En 1945, el mundo entró en la era atómica. Con su papel de padre de la bomba solidificado, Oppenheimer se preocupó cada vez más por el peligro potencial que los inventos científicos podrían representar para la humanidad.
Después de la guerra, pensó en las consecuencias de sus actos. Su persona generaba desconfianza porque parecía sentirse profundamente culpable y pensaba que la bomba atómica podría ser la mayor catástrofe cometida por el ser humano. Aunque se trataba de un avance científico sin precedentes, traía consigo graves consecuencias y a Oppenheimer le aterrorizaban.
Después de la guerra, pensó en las consecuencias de sus actos. Su persona generaba desconfianza porque parecía sentirse profundamente culpable y pensaba que la bomba atómica podría ser la mayor catástrofe cometida por el ser humano. Aunque se trataba de un avance científico sin precedentes, traía consigo graves consecuencias y a Oppenheimer le aterrorizaban.
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00:00Openheimer was one of the greatest defenders of arms control, he knew that a nuclear armageddon
00:23could be imminent if there was a large-scale nuclear arms race.
00:31His reactions to the launch of the first nuclear bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki were contradictory.
00:39Obviously he felt a certain professional pride for the success of the project he had conceived,
00:45but at the same time he was aware that what he had created was causing death on a monumental
00:50scale.
00:51What will you feel when you have invested your life in doing something, having more success
01:01than you can imagine, and then see that the consequences of your work can be irreversible
01:07or destroy the life of the entire planet?
01:10He was a person who, after the launch of the bombs, generated distrust because he did not
01:15seem to be convinced of what he had done, he seemed to feel deeply guilty.
01:21The greatest concern was that, by provoking a nuclear explosion, the entire atmosphere
01:28could burn, and if that happened, it would be the end of the world.
01:36THE AUTHENTIC OPPENHEIMER
01:49Born in 1904, Julius Robert Oppenheimer grew up in a non-practitioner Jewish family in
01:55New York.
01:58His mother was a painter, his father was a German immigrant who made a fortune importing
02:03textiles.
02:05The family lived in Manhattan and had an enviable art collection that included works
02:11by Picasso and Van Gogh.
02:16In 1911, the young Julius Oppenheimer enrolled in the College of the Society of Ethical Culture,
02:24founded as part of a secular humanist movement that aimed to instill ethics in children.
02:30Here Oppenheimer discovered his vocation.
02:33He stood out academically and began to be interested in chemistry.
02:43In 1921 he graduated from high school and was ready to go to college, but an outbreak
02:49of colitis after a family vacation in Czechoslovakia put him in a bed.
02:55He recovered in New Mexico, where he developed a great affinity for the Southwest of America.
03:02A year later, he moved to New England to study at Harvard, where he was licensed in chemistry.
03:15To compensate for the year of delay, Oppenheimer studied extra courses and even managed to
03:20graduate in physics, ignoring the most basic courses to enroll in the most advanced.
03:29In just three years, he was licensed summa cum laude in chemistry.
03:41After Harvard, he was accepted at the Crees College of the University of Cambridge to
03:46continue with his advanced education.
03:48However, he was not happy there.
03:51Oppenheimer developed a strong antagonism with his tutor and even allegedly tried to
03:56poison him.
03:59But although he was passionate about science and the academic field, Oppenheimer led a
04:03very troubled life.
04:07Oppenheimer, like many brilliant scientists, was not governed by the rules of society.
04:13In a way, scientists are the authentic bohemians, more so than artists.
04:19He was sexually promiscuous, he deceived all his partners, he didn't care about morality,
04:25he lived in the style of the typical middle-class bourgeois.
04:32He was a rather strange character.
04:34He was also terribly thin, he weighed very little, he often got sick, he smoked a lot,
04:42he studied mysticism ... He was not the typical white-coat scientist, he was a very extravagant man,
04:48very bohemian and very complex.
04:56On August 22, 1939, Albert Einstein and Leo Schleifer sent a letter to the 32nd President
05:04of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
05:09Both scientists warned Roosevelt that the Germans were hiding uranium supplies
05:14in order to investigate nuclear fission, which could lead to the creation of highly destructive bombs.
05:22This letter would soon change the fate of the world.
05:32At the time of its shipment, Europe was on the brink of chaos.
05:37The Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler was leading the German leadership, infesting its citizens
05:43with hatred and division.
05:44On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland, provoking the declaration of war
05:54by Great Britain and France, according to the Treaty of Versailles of 1918.
06:01In less than six weeks, the German army crushed Poland, executing thousands of citizens
06:06in the process.
06:09Dark clouds were gathering over Europe.
06:12Be lovers of peace, but also brave, and be willing to peace!
06:40It was not until 1941 that the conflict spread beyond European borders.
06:49In December, Japan launched a surprise attack on the US naval base in Pearl Harbor.
06:55This attack killed more than 2,400 people and destroyed 19 US Navy ships.
07:03The reason why it was so symbolic was because the United States had never suffered an attack
07:08of that scale on its coasts, and that proved that the Japanese were a ruthless force capable
07:14of committing an act of such audacity and tremendous violence.
07:22As his citizens cried, Roosevelt declared war on Japan, involving the United States
07:28in the most destructive conflict in history.
07:44In the summer of 1942, Roosevelt approved the creation of the Manhattan Project, bringing
07:51together scientists and military engineers from the United States and Canada.
07:57The birth of the atomic bomb has begun.
08:02The Manhattan Project had several different objectives.
08:06The main one was, of course, to build a nuclear bomb to be able to use it in the war.
08:13Other objectives consisted of trying to find out what nuclear capacity other countries had,
08:19including, especially, Nazi Germany.
08:24Of course, the Manhattan Project would also serve to construct all the necessary to build
08:31a nuclear bomb.
08:32It had to specialize in the creation of factories, it had to specialize in the obtaining of uranium,
08:38in the creation of plutonium, so it had many different objectives.
08:44It was to be directed originally from Manhattan, hence its name, but later it would have locations
08:51throughout the country, reaching California and even Canada.
08:59General Leslie Groves, from the Manhattan Engineers District, was directing the project.
09:05A stubborn and feared leader for his subordinates, Groves would not stop at anything for the
09:11mission to be successful.
09:13Although Groves was not a genius, his great act of genius, what he did wonderfully well,
09:19was to hire Oppenheimer.
09:30Oppenheimer did his doctorate in 1927, at the age of 23, at the University of Göttingen,
09:37in Germany.
09:39When he returned to the United States, he was a respected and experienced physicist.
09:44He taught classes at Carthage, Harvard and Berkeley, and worked with well-known scientists,
09:50making important contributions to the field of science.
09:58But his interest in science was never interposed in his adoration for literature and mystical arts.
10:05His taste for Hindu literature is well known, since he defined the Bhagavad Gita as one
10:11of the books that had the greatest influence on his philosophy of life.
10:23Oppenheimer remained away from world events until the 1930s,
10:28after which he began to get involved in international politics.
10:35Living in Germany at a time when intolerance against Jews was on the rise,
10:40had a great impact on him.
10:48He defended social reform and contributed to leftist causes,
10:52making him a controversial figure in the scientific world.
10:58Oppenheimer lacked the Nobel Prize.
11:01He preferred theoretical science over practice.
11:06His political tendencies were leftist, and he often went to communist activities.
11:11He even married a member of the Communist Party.
11:16Oppenheimer was more attracted to leftist policies.
11:21He was never officially a member of the Communist Party.
11:24He was never a communist agitator, although he identified himself as a travel companion,
11:31and was very much in favor of leftist causes.
11:37He had inherited a lot of money after the death of his parents,
11:40and several properties were distributed between him and his brother Frank.
11:45In fact, Oppenheimer was the kind of man capable of donating all his money to a good cause
11:51or a university, instead of giving it to a son or a relative.
11:57The fact that he preferred to donate his money to universities and good causes
12:01showed that he believed in those leftist ideas of sharing wealth instead of accumulating it.
12:07Oppenheimer was never an agitator for any leftist government,
12:11but he was definitely attracted to his ideologies.
12:21Oppenheimer's political activities and sympathies
12:25drew the attention of the FBI, the Federal Office of Investigation.
12:31He had his phone plugged in, they opened his mail, they watched him, they were following him.
12:38Obviously, he was in a very delicate position,
12:42and the fact that he was loyal to causes outside the United States could be considered a problem.
12:53But it became the best possibility for the United States to build an atomic bomb before Germany.
13:11The most secret project in the history of the United States was carried out in Los Alamos, New Mexico.
13:20It was an isolated and deserted region where Oppenheimer's team would never be disturbed.
13:33There were very few people working on the Manhattan Project who knew everything that was done there.
13:40The people who did the laundry had some strange devices that had to approach the clothes
13:45and count the clicks that those devices emitted.
13:48They didn't know what they were doing, but of course,
13:51today everyone knows what a Geiger counter is, which measures radiation levels.
13:55People knew that strange things were happening within the Manhattan Project,
14:00especially in Los Alamos, New Mexico.
14:05Both Groves and Oppenheimer intended to create nuclear reactions in a chain
14:10using Uranium-235 and Plutonium-239, two very rare isotopes whose purchase required great funding.
14:22Groves knew that the United States wanted to remain a great technological power.
14:27He wanted to be a dominant country because, obviously, at that time, Germany was a threat.
14:33It wasn't Russia or Great Britain.
14:35It was a race against the clock to be the first power to control this energy.
14:43After three years in the project,
14:45scientists had created two new bombs called Little Boy and Fat Man.
14:51Little Boy had a very simple design.
14:54This bomb triggered a nuclear explosion by launching a fragment of Uranium-235 against another,
15:01causing a chain reaction.
15:05Fat Man, on the other hand, was more complex.
15:08It was a three-meter-long bulbous bomb containing a metal sphere of Plutonium-239,
15:14surrounded by blocks of explosives designed to produce a tremendously precise implosion.
15:21However, the greatest risk and cost of Fat Man
15:24made the scientists of Los Alamos uneasy.
15:28That's why Oppenheimer insisted on a test.
15:35Minus 20 seconds.
15:41Minus 10 seconds.
15:45Minus 5 seconds.
15:58Minus 10 seconds.
16:03The greatest concern was that, by triggering a nuclear explosion,
16:09the whole atmosphere could burn.
16:12And if that happened, that would be the end of the world.
16:17Now, even though many scientists didn't think that was possible,
16:21some were concerned.
16:23In fact, when that first bomb exploded,
16:26everyone felt a great relief because the planet wouldn't have exploded with it.
16:35Oppenheimer was like the American Prometheus,
16:38because he had a lot of power, but he also had a lot of doubts,
16:41because when he saw the test, he said,
16:44I've become Death, the destroyer of worlds.
16:48I think that's very profound,
16:50because he actually felt the great responsibility
16:53of knowing that he had created something very powerful
16:56and of which he could never run away or deny.
17:04The Trinity test wasn't made for fun.
17:07It was the prelude to what would later become
17:10the most famous event of the 20th century.
17:13The Trinity test was a success,
17:16and its witnesses finally proved the enormous power of that bomb.
17:24Allied forces secured victory in Europe in May 1945.
17:32The Nazi empire fell after six long years,
17:35and Hitler took refuge in his bunker to commit suicide with cyanide.
17:41However, for the United States, the war hadn't ended yet.
17:45There were still problems in the Pacific,
17:48and American blood was still spilling.
17:51Although victory had been declared in Europe,
17:54there was a real problem, because the United States
17:57and the rest of the Allies were still at war with Japan,
18:00and Japan didn't show signs of surrendering.
18:16TRUMAN'S MISSION
18:25President Roosevelt died a month before the defeat of the Nazis.
18:31Harry S. Truman assumed the position of president,
18:34knowing the existence of the Manhattan Project
18:37after 24 hours in office.
18:40The important task of leading the world towards peace
18:43was now in Truman's hands.
18:50Roosevelt was a very sensible man.
18:53He knew that they were creating something of great magnitude,
18:56and therefore, his idea, and I think he was right,
18:59was that the project would be known by as few people as possible.
19:03In fact, Truman, before meeting the Manhattan Project,
19:06had a lot of documents about a project
19:09that was taking up a large part of the government budget,
19:12and he didn't understand why they were spending so much money
19:15on a secret project, so he tried to investigate it.
19:18But the government told him sharply,
19:20no, this is not for you.
19:22Obviously, in a context of war,
19:24there are issues that you shouldn't get involved in.
19:27It wasn't until Roosevelt's death, when he became president,
19:30when he learned what was the largest scientific project
19:33underway in his country.
19:43The atomic bomb
19:54Japan didn't show signs of surrender.
19:57Prime Minister Suzuki announced that the Japanese stance
20:01regarding the allies' ultimatum was
20:04mokusatsu, to kill in silence.
20:07Since that moment,
20:09the launch of the atomic bomb was inevitable.
21:09Hiroshima
21:20At 8.15 a.m. on August 6, 1945,
21:25the bomber Nola Gay launched the Little Boy bomb on Hiroshima.
21:30Its residents woke up to the most terrifying vision
21:34in human history.
21:40Hiroshima
21:45Little Boy fell almost 9 kilometers in 43 seconds
21:49before detonating at an altitude of 600 meters.
21:5480,000 people died instantly,
21:57some even evaporating right there.
22:02Not long ago, an American plane
22:06launched a bomb on Hiroshima,
22:09completely destroying it.
22:13If they had been in Hiroshima,
22:16in their daily chores, they would have seen a white light,
22:19and suddenly everything around them would have been destroyed.
22:22It was an event of biblical proportions.
22:25You could think that the end of the world had come.
22:29At that moment, Japan had to assume
22:32that one of its most important industrial and military bases
22:35no longer existed,
22:37and a large number of civilians had died.
22:40It was an unprecedented event in modern warfare.
22:43It was the first atomic bomb.
22:46It was to be expected that the Japanese would think,
22:49we can't go on, but we're talking about Japan,
22:52not just any country.
22:57And so they refused to give up, saying,
23:00you can keep bombing us, we don't care,
23:03we'll never give up.
23:06But of course, the problem was that they didn't know what they were up against.
23:12The bomb destroyed Hiroshima and a large part of its population.
23:16Even so, the Japanese government refused to give up.
23:20Three days later, a second bomb fell on Nagasaki.
23:27The devastation in Nagasaki was immense.
23:30But since Nagasaki was built between valleys
23:33and had cliffs and geographical accidents,
23:36the explosion was much more contained.
23:39So fewer parts of the city were destroyed
23:42compared to Hiroshima.
23:45Even so, the death toll would reach 100,000 people.
23:48Its effects were devastating
23:51and much greater than those of any other type of bomb.
23:55Emperor Hirohito broke the government's blockade,
23:58claiming that the Japanese nation would be destroyed if the war continued.
24:03That's why, on August 15th,
24:05Hirohito announced the end of Japan's suffering
24:08with a radio broadcast.
24:11This afternoon, I received a message from the Japanese government
24:14in response to the message sent by the Secretary of State on August 11th.
24:21I consider this response
24:23a complete acceptance of Pakistan's declaration
24:26that stipulates the unconditional surrender of Japan.
24:30There is no restriction in the response.
24:34The journalists rush to communicate the news
24:37and the celebrations throughout the country begin.
24:39Washington is ecstatic.
24:41A wave of cruelty and devastation put an end to the conflict.
24:46Japan signed the act of surrender shortly after.
24:56The United States breathed a sigh of relief
24:59after the end of the war.
25:03The United States,
25:05the only country in the world
25:08The United States breathed a sigh of relief after the end of the war.
25:12The Second World War had ended.
25:15Fathers, brothers and children could return home.
25:20But what did this new power mean for the country?
25:32The interesting thing about the reaction of the American people
25:35regarding the atomic bomb
25:37is that it was exceptionally sold by Truman.
25:40Truman managed to convince the people
25:42telling them that if it had not been launched
25:44the war would have been prolonged enormously
25:46with many more unnecessary deaths.
25:49The support of the American people was almost unanimous.
25:53The atomic bomb destroyed the traditional competition
25:56between offensive and defensive war methods.
26:00There were no barriers or shelters
26:02that could protect the citizens
26:04from the effects and fury of the bomb.
26:08The Americans had control
26:10of the most feared weapon on the planet.
26:13No one could get in their way.
26:18I don't think there has ever been an event
26:20in the history of humanity so relevant
26:23because it showed what the human being was capable of.
26:26Not only to destroy each other on a small scale
26:30but to destroy the whole world.
26:34It was also a sign
26:36that we were no longer in that ancient era
26:39of armed wars and military invasions.
26:42A much more terrifying world awaited the planet.
26:48These bombs are going to become more and more powerful.
26:52The devastation we saw in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
26:55will be nothing compared to what the nuclear bombs
26:58will be able to do in a short period of time.
27:02Science has profoundly altered
27:04the conditions of human life.
27:07Both materially and spiritually.
27:12It has extended the range of issues
27:14in which man has a choice.
27:17It has extended man's freedom
27:19to make significant decisions.
27:22It is easy to think that the history
27:24of the Manhattan Project
27:26is the result of a series of events
27:28that ended in August 1945.
27:31However, that is far from reality.
27:35It is not an exaggeration to say
27:37that there is a world before the bombing
27:39of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
27:41and another after it.
27:47The monopoly on nuclear weapons
27:49dangerously revived the relationship
27:51between the United States and Stalin.
27:53A new era of diplomatic tension
27:55was about to burst.
28:01The use of the atomic bomb
28:03was something that the United States
28:05had prepared for.
28:07And the fact that it was carried out
28:09in the context of World War II
28:11served to put an end to the war
28:13and demonstrate American power.
28:26The Cold War continued
28:28until the late 1980s,
28:30more than 40 years after Hiroshima
28:32and Nagasaki.
28:34Europe was divided again
28:36and the nuclear race
28:38won the political discourse.
28:43Because of the existence of the atomic bomb,
28:46what could have been a third conventional world war
28:49between America and the Soviet Union,
28:51became a Cold War.
28:54No side wanted to create a weapon
28:56that would ensure mutual destruction.
28:58And although they had that immense power
29:00to destroy the enemy,
29:02they also had the absolute certainty
29:04that the side that showed more doubts
29:06would be the one with more problems.
29:12I have been asked
29:14if in the years to come
29:16it will be possible to kill 40 million Americans
29:19in the 20 largest cities,
29:22by using atomic bombs
29:24in one night.
29:27I'm afraid the answer to that question is yes.
29:52The Cold War
29:56The Cold War
30:19After the end of the Second World War,
30:22the US Congress transferred
30:24the resources of the Manhattan Project
30:26to a new agency,
30:28the Atomic Energy Commission.
30:36Oppenheimer assumed the position
30:38of President of the Committee
30:40as General Advisor
30:42of the Atomic Energy Commission.
30:44However, from his new position
30:46a commitment to control
30:48and nuclear disarmament arose.
30:50A debate that many scientists
30:52lost during the Cold War.
31:02If there was another world war,
31:06this civilization
31:08could disappear.
31:11We need to ask ourselves
31:13if we are doing everything possible
31:15to avoid that.
31:18I think we need to learn
31:20to understand
31:22the realities of life
31:24outside our borders.
31:27Not so much in terms of slogans,
31:29but in terms of the lives of men.
31:32In our response to these realities
31:34there is hope for peace.
31:38Oppenheimer was one of the greatest defenders
31:41of arms control.
31:43He knew that a nuclear armageddon
31:45could be imminent
31:47if a large-scale nuclear arms race
31:49between the superpowers took place.
31:51Ironically, despite being the father
31:53of the atomic bomb,
31:55he invested much of his life
31:57speaking against it.
32:01He was a person who,
32:03after the war and the launch
32:05of the bombs,
32:07generated mistrust
32:09because he did not seem to be convinced
32:11of what he had done.
32:13He seemed to feel deeply guilty
32:15because, although it was an unprecedented
32:17event, it had serious consequences
32:19and Oppenheimer knew them.
32:23In 1954,
32:25these ideas, along with their political convictions,
32:27led him to testify
32:29before the Senate Committee
32:31for anti-American activities
32:33during the so-called witch hunt
32:35of Senator McCarthy.
32:37The Committee determines
32:39that the view must be fair and impartial.
32:41We have cited witnesses
32:43who represent both sides of the trial.
32:45We are only interested
32:47in the facts.
32:49After the war,
32:51innumerable committees were created
32:53to investigate whether some people
32:55had been loyal to the Soviet Union.
32:57Yes, they acted as Soviet agents.
32:59It was considered that
33:01if you were a member of the Communist Party,
33:03you were anti-American
33:05and therefore a traitor.
33:07And in reality,
33:09despite demonstrating his loyalty
33:11to the United States,
33:13in the second world war,
33:15saving thousands of lives,
33:17Oppenheimer was cited by several committees
33:19being forced to justify himself
33:21before them.
33:23And in the end,
33:25what happened was that
33:27his security credentials were revoked
33:29because he was considered
33:31a threat to national security.
33:43I remember a phrase
33:45from the Hindu sacred text
33:47Bhagavad Gita.
33:51Vishnu
33:55tried to convince the prince
33:59that he had to carry out his obligation
34:01and, to impress him,
34:03he assumed a form
34:05with multiple arms
34:07and said to him,
34:09Now I have become death,
34:11the destroyer of worlds.
34:15I think it was quite humble
34:17to know that,
34:19even if he had not been involved,
34:21the bomb would have been built.
34:23The nuclear physicists were there,
34:25the money was there,
34:27the bomb would end up being built.
34:29I think Oppenheimer knew
34:31that his place in history
34:33was to have been in the right place
34:35at the right time.
34:42The testimony of Oppenheimer
34:44in La Vista did not convince
34:46the American government.
34:48They declared him unstable
34:50and a risk to security.
34:54They revoked his security credentials
34:56a day before his expiry date.
34:58That revocation
35:00was a public humiliation,
35:02prohibiting him from accessing
35:04the necessary codes for his work
35:06and thus ending his career
35:08as a scientist.
35:11With his role as the father
35:13of the atomic bomb,
35:15Oppenheimer began to worry
35:17more and more
35:19about the possible danger
35:21that scientific inventions
35:23could pose to humanity.
35:25He published several studies
35:27and gave talks around the world
35:29about the role of science
35:31and the nature of the universe.
35:33He said that the atomic bomb
35:35was a great danger
35:37to humanity
35:39and the nature of the universe.
35:43Years later, in 1963,
35:45his image was rehabilitated
35:47by President John Fitzgerald Kennedy,
35:49who awarded him
35:51the Enrico Fermi Award.
35:53This angered many politicians
35:55and was very unpopular
35:57among Republicans.
36:03In 1965,
36:05he was diagnosed with throat cancer.
36:07After undergoing
36:09a failed treatment,
36:11he went into a coma
36:13on February 18, 1966.
36:15He died three days later
36:17at his home in Princeton
36:19at the age of 62.
36:33The legacy of the Manhattan Project
36:35is immense.
36:39The arrival of nuclear weapons
36:41not only put an end
36:43to the bloodiest war
36:45in modern history,
36:47but also marked the beginning
36:49of the atomic age
36:51and the scientific era.
36:53Research in nuclear physics
36:55has been enormously beneficial
36:57for humanity.
36:59Understanding how the atom works
37:01has allowed us to create technologies
37:03that have led to brilliant advances
37:05in medicine,
37:07or nuclear energy,
37:09which is undoubtedly
37:11the greenest energy source on the planet.
37:13We have a lot of innovations
37:15that have been very beneficial
37:17for humanity.
37:19The fall of the Berlin Wall
37:21in 1989
37:23symbolized a new era
37:25for world peace.
37:34With the East and the West
37:36united again,
37:38many thought that the coming years
37:40would bring an era of compromise
37:42and peace.
37:44And for a while,
37:46that's how it was.
37:48Nuclear reserves reached their peak
37:50in 1986,
37:52remaining stable
37:54since the 90s.
37:56The desire to manufacture
37:58more nuclear warheads
38:00decreased.
38:04But the invasion of Ukraine
38:06by Vladimir Putin
38:08in 2022
38:10reawakened the fear
38:12of a nuclear war.
38:14The current tension
38:16between the West and Russia
38:18is just a new phase
38:20in a Cold War
38:22that never ended.
38:25I think we are now closer
38:27to a nuclear war
38:29than we have ever been.
38:34It is terrifying
38:36that someone can be
38:38with a finger on the nuclear button.
38:40And if he presses that button,
38:42our lives, as we know them,
38:44would cease to exist.
38:46Russia seems to me
38:48to be the only country
38:50in the world
38:52that is facing
38:54the greatest threat
38:56to world peace.
38:58And the fact that Russia
39:00has nuclear weapons
39:02is worrying.
39:06But it has had them
39:08in one way or another
39:10since 1949,
39:12and it has never used them
39:14in any conflict.
39:16So we have to keep our fingers crossed.
39:23The birth of the atomic bomb
39:25changed the world forever.
39:35In the years prior
39:37to the Manhattan Project,
39:39a weapon of such power
39:41was not even remotely imaginable
39:43for the inhabitants of the Earth.
39:45Even so,
39:47with a war,
39:49new inventions arrive,
39:52new ways to destroy the enemy,
39:54new machines to eliminate
39:56human life.
40:12Now we potentially have the power
40:14to destroy the entire world.
40:18The destruction of Japan
40:20has left its mark
40:22on all generations
40:24since 1945.
40:26There is no one today
40:28who does not fear
40:30a repetition of what happened
40:32in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
40:34Being the only country
40:36that has suffered a nuclear attack,
40:38Japan remains firm
40:40when it claims
40:42that human beings
40:44and nuclear weapons
40:46cannot coexist.
40:48This is a very profound change
40:50in a world immersed
40:52in a nuclear era.
40:54We have all seen images
40:56of what happened in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
40:58and what atomic bombs can do.
41:00For someone like Putin
41:02or anyone else who thinks
41:04this can make my figure stand out
41:06more than any other in the world,
41:08I should remember those images
41:10and think about what he is about to do.
41:12Because in a subject like this
41:14there are no heroes.
41:16It will only lead to devastation
41:18and destruction.
41:26The most interesting thing
41:28for historians is to see
41:30that Oppenheimer thought
41:32about the consequences
41:34of his actions.
41:36He was a person who,
41:38after the war
41:40and the launch of the bombs,
41:42generated mistrust
41:44and was deeply guilty.
41:46He warned of the consequences
41:48of what he had done,
41:50in the same way that Einstein
41:52also had a critical role
41:54in this matter.
41:56And it is clear that he
41:58was not involved
42:00in the Manhattan Project.
42:02Einstein used to say
42:04that he would have wished
42:06that it had never happened.
42:08Both men thought
42:10that this could be
42:12the end of the world.
42:14But Einstein's previous
42:16statements brought
42:18serious consequences
42:20and terrified Oppenheimer.
42:24Oppenheimer was exonerated
42:26by the Biden administration
42:28in 2022.
42:30It had been due to him
42:32for a long time.
42:34It took decades
42:36to regain his reputation.
42:38American Secretary of State
42:40assassinated Oppenheimer
42:42in 1954,
42:44correcting a historical error
42:46and returning his reputation.
42:48What will you feel
42:50when you have invested
42:52your life in doing something,
42:54having more success
42:56than you can imagine,
42:58and then see that
43:00the consequences of your work
43:02can be irreversible
43:04or even destroy
43:06the life of the planet?
43:08This is the protagonist
43:10of a film of great budget.
43:14In his last film,
43:16director Christopher Nolan
43:18investigates Oppenheimer's
43:20enigmatic personality,
43:22entering the mind of a man
43:24who fought with the unlimited
43:26possibilities of science
43:28and against the consequences
43:30of his actions that led
43:32the planet to the era
43:34of the atomic bomb.
43:38We cannot predict
43:40the future,
43:42but one thing is certain,
43:44the threat of a nuclear war
43:46is growing on the human race,
43:48now more than ever.