La tribu Bajau, souvent appelée "nomades de la mer", est un groupe autochtone d'Asie du Sud-Est connue pour sa capacité incroyable à vivre sur l'eau. Ils passent la plupart de leur vie sur des bateaux et se sont adaptés à la plongée libre, retenant leur souffle sous l'eau pendant plusieurs minutes en chassant des poissons. Leurs corps ont évolué avec des rate plus grandes pour stocker davantage d'oxygène, faisant d'eux des plongeurs nés. Beaucoup de Bajau peuvent plonger jusqu'à 60 mètres de profondeur sans aucun équipement. Bien que les temps modernes aient apporté des changements, ils maintiennent toujours un lien profond avec la mer, vivant dans des maisons sur pilotis ou des bateaux-maison. Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00These people can spend more than 5 hours a day under water and must represent what is closest to real mermaids.
00:07Let me introduce you to the Bajos of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.
00:12This ethnic group has developed an extraordinary mutation that allows it to live in water almost continuously.
00:18Nicknamed the sea nomads, they have lived along the coasts of the Sea of Sulu, in the Philippines, for nearly a millennium.
00:26It would seem that Wayana is competition.
00:29Look at their homes, they are built on piloti, and for a very good reason.
00:35These are the traditional Lhasa house boats, designed to access the water as frequently as possible.
00:41These small huts can accommodate a family of 5 people, but also sometimes a community of up to 30 members.
00:48Easy to build, these homes can be completed in just 3 weeks.
00:54This also allows the Bajos to move freely across the seas.
00:58And as they have lived in this aquatic environment for generations, thriving thanks to harpoon fishing and shell collecting,
01:06they have begun to develop mutations for the least unusual.
01:10You are probably thinking of overpowering lungs, but this is not the case.
01:14In reality, they have developed rats much larger than average, once and a half the normal size.
01:21Why is this important? Because the rat helps to store oxygenated red blood cells.
01:26Having a larger rat means having a natural diving bottle.
01:31This adaptation is similar to that observed in deep-sea seals, which also have large rats.
01:38Researchers have discovered that they have a particular gene, called PDE10A, which would be responsible for it.
01:45Bajos can hold their breath for about 10 minutes.
01:49For comparison, an ordinary human being can do it for 30 to 90 seconds.
01:55And the world record is 24 minutes and 37 seconds.
01:59Bajos also spend up to 60% of the day underwater.
02:03You won't have a hard time guessing what kind of diet they observe.
02:07Of course, they eat a variety of marine creatures, including lobsters, snails and sea cucumbers,
02:15recognized for their nutritional and even medicinal properties.
02:19They build their own boats, fish by means of ancestral methods,
02:23and exchange their surplus of fish with the inhabitants of the continent to obtain essential supplies.
02:29With this money, they buy manioc to prepare a traditional dish called cassava pangikayu.
02:35As they do not have a refrigerator, they have large quantities of fish to dry them in the sun.
02:42Thanks to this technique, the fish can be preserved for several weeks.
02:47The members of this tribe have not yet developed branches or scales,
02:51but they enjoy remarkable particularities underwater.
02:55When they hold their breath while diving, their body adopts a unique disposition
03:00that slows down their heart rate and makes their rats release more oxygen in their blood circulation.
03:07Usually, the Bajau use traditional glasses made of wood and leather belts.
03:14They also have incredible apnea skills, reaching depths of more than 70 meters.
03:21They begin to learn to swim from the age of 8, or even earlier.
03:25And at the same time, they learn to hunt and survive in general.
03:30The Bajau people also make their own sunscreen, called Borak Buas.
03:36Composed mainly of turmeric and rice powder,
03:39it is used by women to protect their skin from the sun's bite.
03:44This simple and economical method to preserve their beauty is particularly popular with single women,
03:50eager to please a possible spouse.
03:53But it's not that simple.
03:55In the 1950s, the Malaysian government placed the Bajau in a very precarious legal situation.
04:02After living for centuries as unrestricted nomads,
04:06they now have to navigate carefully between national borders and bureaucratic obstacles.
04:12This means that they are not completely apathetic,
04:15but they are also not officially recognized as citizens of the surrounding countries.
04:20Today, only a few hundred Bajau families live near Semporna, in Malaysia.
04:26However, it is becoming more and more difficult to preserve this lifestyle.
04:31Resources are becoming scarce and, recently, new restrictions have been imposed,
04:36notably on the cutting of trees used to repair their boats.
04:40These constraints are gradually pushing them towards a more sedentary existence,
04:43but uncertain, on the mainland.
04:46Forced to settle in places like Bango Bango, they find themselves without citizenship,
04:52which deprives them of formal rights to access employment or education.
04:56Modern life therefore imposes many challenges on them.
05:00Imagine perceiving millions of colors more than anyone else.
05:04This is precisely what tetrachromats are capable of doing.
05:08Tetrachromacy is a condition that makes a person have an additional type of cone at the back of the eye,
05:14which allows them to see a much wider range of colors.
05:17If an average person in good health sees about 10 million colors,
05:21a tetrachromat could see up to 100 million.
05:25Thus, this additional cone improves their ability to distinguish subtle nuances that others would not even notice.
05:32This mutation requires the presence of two X chromosomes,
05:36which means that it manifests mainly in women.
05:40And it is not an extreme rarity either.
05:43According to a study, about 12% of women would have this unique particularity,
05:47which represents a considerable number.
05:50Most tetrachromats do not even know that they have this unusual visual ability.
05:55They may not realize that they see, for example, more colors than an average person,
06:00which complicates their identification and their study.
06:03In addition, scientists, who see mostly only 10 million colors,
06:07have trouble designing suitable tests to detect this condition.
06:11However, they believe that with special training,
06:14tetrachromats could fully exploit the potential of their visual abilities.
06:19Just like X-Men deploying their hidden powers.
06:22Marfan syndrome is a genetic condition that affects the subjunctive tissues of the body,
06:27making them more elastic.
06:29This can lead to an unusual size,
06:31elongated limbs and often extreme flexibility.
06:34Some people exploit this particularity to make it an asset in their career.
06:39Javier Botet was diagnosed with Marfan syndrome at a very young age.
06:44He was able to take advantage of this condition to make a name for himself in the horror cinema industry.
06:50His ability to distort his body in a strange and disturbing way
06:55allowed him to take on roles in many films such as Mama, Conjuring 2, Sa and Slenderman.
07:03However, Marfan syndrome is a spectrum disorder.
07:08While some people affected can lead a relatively normal life,
07:12others have to face serious health problems.
07:16Sometimes, wouldn't you like to need less sleep to have more time for yourself?
07:21Some people are lucky.
07:23While most adults need 7 to 9 hours of sleep every night,
07:28some people can function perfectly with only 4 to 6 hours.
07:32This genetic mutation, identified in a gene called DEC2,
07:36affects many species, not just humans.
07:39For example, it has also been observed in mice and drosophiles.
07:44The DEC2 gene helps regulate circadian rhythms, our natural biological clock.
07:51This mutation influences the production of orexin,
07:54a hormone that plays a crucial role in the wake-up and sleep-wake cycle.
07:59It essentially allows to release hormones in the morning,
08:02rather than usually, and to reduce them before dawn.
08:06We identified this gene in a family of people who naturally sleep very little.
08:11This group went to bed at a regular time, between 11 o'clock in the evening and midnight,
08:16but woke up at 5 o'clock in the morning without difficulty.
08:19This is a very rare mutation.
08:22It may seem like a comic book universe,
08:25but it is possible for some to have a superhuman strength.
08:30It turns out that some fortuitous mutations can give a titanic power,
08:35without the need for intensive training.
08:38Two proteins present in our body, myostatin and activin A,
08:43are usually secreted by muscle cells to regulate excessive growth.
08:48In other words, these two proteins control the size and number of muscle cells,
08:53thus preventing you from developing a Schwarzenegger-worthy carcass without wanting to.
08:58But as you can imagine, some ended up reaching such a level.
09:03Individuals with this genetic peculiarity do not produce these proteins.
09:08Thus, without having to do sports, they naturally develop huge muscles
09:13that give them an exceptional strength.
09:16This is called muscle hypertrophy linked to myostatin.
09:20It seems a little dangerous, doesn't it?
09:22And indeed, it is.
09:25A superhuman strength can lead to problems such as muscle imbalances,
09:29heart problems and joint problems, among many others.
09:33So maybe sometimes, it's not so bad not to be Schwarzenegger.