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00:00Oh, oh, it is possible that there is a parallel universe, a kind of dark mirror of another, where time flows backwards.
00:08This inverted universe could be at the origin of black matter, this omnipresent invisible substance in our cosmos.
00:16In addition, there could be many other universes, where an exact version of yourself woke up this morning,
00:23but chose a white t-shirt instead of a red one, thus completely altering the course of its life.
00:29Let's start with this mysterious black matter.
00:32It represents most of the mass of the universe, but we still do not know its exact function and its origin.
00:39Indeed, black matter does not behave like ordinary matter.
00:43It is invisible and intangible, but we perceive its existence through its gravitational effects.
00:49Despite their difference, ordinary matter and black matter seem to coexist in harmony.
00:56Some researchers even estimate that there must be a link between them.
01:00And a new theory suggests that each movement of ordinary matter could have a counterpart in a mirror universe of black matter, thus forming a bridge between these two realities.
01:11In ordinary matter, there is a curious coincidence.
01:15Neutrons and protons have almost identical masses.
01:18This similarity allows their connection and ensures the stability of atoms, making possible the existence of everything we perceive.
01:25If the protons were slightly heavier, the balance would be broken, and the atoms would not form.
01:31In this hypothetical mirror universe, things could go differently.
01:35It is conceivable that the equivalent of the proton does not associate with other particles, thus generating isolated neutrons, a potential component of black matter.
01:45This theory also suggests that black matter could have its own chemistry, with atoms, and even a distinct periodic table.
01:53For a long time, scientists have thought that there was only one form of black matter.
01:58Although these particles share certain characteristics, such as their almost invisibility, they could differ in terms of size, speed and their influence on ordinary matter.
02:08If this hypothesis is true, it could imply that interactions between our universe and the mirror universe took place in the past.
02:16The study of the formation of elements in the first moments of the universe could provide clues to this subject.
02:23The idea of an inverted universe has aroused great interest and even some perplexity within the scientific community in recent years.
02:31Astronomers use the Lambda-CDM model to explain the composition and functioning of our universe.
02:40According to this model, most of the universe would be mainly made up of two components, dark energy and black matter.
02:48Dark energy acts as a repulsive force that accelerates the expansion of the universe, while black matter, with its invisible gravity, plays the role of cosmic cement by connecting the structures between them.
03:01Visible objects such as stars, planets and comets are only a tiny fraction of the whole.
03:08This model also describes the Big Bang, the origin of the universe from an extremely hot and dense state, and the way it has evolved over time.
03:19Although this model is widely accepted, it fails to explain all the observed cosmic phenomena.
03:27If you had to represent this model on a sheet of paper, it would look like a pile of crepes.
03:34Each crepe symbolizes a version of the universe at a specific moment.
03:38Yesterday's universe would be below today's, but it would be slightly smaller.
03:43In the end, you would see that the history of the universe takes the form of a huge inverted cone, whose tiny tip corresponds to the Big Bang.
03:52Beyond this point, our current instruments do not allow us to go back in time, leaving us in uncertainty about what might be there.
04:00In addition, the events immediately after the Big Bang also remain misunderstood.
04:05However, by simply applying the mathematical principles, it is possible that the universe extends beyond this crucial point.
04:13This could suggest a movement in the opposite direction, forming a similar and inverted cone, where time would flow backwards, at least according to our perspective.
04:23This alternative hypothesis questions not only our understanding of the origins of the universe, but also raises questions about the fundamental principles of physics.
04:34All this effervescence around a mirror universe comes partly from the discoveries made by ANITA, a scientific instrument stationed in Antarctica.
04:44This device detected particles of unusual high energy, which seemed to emerge from polar ice.
04:49The problem with these particles is that they did not behave according to the laws of physics previously established.
04:56Researchers suppose that they would be a form of cosmic rays.
04:59These particles travel from space, cross the Earth, and then come back.
05:04However, the particles we know should not act this way,
05:09because they are supposed to collide with the elements inside the Earth and not emerge from the other side, as they do.
05:17They seem to operate both in the forward direction and in the reverse direction.
05:22To date, there is no tangible proof of a mirror universe.
05:26It is possible that these particles are simply of an unknown nature, requiring in-depth studies to explain their atypical behavior.
05:35A bit like with 4-year-old children.
05:39But what would happen if there was not a single other universe, but a multitude of them?
05:44This concept of multiverse comes from theories such as that of inflation, which postulates that our universe has gone through an extremely rapid phase of expansion at its beginnings.
05:53Although inflation stopped in our cosmic neighborhood billions of years ago, it is likely that it continues in other areas of the multiverse,
06:02giving birth to distinct universes with their own physical laws and unique characteristics.
06:08Our universe is the only one to our knowledge that is able to shelter life.
06:13For example, we benefit from stable stars that provide the necessary, essential heat for life to develop.
06:21We also have an abundance of elements such as carbon and hydrogen, essential to our existence.
06:28The multiverse hypothesis offers an explanation for the reasons why our universe presents such favorable conditions.
06:35It suggests that there could be a myriad of other universes, with very varied conditions, making the appearance of life in at least one of them more plausible.
06:46One of the fascinating implications of the multiverse theory is the idea of double or sosie, exact copies of individuals existing in parallel universes.
06:57This notion suggests that in the immensity of the multiverse, there could be countless scenarios where identical versions of ourselves live similar experiences at the same time.
07:11Before we go into the exploration of different universes, we may still need to deepen our understanding of one another.
07:18Let's take the example of the galaxy AGC, 1,049,050, located about 250 million light-years from us.
07:27At first glance, it seems ordinary, but looking closer, it seems that it could contain no black matter.
07:35If other galaxies similar to this one were in the discovery, it could disrupt our conception of the formation of galaxies.
07:41We generally think that black matter is essential to this process, playing the role of a glue that holds everything together.
07:49However, it is true that this particular galaxy is less luminous and has fewer stars than the more typical galaxies.
07:56During its discovery in 2019, scientists first assumed that it could not contain black matter because of the speed at which it rotated.
08:06The rotation speed of a galaxy informs us of the amount of matter it contains.
08:11By comparing this speed with visible objects, astronomers can estimate the amount of additional matter, such as black matter, which should be present.
08:21And in the case of this galaxy, the calculations suggest that there is none at all.
08:26Among the many hypotheses, there is one that suggests that black matter could not exist.
08:32A recent study suggests that we are looking for something that is simply not real.
08:38According to this theory, our understanding of gravity could be insufficient to explain the unusual behaviors of certain galaxies.
08:46Instead of attributing these behaviors to black matter, it would therefore be possible that we do not fully understand the functioning of ordinary matter.
08:54These conclusions are based on a theory called modified Newtonian dynamics, which suggests that gravity could behave differently at very long distances or at very low speeds.