Imaginez vivre l'une des éruptions volcaniques les plus massives de l'histoire : la superéruption du Toba, il y a environ 74 000 ans. Pour nos anciens parents, c'était comme si le monde s'était renversé, avec des cendres recouvrant le ciel et des températures chutant brutalement. L'éruption a créé un "hiver volcanique" qui a probablement rendu la nourriture rare et la survie incroyablement difficile. Certains scientifiques pensent que cet événement a même pu pousser nos ancêtres au bord de l'extinction. Mais ceux qui ont survécu sont devenus plus résilients, s'adaptant aux conditions rigoureuses. Ce fut une véritable épreuve d'endurance, qui a façonné le cours de l'évolution humaine. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00The last super-eruption of Yellowstone occurred about 640,000 years ago, long before the Homo Sapiens appeared.
00:09However, we were already present at another natural disaster just as devastating.
00:15This super-eruption occurred on the island of Sumatra about 74,000 years ago.
00:21At that time, a super-volcano erupted and ravaged huge areas,
00:26throwing debris and ashes scattered over thousands of kilometers,
00:31causing a significant drop in global temperatures.
00:36The effects of this cataclysmic eruption were felt all the way to Australia,
00:41and experts estimate that it could have had a considerable impact on the first humans.
00:46At the time of the eruption, our ancestors already used stone tools and probably knew how to produce wire.
00:53Some even suggest that the super-eruption of Yellowstone would have been of such intensity
00:59that it could have threatened the very survival of our ancestors, bringing them closer to the threshold of extinction.
01:04According to scientists, the eruption of Yellowstone could be the largest eruption on Earth in the last two million years.
01:12It expelled a colossal amount of pyroclastic rock,
01:17enough to cover the entire United States of a layer as thick as a house on a floor.
01:22About a third of these deposits have accumulated in the north of Sumatra,
01:26while a large part has been taken under the ocean floor of the Indian Ocean.
01:31This eruption left behind an elliptical crater lake about 100 kilometers long.
01:36The caldeira is so vast that it is difficult to realize that we are on a volcano.
01:41The sand deposits from the eruption are still visible in the walls of the canyons,
01:46sinking deeply underground.
01:49Although the volume of sand and ash involved in this disaster is the subject of a consensus,
01:55experts remain uncertain as to the exact amount of sulfur that was released into the atmosphere.
02:02Certain layers of sulfur present in polar ice could well be the result of such a release.
02:08But so far, no correlation has been established between it and the eruption of Yellowstone.
02:15Let's go back to the profound impact of this eruption on the first humans.
02:19It seems that some have not only survived, but have even prospered after this natural disaster.
02:25At least, judging by the remains they left during and after the eruption.
02:29It is possible that the disaster was not a serious threat to those of our ancestors who found refuge along the coasts.
02:37Genetic evidence indicates that modern humans descend from a group of a few thousand people
02:43who left Africa about 60,000 years ago.
02:47Why such a small group?
02:49According to some specialists, most of our ancestors could have been destroyed by the eruption of Yellowstone.
02:56Indeed, the supervolcano projected 4200 cubic kilometers of dust and rocks in an instant,
03:02leaving a large terrestrial scar several dozen kilometers wide.
03:06The dust and sulfur released into the atmosphere by the Toba probably helped to cool the surface of the earth,
03:13thus causing the formation of glaciers and a decrease in sea level.
03:17Given the potential importance of the role of Toba in human evolution,
03:21researchers have intensified their efforts to understand precisely how the first humans reacted to this disaster.
03:28In 2011, several researchers discovered a sample of mysterious soil at Pinnacle Point in South Africa,
03:35an archaeological site overlooking the Indian Ocean.
03:38This sample contained traces of volcanic ash.
03:41After analyzing this layer, they discovered more than 400,000 artifacts left by the first humans,
03:47stone tools carved with signs of fire mastery and animal bones.
03:52Based on these discoveries, the research team hypothesized that the first inhabitants of the South African coast
03:58not only survived, but prospered after the eruption,
04:01inhabiting this region for millennia and perfecting their tools.
04:05This region could have served as a refuge during and after the eruption of Toba.
04:09A 2009 study suggested that it could have caused the world's temperatures to drop by ten degrees,
04:15making survival extremely difficult elsewhere in Africa.
04:18But if a volcanic winter occurred, it is likely that the coastal temperatures were less rigorous.
04:24On the other hand, more recent studies suggest that Toba released so much sulfur in the atmosphere
04:30that the formed aerosols could have accumulated, thus limiting their cooling effect in the long term.
04:36In other words, temperatures would have dropped drastically just after the eruption, but only in certain regions.
04:42After about three years, these effects would have disappeared and would no longer be a threat to man.
04:48However, it seems that additional research is still necessary to confirm these hypotheses.
04:56In the meantime, let's see if it is convenient to monitor certain volcanoes nowadays.
05:00Last year, thousands of seismic shocks hit the ground near the geothermal power plant of Svartsengi in Iceland.
05:08The magma surfaced in this region, causing large fractures across the small town of Grindavik.
05:14The ground continues to rise there, and an eruption could occur without warning.
05:20But it does not stop there.
05:22All over the world, 45 other volcanoes continue to show signs of activity.
05:27Let's take the example of Vesuvius in Italy,
05:30this volcano sadly famous for having destroyed the city of Pompeii in 79 AD.
05:37During the last 17 millennia, Vesuvius has experienced eight explosive eruptions,
05:42followed by devastating pyroclastic flows.
05:45Dense ash flows, fragments of lava and overheated gas moving at high speed.
05:51The last eruption of this volcano dates back to 1944.
05:57Mount Rainier, located in the United States, is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the country.
06:03Its high altitude, its chemical composition, its proximity to the suburbs of Seattle and Tacoma in the state of Washington,
06:10as well as its ability to produce massive pyroclastic flows, make this volcano a serious threat.
06:17The heat released by Mount Rainier could melt the ice and snow covering it,
06:22causing rapid flows of debris, mud and rocks into the surrounding valleys.
06:27The Novarupta volcano, located in the National Park of Katmai in Alaska,
06:31was formed during an eruption in 1912, the largest in the 20th century.
06:37This eruption projected nearly 30 km3 of ash and debris into the atmosphere,
06:42generating such an intense ash flow that it gave birth to the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokers.
06:49The Pinatubo, located in a densely populated region of the Philippines,
06:53became sadly famous after a terrible eruption in 1991, the second largest in the 20th century.
07:00More than 700 people perished during this natural disaster.
07:04Today, more than 21 million people live less than 100 km from Pinatubo.
07:11Mount Agung, an active Indonesian volcano, experienced its last major eruption in 1963.
07:19This event was one of the most tragic eruptions in the history of the country.
07:23For 11 months, the volcano spilled pyroclastic ashes and flows,
07:28causing the deaths of more than 1,000 people and significant material damage.
07:32Ashes and debris were observed above the volcano throughout 2018,
07:38following the eruption in November 2017.
07:42Mount Fuji, in Japan, has not experienced an eruption since 1707.
07:47This year, a powerful earthquake would have triggered volcanic activity.
07:51In 2014, experts warned of an increased risk of eruption of Mount Fuji,
07:56following the magnitude 9 earthquake that shook Japan in 2011.
08:01According to them, this earthquake would have increased the pressure under the mountain.
08:05During the eruption of 1707, such an amount of ash and debris
08:10was projected into the air that Tokyo was affected.
08:14If Mount Fuji were to erupt again,
08:16it could affect more than 25 million people in the surrounding regions.
08:23The eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington state in 1980
08:27was one of the most devastating volcanic events in the history of the United States.
08:3157 people and thousands of animals perished in this natural disaster.
08:36The eruption also ravaged about 520 square kilometers of forest.
08:41Experts estimate that the historical massive eruptions of Mount St. Helens
08:46make future disasters inevitable.
08:48Another explosive eruption could scatter large amounts of ash
08:53across the northwestern Pacific.
08:55This is why this volcano is closely monitored.
09:00Mount Merapi, one of the most active volcanoes in Indonesia,
09:04has been erupting for centuries.
09:06According to NASA, the main danger of this volcano
09:09lies in its pyroclastic flows, which can spread over vast areas
09:13and put many lives at risk.
09:16The last eruption of Merapi took place in January 2024,
09:20projecting smog into the atmosphere.
09:23Today, more than 24 million people live in the vicinity of this volcano.