Que diriez-vous du sol de Yellowstone qui s'élève et d'autres faits incroyables !

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Découvrez des faits époustouflants dans cette vidéo fascinante ! De la surprenante remontée du sol au-dessus de Yellowstone à d'autres phénomènes incroyables, préparez-vous à être éblouis. Rejoignez-nous alors que nous plongeons dans les mystères de la nature et découvrons des vérités stupéfiantes. Ne manquez pas cette exploration édifiante ! Abonnez-vous maintenant pour plus de contenu qui défie l'entendement.  Animation créée par Sympa. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Musique par Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com   Pour ne rien perdre de Sympa, abonnez-vous!: https://goo.gl/6E4Xna​ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nos réseaux sociaux : Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sympasympacom/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sympa.officiel/  Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Si tu en veux encore plus, fais un tour ici:  http://sympa-sympa.com

Transcript

00:00You may have already heard that the Yellowstone National Park rests on a huge supervolcano.

00:07This is the reason why the region can boast of powerful geysers and other thermal sources.

00:13But this also means that below Yellowstone is a huge magmatic chamber.

00:19In 2015, researchers from the University of Utah discovered that this chamber was much larger than what everyone thought until then.

00:27And they even discovered a second magma reservoir under the first.

00:31Logically, the more spacious these chambers are, the more magma they contain.

00:36Together, the two reservoirs accumulate a mass of lava in fusion that could easily fill the Grand Canyon not once, but 11 times.

00:45But you know what's most worrying about these magmatic chambers?

00:49They tend to push against the ground above them.

00:52And as a result, Yellowstone's ground rises from about 3 to 5 cm per year.

00:58In addition, Yellowstone has the status of an active volcano, and its volcanic explosiveness index.

01:04Because yes, there is one, and 8 out of 8.

01:08Such a high number means that if this volcano erupted, it would be an apocalyptic event.

01:14To put things in perspective, the Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines in 1991,

01:20which is considered the most powerful in human history, received only a 6 on the volcanic explosiveness index.

01:27Ha, nullos.

01:29Now, let's see if there is a place to worry.

01:32In March 2023, the seismographic stations of the University of Utah recorded 354 earthquakes in the entire Yellowstone National Park region.

01:42This seems impressive.

01:45But let's keep in mind that the most significant event of the month was a mini-earthquake of magnitude 3.7.

01:52It was part of a succession of 106 earthquakes, which began on March 29 and continued until the end of the month.

02:01And yes, earthquakes apparently also obey the laws of series.

02:05So here you are warned.

02:07Seismologists claim that Yellowstone's seismic activity is, well, a little more active than usual.

02:13But it's not as serious as it seems.

02:16A geophysicist named Michael Poland, working at the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory,

02:21claims that the volcano will not erupt immediately.

02:25For this to happen, there must be enough magma ready to erupt under the surface.

02:30Oof.

02:31There must also be enough pressure for this magma to rise.

02:35But none of these conditions are met today.

02:38According to the researcher, Yellowstone would be stable at the moment.

02:43At the same time, Poland and his team are recording all kinds of underground activities,

02:48looking for signs of possible eruptions.

02:51Some of them may even be the frequency of earthquakes or the deformation of the ground.

02:56Thousands of mini-earthquakes coupled with extreme changes to the surface of the ground in this area

03:01may be forerunner signs.

03:03The team is also monitoring Yellowstone's thermal readings.

03:07This is another notable sign of a potential disaster.

03:10Changes on the scale of the entire park in geyser activity,

03:14as well as in its gas and heat emissions.

03:17So, despite the media's claims that Yellowstone would soon be about to erupt,

03:22because the last one occurred 7,000 years ago,

03:25this is not how volcanoes work.

03:27Experts claim that this is one of the most common misunderstandings about volcanoes.

03:32They do not follow a calendar.

03:34If a super-eruption were to occur,

03:37the most worrying thing for us would not be lava flows,

03:40no more than the earthquake that would most likely accompany this natural disaster.

03:45No.

03:46The worst consequence of such a super-eruption would be ashes and their fall.

03:51Let's take a look at what happened when the Yellowstone volcano erupted many years ago.

03:57At least three super-eruptions have occurred in the history of the volcano.

04:02The most powerful of them was 2,500 times more devastating than the terrifying eruption of Mount St. Helens

04:08in the state of Washington in 1980.

04:12As for the most recent super-eruption in the park,

04:15it was nicknamed the Lava Creek eruption.

04:18It was the one that formed the Yellowstone caldera

04:21after vomiting a crazy amount of dust, volcanic ash and rocks into the air.

04:27Recently, scientists have also discovered two other super-eruptions,

04:31until then unknown, which occurred about 8.7 and 9 million years ago.

04:37The most recent of the two is now considered

04:39as the most important event ever recorded in the entire volcanic region of Snake River and Yellowstone.

04:45Very well.

04:46Let's now take a look at what happened all these millions of years ago.

04:50Since we were not there at the time,

04:53let's put all this on the basis of evidence.

04:56The first signs of the disaster appeared long before it broke out.

05:00Over thousands of years,

05:02the heat has only accumulated inside the Earth's mantle.

05:06It has not ceased to melt the rock under the crust of the planet,

05:09leaving behind huge chambers.

05:11These were filled with a mixture of semi-solid rock pressure,

05:15magma, water vapor and various gases, including carbon dioxide.

05:20All this boiling underground soup was spreading more and more

05:23as more and more magma arrived over time.

05:26And the Earth above the volcanic system rose almost imperceptibly.

05:32A year before its super-eruption,

05:34Yellowstone released a warning,

05:36a little rototo maybe,

05:38but at that time, there was no one who could interpret these signals.

05:42In addition, these worrying processes took place mainly underground.

05:46For example, decompression releases gas balls.

05:49When they burst, these balls can often feed particular types of eruptions.

05:55Months before the eruption,

05:57low-magnitude earthquakes became more frequent and more intense.

06:01Everywhere on the flanks of the supervolcano,

06:03the ground has become warmer than before.

06:06Surface lakes and underground waters have also become warmer.

06:10If people had been present at this time,

06:12they would have noticed an unusual fog around the region.

06:17Shortly before the beginning of the eruption,

06:19the increasing pressure pushed the ground over the magmatic chamber up.

06:23This created an elevation in the form of a dome.

06:26Thin cracks then began to open along the edges of this dome.

06:30Imagine opening a bottle of soda after shaking it.

06:33Something similar was happening on the edge of the volcano.

06:36A bit like the experience of Mentos in coca-lite.

06:39Then, the pressure was released through the fractures

06:42when the gases burst under the surface.

06:45Just before the disaster,

06:46the ground around the Yellowstone volcano rose.

06:49Geothermal basins and geysers warmed up

06:52until they reached boiling temperatures

06:54and became more acidic than usual.

06:57The magma began to rise to the surface.

07:00At some point,

07:01the rocky dome of the magmatic chamber could no longer resist

07:04and the eruption began.

07:07Small but constant tremors began to shake the ground

07:10several days before the disaster.

07:12But the real tremors began only a few minutes before the eruption.

07:16With a deafening rumble,

07:18a huge column of lava and ash was projected into the air.

07:22In a few minutes,

07:23a pyroclastic flow swept the area

07:26at a speed comparable to that of a hurricane.

07:29Such a flow is a liquid mixture of semi-solid pieces of lava,

07:33volcanic ash and hot gas.

07:36It looks like an extremely hot and toxic avalanche of snow.

07:40With a temperature of about 700 ° C,

07:43it burned everything in its path.

07:46The volcano continued to spit ashes for days and days.

07:50For all living beings,

07:51their fall was one of the most dangerous consequences of the eruption.

07:55The volcanic ash turned into glassy cement

07:58a few seconds after being inhaled.

08:00Most animals did not have the chance to survive.

08:03Even robust trees began to collapse

08:06under the weight of this dense substance.

08:08It only took a few days

08:10for a thick layer of ash to cover huge areas.

08:15After the ashes entered the stratosphere,

08:18temperatures around the world began to drop.

08:21The eruption was rich in sulfur,

08:23which is an effective solar light blocker.

08:26This is why it was so cold

08:28that there was no summer in the world for several years.

08:31Animals could no longer find food or clean water.

08:35This natural disaster,

08:37called the supervolcanic eruption of Gracelanding,

08:40was truly colossal.

08:42This is how researchers have described it

08:44in their recent studies,

08:45and it affected a vast territory.

08:48The lava currents embalmed volcanic glass,

08:51burning an area as large as New Jersey.

08:53It instantly sterilized the surface of the earth,

08:57eliminating all the plant life that thrived there before.

09:02If such an eruption were to occur today,

09:04it would cover Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming

09:07with almost one meter of toxic volcanic ash.

09:11Many regions would be plunged into darkness.

09:14Even the coast, where the majority of Americans live,

09:17would have problems with the spread of ash clouds.

09:20The disaster would destroy crops

09:22and contaminate pastures,

09:24disrupting power lines and transformers.

09:27So, I'm sure you'll agree with us.

09:30It's a very good thing that such a disaster

09:32is not planned right away.

09:33And we already have a lot of other things to deal with.

09:38Here's a new one.

09:39The oldest pyramid in the world

09:41was built during the last glacial period,

09:44and it's not in Egypt.

09:46It seems that our ancestors built an old pyramid

09:4927,000 years old in Java West.

09:52Gunung Padang doesn't look like a real pyramid at first glance.

09:55It's more like a hill with huge stones scattered all over.

09:58But the people in the area seem to worship the site.

10:01And for centuries.

10:02It's only recently that Indonesian authorities

10:05decided to dig a little deeper to find out more.

10:09They ended up finding the remains of a human society.

10:12It was rather unexpected, because the goal is quite high.

10:15The only certainty we got from these excavations

10:18is that there were humans in the region in 45 BC,

10:22which seems reasonable.

10:24They came back to an Indonesian geologist named Danny Hillman

10:27to prove that Gunung Padang was the first pyramid in the world.

10:30He used all kinds of new technologies to try to prove it.

10:34Our friend used carbon dating,

10:36digging deeply on the site to extract large pieces of material to analyze.

10:40And he discovered countless layers of stone shaped.

10:43As if digging under Rome,

10:45we discovered tons of buildings buried.

10:47According to his research, there were caverns,

10:50and in these caverns, rooms.

10:52Which proved, according to him, that men had passed through there.

10:55As for the rocks located at the top of the hill,

10:58they were probably strategically placed there by those who lived on the site.

11:03They needed a place to meditate,

11:05so they arranged things in a harmonious way.

11:08Their smooth surface was not the result of a secular erosion,

11:12but the work of great sculptors, the Michelangelo of their time.

11:16If all this is true,

11:17then human civilizations began much earlier than we thought.

11:21Our ancestors, the humans of the Paleolithic,

11:24did not have what it took to be considered civilized.

11:27They had neither the tools nor the knowledge to build pyramids.

11:31They would have needed certain skills in Freemasonry,

11:34and it can be said that there was seriously lacking at that time.

11:37Many are those who doubted Hillman.

11:39His theory was seductive, but he had no proof.

11:42Nor charcoal, nor bone fragments.

11:44He had nothing.

11:48Flint Dieble, another archaeologist,

11:50said that without concrete proof of human activity,

11:53we cannot talk about real pyramids.

11:56All this data only proves that the ground of the hill goes back 27,000 years.

12:01He thinks that the rocks located at the top

12:03simply slipped at the bottom of the hill,

12:06as the rocks normally do.

12:08Only a very advanced society

12:10would have managed to build such a pyramid at a degree.

12:13And according to Bill Farley, an American archaeologist,

12:16there is simply no reason to believe

12:18that there were human societies in Indonesia

12:21during the last glacial period.

12:23Wow, there is a hole at the bottom of the ocean.

12:25It would seem that the ocean is a leak.

12:28But it is not a leak as we might expect,

12:31where the water simply flows.

12:33It is rather a source,

12:35because the water flows inwards and not outwards.

12:38This unique leak is known as the Piti Oasis.

12:41It is a student named Brendan Phillip

12:43who discovered it by chance

12:45when he noticed that bubbles were rising to the surface.

12:48Normally, the presence of bubbles in the ocean

12:50indicates that there could be hydrothermal chimneys

12:53which are hot spots where very interesting phenomena develop.

12:56These chimneys are in fact comparable to hot springs

12:59along the ocean floor.

13:01But instead of boiling at the bottom of the seas,

13:04they release a fluid overheated in the crust of our planet.

13:07When the seawater infiltrates these cracks

13:09and sinks into the crust,

13:11it comes into contact with the extremely hot mantle of our planet.

13:14The seawater is then carried to very high temperatures.

13:17Then, by rising to the surface,

13:20it transports dissolved gases and minerals.

13:22When the hot fluid spills out of the chimneys,

13:25it mixes with the surrounding seawater

13:27and quickly cools down.

13:29At a short distance from the chimney,

13:31the temperature can drop to a comfortable 20°C.

13:35Which is exactly, it seems,

13:37what some creatures appreciate.

13:39And there are real oddities living in this darkness.

13:43Like ghost fish,

13:45giant red-pointed tubiculars,

13:47and a unique type of shrimp with eyes on its back.

13:50Some of these creatures,

13:52like tubiculars and bacteria,

13:54depend on the chemical compounds

13:56and minerals released by the chimneys

13:58to survive in these difficult conditions.

14:00But in this case,

14:02the boiling water did not come from a hydrothermal chimney.

14:05It came from a source,

14:07and that's a little more worrying.

14:09The water from this reservoir must stay where it is.

14:12If too much of it escapes,

14:14it could have serious consequences,

14:16especially for the surrounding region.

14:19We can observe this unusual leak

14:21along the subduction zone of Cascadia,

14:23which is a huge fault

14:25off the northwest coast of the Pacific.

14:27It is a place where two large plates

14:29that form the earth's crust meet

14:31and slide against each other.

14:33The water of the oasis acts

14:35as a lubricant between these plates.

14:37We can compare the fault zone

14:39to a pneumatic hockey table.

14:41When the pressure of the fluid is high,

14:43it is as if the air was activated.

14:45This means that the friction between the plates

14:47is reduced,

14:49allowing them to move.

14:51But if the pressure of the fluid is lower,

14:53the two plates can get stuck

14:55against each other,

14:57which leads to an accumulation of the constraint.

14:59So they feel bad.

15:01In the context of tectonic plates,

15:03the constraint is a pressure

15:05or a force capable of causing a deformation.

15:07And if this pressure starts to accumulate,

15:09at some point,

15:11it has to come out somewhere.

15:13When it is too strong,

15:15it can trigger earthquakes,

15:17and probably no less.

15:19For example, a release of the constraint

15:21in the area of subduction of Cascadia

15:23could lead to an earthquake

15:25of magnitude 9.

15:27For comparison,

15:29the largest earthquake ever recorded

15:31occurred in Chile in 1960,

15:33with a magnitude of 9.5.

15:35The damage was colossal.

15:37So we hope that the water

15:39will remain in its reservoir

15:41to maintain the delicate balance

15:43between the tectonic plates.

15:45We have explored only 5% of the oceans.

15:47Who knows how many great things

15:49are still at the bottom

15:51waiting to be discovered?

15:53Look, for example,

15:55these mysterious holes

15:57that scientists have discovered

15:59in the depths of the Atlantic Ocean,

16:01near the Azores.

16:03They are perfectly aligned

16:05and spaced about 10 cm,

16:07or even a few meters,

16:09like a fish left by a sewing machine.

16:11Some think these holes

16:13could have a biological origin.

16:15For example, some fish

16:17could have been formed by walking

16:19on the seabed.

16:21Others think we are in the presence

16:23of a phenomenon of human origin,

16:25perhaps left by a studded tire.

16:27Of course, such holes are perfect

16:29to invent stories about creatures

16:31from other planets

16:33that could have created them.

16:35Or maybe even legendary monsters

16:37that could have created the symmetry

16:39of 16 holes.

16:41But a specialist biologist

16:43from the depths

16:45has proposed a rather convincing

16:47explanation.

16:49According to him,

16:51it could be an animal digging

16:53under the sediments.

16:55And from time to time,

16:57he could create small chimneys

16:59just to have access

17:01to a circulation of clean water

17:03in his little terrier.

17:05Thank you for joining us.

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