's been a long time since dinosaurs have captivated our imagination.
00:37But much of what we knew about them was wrong.
00:41Now, a scientific revolution has transformed its history.
00:49Forcing us to analyze dinosaurs in new and revolutionary ways.
00:57If we compare how science has been applied to study dinosaurs
01:00for almost the whole 20th century,
01:02in contrast to the last 40 years, it is radically different.
01:06And during the reinvention process, dinosaurs have been recharged.
01:11For at least 150 or 160 million years,
01:14dinosaurs were one of the dominant living species.
01:20There were immense predators in the air.
01:25There were massive predators on land.
01:29There were animals that could eat anything with horns, tails, or claws.
01:35So, one of the key questions about them is,
01:39why did they do so well?
01:41It is possible that they survived thanks to group hunting,
01:45to develop their own body armor,
01:49or to see the world in a way that we had never imagined.
01:57Welcome to the kingdom of dinosaurs.
02:04KINGDOM OF DINOSAURS
02:15KINGDOM OF DINOSAURS
02:19SURVIVAL TECHNIQUES
02:24125 MILLION YEARS AGO
02:30125 million years ago, in the lower Cretaceous,
02:35large sauropods such as the Cedarosaurus
02:38migrated across the territory in search of food and water.
02:43CEDAROSAURUS
02:47CEDAROSAURUS
02:50CEDAROSAURUS
02:53CEDAROSAURUS
02:55Like many giant herbivores, the Cedarosaurus traveled in flocks,
03:00where the gigantic adults could protect the younger ones.
03:07But on this route there are bandits,
03:13like the Yutarraptor,
03:25a lethal predator.
03:56It is possible that what they lacked in size
03:59they compensated with meticulously coordinated attacks.
04:26CEDAROSAURUS
04:29CEDAROSAURUS
04:32CEDAROSAURUS
04:35CEDAROSAURUS
04:38CEDAROSAURUS
04:41CEDAROSAURUS
04:44CEDAROSAURUS
04:47CEDAROSAURUS
04:50CEDAROSAURUS
04:53CEDAROSAURUS
04:56CEDAROSAURUS
04:59CEDAROSAURUS
05:02CEDAROSAURUS
05:05CEDAROSAURUS
05:08CEDAROSAURUS
05:11CEDAROSAURUS
05:14CEDAROSAURUS
05:17CEDAROSAURUS
05:20CEDAROSAURUS
05:23CEDAROSAURUS
05:26CEDAROSAURUS
05:29CEDAROSAURUS
05:32CEDAROSAURUS
05:35CEDAROSAURUS
05:38CEDAROSAURUS
05:41CEDAROSAURUS
05:44CEDAROSAURUS
05:47CEDAROSAURUS
05:50CEDAROSAURUS
05:53CEDAROSAURUS
05:56CEDAROSAURUS
05:59CEDAROSAURUS
06:02CEDAROSAURUS
06:05CEDAROSAURUS
06:08CEDAROSAURUS
06:11CEDAROSAURUS
06:14CEDAROSAURUS
06:17CEDAROSAURUS
06:20CEDAROSAURUS
06:23CEDAROSAURUS
06:26CEDAROSAURUS
06:29CEDAROSAURUS
06:32CEDAROSAURUS
06:35CEDAROSAURUS
06:38CEDAROSAURUS
06:41CEDAROSAURUS
06:44CEDAROSAURUS
06:47CEDAROSAURUS
06:50CEDAROSAURUS
06:53CEDAROSAURUS
06:56CEDAROSAURUS
06:59CEDAROSAURUS
07:02CEDAROSAURUS
07:06YUTARRAPTOR
07:09The Yutarraptors were the ultimate killing machine.
07:14We can say without fear of being wrong that a single Yutarraptor was as dangerous an opponent as a grizzly bear today.
07:21Unlike the grizzly, it was probably a very fast animal.
07:26Likewise, there is evidence that even the great raptors could have lived in herds.
07:33And so it's quite likely that the Utahraptor
07:36would have operated in a group
07:38if they intended a larger prey than themselves.
07:41And this group carried very dangerous weapons.
07:45We're talking about a curved blade this long.
07:48Whether it was used to stab, or to slash,
07:51or just to tear the entrails while they held the prey,
07:54it had to be a formidable weapon
07:56that they could have used against larger prey.
07:59DINOSAURS
08:04DINOSAURS
08:09DINOSAURS
08:11Dinosaurs were the ultimate survivors
08:14because they're still with us today.
08:17One of the biggest revolutions in the last 15 years
08:21has been the discovery that birds descend from dinosaurs.
08:26However, even if it's possible that it had feathers,
08:29this little one wasn't a bird.
08:31It was a 30-centimeter-tall raptor called Raonavis.
08:36It was probably fast,
08:38it certainly had wings,
08:40it probably had the ability to plan,
08:43and maybe it was even capable of flying,
08:45waving its wings.
08:48And so, step by step,
08:50the adaptations,
08:52the techniques,
08:54the anatomical changes that helped this little dinosaur
08:57to survive at each moment,
09:00would end up leading to these wonderful creatures,
09:03the birds.
09:0970 million years ago,
09:12Madagascar.
09:24Madagascar, Indonesia
09:54Madagascar, Indonesia
09:58Madagascar, Indonesia
10:22A passing rapetosaurus,
10:24with the possibility of an easy meal,
10:26makes a Raonavis abandon its safe position.
10:57Raonavis
10:59Raonavis
11:00Raonavis
11:01Raonavis
11:02Raonavis
11:03Raonavis
11:04Raonavis
11:05Raonavis
11:06Raonavis
11:07Raonavis
11:08Raonavis
11:09Raonavis
11:10Raonavis
11:11Raonavis
11:12Raonavis
11:13Raonavis
11:14Raonavis
11:15Raonavis
11:16Raonavis
11:17Raonavis
11:18Raonavis
11:19Raonavis
11:20Raonavis
11:21Raonavis
11:22Raonavis
11:23Raonavis
11:24Raonavis
11:25Raonavis
11:26Raonavis
11:27Raonavis
11:28Raonavis
11:29Raonavis
11:30Raonavis
11:31Raonavis
11:32Raonavis
11:33Raonavis
11:34Raonavis
11:35Raonavis
11:36Raonavis
11:37Raonavis
11:38Raonavis
11:39Raonavis
11:40Raonavis
11:41Raonavis
11:42Raonavis
11:43Raonavis
11:44Raonavis
11:45Raonavis
11:46Raonavis
11:47Raonavis
11:48Raonavis
11:49Raonavis
11:50Raonavis
11:51Raonavis
11:52Raonavis
11:53Raonavis
11:54Raonavis
11:55Raonavis
11:56Raonavis
11:57Raonavis
11:58Raonavis
11:59Raonavis
12:00Raonavis
12:01Raonavis
12:02Raonavis
12:03Raonavis
12:04Raonavis
12:05Raonavis
12:06Raonavis
12:07Raonavis
12:08Raonavis
12:09Raonavis
12:10Raonavis
12:11Raonavis
12:12Raonavis
12:13Raonavis
12:14Raonavis
12:15Raonavis
12:16Raonavis
12:17Raonavis
12:18Raonavis
12:19Raonavis
12:20Raonavis
12:21Raonavis
12:22Two young of Majungasaurus.
12:52They are not afraid of anything.
12:55They are not afraid of anything.
12:58They are not afraid of anything.
13:01They are not afraid of anything.
13:04They are not afraid of anything.
13:07They are not afraid of anything.
13:10They are not afraid of anything.
13:13They are not afraid of anything.
13:16They are not afraid of anything.
13:19They are not afraid of anything.
13:22They are not afraid of anything.
13:25They are not afraid of anything.
13:28They are not afraid of anything.
13:31They are not afraid of anything.
13:34They are not afraid of anything.
13:37They are not afraid of anything.
13:40They are not afraid of anything.
13:43They are not afraid of anything.
13:46They are not afraid of anything.
13:49They are not afraid of anything.
13:52They are not afraid of anything.
13:55They are not afraid of anything.
13:58They are not afraid of anything.
14:01They are not afraid of anything.
14:04They are not afraid of anything.
14:07They are not afraid of anything.
14:10They are not afraid of anything.
14:13They are not afraid of anything.
14:16They are not afraid of anything.
14:19They are not afraid of anything.
14:22They are not afraid of anything.
14:25They are not afraid of anything.
14:28They are not afraid of anything.
14:31They are not afraid of anything.
14:34They are not afraid of anything.
14:37They are not afraid of anything.
14:40They are not afraid of anything.
14:43They are not afraid of anything.
15:11We talk about the Mesozoic as the era of the dinosaurs.
15:16But it was more than that.
15:18Because there were other groups that also prospered.
15:21The dinosaur revolution has also brought to light
15:24a whole range of secondary characters, unbelievable.
15:28The Beelzebub was a giant frog discovered
15:31by our group on the island of Madagascar.
15:34For years we found fragments and finally we gathered enough
15:38to reconstruct most of an animal
15:41that turned out to be the largest known frog.
15:44The closest relative is in South America
15:47and it is the so-called Pacman frog,
15:50which eats almost anything that fits in its mouth.
15:53A Beelzebub frog could be the size of a small dinosaur.
15:57Could it eat dinosaurs?
15:59Perhaps.
16:00Small dinosaurs, just out of the shell.
16:03The Beelzebub was within that range.
16:06If it weighed about four kilos, it could eat a dinosaur.
16:09It's strange to imagine a frog eating a dinosaur,
16:13but the Beelzebub was in the size that would make this behavior feasible.
16:18It was like this, more or less, this big.
16:21It was not a frog that you would want to bother.
16:24One thing that the dinosaur revolution has taught us
16:27is that these were not at all simple and stupid animals.
16:30There is a quote by Albert Einstein that says,
16:33everything must be done as simple as possible, but no more.
16:37And in my opinion, we have spent decades simplifying the dinosaurs,
16:41but we have not been able to simplify them.
16:44We have not been able to simplify them,
16:47but we have not been able to simplify them.
16:50And in my opinion, we have spent decades simplifying the dinosaurs,
16:54and now we know that they were more complex.
16:57It is possible that dinosaurs have learned from the environment and from their species.
17:02We often associate the size of the brain with intelligence.
17:06The brains are overrated.
17:08It is not necessary to have a large brain to have a complex behavior.
17:12It is possible that they have also seen the world in a more vivid way
17:15than we thought at first.
17:18It is almost certain that dinosaurs had eyes similar to birds,
17:22and that they could appreciate the intensity of color
17:25more than mammals like us can.
17:28If they could observe the world and learn,
17:31they would have more possibilities of surviving,
17:34since danger could present itself in different shapes, colors and sizes.
17:39160 million years ago, in China,
17:42the long-necked herbivores saw the beginning of their golden age.
17:46And here is the Sunosaurus.
17:56Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:00Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:31Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:35Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:39Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:43Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:47Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:51Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:55Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
18:59Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:03Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:07Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:11Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:15Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:19Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:23Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:27Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:31Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:35Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:39Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:43Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:47Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:51Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:55Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
19:59Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
20:03Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
20:07Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
20:11Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
20:15Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
20:19Like many herbivores, it may have lived in groups.
20:23Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
20:53Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:23Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:27Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:31Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:35Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:39Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:43Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:47Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:51Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:55Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
21:59Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:03Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:07Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:11Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:15Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:19Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:23Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:27Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:31Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:35Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:39Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:43Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:47Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:51Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:55Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
22:59Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:03Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:07Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:11Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:15Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:19Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:23Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:27Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:31Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:35Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:39Predators such as the shinraptor could detect weakness.
23:43Beads
23:47The Jurassic was the golden age of giant dinosaurs,
23:49The Jurassic was the golden age of giant dinosaurs,
23:54they really dominated the Earth.
23:57but they really dominated the Earth.
24:00But the finding of new fossils shows that mammals had adapted to survive in their world playing many more complex and different roles earlier than we imagined.
24:08playing many more complex and different roles earlier than we imagined.
24:12For example, there were Jurassic beavers.
24:16This is an animal of which there was no indication a few years ago.
24:20It had not found anything like the time of the dinosaurs.
24:23And believe it or not, there were even Jurassic flying squirrels.
24:28So these two new findings are very representative of a whole new era
24:33in the understanding of the animals of the Mesozoic.
24:37China during the Upper Jurassic.
24:40A land of forests, rivers and crowned dragons called Guanglong.
24:50It is difficult to believe that these two are related to the imposing T-Rex.
24:55But they are.
25:07T-Rex
25:09T-Rex
25:10T-Rex
25:11T-Rex
25:12T-Rex
25:13T-Rex
25:14T-Rex
25:15T-Rex
25:16T-Rex
25:17T-Rex
25:18T-Rex
25:19T-Rex
25:20T-Rex
25:21T-Rex
25:22T-Rex
25:23T-Rex
25:24T-Rex
25:25T-Rex
25:26T-Rex
25:27T-Rex
25:28T-Rex
25:29T-Rex
25:30T-Rex
25:31T-Rex
25:32T-Rex
25:33T-Rex
25:34T-Rex
25:35T-Rex
25:36T-Rex
25:37T-Rex
25:38T-Rex
25:39T-Rex
25:40T-Rex
25:41T-Rex
25:42T-Rex
25:43T-Rex
25:44T-Rex
25:45T-Rex
25:46T-Rex
25:47T-Rex
25:48T-Rex
25:49T-Rex
25:50T-Rex
25:51T-Rex
25:52T-Rex
25:53T-Rex
25:54T-Rex
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25:57T-Rex
25:58T-Rex
25:59T-Rex
26:00T-Rex
26:01T-Rex
26:02T-Rex
26:03T-Rex
26:04T-Rex
26:05T-Rex
26:06T-Rex
26:07T-Rex
26:08T-Rex
26:09T-Rex
26:10T-Rex
26:11T-Rex
26:12T-Rex
26:13T-Rex
26:14T-Rex
26:15T-Rex
26:16T-Rex
26:17T-Rex
26:18T-Rex
26:19T-Rex
26:20T-Rex
26:21T-Rex
26:22T-Rex
26:23T-Rex
26:24T-Rex
26:25T-Rex
26:26T-Rex
26:27T-Rex
26:28T-Rex
26:29T-Rex
26:30T-Rex
26:31T-Rex
26:32T-Rex
26:33T-Rex
26:34T-Rex
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26:36T-Rex
26:37T-Rex
26:38T-Rex
26:39T-Rex
26:40T-Rex
26:41T-Rex
26:42T-Rex
26:43T-Rex
26:44T-Rex
26:45T-Rex
26:46T-Rex
26:47T-Rex
26:48T-Rex
26:49T-Rex
26:50T-Rex
26:51T-Rex
26:52T-Rex
26:53T-Rex
26:54T-Rex
26:55T-Rex
26:56T-Rex
26:57T-Rex
26:58T-Rex
26:59T-Rex
27:00T-Rex
27:01T-Rex
27:02The Volaticotherium was not really a flying squirrel, but it looked and acted like one.
27:32I
28:02I
28:32I
28:57Esta todavía es la época dorada de los dinosaurios
29:02y
29:33Ah algún día los mamíferos dominarán la tierra
29:45En este caso con un poco de ayuda de sus vecinos los reptiles
30:02Y
30:06Uno de los dinosaurios más comunes y permanentes fue el protoceratops
30:12una criatura equipada con algunas herramientas muy efectivas para la supervivencia
30:17A simple vista dado que no tiene cuernos da la impresión de ser un animal debilucho
30:22pero al final del cráneo tenía un pico
30:24Aunque es posible que lo usara para arrancar plantas para comer sin duda también lo usaría contra un depredador si fuese necesario
30:32pero un pico muy afilado
30:34Pero como en todos los animales una cría de protoceratops era vulnerable
30:40Una cría de protoceratops que se haya quedado sola
30:44Probablemente no viva mucho tiempo así que intentará encontrar
30:49Aparentes con los que poder sobrevivir
30:51Es posible que se una a un ejemplar o incluso mejor a una manada
30:57Pero una manada puede ser difícil de encontrar sobre todo si te acabas de quedar huérfano
31:09Hace 75 millones de años desierto de gobi
31:18Y
31:22El protoceratops a menudo viajaba en manada
31:27Así que es extraño encontrar a un espécimen adulto y solitario en las llanuras de mongolia durante el cretácico
31:48Oh
32:18Oh
32:48Hmm
33:18Oh
33:48Hmm
34:18Hmm
34:48Hmm
35:18Hmm
35:48Hmm
36:18Hmm
36:48Oh
37:18Oh
37:29With dinosaur in a studio de los dinosaurios casi nunca tenemos una instantánea de su comportamiento
37:35Pero en el caso de los llamados dinosaurios luchadores un protoceratops y un velociraptor
37:42Fosilizados juntos es muy posible que tengamos precisamente esa instantánea
37:47Es un velociraptor
37:50Atrapado en lo que parece ser un abrazo mortal con un protoceratops
37:54la mano derecha del velociraptor
37:57está atrapada en el pico del protoceratops y la izquierda está junto al cráneo o
38:02posiblemente en la zona del cuello del protoceratops
38:06parece que ambos
38:08Murieron durante el desprendimiento de una duna de arena
38:13Mientras estaban inmersos en una lucha a muerte
38:16Esto es excepcional porque no solemos encontrar muestras de comportamiento
38:21Fosilizadas con mucha frecuencia
38:23Imagínense lo asombroso que es tener este preciso momento capturado en un fósil
38:29Brasil hace 125 millones de años
38:39Mientras los dinosaurios dominaban la tierra otro grupo de animales dominaba el cielo
38:45Los reptiles voladores conocidos como pterosaurios
40:45Oh
41:15Oh
41:45Oh
42:15Oh
42:45Oh
42:47Oh
43:12Los dinosaurios no dominaron la tierra durante
43:15135 millones de años por casualidad
43:20Como sobrevivir en un mundo como el mundo del mesozoico quizá trabajando en equipo para derribar a una gran presa
43:29quizá encontrando el modo de batir las alas para subir a un árbol y esconderse de un depredador
43:35quizá volando mejor que ningún otro
43:39fuera cual fuera la estrategia empleada
43:42Los diferentes dinosaurios mamíferos y pterosaurios
43:45encontraron el modo de sobrevivir y transmitir sus genes a lo largo de la era de los dinosaurios
43:53Y esa era de los dinosaurios nos ha proporcionado muchas historias que contar
43:58la revolución de los dinosaurios no ha hecho más que comenzar