L'éruption qui a divisé une île et changé l'avenir de la Terre était une explosion volcanique massive qui a littéralement déchiré une île. Cette éruption, comme la fameuse éruption de Krakatoa en 1883, était si puissante qu'elle a créé un immense cratère, ou caldeira, et envoyé des cendres et des gaz haut dans l'atmosphère. Il ne s'agissait pas seulement de la division de l'île ; l'éruption a provoqué des tsunamis et des changements climatiques spectaculaires dans le monde entier. Les cendres ont bloqué la lumière du soleil, entraînant des températures plus fraîches pendant des mois, affectant les cultures et les conditions météorologiques à travers le globe. C'est un exemple parfait de la façon dont un grand événement naturel peut avoir un effet d'entraînement sur l'ensemble de la planète. Cette éruption n'a pas seulement changé les paysages mais a également remodelé l'histoire en impactant les économies, les environnements et les vies partout. Animation créée par Sympa. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Musique par Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com Pour ne rien perdre de Sympa, abonnez-vous!: https://goo.gl/6E4Xna ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nos réseaux sociaux : Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sympasympacom/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sympa.officiel/ Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Si tu en veux encore plus, fais un tour ici: http://sympa-sympa.com
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00:00At the end of December 2021, an underwater volcano with a rather exotic name, the Unga Tonga, woke up after several years of sleep.
00:09He did it with so much energy and strength that people heard the eruption over 180 km away.
00:15He then fell asleep, but a few weeks later, he woke up again with a strength seven times greater.
00:22He cut the island above him in half.
00:25The lightning storm that broke out following the eruption was the most intense ever recorded in history.
00:31The sound waves of the eruption went around the planet several times.
00:35Someone even heard a loud explosion in Alaska, 10,000 km away.
00:40The eruption triggered the first megatsunami known since antiquity.
00:44This tsunami cost the lives of two people in Peru and even caused trouble for two Californian fishermen.
00:51But that's not all. This eruption could have changed the weather conditions of our planet for several years.
00:58You may have seen the first signs of it in the summer of 2024, which were said to be abnormally humid.
01:07Scientists believe that the eruption was caused by an immense accumulation of gas.
01:12Different minerals, including anhydrite, quartz, and sulphur, would have accumulated for several months
01:18until the flowways were blocked and the gas trapped inside the Hunga Tonga.
01:23Normally, when a volcano erupts, its smoke causes a temporary cooling on the surface of the earth.
01:30But the eruption of the Hunga Tonga was different.
01:33It did not produce a lot of smoke, but released a huge amount of water vapor equivalent to 60,000 Olympic swimming pools.
01:40The intense heat of the eruption transformed huge amounts of seawater into vapor, which it then projected into the atmosphere.
01:47All this water vapor ended up in the stratosphere, a layer of the atmosphere far too dry for clouds to appear.
01:55Scientists have no data on this type of volcanic eruption,
01:59and are therefore unable to predict the effects it will have on weather conditions.
02:05They do not know exactly how long these effects could last.
02:09Indeed, the only way to measure stratospheric water vapor is to use satellites,
02:13and they have only existed since 1979, a period during which there was no eruption similar to that of the Hunga Tonga.
02:23Experts from different countries began to analyze satellite data just after the eruption of the Hunga Tonga.
02:29They wanted to know how long the water vapor would remain in the stratosphere, where it would go, and, above all, what it would mean for the planet.
02:38The first major consequence of the eruption was a huge hole in the stratosphere, which remained for several months in 2023.
02:46When it appeared, the water vapor had reached the polar stratosphere above Antarctica.
02:51But as a result, there will no longer be enough vapor to enlarge this hole.
02:56The Hunga Tonga will ultimately seem to have only a minimal effect on global temperatures.
03:01But some lasting and surprising regional effects are to be feared.
03:05One of our scientific models predicts colder and drier winters in northern Australia until around 2029.
03:12In North America, warmer winters are expected, and Scandinavia could experience even more rigorous winters.
03:19However, this is only a study and a way to understand how the eruption of the Hunga Tonga could change our climate.
03:28We have in history at least one example of a volcanic eruption that has shaken the planet.
03:33More than two centuries ago, in 1815, the Tambora erupted and caused a year without summer.
03:40The following year, the winter was exceptionally cold and humid in Europe and North America.
03:46A recent study has confirmed that the year 1816 would not have been as cold without this volcanic eruption.
03:54The immediate effects of the eruption were catastrophic.
03:58Tsunamis destroyed houses, 10,000 people lost their lives, and 80,000 others fell ill.
04:04The Tambora eruption was one of the most powerful in the last millennium.
04:08It ejected a huge amount of sulfur dioxide, which then quickly spread throughout the world.
04:14The result is that it had not been so cold for at least 250 years on Earth.
04:20In May, the frost destroyed most crops in the states of New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont.
04:28In June, abundant snow fell on Albany, New York State, and Dennisville, Maine.
04:33New Jersey experienced five consecutive nights of frost.
04:36The cold continued until the end of the summer, which should have been the harvest season.
04:40But in July, lakes and rivers were still frozen to the northwest of Pennsylvania.
04:46And the frost persisted in Virginia until the end of August.
04:49Temperatures went from a maximum summer higher than normal to a temperature close to freezing point in just a few hours.
04:57The weather was totally unpredictable.
05:00Food prices went up sharply.
05:03The cost of oats for horses, which was the main means of transport, also increased significantly.
05:11Some think that this situation prompted Carl Drais to invent the bicycle in 1817.
05:20The Tambora completely changed the weather conditions, not for a year, but for three years.
05:26The entire planet cooled down, and the crops, which were bad, at least a million people died of hunger.
05:32Scientists know no volcanic eruptions, having caused more victims than the Tambora.
05:38But the Krakatoa eruption, in Indonesia, in 1883, is more famous than the Tambora,
05:45because the information about it spread all over the world via telegrams and photos.
05:51Its final explosion was the loudest sound ever recorded in history.
05:56People were able to hear it over 10% of the planet's total surface.
06:00The eruption caused a tsunami whose waves reached half the height of the Statue of Liberty, or 42 meters.
06:07However, it was less powerful than the Tambora eruption.
06:10The island that housed the Krakatoa disappeared during this event,
06:14but new eruptions, about 50 years later, created the cone known as the Krakatao Child
06:20in the center of the caldera of the old eruption.
06:23The new volcano is still rising from time to time.
06:27The Vesuvius eruption, which destroyed Pompeii, is one of the most famous volcanic disasters in history.
06:33It cost the lives of about 2,000 people, much less than the Tambora.
06:37According to a famous Roman author of the time, the eruption lasted 18 hours.
06:41Pompeii was covered with a layer of ashes and sandstone twice the size of a human being.
06:48The neighboring coast also changed spectacularly.
06:55In today's world, the consequences of volcanic eruptions are often more dangerous than the eruptions themselves.
07:02Thanks to technological advances, we can now predict eruptions with precision
07:07and implement safety measures such as evacuations and flight cancels.
07:12But the risks remain significant due to climate change and drought,
07:17especially in regions such as India, East Asia and East Africa, which are subject to fog.
07:26Volcanic eruptions can also have unexpected effects.
07:29Among them, we can cite the evolution of dinosaurs, which were initially big like cats
07:34and patiently awaited their hour of glory.
07:37This moment happened about 230 million years ago.
07:40This period was known as the Pluvial episode of the Carnian.
07:44Before that, the Earth had only one dry and arid supercontinent, the Pangaea.
07:48It was then that four major volcanic events projected huge amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
07:56The temperatures and humidity of the planet then rose sharply.
07:59These massive eruptions were most likely caused by the eruption of the great province of Vrangelia,
08:05in what is now British Columbia and Alaska.
08:09This prolonged volcanic activity created the conditions conducive to the evolution and diversification of dinosaurs,
08:15as well as the appearance of other groups such as modern conifers,
08:19ferns, crocodiles, turtles, insects and the first mammals.
08:24With higher temperatures and more precipitation,
08:28terrestrial plants have evolved and the brightest in humidity have become dominant.
08:33Without these changes, our natural history could have been completely different.
08:38We have evidence that volcanic activity has really changed the weather conditions of the time.
08:44In the core of the Earth, scientists have discovered layers containing different types of carbon.
08:50This tells us that there were four massive emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
08:55The data we have also shows us that high concentrations of mercury
09:00were caused by a major volcanic event that affected the global carbon cycle.