100 Random Facts to See the World in a New Way

Bright Side

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Transcript

00:00:00Hey, look!

00:00:01Are all of the bristles on your toothbrush bent out of shape?

00:00:05Like me?

00:00:06Only kidding.

00:00:07Well, it's time to throw it in the trash.

00:00:09Our mouths are full of harmful bacteria, so toothbrushes need to be replaced every 3 to

00:00:154 months if you want to have a safe and hygienic morning.

00:00:19When's the last time you replaced your pillows or cushions?

00:00:22If you don't remember, it's time to put them into the bin!

00:00:26Every time we sleep on them, we leave behind tiny pieces of ourselves so they don't stay

00:00:31clean for long.

00:00:32Pillows should be replaced every year or two.

00:00:35While we're in the bedroom, if your mattress is more than 10 years old, it's probably

00:00:40time to go shopping for a new one.

00:00:42Over time, they can accumulate allergens like mold, mildew, dust mites, and other things

00:00:48you wouldn't want to sleep around.

00:00:50Even if you clean your mattress well, if it's nearly 10 years old, it could be home to billions

00:00:55of bacteria by now.

00:00:57There's no reason to keep that menu from the pizza place you didn't like.

00:01:01It's time to recycle those old items.

00:01:04Look your favorite take-out up on the Internet, and you're sure to find an easier way to

00:01:08order online.

00:01:10Unless you're planning on moving anytime soon, there's no need for all those cardboard

00:01:15boxes.

00:01:16Just imagine how much space they're all taking up.

00:01:19Donate them if they're in good condition, or recycle them.

00:01:23Remember when you last sewed on a button?

00:01:25If you're like most people, then it's never!

00:01:28Why do we always have a little bag filled with extra buttons?

00:01:32If you don't have the matching clothing anymore, you shouldn't keep the buttons.

00:01:36Pretty much everything has an expiration date, even those spices and canned soups sitting

00:01:41right in the back of your cupboards.

00:01:44It's time to toss anything that's expired.

00:01:47Don't forget to wipe down your shelves while they're clear too.

00:01:50Old receipts pile up quickly.

00:01:53Once it's tax-deductible, you don't need them anymore, especially if you can't even

00:01:57read them.

00:01:59As soon as it turns into a new year, it's safe to say you won't be needing that outdated

00:02:03calendar anytime soon.

00:02:06Give it the old heave-ho.

00:02:08Putting furniture together can drive the calmest person crazy.

00:02:12Unless you're planning to take it apart again, though, you'll never need the manual

00:02:16again.

00:02:17Throw it into the recycling and make your house a bit tidier.

00:02:20But sunscreen is so last year.

00:02:23Old sunscreen loses its ability to protect from the sun's rays over time, so if you

00:02:28don't want to turn as red as a lobster, throw it out and buy a new one.

00:02:33This one might sting, but it's time to say goodbye to all those DVDs.

00:02:38Like VHS, they're outdated.

00:02:41If you can stream it, you don't need physical copies anymore.

00:02:44Keep your favorites and get a bit of extra money for the rest.

00:02:48Try to play any board game with missing pieces, and you'll realize that it's not much

00:02:53fun anymore.

00:02:55Replace them with new versions and enjoy the games the way they were intended to be played.

00:03:00Tick-out restaurants love to give more packets of ketchup than necessary, and we're always

00:03:05holding onto them just in case.

00:03:07You should have a clean-up and throw them all away.

00:03:10You really don't want the unfortunate surprise of finding one that's expired or, worse,

00:03:15leaked everywhere.

00:03:18Just because you've put expired batteries back into storage doesn't mean they'll start

00:03:22working again.

00:03:23They may be amazing, but they're not magical.

00:03:26Old batteries can also be dangerous, so make sure to dispose of them safely.

00:03:32Like the black hole in the washing machine, that's where the old socks go, there's another

00:03:37one capturing the Tupperware container's lids.

00:03:40You're never going to find the lid, ever, so send it off for recycling.

00:03:45If you've gotten any old broken phones lying around your house, try to sell them or recycle

00:03:50them at your local electronics store.

00:03:53Unless you're an engineer, you probably won't get them working again, so it's time to let

00:03:58go.

00:04:00Most unused exercise equipment just ends up holding laundry.

00:04:04If you're not using it, you should sell it.

00:04:06It's taking up way too much space in your house, and it's probably quite valuable.

00:04:11Think of all the extra cash just sitting there.

00:04:15Even going to travel brochures from trips you've already gone on doesn't make any

00:04:19sense.

00:04:20You'll never use them again, and there are far better mementos.

00:04:24Just enjoy the photos you have from that vacation, and get prepared for the next one.

00:04:29You might have a bag of old Christmas cards somewhere in your house.

00:04:33If you do, it's time to let them go.

00:04:36Save any that are special to you, and toss the rest in the recycling.

00:04:40Get rid of all those old bills you don't need to keep anymore.

00:04:44Who needs to be reminded of how much money they've spent?

00:04:48If you have a thousand fridge magnets, you might want to get rid of some.

00:04:52They're probably just making your fridge look cluttered anyway.

00:04:56Throw away any you don't even remember getting, and keep a few of your favorites in a drawer.

00:05:02Have a look at your stationery drawer.

00:05:04If you haven't used that hole punch or pencil sharpener since you left school, it might

00:05:09be time to let them go.

00:05:11You probably don't use those tiny screws and plastic pieces from furniture you don't

00:05:16even remember owning.

00:05:18In the trash they go!

00:05:20Magazines you've already read a million times and recipe books you rarely use anymore

00:05:26are great dust collectors.

00:05:28Keep the ones you still look at, gather up the rest, and get recycling!

00:05:33Deep down, you know you're never going to use those whiteout bottles.

00:05:38Everything comes with a remote control these days.

00:05:44If you own more than necessary, throw them away!

00:05:49We all have that special container filled with used rubber bands, twisty ties, and paper

00:05:54clips that we're never going to find a use for.

00:05:57Find the trash and throw them all inside!

00:06:01If you haven't worn a pair of shoes in 5 years, you probably won't feel like wearing

00:06:05them anytime soon.

00:06:07These are great to donate, if they're still usable, of course.

00:06:11Concert tickets, name tags from conferences, and old entry passes don't need to be kept

00:06:16once the event is over.

00:06:19Holding on to old clothing that hasn't fit in years in hopes you'll wear it again is

00:06:23just a waste of space.

00:06:26Keep anything that has sentimental value, donate the rest to a local charity, and free

00:06:30up some room for some cool new clothes.

00:06:34Newspapers more than a few days old should be recycled.

00:06:37Unless there's an article you absolutely need, toss any old newspapers.

00:06:42All those craft supplies for projects that you never actually started can easily be donated

00:06:48or given to a friend who is bored during those winter months.

00:06:53Everyone loves fresh squeezed orange juice, but how often are you actually squeezing those

00:06:58oranges yourself?

00:07:00It's time to get rid of all your old novelty kitchen gadgets.

00:07:03If you're lucky, a clean-up might remind you of some of your old favorites.

00:07:08It's not your cooking skills that are wrecking your steak dinner, it's the cheap pans that

00:07:12keep burning your meal.

00:07:14Investing in a new set will ensure that your food is cooked to perfection.

00:07:19Take away chopsticks, plastic cutlery, and more napkins than you care to count.

00:07:24If you haven't used them in a year, they need to go.

00:07:27Items packed with take-outs are usually very low quality, so it isn't a good idea to

00:07:32use them years afterwards.

00:07:34We've all taken up baking at one point, but how many baking dishes can you really

00:07:39fit in your oven at the same time?

00:07:41Keep what you use and set the others free.

00:07:44There are always empty bottles and jars kept just in case.

00:07:49If you're not making a lot of pasta sauce, you don't need many.

00:07:53Getting rid of them clears shelf space for things you use more often.

00:07:57Unless you think there's a good chance you'll return those brand-new purchases, you should

00:08:01only hold on to the boxes for a couple of weeks.

00:08:04Unless you're building a box castle, of course.

00:08:08Dull knives can make eating that roast chicken nearly impossible, especially when the knives

00:08:13were cheap to begin with.

00:08:14Inexpensive knives aren't easily sharpened, so it's time to replace them with a few

00:08:19quality ones.

00:08:21Towels need replacing often, but don't let them go to waste.

00:08:25Old towels make great rags when you cut them up.

00:08:28They also make for a good dog blanket for when you go to the beach and don't want sand

00:08:33all over your car.

00:08:35If you can't identify what's in the freezer with a glance, toss it.

00:08:39You don't want to risk spreading bacteria to your newer food.

00:08:43A natural loofah should be replaced every 3-4 weeks.

00:08:47If you've got one of the plastic ones, those can last for 2 months.

00:08:51Over time, they accumulate bacteria and skin cells from our adventures.

00:08:56As a general rule, when they start to look too fluffy, it's better to replace them.

00:09:01After painting the living room, it makes sense to keep the leftover paint in the garage.

00:09:06Except that it was years ago.

00:09:08If it hasn't dried out completely, it's probably expired.

00:09:12That black hole in the washing machine that keeps eating your socks isn't returning

00:09:16them anytime soon.

00:09:18Time to just accept the loss and say goodbye to the odd socks cluttering your drawer.

00:09:24Now that you've gotten rid of unmatched socks, you might as well get rid of any pairs

00:09:28that have holes in them.

00:09:30The same goes for any clothing that looks a bit worse for wear too.

00:09:34If you don't think you'll ever have the patience to restore your rusty tools, it's

00:09:39a better idea just to replace them.

00:09:41Make sure to store them correctly too – they'll last a lot longer.

00:09:46Think you're going to find a use for all those stretched-out hair ties?

00:09:50Think again – all they'll do is fill up your drawers.

00:09:54Dogs or cats are often spoiled for choice of toys and treats.

00:09:58If you notice that the house is filled with toys when it's time to do the housekeeping,

00:10:03get rid of some.

00:10:04Your dog probably won't miss that toy that has been stuffed behind the sofa for two years.

00:10:10If they're not too worn, you could even donate them to a shelter.

00:10:14Do you have lots of keys in the house you don't remember the use for?

00:10:18Me too.

00:10:19Then that's probably a sign to get rid of some.

00:10:22Make sure to try them all out first, though.

00:10:25You might have the key to some secret pirate treasure.

00:10:28Maybe the first time you get a business card, it's cool to keep.

00:10:32But if you can't close your wallet or purse anymore, it's time to discard them.

00:10:37Sort through to see if you have any important ones, and get rid of ones from people you've

00:10:41never heard of.

00:10:43Kitchen sponges can get dirty really quickly.

00:10:46The only solution is to replace your sponge more often, especially when they're starting

00:10:50to get a smell.

00:10:52You don't want to add a dose of E. coli to your meal every time you wipe a plate down.

00:10:58All shapes and sizes of hangers just seem to appear in the closet.

00:11:02If you've got old or broken hangers just taking up space, do your clothes a favor and

00:11:07buy some new ones.

00:11:08They're really cheap to replace, and new ones will make your wardrobe a lot better

00:11:13looking.

00:11:14Got a lot of baggage at home?

00:11:16It's probably time to take a trip!

00:11:17Or take a load off.

00:11:19One large suitcase for long trips and a smaller bag for day trips are all that's needed.

00:11:25Any more, and you're taking way too many vacations.

00:11:28Which is not a bad thing!

00:11:32Squirrels' teeth never stop growing, but the animals wear them down by gnawing on nuts

00:11:36and other hard foods.

00:11:38The front of the rodent's teeth is actually orange – it's because they're covered

00:11:42in special tough enamel.

00:11:44Bet you're glad you don't have that to deal with!

00:11:47Some bird species don't mind munching on chili peppers.

00:11:50That's because they can't feel the heat.

00:11:53Peppers burn your mouth because they contain a special chemical – capsaicin.

00:11:58But birds don't have the taste buds needed to feel its effects.

00:12:02The rhino's horn is made of hair, or at least the same protein that makes up your hair and

00:12:07nails.

00:12:08This protein is called keratin.

00:12:11Such a horn is kinda unique since other animals have horns with a bony center.

00:12:16The woodpecker can peck the wood 20 times per second.

00:12:20This pace is almost too high for the human eye to notice.

00:12:24How much wood would a woodpecker peck if a woodpecker could peck wood?

00:12:27The number of pecks often reaches a total of 8,000 to 12,000 a day.

00:12:33A starfish does have eyes, one on the end of each of its arms.

00:12:38These eyes are light-sensitive groups of cells.

00:12:41Frogs don't need to drink water.

00:12:43Instead, they have an area known as the drinking patch.

00:12:47It's on their bellies and thighs.

00:12:48They use it to absorb water directly through the skin.

00:12:52That could save some time.

00:12:54Most caterpillar species have around 4,000 muscles in their body, and almost 250 of them

00:13:00are in the head alone.

00:13:02Christmas tree worms are much more beautiful than you can imagine.

00:13:06But even though the pines look awesome, two-thirds of the worm's body is hidden in a calcium

00:13:11carbonate tube.

00:13:13And the point of this is…

00:13:15I don't have one.

00:13:17Narwhal's famous tusks are actually their teeth that are kind of turned inside out.

00:13:23These unicorns of the sea have just two teeth.

00:13:27And in males, one of them grows right through their upper lip.

00:13:30Unlike your teeth, this one is tough inside and sensitive and soft on the outside.

00:13:37The anteater doesn't have teeth.

00:13:39But it's not a problem.

00:13:41This creature has a super long tongue.

00:13:44This tongue helps the animal lap up more than 35,000 termites and ants every day.

00:13:50That's one way to lick hunger.

00:13:53The flea can jump more than 200 times their body length.

00:13:56If humans had such an ability, they would jump as high as the Empire State Building.

00:14:02The red-eyed tree frog's eggs can hatch earlier if they sense their environment isn't safe.

00:14:09Small animals with fast metabolism see in slow-mo.

00:14:13This helps them escape larger creatures.

00:14:16Koalas' fingerprints are very, very similar to the human ones.

00:14:21Sometimes these animals' fingerprints even get confused at crime scenes.

00:14:26Probably in Australia.

00:14:28The hippo's sweat is pink and not exactly sweat.

00:14:31It's a reddish, oily fluid.

00:14:33Its function is to not cool the body but to moisturize the skin and protect it.

00:14:39This fluid also functions as an antibiotic.

00:14:42So if you get sunburned or cut, you can smear a hippo all over you.

00:14:48Polar bear's skin is black, and the hairs of their coat are hollow and almost see-through.

00:14:53These animals have fur growing even on the bottom of their paws.

00:14:57This gives them a better grip on ice and protects against cold.

00:15:02Some species of tarantulas, some of the largest spiders in the world, can live without food

00:15:07for more than 2 years.

00:15:09I still think they're creepy.

00:15:12Platypuses close their eyes while kissing, I mean, swimming.

00:15:15They have special folds of skin covering their ears and eyes.

00:15:19They prevent water from getting inside.

00:15:21These animals' nostrils also have a watertight seal.

00:15:25Emus can't walk backwards, but scientists aren't sure why.

00:15:30These flightless birds are the only ones that have calf muscles.

00:15:34Emus can sprint really fast.

00:15:36They can also travel long distances, but they can't back up.

00:15:41Crocodiles can't move their tongue because it's attached to the mouth roof.

00:15:45It keeps the throat closed and protects the animal's airway.

00:15:49Water snakes, dolphins, whales, alligators, crocodiles, and turtles can drown.

00:15:55It'll happen if they stay underwater for too long.

00:15:58These animals can't breathe in the water.

00:16:00They can just hold their breath for a very long time.

00:16:04Only one species of birds can fly backwards.

00:16:07That's hummingbirds.

00:16:08Hey, go talk to the emu!

00:16:10These tiny birds can also beat their wings up to 80 times per second.

00:16:16Despite what elephant shrews look like, these small animals are more closely related to

00:16:21elephants than shrews.

00:16:23Maybe that's why they have their trademark trunk-like noses.

00:16:27Elephant shrews use them to munch on insects.

00:16:29Shrew enough!

00:16:31Cats, as well as other felines, can't taste sweet things.

00:16:35They don't have the taste buds needed for that.

00:16:37Too bad, more for me.

00:16:40Flamingos can only eat with their heads upside down.

00:16:43That's why their lower bill is massive and their upper bill isn't fixed.

00:16:48Such an arrangement is perfect for upside-down feeding.

00:16:51But it's the opposite of what other birds have.

00:16:54It's not easy being pink.

00:16:57Tiger skin is as striped as their fur.

00:17:01That's all I have to say about that.

00:17:03When toucans sleep, they curl into pretty tight balls.

00:17:07These birds can turn their head so that their tail covers their head and the beak rests

00:17:11on the back.

00:17:12So yeah, they have a ball.

00:17:15The ostrich has some of the largest eyes in the animal kingdom.

00:17:18They're more massive than a bird's brain.

00:17:21Each eye is as big as a billiard ball.

00:17:25All clownfish get born male.

00:17:28But in some circumstances, they can turn into females.

00:17:32This change is irreversible.

00:17:35Unlike most fish, when seahorses mate, they do it for life.

00:17:39Even cuter, when the mates travel, they move side by side and often hold on to each other's

00:17:44tails.

00:17:45The male usually gets stuck schlepping the luggage.

00:17:48Termites never sleep.

00:17:50They don't need to recharge their batteries.

00:17:52They can eat 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, on your house.

00:17:57The sloth needs up to 2 weeks to digest its food.

00:18:01Hey, take your time, no hurry, nothing on the schedule.

00:18:06Dogs' nose prints can be used for their identification.

00:18:10They are similar to human fingerprints and unique for each animal.

00:18:15Owls don't have eyeballs.

00:18:16Instead, they have eye tubes that don't move in the eye sockets.

00:18:22Geckos don't have external ears, but their hearing is especially sharp.

00:18:26Especially when they're on the lookout for polar bears.

00:18:29Shh, let's not tell them.

00:18:32Jellyfish are up to 98% water.

00:18:35That's why when they get washed ashore, their bodies can evaporate into the air after just

00:18:39a few hours.

00:18:42If a traffic jam happens underwater, an alligator will always give way to a manatee.

00:18:49Nice manners!

00:18:51Sea bears have such a strong bite that they can crush a bowling ball.

00:18:55So it's smart just to let them win.

00:19:00Giant pandas aren't picky about their sleeping spots.

00:19:02They usually fall asleep wherever they are, in most cases, right on the forest floor.

00:19:09The giant panda's newborn cubs are tiny.

00:19:12They weigh like a small cup of coffee and are smaller than a mouse.

00:19:17The red handfish can walk along the ocean floor with the help of its hands.

00:19:22But of course, they are not hands, but evolved fins.

00:19:27Cats don't usually meow at each other.

00:19:30A study has shown that felines use this way of communication mostly to get attention from

00:19:36us humans.

00:19:37And it works.

00:19:39Sloths can't shiver.

00:19:41It's not that they're too busy digesting that two-week-old meal.

00:19:45Their fur is sometimes covered with algae.

00:19:48And when they get too hot or too cold, their metabolism shuts down.

00:19:54During the hard times, immortal jellyfish transform themselves back into their younger

00:19:59state.

00:20:00Once they reach the stage when they're nothing but a blob of tissue, like me, these creatures

00:20:05start to grow again.

00:20:06And this process can apparently repeat again and again.

00:20:11The closest living relatives of the T. rex are chickens and ostriches.

00:20:16Don't turn your back!

00:20:18The moray eel has another set of jaws that can extend from his throat.

00:20:23First, the main jaws close around an unlucky sea creature.

00:20:27Then the additional set grabs the eel's future meal with backward-pointing razor-sharp

00:20:32teeth.

00:20:33And after that, the captured animal gets dragged back into the eel's throat.

00:20:38I just lost my appetite.

00:20:41Some species of snails have hairy shells.

00:20:44Thanks to these hairs, snails can better stick to wet surfaces.

00:20:48When humpback whales hunt, they often gather in a group and apply a bubble-net tactic to

00:20:54catch their food.

00:20:55The bubbles don't let the schools of fish get away.

00:21:00Snow leopards can't roar like other large felines.

00:21:03It has to do with their less-developed vocal cords.

00:21:06But these animals can meow, growl, hiss, and even purr.

00:21:14Not to drift away from their group while napping, sea otters hold hands.

00:21:19They can also entangle themselves in giant seaweed for the same purpose.

00:21:24Hey, it kelps!

00:21:26Lions are often called the king of the prairie.

00:21:29I thought it was the king of the jungle.

00:21:31And still, up to 90% of all the hunting in the pride is done by the females.

00:21:37The males are in charge of protecting the territory and the pride members.

00:21:41And they make the delicious potato salad known as Hakuna Matata.

00:21:47Cats are famous for their uncanny ability to move their ears.

00:21:51All because kitties have 32 muscles in each outer ear.

00:21:55Some shark species can glow in the dark.

00:21:58Unfortunately, only other sharks can see this greenish glimmer.

00:22:03You have up to 8,000 taste buds, but your pooch has just a bit over 1,500.

00:22:09The blue jay can imitate other birds.

00:22:12Its favorite is a hawk's call.

00:22:15The blue jay uses it to scare away other birds from its territory.

00:22:19Slow lorries are insanely cute and just as treacherous.

00:22:23They're the only known venomous primates.

00:22:26They have a gland in the crook of their inner arm.

00:22:29It secretes toxins that can cause unpleasant consequences in people.

00:22:34The hartebeest has an amazing evasion tactic.

00:22:37To run away from other animals, they move in a zigzag pattern.

00:22:42Bottlenose dolphins have names for one another.

00:22:45Those are specific whistles.

00:22:47Hey Bob!

00:22:48Hey Charlie!

00:22:49Hey Dolly!

00:22:50Hey boys!

00:22:51And thanks for all the fish!

00:22:53Giraffes have long, and I mean it, black tongues.

00:22:57Scientists suppose this color might protect the tongue from getting sunburned.

00:23:00Well, that's all I got.

00:23:02See ya!

00:23:06With selfies taking over the social media world, phone companies had to adapt to the

00:23:10way people hold their phones and use their cameras.

00:23:13Apparently, most users tilt their heads slightly to the right when taking selfies.

00:23:18With the camera located in the left corner, it makes it easier to make sure the camera

00:23:22will be in line with the usual tilt of selfie takers.

00:23:27This allows for a more natural look, making the image look better to leave you feeling

00:23:32great.

00:23:33Cameras on the back of most phones are on the left side as well.

00:23:36Sorry left-handers, this was designed for the more common right-hander.

00:23:41Mount Everest might be getting all the attention, but Mauna Kea in Hawaii is technically the

00:23:47tallest mountain in the world.

00:23:49Measuring over 33,000 feet from base to summit, the only thing holding Mauna Kea back from

00:23:54the title is that it's mostly underwater.

00:23:58Australia is wider than the Moon.

00:24:01The Moon has a diameter of over 2,100 miles, while Australia's diameter from coast to

00:24:06coast is almost 2,500 miles.

00:24:10While it may be wider, the Moon wins with the land area – over 15 million square miles!

00:24:15Phew, that's huge!

00:24:17And all that cheese!

00:24:19Antididaphobia is the fear that, at any point, somewhere in the world, a duck or goose may

00:24:25be watching you.

00:24:28The person isn't necessarily afraid that the duck or goose will get too close to them

00:24:32or even touch them – they just don't like the feeling of being watched.

00:24:36It was first described in a comic strip to show how anyone can be afraid of anything.

00:24:42Anything can be a phobia.

00:24:44A duck just watching my every move would certainly give me the heebie-jeebies.

00:24:48I might just quack up.

00:24:50Crows are pretty good at recognizing people's faces and have even been found to remember

00:24:55people for a long time.

00:24:57This could be a good thing or a bad thing, depending on how nice you are to them.

00:25:02You don't want to come across a crow that's holding a grudge against you.

00:25:05You probably can't tell which crow is which very easily, so it might be better to play

00:25:09it safe and just give them all a little wave.

00:25:15In the city of Yoro, in Central America, they have an annual event known as the Rain of

00:25:20Fish.

00:25:21Not that the locals get a choice for it anyways.

00:25:24Every year in May or June, a torrential rainstorm rolls through town, leaving a mass of fish

00:25:30flopping around in the streets.

00:25:32The phenomenon is believed to be caused by water spouts, or water tornadoes, which drop

00:25:37the fish far from home.

00:25:39Bifu delivery for free?

00:25:40Yes, please!

00:25:42A photon, the most basic part of light, takes thousands, maybe millions of years to travel

00:25:47from the Sun's core to its surface.

00:25:49But it only takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds, on average, to get to your eye once it's

00:25:54at the surface.

00:25:55That means that the sunlight we see is very ancient, older than the human race itself.

00:26:02There are only four words in the English language which end in "-dos".

00:26:06Tremendous, horrendous, stupendous, and hazardous.

00:26:10Sounds like the teacher's comment on my report card.

00:26:14A single strand of spaghetti onto your fork has a name.

00:26:17It's called a spaghetti.

00:26:20In the Italian language, an I at the end of the word means that it's plural, while

00:26:24an O is singular.

00:26:26This goes for all types, like gnocco instead of gnocchi, fettuccino instead of fettuccine,

00:26:32and raviolo for a single parcel of goodness.

00:26:37Accidentally eating one of those fruit stickers on apples, peaches, and pears shouldn't

00:26:41worry you at all.

00:26:43They can be eaten, but they aren't exactly edible.

00:26:46It'll just leave your body as everything else does.

00:26:50The glue used for them is regulated by the FDA, but it's still recommended that you

00:26:54wash the fruit and remove the sticker before chopping down on it.

00:27:00Dolphins not only have names for each other, but they'll call out for their friends specifically.

00:27:06Makes you wonder what names dolphins have for us when we get in the water.

00:27:10Hey, look Frank, those hairless monkeys are back in the water again!

00:27:15German chocolate cake is one of the most delicious cakes out there.

00:27:19It's my all-time favorite, but its name has nothing to do with the country at all.

00:27:25Read after an American baker called Samuel German who made the tasty treat in 1852.

00:27:32The Eiffel Tower can be 6 inches taller during the summer because of thermal expansion.

00:27:38When the iron heats up during really hot days, the iron particles expand, taking up even

00:27:43more space.

00:27:45Two planets in our solar system rotate the opposite way as the others.

00:27:50Venus and Uranus have this backward rotation.

00:27:53Venus also has the longest day of any planet in our solar system, completing a rotation

00:27:58every 243 Earth days.

00:28:02A baby puffin has the adorable name of Puffling.

00:28:07To feed its chick, the puffin parent will carry about 10 fish in its beak at a time.

00:28:14While you sleep, you can't smell anything.

00:28:17Even really, really bad or potent smells.

00:28:21Our taste and smell senses are cut down by 50-20% during flights.

00:28:26This is why airplane food always tastes like cardboard or too salty.

00:28:31Sounds like a pretty convenient excuse from the airlines to me.

00:28:36Look at any watch advertisements, and the time on display should be 10.10.

00:28:41This is because of the positive effect it has.

00:28:43It looks like a smile, and usually, the brand name of the watch is directly below the 12.

00:28:50Stewardesses is the longest word that is typed with only the left side of the keyboard.

00:28:55The word itself isn't used much anymore.

00:28:57Most people say flight attendant instead.

00:29:00Those dum-dums who call out, hey you, are normally invited to exit the aircraft mid-flight.

00:29:07The longest English word is a crazy 189-819 letters long.

00:29:12I won't spell it out here, but it's the full name for the large protein nicknamed

00:29:17Titan.

00:29:18To say this out loud would take over 3 hours.

00:29:21So grab a snack and settle back, because we're gonna be here for a while.

00:29:25Nah, I wouldn't do that to you.

00:29:29Eunoia at 6 letters long is the shortest word in the English language that contains all

00:29:34five main vowels.

00:29:36Eunoia means beautiful thinking or well-mined.

00:29:40It's rarely used these days in the medical field.

00:29:43And if you add two of them, you'd then have a para-eunoia.

00:29:49Glass balls can bounce higher than rubber ones.

00:29:52When a rubber ball hits a surface, it deforms before returning to its original shape.

00:29:57And a lot of energy is lost in this process.

00:30:00A glass ball doesn't compress at all, keeping a lot of its energy for the bounce back up.

00:30:06Here's a flash – kangaroos can't walk backward.

00:30:10Their long feet and heavy tail make walking impossible, forward or backward.

00:30:16They can move side to side with incredible agility, but jumping back is impossible because

00:30:21of that large muscular tail.

00:30:23So let's go to the hop!

00:30:27The loneliest creature on Earth is a whale that's been calling for a mate for a long

00:30:31time.

00:30:33Researchers identified the whale's abnormally high call decades ago, and it's believed

00:30:38to have never received a response.

00:30:41The unknown whale is called lonely because it communicates at a frequency not used by

00:30:46any other whale in the Pacific Ocean.

00:30:48How sad!

00:30:50Meanwhile, the lyrebird can mimic almost any sound it hears, including chainsaws.

00:30:57The Australian species not only copy other birds, but other animals too, like koalas

00:31:03and dogs.

00:31:06In captivity, they'll also copy artificial sounds, such as car alarms, trucks, and chainsaws.

00:31:16The Northern Hemisphere holds roughly 90% of the world's population.

00:31:20No wonder the streets are so crowded up here!

00:31:24The cougar goes by more names than any other animal.

00:31:27The cougar has been given over 80 names – the puma, mountain lion, panther, and catamount

00:31:33are all the same thing.

00:31:36Just don't confuse them with bobcats, lynxes, jaguars, or leopards.

00:31:40They don't appreciate that.

00:31:42Most people can't lick their own elbow.

00:31:45The length of your arm, combined with the flexibility of your joints, makes this impossible

00:31:49for many.

00:31:51Your elbow is just far enough down on your arm that you can't reach it.

00:31:55Go ahead, try it.

00:31:56I'll wait.

00:31:57Okay, time's up.

00:32:00Octopuses and squids have beaks like birds.

00:32:03The beak is made of the same material that our fingernails are made of – keratin.

00:32:08They can also fit through anything that their beak can, making them the ultimate escape

00:32:12artist.

00:32:13Not you, Houdini.

00:32:16There are over 31 million seconds in a year.

00:32:20We recently discovered this tiny chameleon in Madagascar.

00:32:24At less than an inch long, it's the size of a seed and could fit easily on the tip

00:32:28of your finger.

00:32:30It's nicknamed the nano-lizard and shows how many tiny creatures could be hiding out,

00:32:35undiscovered, away from the eyes of scientists and researchers.

00:32:3911 plus 2 equals 13, of course.

00:32:44And 12 plus 1 equals 13.

00:32:47The 13 letters that make up these phrases equal each other in more ways than one.

00:32:52They are actually anagrams of each other.

00:32:54Wow.

00:32:55Anagrams, homonyms, and antidiphobia.

00:32:58That's a mouthful, but not as sweet as my German chocolate cake.

00:33:02Hey, I'll take seconds.

00:33:06Not even twins have tongue prints that are alike.

00:33:09The tongue is a movable and strong set of muscles that almost never gets tired.

00:33:14It contains anywhere from 5,000 to 10,000 taste buds.

00:33:19Those little white and pink bumps on your tongue aren't taste buds, but each of them

00:33:23does have a bunch of them inside its surface tissue.

00:33:26Evolution gave us taste buds so that we can stay alive.

00:33:30For instance, sour and bitter flavors can be a sign that you may be eating rotten food

00:33:35or poisonous plants.

00:33:37The back of the tongue is more sensitive when it comes to bitter flavors, which is why we

00:33:42can spit out bad food before we swallow it.

00:33:45Salty and sweet tastes tell us if foods are rich in nutrients.

00:33:49By the time they're 60, the majority of people lose half their taste buds.

00:33:54Yes, your tongue is pretty cool, and its prints can be used for biometric authentication,

00:33:59just like fingerprints.

00:34:01Each of us have a different and unique tongue print, so if you don't want to reveal your

00:34:06secret identity, keep your tongue hidden.

00:34:08Huh, that would be funny.

00:34:10Why do we even have fingerprints?

00:34:12Scientists had a lot of different theories, but they now believe it's because having them

00:34:17allows skin to stretch more easily.

00:34:20It prevents blisters, protects the skin from damage, and may improve our sense of touch.

00:34:25Humans are not the only ones with unique fingerprints.

00:34:28Koalas have them too.

00:34:31Only around 7% of people are left-handed.

00:34:34Left-handed people mostly chew food on the left side of their mouth, while right-handed

00:34:38people do so on the right.

00:34:41We lose almost 9 pounds of skin cells every year.

00:34:44Don't worry, we replace them quickly.

00:34:47We produce more cells than there are people living in the United States, every 15 seconds.

00:34:53Our body is always regenerating, and we replace our skin hundreds of times during one lifetime.

00:34:59Yep, our body regenerates, except for our teeth.

00:35:03They're the only part of the body that can't heal itself.

00:35:06We have teeth that are similar to a shark's.

00:35:09Their teeth also have a thing called dentin inside of them, and theirs are just as strong

00:35:14as ours.

00:35:15Of course, theirs are sharper and bigger, but still.

00:35:19Teeth are part of the human skeleton, but they're not considered bones.

00:35:23You'll spend approximately 38 days of your life brushing your teeth.

00:35:28And guess what?

00:35:29It's possible to brush them too much.

00:35:32That can make them more sensitive, because it wears down the natural enamel.

00:35:36Your left and right lungs are not the same size.

00:35:39The right one is bigger, because the left shares its real estate with your heart.

00:35:45Hiccups are something almost all mammals go through from time to time, not just humans.

00:35:50The record was set by a man named Charles Osborne.

00:35:54He couldn't stop hiccuping for 68 years.

00:35:56Guess no one told him about the whole eating sugar trip.

00:36:00There's only one part of your body that doesn't get a regular delivery of blood, your corneas.

00:36:05They get oxygen directly from the air.

00:36:08Our eyes can differentiate between 10 million different colors.

00:36:12The muscles that help our eyes focus on something make around 100,000 movements a day.

00:36:18If you wanted to make your leg muscles do the same amount of work, you'd need to take

00:36:22a long walk, at least 50 miles.

00:36:25We can't all see infrared light or ultraviolet radiation.

00:36:30Only 1% of us can do that.

00:36:32And if you can see one of those, it doesn't necessarily mean you can see the other.

00:36:37Research says blue-eyed people all over the world may be related, or at least share a

00:36:42very distant ancestor.

00:36:45Scientists looked at blue-eyed individuals from Turkey, India, Jordan, and Scandinavia.

00:36:50They all had the same eye color gene sequences.

00:36:53They believe this trait comes from one blue-eyed person whose genes mutated around 10,000 years

00:36:59ago.

00:37:00Before that, people's eyes were just all different shades of brown.

00:37:05People with blue eyes are generally a bit more sensitive to pain than individuals with

00:37:09other eye colors.

00:37:11We blink about 20 times in one minute, which means we do it more than 10 million times

00:37:17a year.

00:37:18That thing about being similar to sharks, well, that goes for our eyes, too.

00:37:22If part of your eye gets damaged, you can replace it with a shark's.

00:37:27We can't sneeze with our eyes open.

00:37:30Try it.

00:37:31It's really hard to override your built-in reflexes.

00:37:34Eyelashes have their own life, too.

00:37:37One single lash lives for about 150 days before falling out.

00:37:42We all get goosebumps when we hear Good News, our favorite song, or when it's ridiculously

00:37:47cold in the frozen food aisle.

00:37:50It's a reflex we got from our ancestors.

00:37:52It happens when you release adrenaline.

00:37:54It makes your hair stand on end and helps you look more imposing.

00:37:58Rawr!

00:37:59Scary, huh?

00:38:01The human brain has 100 billion neurons and a memory capacity that's equal to more than

00:38:06four terabytes, which is a lot.

00:38:09Your brain uses more than a quarter of all the oxygen your lungs take in, and it's mostly

00:38:14water – more than 75 percent.

00:38:17Stay hydrated, people.

00:38:19It's not true that humans use only 10 percent of their brain.

00:38:23We use much more than that, even when we're asleep.

00:38:26Most of our brain is constantly active.

00:38:28We just don't use all parts of it at the same time.

00:38:31Out of all the species out there, humans are the only ones who can blush.

00:38:36It comes from a rush of adrenaline.

00:38:39When you see your face turn red, know that your stomach is turning red, too.

00:38:43How weird is that?

00:38:45When you crack your knuckles, the sound you're hearing is tiny gas bubbles being released.

00:38:50There are pockets of gas trapped between your joints, so when you stretch them, they make

00:38:55a popping noise.

00:38:57So satisfying.

00:39:00We use 43 muscles when we frown, but only 17 when we smile.

00:39:05No scientists are still arguing over this one.

00:39:08Say cheese!

00:39:09An average person eats around 33 tons of food over a lifetime.

00:39:14That's six elephants' worth.

00:39:17We breathe in approximately 2,900 gallons of air on a daily basis, but we can't swallow

00:39:23and breathe at the same time.

00:39:26Most people need about seven minutes to fall asleep, and we're just about the only living

00:39:30creatures that sleep on our backs.

00:39:33Randy Gardner decided to set the record for the longest period without sleep.

00:39:38The year was 1964, and he stayed awake for 11 days.

00:39:42That's 264 hours.

00:39:43Guess he had pretty noisy neighbors.

00:39:47Amongst all animals, humans are the only ones with chins.

00:39:51When you're thirsty, it means the water loss you're experiencing is equal to 1% of your

00:39:56total body weight.

00:39:58If it goes past 5%, you might even faint.

00:40:02During your lifespan, your body goes from having 300 bones to 206.

00:40:07Over half of all your bones are in your feet, your ankles, hands, and wrists.

00:40:13The biggest human bone is the thigh bone, and the smallest one is called the stirrup

00:40:17bone.

00:40:18It's inside your eardrum.

00:40:20Your nose can recognize a trillion different scents and remember 50,000 of them.

00:40:26Also, women are better smellers than men, and our sense of smell is 10,000 times more

00:40:31sensitive than our sense of taste.

00:40:34Our lungs have a surface area that's almost equal to the area of an entire tennis court.

00:40:39So what's up with that feeling you get when you're going over a crest on a roller coaster

00:40:44and your stomach jumps up into your throat?

00:40:46Well, the seatbelt keeps your body in place, but your stomach, intestines, and smaller

00:40:51internal organs get a little airtime.

00:40:55It doesn't do you any harm, but your nerves can't figure out what's going on.

00:40:59They really think your stomach has jumped all the way into your throat.

00:41:03We're all taller in the morning because throughout the day, the cartilage between our bones gets

00:41:09compressed.

00:41:10That makes us around one fingernail shorter by the end of each day.

00:41:14Ears and ears, parts of our body that never stop growing.

00:41:18It's mostly thanks to gravity.

00:41:20The veins and arteries inside your body are long enough to make two trips around the world.

00:41:25Blood makes up about 8% of your body weight.

00:41:29When you listen to music, your heartbeat syncs with the general vibe of the song.

00:41:33So choose wisely.

00:41:35Your skin is the biggest organ you have.

00:41:38It counts for about 15% of your total weight.

00:41:41Like this, you can burn more calories during sleep than when watching TV.

00:41:46Hmm, and what about sleeping while the TV's still on?

00:41:51You ever wondered why potato chips have those yummy, crunchy waves?

00:41:55Hmm, imagine you're with friends watching a film and you're eating chips.

00:42:00Would you prefer to dip non-ruffled chips or a ruffled one?

00:42:04Non-ruffled ones cannot handle the weight of the sauce and break down.

00:42:08Bam! You have sauce all over your white t-shirt.

00:42:11So, ruffled chips win.

00:42:14Ruffled chips also give you a better mouthfeel.

00:42:17Potato chips have a prominent oil taste, which decreases the potato taste.

00:42:22And you might have fingers oil-covered.

00:42:24Where's the fun in that?

00:42:26So, what do you prefer, ridges or regular potato chips?

00:42:31Barcodes made our lives so much easier.

00:42:34But do you know how they work?

00:42:36Zebra lines are the keys here.

00:42:39Barcodes are read using a scanner.

00:42:41The scanner has a laser that detects the pattern.

00:42:44The laser reads the barcode.

00:42:47The barcode absorbs some light and the rest is reflected.

00:42:51The computer can make sense of those dots, lines, and numbers on a barcode.

00:42:56Imagine black and white lines as zeros and ones.

00:43:00Black observes the light and white reflects it.

00:43:03This rule applies here.

00:43:05Black parts of the ones and white parts that reflect the lights are zeros.

00:43:10The scanner sees the white sections, not the black parts.

00:43:15Post-its are our friendly reminders to visit the dentist or a scheduled meeting.

00:43:20Be sure to hang them on the wall firmly.

00:43:22We've been using post-it notes wrong this whole time.

00:43:25You're not supposed to peel it off from the bottom,

00:43:27because this creates a crease in the paper.

00:43:30The note won't hold on to the surface for long.

00:43:33Take it off from the side.

00:43:35It'll stick more powerfully.

00:43:38Cloud-like and sweet.

00:43:40The one and only cotton candy.

00:43:43It's irresistible, especially for young people.

00:43:47Too much sugar is bad for the teeth.

00:43:49Everyone's heard this phrase from their dentist.

00:43:51Surprise, the inventor of cotton candy is a dentist.

00:43:55So, cotton candy was invented in 1895 by John C. Wharton, a candy maker,

00:44:01and William Morrison, a dentist.

00:44:04They named their product Fairy Floss.

00:44:06It's a cool name, by the way.

00:44:08They sold thousands of cotton candy at the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904.

00:44:13Cotton candy is still with us, showing up in amusement parks,

00:44:17and dentists still care for people with tooth decay.

00:44:20Some things never change.

00:44:23Do you love a lollipop?

00:44:25Why are there tiny holes in it?

00:44:28Those two holes in a lollipop stick may be used as a simple whistle.

00:44:33But they're there to hold the candy in place.

00:44:35The stick is dipped in the liquid syrup.

00:44:38It flows into the holes, solidifies, and surrounds the stick.

00:44:43A life-changing invention is a refrigerator,

00:44:46but not everybody knows it has a dark story behind its door.

00:44:51The Refrigerator Safety Act was launched in August 1956

00:44:56to prevent young people from being trapped inside a household refrigerator.

00:45:00The refrigerators used to have an external latch

00:45:03that would shut the refrigerator door when it was not in use.

00:45:06It can only be opened from the outside.

00:45:09You can relax.

00:45:10After this regulation,

00:45:11household refrigerators were manufactured to be opened from the inside.

00:45:16Moving on from the kitchen to the bathroom.

00:45:19Using the toilet while scrolling down the Instagram feed is taken for granted.

00:45:23Guess what?

00:45:24More people in the world have phones than toilets.

00:45:28According to a UN report,

00:45:30billions of people lack access to a toilet,

00:45:32especially areas in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

00:45:37The number of mobile phone owners

00:45:39outnumber those with proper plumbing and sanitized toilets.

00:45:44Also, scientists have found that cell phones carry

00:45:4610 times more bacteria than most toilet seats.

00:45:49So yeah, you might want to sanitize your phone after watching this video.

00:45:54Do you use FaceTime or Skype to talk to each other worldwide?

00:45:58It could be for a chat, a meeting, or something else.

00:46:02The webcam technology was born with a very reasonable goal though.

00:46:06In 1993, researchers at the Computer Science Department

00:46:09at the University of Cambridge

00:46:11set up a system to see if the coffee pot was empty or not.

00:46:16Yes, you heard it right.

00:46:17Researchers needed coffee to fuel their brains,

00:46:20as many of us do.

00:46:22They get up from their chairs, go to the coffee pot, and find it empty.

00:46:26Instead of making sure that someone makes a fresh coffee,

00:46:28they wired up a system.

00:46:31The system would stream the images of the room

00:46:33where the coffee pot was kept.

00:46:35At that time, it was three pictures taken per minute.

00:46:38It's more than enough to see if the pot has coffee in it or not.

00:46:42Thanks to the researchers for not getting up from their chairs.

00:46:45And for another tiny thing, coming up with this brilliant idea.

00:46:50Do you buy white eggs or brown eggs?

00:46:53What's the difference besides the color?

00:46:55Since brown eggs tend to cost you more,

00:46:57you might think that something in them makes the prices a bit higher.

00:47:01Nope, the color of the eggshell doesn't affect its nutrition or quality.

00:47:06Both eggs are healthy.

00:47:08Brown eggs cost more because the hens that lay them need more feed.

00:47:12It's more pricey to raise them than the white egg hens.

00:47:16The cost is reflected onto the consumer.

00:47:19There is a hole at the handle of some kitchen pots and pans.

00:47:23We mostly use this hole to place the kitchen utensil vertically on a cabinet door.

00:47:27They have a secondary use.

00:47:30Imagine you're cooking multiple dishes to make a feast for the family.

00:47:34The kitchen counter is full of stuff.

00:47:37You have a hard time finding a place for the gravy sauce spoon.

00:47:41You can place the spoon in the hole on the edge of the saucepan handle.

00:47:44It will stay there safely until you decide to stir the sauce again.

00:47:49Not every spoon fits into the hole.

00:47:51It might easily slide to the floor.

00:47:54Better to have a test run where the spoon is clean.

00:47:58Imagine you have a takeaway of noodles with an extra topping on your way home.

00:48:02You recently moved and all the plates are in the boxes.

00:48:06You struggle with this noodle box.

00:48:08The toppings are stuck at the bottom.

00:48:10The sauce didn't mix evenly either.

00:48:13We've missed out on an easier way to eat from the takeout boxes.

00:48:16They can be flat and serve as plates.

00:48:19You take the edges of the paper out and open it up.

00:48:22There you go.

00:48:23Now you have a plate.

00:48:24The best part is you don't have to clean it up afterwards.

00:48:28Did you know that a tomato is not a veggie but a fruit?

00:48:32So is an avocado.

00:48:34Watermelon is actually a berry.

00:48:37There's more to that.

00:48:39Peanuts are not in the nuts family.

00:48:41They're different from almonds and cashews.

00:48:44Peanuts grow pods under the soil.

00:48:47They're harvested like potatoes.

00:48:49Their upper parts are like bushes.

00:48:52These tasty ciders are not classified as nuts since they grow under the ground, not on a

00:48:57tree.

00:48:58They get pulled up from the soil like carrots.

00:49:01Next time you eat peanuts in a friend circle, you can mention this new fact you heard.

00:49:06Or it can be an icebreaker when you see someone eating peanuts.

00:49:10Identifying food as fruit or a vegetable is a tricky business.

00:49:15Do you know who invented T-shirts?

00:49:18In 1904, the Cooper Underwear Company prepared an ad and introduced its new product with

00:49:24before and after photos.

00:49:26It was referred to as an undershirt.

00:49:28The slogan was, no safety pins, no buttons, no needle, no thread.

00:49:34As the name revealed, they were worn under the clothes.

00:49:38One day, it was announced that sailors should wear undershirts with no buttons under their

00:49:42uniforms.

00:49:44T-shirt love spread like pollen at a park on a spring day.

00:49:47Soon, thousands of men started wearing them.

00:49:51Though T-shirts go back to the 19th century, now we have all adjusted to the comfort of

00:49:56our cozy T-shirts.

00:49:58Do you also wear T-shirts like the sailors?

00:50:04The Empire State Building's tower was designed to serve as a docking station for dirigibles.

00:50:09At that time, people believed that these airships would become the main means of transportation

00:50:14in the future.

00:50:15The project included gangplanks, check-in and customs offices, and so on.

00:50:20But then the engineers realized that the wind up there was too strong for their plans, and

00:50:24they gave up on their idea.

00:50:27Angel Falls, the largest uninterrupted waterfall on the planet, is more than twice as tall

00:50:32as the Empire State Building.

00:50:35During the dry season, the falling water sometimes evaporates before it reaches the ground.

00:50:40One of the most mysterious sounds ever heard on Earth was the bloop.

00:50:44It occurred in 1997 and resembled the noise of marine animals.

00:50:49But the volume was too great for a sound produced by a living creature.

00:50:52The bloop continued for one minute.

00:50:54It started from a low rumble, and then rose in frequency.

00:50:59Antarctica might just look like a giant field of ice, but there's actually a huge continent

00:51:04underneath.

00:51:05That means that it has volcanoes, mountains, and valleys, like any other continent.

00:51:10Scientists have recently discovered that the Antarctic landmass has the lowest point on

00:51:14the planet, as well as huge mountain ranges.

00:51:18If any of the numerous volcanoes were to erupt, it would melt a huge part of the surface ice

00:51:23and increase the spill of ice into the ocean.

00:51:26The sea level would rise and flood coastal areas around the world.

00:51:30The ocean waters would also be disrupted, putting marine life at risk, though all of

00:51:35these volcanoes are dormant at the moment.

00:51:39Each day on the South Pole lasts six months on this continent.

00:51:43The South Pole only has a single sunset and sunrise across an entire year.

00:51:49Early Earth might have been purple, not green.

00:51:52There's a theory that ancient microbes used molecules rather than chlorophyll to absorb

00:51:57sunlight.

00:51:58These molecules likely gave living organisms a violet tint.

00:52:04During the Stone Age, the entire population of Central Europe was around 1,500 people,

00:52:09which means they would all fit on a mid-sized cruise liner these days.

00:52:13Astronomers have figured out that the Milky Way weighs around 1.5 trillion solar masses,

00:52:19and one solar mass is the mass of our Sun.

00:52:22A tiny part of this weight is a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy and

00:52:26200 billion stars.

00:52:29The rest is dark matter, mysterious and invisible.

00:52:33If all sheets of Arctic ice and glaciers melted at the same time, the sea level would rise

00:52:38for the height of a 26-story building.

00:52:42Under black or UV light, ripening bananas look bright blue.

00:52:46That's because of the chlorophyll that's breaking down when the fruit is ripening.

00:52:51Because of tectonic plate movements, the Pacific Ocean shrinks every year, and the

00:52:56Atlantic Ocean gets bigger by the same amount.

00:53:00These days, there are only two ice sheets in the world left after the planet's last

00:53:04ice age.

00:53:05The first is the Greenland Ice Sheet.

00:53:08The second, the Antarctic Ice Sheet, is enormous.

00:53:12It's the size of Mexico and the continental U.S. combined.

00:53:18Tsunami waves often go unnoticed.

00:53:20They don't rise for more than several inches above the surface until they reach shallow

00:53:24waters.

00:53:25When the ocean is deep, though, they can travel as fast as a long-distance passenger airplane.

00:53:33Corals that live in shallow waters produce their own protection from the sun.

00:53:37Without it, sunlight would harm the algae living inside them.

00:53:41To protect these algae, which are the main source of food for the corals, they fluoresce.

00:53:46This process makes proteins that act as sunscreen.

00:53:51Almost 90% of the volcanic activity on Earth happens in the oceans.

00:53:55The South Pacific has the largest concentration of volcanoes people know about.

00:54:00There's one volcano cluster that has 1,133 volcanic cones.

00:54:06All of them are active and cooped up in an area the size of New York State.

00:54:12The Zemchug Canyon in the middle of the Bering Sea is the largest underwater canyon ever

00:54:17discovered.

00:54:19There are more treasures and artifacts at the bottom of the ocean than in all museums

00:54:23in the world combined.

00:54:26In 1900, one of the biggest hurricanes struck near Central America and in the Gulf of Mexico.

00:54:32It then went as far as Florida and Texas and is considered to be the most devastating hurricane

00:54:37in the United States' history.

00:54:39They first detected it on August 27th and it lasted for many days.

00:54:44By the time it reached the Texas coast, the storm had turned into a Category 4 hurricane.

00:54:50Hurricanes are categorized on wind speed and intensity using something called a Saffir-Simpson

00:54:55scale.

00:54:56There are five different categories from 1 to 5, with 1 being the weakest and 5 being

00:55:01the strongest.

00:55:04The people of Galveston had less than four days to prepare for the arriving storm that

00:55:08even stretched out to Oklahoma and Kansas.

00:55:12The great hurricane then made its way to the Great Plains and turned towards the Great

00:55:16Lakes, New England and reached southeastern Canada.

00:55:19The storm was so bad that more than 3,600 homes were damaged even though they were sturdy

00:55:24enough to withstand the storm.

00:55:27Given the population numbers back then, it was equivalent to hundreds of thousands of

00:55:31houses destroyed, if not millions.

00:55:36They call it the most magical spot in Canada.

00:55:40In winter and spring, this is just a regular lake that looks like any other, but try going

00:55:45there in the summer when the water starts to evaporate.

00:55:47It'll feel as if you've entered a different world, a polka-dotted landscape with blue,

00:55:52green and yellow spots.

00:55:54Over the summer, there are over 300 pools there and they all look magical.

00:55:59Over the centuries, people believed each of them had different healing properties.

00:56:03Oh, and the explanation for the vibrant colors is pure science.

00:56:07Each of them has a high concentration of different minerals.

00:56:11We live inside the sun.

00:56:14Its atmosphere stretches far beyond its visible surface, and even though Earth is 93 million

00:56:19miles away from the star, it's still within reach of the sun's atmosphere.

00:56:24Auroras happen when charged particles from the sun get caught by Earth's magnetic field

00:56:28and crash into the upper atmosphere near the poles.

00:56:33Our planet is gradually slowing down the speed of its rotation.

00:56:37It happens at an unhurried pace of 17 milliseconds per 100 years.

00:56:42Because of this, our days are becoming longer, and still, only after 140 million years, a

00:56:48day on Earth will last 25 hours.

00:56:53Earth's southernmost continent, Antarctica, is only the fifth largest one, but it contains

00:56:58almost 70% of the planet's fresh water and 90% of the world's ice.

00:57:05Antarctica is also considered to be a desert.

00:57:09Lots of rocks on Earth have a Martian origin.

00:57:12Scientists analyzed the chemical content of some meteorites found in the Sahara Desert,

00:57:16Antarctica, and other places.

00:57:19It turned out that these rocks had arrived from the Red Planet.

00:57:23The largest sand castle in the world is located in Denmark.

00:57:27Thirty sand sculptors who created it used more than 5,000 tons of sand.

00:57:32To make it more durable, they added 10% of clay, together with a layer of glue.

00:57:37They built it to stand tall against long and stormy winters.

00:57:42Some photons that don't get absorbed are re-emitted, and their wavelength determines the color

00:57:47we see.

00:57:48When you expose a material to sunlight or photons of higher energy, it can damage its

00:57:52chromophores, which is why they won't be able to emit photons at certain wavelengths.

00:57:57Red materials fade in sunlight the most.

00:58:00Their chromophores emit red light in a way they mop up photons of the rest of the wavelengths.

00:58:06From 60 to 100 tons of space dust drift down to our planet's surface every day.

00:58:12These tiny cosmic particles are mostly released by comets, which are usually made of dust

00:58:17and ice.

00:58:18When the sun turns this ice into vapor, the remaining dust travels down to Earth.

00:58:24A recent study suggests the universe is similar to your brain, only at a much, much larger

00:58:31scale.

00:58:32The brain's neural network contains about 86 billion neurons.

00:58:37The observable universe has at least 100 billion galaxies.

00:58:42Both galaxies and neurons have a similar structure.

00:58:46It's a complex web of nodes linking up long thread-like fibers, but in each of these systems,

00:58:52the fibers make up a mere 30% of the total mass, and the remaining 70% are either water

00:58:59in the brain or dark energy in the universe.

00:59:04The ways that galaxies and webs of neurons connect with one another are surprisingly

00:59:09similar.

00:59:10In both cases, the process follows the same physical principles.

00:59:15At the same time, some researchers claim the resemblance between the brain and the

00:59:19universe is only superficial.

00:59:22Your mind perceives tiny details and joins them, and then it comes up with a conclusion

00:59:27that has nothing in common with reality, like, the brain is a mini-universe.

00:59:34In billions of years, the universe is likely to expand so much that we won't be able to

00:59:39see any stars in the sky.

00:59:42To turn Earth into a black hole, you'd have to squeeze it until it was the size of a marble.

00:59:49And if you wanted the sun to become a black hole, you'd have to compress it until it's

00:59:53no more than four miles across.

00:59:56A starburst galaxy is a galaxy that's forming tons of new stars at breakneck speed.

01:00:03It usually happens after two galaxies merge into one.

01:00:08While Earth has only one natural satellite, Jupiter is surrounded by at least 79 moons.

01:00:15In the universe, there are not only dwarf planets, but also dwarf galaxies.

01:00:21They have from 1,000 to a few billion stars.

01:00:25For comparison, the Milky Way galaxy is made up of 250 to 400 billion stars.

01:00:32A supermassive black hole 250 million light-years away from Earth hums the deepest sound ever

01:00:39detected from any object in the universe.

01:00:42It's one quadrillion, which is 1 with 15 zeros, times deeper than what the human ear can hear.

01:00:51Planet KELT-9b is 670 light-years away from Earth.

01:00:56It's an ultra-hot Jupiter.

01:00:58Those are giant, scorching hot planets with a mass similar to that of Jupiter.

01:01:04On KELT-9b, the heat is so great on the day side of the planet, it tears molecules apart.

01:01:12Any liquid floating in outer space forms itself into a sphere.

01:01:17It also happens in low Earth orbit.

01:01:21Our home Milky Way galaxy is more than 105,000 light-years across.

01:01:27All the planets of the solar system would fit between Earth and the moon with some space to spare.

01:01:34Black holes spaghettify things.

01:01:37It happens when something gets past the point of no return.

01:01:41Then the black hole's gravitational pull starts to stretch this object in one direction and

01:01:46squeeze in another.

01:01:49The first celestial body that astronomers identified as a spiral was the Whirlpool galaxy.

01:01:56Its long arms are made of gas and stars, and everything is sprinkled with fine space dust.

01:02:04When you're on Earth, you can only see 5% of the universe.

01:02:10A star coming too close to a black hole can be torn apart by its gravitational force.

01:02:18WASP-12b is a giant planet 1,400 light-years away from Earth.

01:02:23It's made up mostly of gas.

01:02:26Unfortunately, the planet is doomed.

01:02:29It orbits too close to its parent star.

01:02:31In about 10 million years, WASP-12b will be swallowed by its greedy sun.

01:02:38Our Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy, its closest neighbor, are going to meet in

01:02:44a bit less than 4 billion years.

01:02:47When they collide, they'll form one huge elliptical galaxy.

01:02:53One of Saturn's smaller moons, Enceladus, reflects almost 90% of the sun's light.

01:02:59It makes the moon one of the brightest objects in the solar system.

01:03:03But since it reflects sunlight instead of absorbing it, the temperatures on Enceladus's

01:03:09icy surface drop to negative 330 degrees Fahrenheit.

01:03:14The highest mountain in the solar system is Olympus Mons on Mars.

01:03:19It's three times as high as Mount Everest.

01:03:22If you were standing on top of Olympus Mons, its slopes would be hidden by the planet's

01:03:27curvature.

01:03:29In our solar system, Mercury and Venus are the only two planets without moons.

01:03:36Scientists who are planning to send droids to Mars want to load the machines with lots

01:03:40of heavy equipment.

01:03:42The droids will also be built from stronger materials, all because of the relatively low

01:03:47gravity on the red planet.

01:03:50Gravity on Mars is almost three times lighter than on Earth.

01:03:55Pluto's largest moon is half the size of the dwarf planet itself.

01:04:00This makes Charon, that's the moon's name, the largest known satellite relative to its

01:04:05parent's size.

01:04:07There are three golf balls on the moon.

01:04:10They were launched during the Apollo 14 mission.

01:04:14Mathematicians claim white holes might exist, even though scientists haven't found one

01:04:20yet.

01:04:21If you came across a white hole, you wouldn't be able to enter it from the outside.

01:04:26But you'd see light and matter escaping from within.

01:04:32On our planet, one full rotation takes one day.

01:04:35But the sun is so enormous that it needs 25 to 35 Earth days to make one rotation.

01:04:43The moon is not a perfect sphere.

01:04:46It's shaped more like an egg because of the Earth's gravity.

01:04:51Space suits protect astronauts from huge temperature differences during spacewalks, from negative

01:04:56250 degrees Fahrenheit to positive 250 degrees Fahrenheit.

01:05:02A neutron star gets born after a supernova collapses.

01:05:06After birth, it rotates extremely fast, about 60 times per second.

01:05:12This rate can sometimes grow up to 600 times per second.

01:05:18In 2007, astronomers started to receive ultra-bright and ultra-strong radio signals, named fast

01:05:25radio bursts.

01:05:27They were coming from somewhere billions of light years away.

01:05:31When astronauts are in space, they often see random flashes of light.

01:05:36They occur when cosmic rays hit the optic nerve in the eye.

01:05:41If you traveled around Pluto's equator, it would be the same distance as walking from

01:05:46Rome to New York City.

01:05:48If you visited GJ 504b, a planet located a mere 57 light years away from Earth, you'd

01:05:56see that the planet is glowing.

01:05:59It's because of the heat left after its formation.

01:06:03The planet's color is a dull magenta, like a dark cherry blossom.

01:06:09Jupiter has the shortest day of all the planets in the solar system.

01:06:13It lasts just 9 hours and 55 minutes.

01:06:16Because of its fast rotation, Jupiter isn't a perfect sphere.

01:06:20It's a bit flattened.

01:06:22Venus has more volcanoes than any other planet in the solar system.

01:06:27There are at least 1,600 of them on the planet's surface, but most of them are extinct.

01:06:34Mercury has wrinkles.

01:06:36When its iron core was cooling, the planet's crust contracted.

01:06:41It made the surface of the planet uneven.

01:06:45Nuclear pasta found inside neutron stars is believed to be the strongest substance in

01:06:51the universe.

01:06:52These noodles of neutrons can be 10 billion times stronger than steel.

01:06:58Some astronomers believe black holes might have no event horizon, aka the point of no

01:07:04return.

01:07:05Instead, there might be the apparent horizon.

01:07:09It can only trap stuff for some time.

01:07:11Later, matter or energy escapes, but in a different form.

01:07:17Each Apollo mission needed 15 spacesuits.

01:07:20Each member of the 3-person main crew needed 3 suits.

01:07:25One was for training, the second for flight.

01:07:28And there was also a backup suit, in case something went wrong with the flight suit.

01:07:34Each of the three members of the backup crew had two spacesuits, one for training and one

01:07:39for flight.

01:07:41Scientists believe Mercury might still have a partially molten core.

01:07:46It could explain why the planet has a magnetic field, even if it's just 1% as strong as Earth's.

01:07:53Dust storms on Mars are the most severe in the whole solar system.

01:07:58They can be raging for months on end.

01:08:02On planet Kepler-16b, which is 245 light years away from Earth, not one, but two suns

01:08:09set over the horizon.

01:08:11The planet is as massive as our Saturn, but has a higher density.

01:08:16It takes 45 minutes to put on a spacesuit.

01:08:20After it's done, an astronaut needs another hour to adapt to new conditions.

01:08:26Earth-grazing fireballs are bright meteors that enter the Earth's atmosphere, but then

01:08:31leave it again.

01:08:33Triton, one of Neptune's moons, orbits the planet backward.

01:08:38It's the only big moon of any known planet to do so.

01:08:42Triton is also gradually getting closer to Neptune.

01:08:46Experts think that, eventually, the moon will be pulled apart by Neptune's gravity, and

01:08:51then it'll form a ring around the gas giant.

01:08:55Dwarf planet Haumea, which is further from Earth than Neptune, is truly bizarre.

01:09:01It's orbiting in the Kuiper belt, a donut-shaped ring of ice objects circling the sun.

01:09:07Haumea has two moons, a weirdly elongated shape, and a day that lasts four Earth hours.

01:09:14But the coolest thing, the dwarf planet is surrounded by incredibly thin rings.

01:09:20They're likely the result of an ancient collision.

01:09:23It takes Neptune almost 165 Earth years to make one full orbit around the sun.

01:09:30In other words, since the gas giant was discovered in 1846, it's only circled the sun once.

01:09:40Why is the myth dogs are colorblind so widely accepted?

01:09:44They do see colors, even though they have a more limited spectrum than we do.

01:09:48They see blue, yellow, and violet pretty well, but it's hard for them to tell the difference

01:09:53between orange, red, and green.

01:09:56So, if you want to redecorate your dog's house, maybe you should stick to purple and blue shades.

01:10:02Animals, plants, and humans, we're all actually connected and have common traits

01:10:07because we've all evolved from the same micro-ancestor.

01:10:10This would be our planet's original ancestor, LUCA.

01:10:14This stands for the Last Universal Common Ancestor, which is a 3.8 billion-year-old organism.

01:10:21Closing the eyes can improve your memory.

01:10:24Let's say you want to listen to a story and see how much you can remember.

01:10:28Studies show that if you close your eyes and take a 15-minute rest, you'll remember it better.

01:10:33A good technique for when you're studying or trying to remember some boring information.

01:10:40The pink corner of your eye is actually the remnant of the third eyelid.

01:10:44We all have this mysterious membrane.

01:10:46The third eyelid is way more prominent in certain mammals and birds since it protects their eyes from dust.

01:10:53But for humans, this tissue doesn't have any particular meaning,

01:10:56so scientists believe we'll eventually lose it.

01:11:01When potatoes are exposed to too much light, they mostly turn green,

01:11:04whether they're in a factory, storage, or a field.

01:11:08This happens because they start to form chlorophyll, a pigment that gives plants green color.

01:11:13So when you see green potato chips, it means they were made from one of these potatoes

01:11:18that were exposed to light for a longer time.

01:11:21But just because some green potato chips made it into the bag doesn't mean you should eat them.

01:11:26As it turns out, the green areas on potatoes and on chips are not good for you.

01:11:31Nothing's going to happen if you eat one or two of these green potato chips.

01:11:35But if you eat too much of a green potato, you might experience some discomfort.

01:11:40Despite their name, some oranges are not orange.

01:11:44Some initially contain large amounts of chlorophyll,

01:11:47which makes this citrus green-colored in the first place.

01:11:50As it matures and ripens, the chlorophyll slowly disappears

01:11:54as the fruit is exposed to cool temperatures.

01:11:57That's when it gets its color.

01:11:59But this is also why, in warm areas across the world, oranges remain green.

01:12:06If you've ordered something small from Amazon, like a pen, a single book, or something else,

01:12:11you might have got it in a box that seemed way too big for your item.

01:12:15And it's not an accident, nor random.

01:12:18It's because of their complex shipping algorithm.

01:12:20It takes into account the size of other packages going to the same place,

01:12:24as well as the size of the shipping vehicle.

01:12:27The small item gets a box size that will fit the space inside the vehicle

01:12:31together with other packages, and keep boxes from sliding around.

01:12:37Physicist and inventor Percy Spencer discovered microwaves by accident.

01:12:42He was building a magnetron for some of his radar equipment.

01:12:45At one moment, he realized the chocolate bar

01:12:48he had been keeping in his pocket had begun to melt.

01:12:51He was curious about what was going to happen next.

01:12:54So, he directed microwaves at eggs, which exploded, and popcorn, which popped.

01:12:59This is how he discovered a great tool to heat food

01:13:02that uses less energy than a conventional oven.

01:13:07In its original version, the clay-like substance we call playdough today

01:13:11was a wallpaper cleaner.

01:13:13It was invented and sold for the purpose of lifting soot off of wallpaper.

01:13:18At the time it first showed on the market,

01:13:20you could only get it in an off-white color.

01:13:22But later, they started selling it as a toy.

01:13:25The substance was produced in yellow, blue, and red.

01:13:28Today, you can get it in more than 50 colors.

01:13:33Bubble wrap had a somewhat different purpose at its beginning.

01:13:36It was supposed to be wallpaper.

01:13:38In the 1950s, when it first showed up,

01:13:41two engineers decided to glue two shower curtains together.

01:13:44That's how they trapped small bubbles of air between them.

01:13:48They were trying to create some sort of textured wallpaper,

01:13:50but it didn't take off.

01:13:52A couple years later, IBM had to ship some data processors

01:13:56and needed something to protect them,

01:13:58which is when the phenomenon of bubble wrap came up.

01:14:01One study showed that one minute of popping bubble wrap

01:14:04is as calming as a 30-minute massage.

01:14:08Why don't electric fans cool the air?

01:14:10You could set a thermometer in front of it and choose a turbo mode.

01:14:14But the temperature won't go down.

01:14:16In fact, the temperature might even go up

01:14:19if you leave the thermometer next to the working parts,

01:14:21thanks to the electric current.

01:14:23A fan won't cool the air,

01:14:25but it will cool you or any other object with water inside.

01:14:29An electric fan improves air circulation in a closed space.

01:14:32Plus, it speeds up evaporation,

01:14:35which makes liquids, including the sweat on your skin, a bit cooler.

01:14:40Have you noticed pen caps have tiny holes on the top?

01:14:44It seems random at first, but it's actually a lifesaver.

01:14:48If you can accidentally swallow this cap,

01:14:50the hole ensures you can continue breathing

01:14:52because the cap won't completely block the airway.

01:14:57If you take a closer look at the night sky,

01:15:00you'll see stars come in different shapes and sizes.

01:15:03White is the most prevalent color, true,

01:15:05but they sparkle in shades of red, blue, and yellow too.

01:15:09But you won't see a green star.

01:15:11It's not that stars don't emit green light,

01:15:13it's just that our eyes don't see it like that.

01:15:16Stars vary in colors when they burn at different temperatures.

01:15:19The hottest stars appear blue,

01:15:21while the coolest stars seem to burn in red hues,

01:15:25but they all shine in multiple colors.

01:15:27They emit different light wavelengths

01:15:30that represent various parts of the color spectrum.

01:15:33We can't all perceive those wavelengths separately,

01:15:36we only see the dominant light wavelength,

01:15:38which means the dominant color.

01:15:40So, stars of medium heat emit green photons in most cases,

01:15:45but they just don't appear green.

01:15:47When we try to process something that generates red,

01:15:49green, blue, and yellow photons at once,

01:15:52our eyes see it as white.

01:15:55That's the same reason why mid-temperature stars,

01:15:57such as our sun, appear white to us.

01:16:02Why do we blink?

01:16:03To moisten and cleanse the eye.

01:16:05That's for sure.

01:16:06Every time you close your eyelids,

01:16:08the tear glands secrete a salty substance

01:16:10that sweeps over the surface of your eye.

01:16:13It then flushes away all those tiny dust particles

01:16:16and also lubricates the exposed parts of your eyeball.

01:16:19We usually blink every four to six seconds

01:16:22unless the eyes are more irritated.

01:16:24Then, we blink more frequently to keep them moist and clean.

01:16:28But not just that.

01:16:30Blinking also helps our brain to reset.

01:16:32It has to process so many things all the time.

01:16:35So it's fair to give it a break from time to time.

01:16:38So blinking rescues our brain around 15 to 20 times per minute.

01:16:42When we shut our eyes,

01:16:44we help our brain to power down and take a very short

01:16:47but still effective mental break.

01:16:49That's why we blink more when we're in the middle of a task

01:16:52that demands some serious mental activity.

01:16:56Why do we have nails?

01:16:58They're generally made of a specific type of protein

01:17:00you can find in fur, hair, cloths, and hooves.

01:17:04It's called keratin.

01:17:05And unlike claws, nails are flat and wide.

01:17:09So they're more effective at shielding the tips of toes

01:17:12and fingers from potential injuries.

01:17:14Fingernails not only protect sensitive areas

01:17:17but also provide a rigid backing

01:17:20so you can take and separate small objects more easily.

01:17:23How would you pick up a single jigsaw piece

01:17:26or peel a sticker from its backing without nails?

01:17:29It would be almost impossible without additional tools.

01:17:32Apes and monkeys use their feet for such delicate tasks too.

01:17:36Primates have probably evolved nails

01:17:38because they needed help with simple tasks

01:17:41such as grasping branches tightly and removing ticks.

01:17:45Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and cherries

01:17:47are not berries.

01:17:49To classify a berry,

01:17:50they have to have three layers.

01:17:52A protective outer one,

01:17:54a fleshy one in the middle,

01:17:55and finally an inner part where you can find the seeds.

01:17:59Also, a plant must come from a flower

01:18:01with just one ovary and have two or more seeds.

01:18:05So, by this criteria,

01:18:07cranberries and blueberries are berries.

01:18:10Together with some more plants,

01:18:11you wouldn't expect to be in this category.

01:18:14Kiwis, bananas, watermelons, tomatoes,

01:18:17eggplants, and even peppers.

01:18:20You've probably heard,

01:18:21your ears and nose are those body parts

01:18:23that never stop growing.

01:18:25This happens because the effects of skin changes and gravity.

01:18:29Other parts of your body change in the same ways,

01:18:32but you can't see it as well

01:18:33as you can see what's happening with your nose and ears.

01:18:37There are two sides to every story.

01:18:40Just like to a regular cotton pad,

01:18:42two different textures to be more precise.

01:18:45One is smooth,

01:18:46and you're supposed to use it

01:18:47for more sensitive areas of your face,

01:18:49for example, the eyes.

01:18:51The rougher side can help you remove makeup

01:18:54and clean your face in less sensitive areas

01:18:56like the forehead.

01:18:59If you like having greenery in your home,

01:19:01you've probably noticed the flower pots

01:19:03have holes at the bottom.

01:19:05These holes are the reason your green friends

01:19:08live a happy life.

01:19:10They're extremely important for water drainage.

01:19:13Thanks to these holes,

01:19:14you'll avoid stagnant water buildup

01:19:16that can eventually ruin your plant.

01:19:19Also, thanks to those holes,

01:19:21roots can grow and expand

01:19:22beyond the limits of your pot.

01:19:25Have you noticed aviator sunglasses

01:19:28mostly have green lenses?

01:19:30It has something to do with their origin.

01:19:33First, they showed up in the 1930s.

01:19:36Before that,

01:19:37pilots had goggles to protect their eyes

01:19:39while they were in the air.

01:19:41High altitudes with glaring sun

01:19:43and sub-zero temperatures

01:19:45were a real test for their eyes.

01:19:48The goggles helped them with those issues,

01:19:50but there was another one.

01:19:52Since the temperature differences

01:19:53between the air outside

01:19:55and within the goggles were big,

01:19:57the lenses would fog up

01:19:58and obscure the pilot's view.

01:20:01So, the company Bausch & Lohm

01:20:03came up with teardrop lenses

01:20:05surrounded by a light metal frame.

01:20:08These lenses were dark green

01:20:10because this tint cuts out blue light,

01:20:12which is also a problem for pilots

01:20:14when they're flying above the cloud line.

01:20:17Plus, green lenses also reduce glare

01:20:20and improve contrast and sharpness.

01:20:24Holes in the side of your Converse sneakers?

01:20:26Hmm, are those really necessary?

01:20:29Well, they allow air to enter your shoe

01:20:31so your feet can stay cool.

01:20:34You can also use them to style up your shoes

01:20:36and tie them in different ways too.

01:20:40There are two reasons

01:20:41plastic bottles have grooves.

01:20:43First, if you're drinking cold water

01:20:45and it's hot outside,

01:20:47you'll see there's a lot of condensation

01:20:48on your bottle.

01:20:50Or maybe if you're playing some sport

01:20:52or working out.

01:20:53Your hands are sweaty

01:20:55and if a bottle had a smooth surface,

01:20:56it would be more difficult to grip it.

01:20:58So the ridges are there to improve your hand grip.

01:21:02The second reason is that

01:21:03because of these ridges,

01:21:05manufacturers can use thinner plastic.

01:21:08That means they need less material

01:21:09in overall production.

01:21:12And that plastic is still firm enough

01:21:14for the bottle to maintain its shape.

01:21:18Wooden coat hangers are not just there

01:21:20to look nice.

01:21:21Since they're made of cedar wood,

01:21:22they bring a nice scent to your closet.

01:21:24Plus they repel bugs.

01:21:27They're also quite firm

01:21:28so they come in handy for heavy clothes

01:21:30such as jackets.

01:21:32And it's hard to damage them.

01:21:34So they'll serve you longer.

01:21:37You may have noticed

01:21:38there's a colored square

01:21:40at the bottom of your toothpaste.

01:21:42These blocks mostly come in blue,

01:21:44red, green and black.

01:21:47They are some sort of eye marks.

01:21:49Since they help manufacturing machines

01:21:51at the assembly line

01:21:52recognize where and when to cut the toothpaste

01:21:55and seal the end of the tube.

01:21:58Some boots have loops at their top and back.

01:22:02Looks like a fashion statement, doesn't it?

01:22:04Or maybe it's something

01:22:05that manufacturers add for fun.

01:22:07But those loops actually have their purpose.

01:22:09With them, you can pull the shoe up

01:22:11when trying to wear it.

01:22:13Plus you can easily hang them

01:22:15or use the loop

01:22:16for better support for the laces.

01:22:19Confession time.

01:22:20Remember those attachments

01:22:21your vacuum cleaner came with?

01:22:24Did you also put them somewhere aside

01:22:26and never use them again?

01:22:28They're actually pretty helpful

01:22:29when you're cleaning the house

01:22:30because you can use them

01:22:31for particular areas

01:22:32that are sometimes hard to reach

01:22:34with the regular attachment.

01:22:37We all know what the vegetable peeler is for.

01:22:39But besides peeling the skin of carrots or potatoes,

01:22:42you can use it for onions too.

01:22:44It may be faster than doing it with a knife.

01:22:47Plus it will save you some onion tears.

01:22:50Some sweatshirts have something

01:22:52pretty specific in the neck area.

01:22:54A V-shaped stitch

01:22:56you can see in the middle of the collar.

01:22:58The ribbed insert,

01:23:00similar to the ribbing

01:23:00at the hem and the sleeves,

01:23:02would allow the owner

01:23:03to put the garment on more easily

01:23:05and it wouldn't even lose shape.

01:23:07The V-insert would stretch

01:23:09so a person wearing the sweatshirt

01:23:10could get their head through the neck.

01:23:12Its purpose was also to absorb sweat.

01:23:15In its early versions,

01:23:16sweatshirts had both the back

01:23:18and the front of the collars.

01:23:20Through time,

01:23:21they lost the back one

01:23:22and this V-insert

01:23:23became something decorative

01:23:24since manufacturers started

01:23:25to stitch a V at the collar

01:23:27without using the ribbed material

01:23:29they had added before.

01:23:32Brightly colored squares

01:23:33or circles you see on food packages

01:23:35aren't an indication of vitamins,

01:23:37minerals,

01:23:38or certain flavors that food contains.

01:23:40And nope,

01:23:41it's not some secret code

01:23:42consumers are supposed to crack.

01:23:45It's actually for printing engineers.

01:23:48They're called process control patches

01:23:50or printer's color blocks.

01:23:52During the process

01:23:53of printing the food packaging,

01:23:55manufacturers use those colored blocks

01:23:57to check if the printing ink is correct.

01:24:00They compare the color of blocks they print

01:24:02to make sure the brand they print for

01:24:04has a consistent and recognizable quality

01:24:06all over the world.

01:24:09The majority of printers

01:24:10only use four colors,

01:24:11yellow, magenta, cyan, and black.

01:24:14Some printers have additional colors

01:24:16such as green, orange, and violet.

01:24:20That's why you sometimes see

01:24:22multiple circles on certain packages.

01:24:24They test each ink color.

01:24:27Margins in notebooks.

01:24:29They're not there as some sort of a guide

01:24:31for taking notes and writing.

01:24:32Someone came up with a potential solution

01:24:34that was supposed to protect

01:24:35the written work from,

01:24:37well, rats.

01:24:38They used to be pretty common residents

01:24:40in people's homes.

01:24:41They are known for their diet,

01:24:43including basically anything,

01:24:44like paper, for example.

01:24:47So, people started adding wide margins

01:24:49as an appetizer

01:24:50that was supposed to keep rats full.

01:24:53This way, they wouldn't want to get

01:24:54to the main dish,

01:24:55the written pages.

01:24:58Suits have a buttonhole

01:24:59close to the top of the lapel.

01:25:01Manufacturers sew it shut

01:25:03so you can't open it

01:25:04without ruining your suit.

01:25:06And when you compare it

01:25:07to the other lapel,

01:25:08you see that one is completely smooth,

01:25:10without any clues.

01:25:12You won't find such an unpartnered buttonhole

01:25:14on a suit jacket only.

01:25:16Camp shirts,

01:25:17pea coats,

01:25:18and some other clothing pieces

01:25:19have them too.

01:25:21And they have to do

01:25:22with the history of lapels.

01:25:24The earliest ones

01:25:25showed up at the beginning

01:25:26of the 19th century.

01:25:27Before this,

01:25:28men mostly wear fronts

01:25:29with high collars.

01:25:31They would button them

01:25:32all the way up to the top.

01:25:33During hot days,

01:25:34they would relax the button stance,

01:25:36turn down the collars,

01:25:37and leave the top button undone.

01:25:40It was a relief from the swelter.

01:25:41Plus, their folded overlaps

01:25:43would be symmetrical at the chest.

01:25:45And today,

01:25:45we recognize that as a lapel.

01:25:49People stopped using that buttonhole

01:25:51after they came up with a lapel,

01:25:53unless it was for some formal occasion.

01:25:55Like for example,

01:25:56when you wanted to put a flower in there.

01:25:58That's why suit makers left it

01:25:59as a fashion feature.

01:26:02Teabags.

01:26:03It's pretty easy to guess

01:26:04what they're for.

01:26:05But they come in handy

01:26:06if you have smelly feet

01:26:07after a long day in your shoes.

01:26:10Just pop teabags,

01:26:11unused of course,

01:26:12in your shoes during the night.

01:26:13By the time you wake up,

01:26:15teabags are going to effectively absorb

01:26:17all the unwanted odors.

01:26:20Binder clips can also have a helpful purpose

01:26:22besides their main one.

01:26:24You can clip your money

01:26:25to keep it together.

01:26:27Same is true for paper clips.

01:26:29If your favorite bracelet broke

01:26:31and you're looking for a way to hold it on,

01:26:33a paper clip might help.

01:26:35Just hook one through

01:26:36each end of the bracelet,

01:26:37twist it tightly,

01:26:39and your bracelet is good to go.

01:26:42How can spiders survive

01:26:43when they lose a leg?

01:26:45When they're in a dangerous situation

01:26:47and try to run away,

01:26:48they can lose legs

01:26:49and regrow them

01:26:51only a couple months later.

01:26:53They'll survive without any problem

01:26:55because most of the time,

01:26:56their legs come off at break points.

01:26:58Those are joints that contain muscles

01:27:00and constrict,

01:27:01which helps spiders minimize blood loss.

01:27:04If they lose a leg at the part

01:27:05that comes before the break point,

01:27:07the spider still sheds it,

01:27:08but it will lose more blood.

01:27:10It will be harder for the animal

01:27:11to recover in this case.

01:27:13Speaking of spiders,

01:27:14have you noticed how they sometimes

01:27:16stay extremely still for a long time?

01:27:19They're motionless while waiting

01:27:21for potential prey to land in their web.

01:27:23When moving around,

01:27:24they waste energy

01:27:25and drive unnecessary attention

01:27:27to themselves.

01:27:28Either a hungry bird praying

01:27:29for a quick snack will see it,

01:27:31or a spider will remain hungry

01:27:33because flies will be less likely

01:27:34to come near their web.

01:27:36When spinning a web,

01:27:37they waste a lot of energy.

01:27:39Even after the web is finished,

01:27:41a spider may have to wait

01:27:42for days or weeks

01:27:43to catch something.

01:27:45So it's important to save

01:27:46as much energy as possible.

01:27:48Hunting spiders are way more active,

01:27:50but the majority of them

01:27:51are nocturnal predators.

01:27:53They spend their days relaxing,

01:27:55tucked away under a rock

01:27:57or in a nest.

01:27:58Roast potatoes can stay hot

01:28:00for a really long time,

01:28:01and this mostly has to do

01:28:03with the fatty, starchy crust

01:28:05that's like some sort

01:28:06of an insulating layer.

01:28:07When you pre-boil a potato,

01:28:09this causes its starch granules

01:28:11to absorb water

01:28:12and swell until carb molecules

01:28:14seep out to produce

01:28:15this type of thick gel.

01:28:17Since potatoes are in the oven,

01:28:19high temperatures drive off moisture.

01:28:21This makes the gelatinized starch

01:28:23on the outside of the potato chunk

01:28:24and creates a crispy crust.

01:28:26This crust traps the heat inside.

01:28:30The fat from the baking tray

01:28:31collects in cracks too,

01:28:33and the heat-keeping structure

01:28:34stays strong.

01:28:36Birds don't get electrocuted

01:28:37while perching on power lines

01:28:39because it's not voltages

01:28:40that will harm them,

01:28:41but voltage differences.

01:28:43And electricity wouldn't flow

01:28:44without them.

01:28:45So, if you see a bird

01:28:47standing on a single power line

01:28:48at, for example, 35,000 volts,

01:28:52the lack of a voltage difference

01:28:53is something that keeps

01:28:54the animal safe.

01:28:56But if it accidentally

01:28:57extends its wings

01:28:58and touches another power line

01:28:59that's at a different voltage,

01:29:01it won't end well.

01:29:03That's the reason why

01:29:04electricity companies

01:29:05make sure there's plenty of space

01:29:06between the cables.

01:29:08Have you ever wondered

01:29:09why airplane pilots

01:29:10won't try to land on grass

01:29:12when the landing gear

01:29:13doesn't deploy?

01:29:15The grass may seem like

01:29:16a good solution at first

01:29:17because it's soft.

01:29:18True.

01:29:19But the surface will

01:29:20neither be smooth nor even.

01:29:23When pressure is high,

01:29:24landing on grass

01:29:25can lead to unpredictable movements

01:29:27and cause issues,

01:29:28such as structure formation.

01:29:30That happens because of

01:29:31bouncing and unequal pressure.

01:29:33This can even result

01:29:34in fuel leakage

01:29:35and prevent the doors

01:29:36from opening.

01:29:37Bald heads tend to be shiny,

01:29:39even though the skin elsewhere

01:29:40on the human body isn't.

01:29:42Most of our skin

01:29:43is covered with tiny hairs

01:29:45that give it some sort of

01:29:46velvety peach fuzz look.

01:29:48With male pattern baldness,

01:29:50the hair follicles tend to shrink

01:29:51and turn into skin cells,

01:29:53which means

01:29:54there's no hair there at all.

01:29:56And the scalp is especially shiny

01:29:58due to the sebaceous glands.

01:30:00They produce and secrete

01:30:02some kind of oily matter

01:30:03that protects our skin.

01:30:04Sebaceous glands are located

01:30:06all across our skin,

01:30:07but the scalp

01:30:08has way more of them.

01:30:10So, this oil coats the skin,

01:30:12which is why it turns into

01:30:13a more reflective surface.

01:30:16House cats will rarely

01:30:17meow at one another,

01:30:18but they become chatty with humans,

01:30:20and this could be related

01:30:22to domestication.

01:30:23The process of taming cats

01:30:25and keeping them as pets

01:30:26started nearly 10,000 years ago.

01:30:28Before that,

01:30:29cats were pretty much loners.

01:30:31They rarely encountered other cats,

01:30:33so they didn't even have to

01:30:34use their voices

01:30:35to communicate with each other.

01:30:37Instead,

01:30:38they communicated

01:30:39through their sense of smell,

01:30:40which included things like

01:30:41rubbing against a certain object,

01:30:43for example, a tree.

01:30:45So they didn't even have to

01:30:46come face-to-face

01:30:47with other members of their species

01:30:49to send a message.

01:30:50And that's how they mostly

01:30:51communicate today as well.

01:30:53But humans don't have

01:30:54such a good sense of smell as cats,

01:30:56so these foxy creatures

01:30:58had to think of a way

01:30:59to send us a message

01:31:00and still get what they wanted from us,

01:31:02which turned out to be meowing.

01:31:05If you're planning a day trip

01:31:07to a desert,

01:31:07for example, the Sahara in North Africa,

01:31:10you're going to want

01:31:11to bring good sunscreen

01:31:13and a lot of water, of course,

01:31:15but also a snug sleeping bag

01:31:17if you're planning to

01:31:17spend the night there too.

01:31:19Deserts really become cold

01:31:20during the night.

01:31:22In the Sahara,

01:31:23temperatures go from an average high

01:31:24of 100 degrees Fahrenheit

01:31:26during the day

01:31:27to 25 degrees during the night.

01:31:29Such dramatic change

01:31:30happens because of two main factors,

01:31:33humidity and sand.

01:31:35Sand doesn't retain heat that well.

01:31:37When light and heat from the sun

01:31:38reach a desert,

01:31:39sand grains from the top layer

01:31:41absorb heat,

01:31:42but they release it back

01:31:43into the air relatively quickly.

01:31:46So during the day,

01:31:47the sand radiates the energy

01:31:48coming from the sun,

01:31:49which eventually heats the air

01:31:51and leads to extremely high temperatures.

01:31:53And during the night,

01:31:55the sand is quickly

01:31:56losing heat once again.

01:31:57But this time,

01:31:58there's no sunlight

01:31:59that would reheat the desert.

01:32:01That leaves the sand colder than before

01:32:03and leads to such low temperatures.

01:32:06In arid deserts

01:32:07such as the Atacama Desert in Chile

01:32:09and the Sahara,

01:32:10the humidity is extremely low.

01:32:12That means the amount of water vapor

01:32:15in the air is almost zero.

01:32:17Unlike sand,

01:32:18water does well to store heat.

01:32:21Water vapor in the air

01:32:22traps heat close to the ground.

01:32:24It's like you cover the ground

01:32:25with a huge blanket.

01:32:27That way,

01:32:27you stop it from dissipating

01:32:29into the atmosphere.

01:32:30Also,

01:32:31when the air has a high level of humidity,

01:32:33it requires more energy to heat up.

01:32:36That means it takes more time

01:32:37for that same energy to disappear

01:32:39and for the surroundings to get colder.

01:32:42Since there's almost no humidity in deserts,

01:32:45such areas can both quickly heat up

01:32:47and cool down.

01:32:49If you microwave water for tea,

01:32:51it will taste worse

01:32:52than when it's made with a kettle.

01:32:55That's because the temperature of the liquid

01:32:57is the main factor for a good tea.

01:33:00Water should reach a rolling boil

01:33:02before you pour it over tea leaves,

01:33:03whether they're loose or bagged.

01:33:06It's an easy thing to do with tea kettles,

01:33:08both the electric and stovetop varieties.

01:33:11When the burner

01:33:11or the electric heating element is on,

01:33:13the water at the bottom of the vessel warms up.

01:33:17As it's getting hotter,

01:33:18water through the rest of the kettle

01:33:20comes to the boiling point.

01:33:21A microwave doesn't heat from the bottom up.

01:33:24It creates electromagnetic waves

01:33:26that randomly jump around the box.

01:33:29You probably notice

01:33:30when you try to reheat leftovers,

01:33:32they end up partially frozen in some spots

01:33:35and extremely hot in others.

01:33:37The same will happen with water

01:33:38because it's hard to control microwave energy.

01:33:42Overheated liquid won't be good for tea either.

01:33:45When water goes above 212 degrees Fahrenheit,

01:33:48which is the boiling point for water,

01:33:50it can destroy the compounds

01:33:52that give a tea its specific flavor.

01:33:55Have you ever wondered

01:33:56why those electrical plugs most Americans use

01:33:58have holes in the prongs?

01:34:00The story dates back to the early 20th century

01:34:03when Harvey Hubble Jr.

01:34:04invented different types of electrical plugs.

01:34:07He started with the detachable electric plug,

01:34:11which was the first ever of that type.

01:34:14Some of his designs had prongs with indents,

01:34:17those aligned with tiny bumps

01:34:18inside the electrical sockets.

01:34:20Such an indent and bump system

01:34:23secured the prongs in place

01:34:24after people would insert a plug into a socket.

01:34:28At some point,

01:34:29these indents gave way to holes,

01:34:31which worked in the same way.

01:34:33But that's just part of the story.

01:34:35Most of the modern outlets

01:34:36don't even have bumps anymore.

01:34:38They keep plugs from falling out of the wall

01:34:40by using friction and pressure.

01:34:43Today, some manufacturers insert a rod

01:34:45through all the holes in a line of prongs.

01:34:48That's how they lock them in place

01:34:50while encasing them in plastic.

01:34:52Some also say the holes save metal,

01:34:54which cuts costs of manufacturing in the long term.

01:35:00Now, if you were asked where your stomach was,

01:35:03you'd probably point to your tummy.

01:35:05Sorry, but that's wrong.

01:35:07It's actually up here,

01:35:08hidden behind your ribs.

01:35:10Your stomach has a pretty incredible capacity,

01:35:13being able to hold up to a half a gallon of liquids.

01:35:16That's a whole large bottle of Coke.

01:35:18It's pretty hard to estimate

01:35:19how much hard food you can eat

01:35:21because it's processed with your teeth

01:35:23before it ever gets to your stomach.

01:35:25There's definitely not enough room for a turkey,

01:35:27but a good-sized chicken would probably fit it in.

01:35:31Speaking of organs,

01:35:32scientists believe that the appendix

01:35:34will disappear eventually.

01:35:36Nobody really knows why we need it,

01:35:38but some researchers claim

01:35:40it might've existed to help our ancestors digest tree bark.

01:35:44Because it's no longer a part of our daily diet,

01:35:46the appendix isn't necessary

01:35:48and can disappear from our bodies

01:35:50without any consequences.

01:35:52Now, the appendix isn't the only obsolete part of our body.

01:35:56Wisdom teeth aren't that useful either.

01:35:58Yeah, they used to come in handy

01:36:00when our ancestors lost some of their teeth.

01:36:02But the only thing they help us lose now

01:36:04is the money we spend extracting them.

01:36:07In fact, you can easily survive

01:36:09without your appendix, stomach, one kidney, or one lung.

01:36:14Nice to know we have spare parts!

01:36:16If you never knew you had a personal bodyguard,

01:36:18look deeper.

01:36:19Your liver is your security guard,

01:36:21protecting you from toxins

01:36:23and many other things you don't want to have.

01:36:25It's also pretty indestructible

01:36:27and can even regenerate.

01:36:29Your liver is a very important organ that works a lot

01:36:32and is responsible for 500 individual functions.

01:36:36Up to 10% of it is made of fat.

01:36:38The liver can grow back.

01:36:41Yep, even if you only have half of your liver left,

01:36:44it can still regenerate to its original size.

01:36:48Now, on average, the heart is as big as your fist.

01:36:51It beats 115,000 times

01:36:54and pumps around 2,000 gallons of blood each day.

01:36:58The right lung is bigger than the left one

01:37:00because your body needs to make some room for the heart.

01:37:03You inhale a lot of different types of debris,

01:37:06including 7,000 of your very own skin flakes,

01:37:10and that's only in a day.

01:37:12The stomach is the most important defender of the immune system.

01:37:15Hydrochloric acid in our stomach

01:37:18kills dangerous food toxins, viruses, and bacteria

01:37:21that get in there with the food you eat.

01:37:23This acid can digest even the stomach itself,

01:37:26but the mucous membrane protects it.

01:37:29You can burn calories when you take a hot bath

01:37:32as many as you would if you took a half-hour walk.

01:37:35You burn somewhere between 100 and 200 calories per hour while standing.

01:37:40Sitting burns 60 to 130,

01:37:43depending on your height, weight, gender, and age.

01:37:46Now, your own body makes mosquito bites swell and itch.

01:37:49A mosquito breaks your skin.

01:37:51Your immune system perceives the insect saliva as a foreign substance,

01:37:55so it starts a special reaction to flush the intruder out of your body.

01:38:00A compound produced by the immune system called histamine

01:38:03makes the blood flow faster around the bitten area,

01:38:06and it causes swelling.

01:38:08The histamine also sends a signal to the nearest nerves,

01:38:11which makes the bite itch.

01:38:13Meanwhile, the food on the plane is likely to taste different than on the ground.

01:38:18That's because you lose up to 30% of your taste bud sensitivity

01:38:22due to the dryness and pressure in the cabin.

01:38:25It's especially true about salty and sweet foods.

01:38:28Now, you wouldn't be able to taste food without saliva.

01:38:30Your taste buds have chemoreceptors that recognize different flavors,

01:38:34but they need some liquid for those flavors to bind into their molecules.

01:38:39Also, you can't taste things saliva doesn't dissolve.

01:38:42You can always squeeze in some dessert

01:38:44no matter how much salad, soup, or meat you've eaten before.

01:38:48Your body gets bored of savory tastes.

01:38:50But when you see and smell something sweet, like ice cream, cakes, or chocolate,

01:38:55your brain gets excited.

01:38:57It overrides all fullness signals for pleasure.

01:39:00Plus, your stomach is a flexible organ,

01:39:02and sugar helps it relax and physically make room for dessert.

01:39:05Hey, I rely on that information!

01:39:09The tongue is one of the strongest muscles in your body.

01:39:12This organ contains more than 10,000 taste buds,

01:39:15and each bud is filled with microscopic hairs.

01:39:18Their job is to sense your food, distinguish tastes,

01:39:22and send information to your brain to initiate the appropriate digestion process.

01:39:26During your life, all those tiny bumps and ridges on your tongue

01:39:30create a special individual pattern.

01:39:32That's why experts say that tongue prints are as unique as fingerprints.

01:39:36Your tongue doesn't have separate bitter, sweet, sour, or salty sections for tasting.

01:39:41Each of the 8,000 taste buds you have on the tongue, the roof of the mouth,

01:39:45and even in the throat can detect all the tastes.

01:39:49For some people, cilantro may taste similar to soap

01:39:52because the plant contains a chemical used in soap making.

01:39:56But only 4-14% of the world's population have special genes that can detect it.

01:40:01The masseter is the strongest muscle you have based on its weight.

01:40:05Together with the rest of the jaw muscles,

01:40:08it can close your teeth with a force of 200 pounds on the molars and 55 pounds on the incisors.

01:40:15Your spine has a great memory. It remembers your posture,

01:40:18making it so difficult to change it for the better.

01:40:21You owe goosebumps to your ancestors from many, many, many years ago.

01:40:26Their hair used to stand up to make them look bigger and scarier to foes.

01:40:31Cats hiss and arch their backs for the same reason.

01:40:34Only about 43% of you is actually you.

01:40:38Over 50% of the cells in your body belong to tiny little creatures that mainly live in your gut.

01:40:44Still, even though your own cells are fewer than the microbial ones,

01:40:48there are, on average, about 100 trillion of them in you.

01:40:52See, you're not alone!

01:40:54With this in mind, your own genes are less than half of what you really consist of.

01:40:59If you take all the microbes dwelling within your body and count their genes,

01:41:04you'll find between 2 to 20 million.

01:41:07Now our height, the shape of our body, and skin color depend a lot on where our ancestors used

01:41:12to live. But we can adapt to new conditions even within our own lifespan.

01:41:17For example, if you move from the plains to the mountains,

01:41:21you'll eventually develop more red blood cells to compensate for the lack of oxygen.

01:41:25And naturally, if you move from a colder climate to a hotter and sunnier one,

01:41:30your skin will get darker to adapt.

01:41:32Our lifespan is programmed within our cells. They constantly review and divide,

01:41:37but they have a sort of internal timer that stops at some point.

01:41:41Some cells also stop reproducing sooner than others.

01:41:45On average, cells cease dividing when we reach the age of 100, if we're that lucky.

01:41:50That means that if we could find a way to trick our cells into turning off the timer,

01:41:55we could potentially live forever. And move in with our grandchildren.

01:42:00A human mouth is pretty unique. You won't find two identical sets of teeth even among identical

01:42:06twins. That's because the shape depends on how each person is using their jaw.

01:42:12Even the tiniest habits you used to have many years ago, such as lip-biting,

01:42:17affect the formation of your teeth and the uniqueness of your dental impression.

01:42:22You've probably noticed that lipstick prints on a napkin or a mirror are always slightly

01:42:26different depending on who left them. Alright, who left the lip prints?

01:42:31Studies of both females and males revealed that lip print patterns for each individual are unique.

01:42:37They didn't reveal any special traits based on the gender factor.

01:42:41The mandible, or the lower jaw, is the only skull bone that isn't fixed to the bone around it.

01:42:46It's attached with connective tissues and muscles. This is what makes it so mobile.

01:42:51You can move it in any direction you like. There are clusters of sensory cells in your tongue.

01:42:56The buds that are closer to the surface are more short-lived. That's the reason you don't

01:43:01have to wait for too long to be able to taste again after burning your tongue.

01:43:05Your fingertips are sensitive, but hundreds of times less so than your lips.

01:43:10Aha! The lips again!

01:43:19You'd need a drop of liquid, a state-of-the-art laser 3D printer,

01:43:23and a couple of hours of work to make the tiniest fidget spinner ever.

01:43:27Its width will be smaller than that of your hair strand.

01:43:30At least researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory managed to do just that.

01:43:36A double-stuffed Oreo cookie aren't double-stuffed, in fact.

01:43:40A math teacher weighed 10 regular Oreos, 10 double-stuffed Oreos, 10 mega-stuffed Oreos.

01:43:46Turns out, double-stuffed Oreos are only 1.86 stuffed Oreos.

01:43:52Chipotle peppers aren't some special type of pepper.

01:43:55They're good old jalapenos. Dried and smoked jalapeno is Chipotle.

01:44:01In its gaseous form, oxygen is colorless and doesn't have

01:44:04any odor. But when it's liquid or solid, this substance looks pale blue.

01:44:10After being caught by a black hole, a star gets ripped apart by its enormous gravitational forces.

01:44:16Some parts of the star's remains hurtle into the black hole.

01:44:20The rest, in the form of a huge jet of plasma,

01:44:23is ejected with such force that it travels hundreds of light-years away.

01:44:29Not so long ago, scientists decided the Deinos family tree

01:44:32had to be redrawn for the first time in 130 years.

01:44:37Apparently, two species of dinosaurs had to be grouped together from the very beginning.

01:44:42Those were the lizard-hipped meat-eaters like T. rex and bird-hipped vegetarians

01:44:48such as the Stegosaurus.

01:44:50A camel can drink up to 30 gallons of water in a bit more than 10 minutes.

01:44:55This water is stored in the animal's bloodstream.

01:44:58As for its fatty hump, it provides the camel with nourishment when there's little food around.

01:45:04Some sea animals like salmon or turtles use our planet's magnetic field to find their way home.

01:45:11Your lungs not only help you breathe, but they also produce blood cells.

01:45:15These cells are responsible for the clotting which stops bleeding.

01:45:20The lungs make more than 10 million of these tiny cells per hour.

01:45:25Only two letters never appear on the periodic table.

01:45:29Those are J and Q.

01:45:32Spin a ball when you drop it and it'll fly through the air while falling.

01:45:36This phenomenon is known as the Magnus effect.

01:45:40You can see it at work in different sports, for example, tennis or baseball.

01:45:47Anatidaphobia is the fear that at any point, somewhere in the world,

01:45:52a duck or a goose may be watching you.

01:45:55The person isn't necessarily afraid that the duck or goose will get close to them

01:45:59or even touch them.

01:46:02They just don't like the feeling of being watched.

01:46:05It was first described in a comic strip to show you how anyone can be afraid of anything.

01:46:11Anything can be a phobia.

01:46:13A duck just watching my every move would certainly give me the heebie-jeebies.

01:46:17I might just quack up.

01:46:20Your favorite fruit candies may be shining because they're covered with carnauba wax.

01:46:26Many fruits, especially apples, have a thin layer of this wax too.

01:46:31Not only can it make the candies and fruit appear glossy, but it also makes your car shine.

01:46:38Peaches and nectarines seem different, but in fact, they're pretty much the same fruit.

01:46:43If the fluffiness gene is dominant, we get peaches.

01:46:46If not, we get smooth nectarines.

01:46:51Crows are pretty good at recognizing people's faces

01:46:54and have been found to remember people for a long time.

01:46:58This could be a good or a bad thing depending on how nice you are to them.

01:47:02You don't want to come across a crow that's holding a grudge against you.

01:47:06You probably can't tell which crow is which very easily,

01:47:09so it might be better to play it safe and just give them a little wave.

01:47:15In the city of Yoro in Central America,

01:47:18they have an annual event known as the Reign of Fish.

01:47:22Not that the locals get a choice for it anyways.

01:47:25Every year in May or June, a torrential rainstorm rolls through the town,

01:47:30leaving a mass of fish flopping around in the streets.

01:47:34The phenomenon is believed to be caused by water spouts or water tornadoes

01:47:38which drop the fish far from their home.

01:47:40Seafood delivery for free? Yes, please!

01:47:45A single strand of spaghetti onto your fork has a name.

01:47:48It's called a spaghetto.

01:47:51In the Italian language, an I at the end of a word means that it's plural.

01:47:55While an O is singular.

01:47:57This goes for all types, like gnocco instead of gnocchi,

01:48:02fettuccino instead of fettuccine,

01:48:04and raviolo for a single parcel of goodness.

01:48:09Water can freeze and boil at the same time.

01:48:12This is called the triple point.

01:48:15That's when a substance can be solid, liquid, and gaseous at the same time.

01:48:20But there's only one pressure temperature that can make it possible.

01:48:25We're used to ranch dressing being white.

01:48:27But in reality, producers usually add titanium dioxide to make it as white as your sunscreen.

01:48:34Oh, sunscreen producers add some titanium dioxide to their products too.

01:48:39Same with Caesar and blue cheese dressings.

01:48:43Our moon used to have an atmosphere.

01:48:46Several volcanic eruptions happened on Earth's natural satellite around 4 billion years ago.

01:48:51They released immense volumes of gas, trillions of tons.

01:48:56It was so much that the gas didn't have enough time to escape into space.

01:48:59That's how an atmosphere was formed.

01:49:03Cold water heats up faster than hot.

01:49:05The speed of this process depends on the temperature difference between the liquid

01:49:09and its surroundings.

01:49:11That's why cold water needs less time to absorb heat,

01:49:14but it doesn't mean it'll boil faster than hot water.

01:49:17Zealandia is a drowned continent in the Pacific Ocean.

01:49:21It's often described as a continental fragment or a microcontinent.

01:49:25Its area is almost 2 million square miles, about half as big as the U.S.

01:49:32It went underwater about 23 million years ago.

01:49:35New Zealand is Zealandia's largest part that remains above sea level.

01:49:40People are still evolving.

01:49:42Scientists have been tracking several millions of human anomalies.

01:49:46It turns out some harmful genes are slowly but surely getting filtered out of human DNA.

01:49:54Stars look as if they're twinkling because of the turbulence in Earth's atmosphere.

01:49:59It makes the light from the stars move in a different direction before reaching our eyes,

01:50:03and this looks as if the light is shaking.

01:50:07It takes water 1,000 years to complete its continuous journey around the world.

01:50:12The whole process is known as the Global Ocean Conveyor Belt.

01:50:17Bismuth is a brittle, shiny white metal with a pink tinge.

01:50:21If you melt it and then let it cool really slowly, it'll form iridescent cubic crystals.

01:50:28Those Skittles and M&M candies are colored with...

01:50:32beetles!

01:50:33Red food dye is made of carmine, which is made with cochineal beetles.

01:50:38Red lipsticks are made with these beetles, too.

01:50:46The rocks, metals, and other minerals and things that make up the planet

01:50:50are packed into the ground more tightly in certain places than in others.

01:50:54This has surprising consequences.

01:50:57Gravity varies slightly depending on where you are.

01:51:01How high up you are also has an effect,

01:51:03so if you're at the top of Mount Everest, you'd also weigh slightly less.

01:51:08Don't look down!

01:51:10One scientist has a theory that a substance existed in ancient microbes before chlorophyll

01:51:15— that's the thing that makes plants green — evolved on Earth.

01:51:19This substance reflected sunlight as red and violet colors, which combined to make purple.

01:51:24If true, the young Earth may have been teeming with strange,

01:51:28purple-colored critters before all the green stuff appeared.

01:51:33Apples taste better when they're sliced because they're exposed to oxygen.

01:51:36It activates the enzyme called polyphenol oxidase,

01:51:40responsible for ripening and visible browning.

01:51:43The same thing happens when you hit an apple.

01:51:45The oxygen enters the apple through tiny cracks and it starts to ripen.

01:51:50Are you into white chocolate?

01:51:52Well, it's actually not even close to real chocolate.

01:51:55It's basically a mixture of sugar, milk, vanilla, and cocoa butter.

01:51:59Cocoa butter isn't enough for chocolate.

01:52:02It should contain chocolate liquor or powder.

01:52:06The only product that never expires even if you don't store it in the fridge is honey.

01:52:11It has a low pH and lots of sugar.

01:52:13That's why organisms that cause spoiling can't live in honey.

01:52:18If two pieces of the same kind of metal touch in space, they bond and get stuck together.

01:52:23It doesn't happen on Earth because water and air keeps pieces apart.

01:52:29People are more honest when they're tired.

01:52:31That's why most confessions are made during late-night conversations.

01:52:37Firefighters usually extinguish flames with wet water.

01:52:40It's water mixed with special wetting agents.

01:52:43These are chemicals that help water soak into objects and spread everywhere more easily.

01:52:50The Sun is an average-sized star, and still, it could fit 1,300,000 Earths.

01:52:56The star is also 333,000 times as heavy as our planet.

01:53:02People have been able to spell their emails in Morse code since 2004.

01:53:07That's when a new symbol, at, was added to the code for the first time.

01:53:12The character is actually called a comet,

01:53:15and consists of the A and C signals with no break in between.

01:53:22OK, now don't get freaked out, but our brains can store only 7 bits in its short-term memory.

01:53:28My brain, even less.

01:53:30Now, don't even try to compare your brain with a phone capacity.

01:53:33Not even the one you had back in 2005. A mere byte is 8 bits.

01:53:38That's why you can't even learn a phone number by heart.

01:53:40Our short-term memory functions just like a chalkboard.

01:53:43You can get some info, but sooner or later, you run out of space.

01:53:47To check your working memory capacity, try this test.

01:53:51Ask a friend to write a list of 10 words and read it to you.

01:53:55Most people recall 7 or fewer items from the list.

01:53:59Cats can't taste sugar, as they don't need to because of their meat-based diet.

01:54:03They are some of the few animals on the planet that can't taste sweet things.

01:54:09Speaking of which, you might not believe it, but in this picture,

01:54:12you can see an entire million different colors.

01:54:15Which, when seen in full size, it has 1 million pixels, and each of them is a different color.

01:54:21Although you probably wouldn't be able to name each of them,

01:54:24your eye surely recognizes the differences when seen up close.

01:54:28Nah, go ahead and name each of them, I'll wait.

01:54:32Time's up!

01:54:33Cockroaches are tough.

01:54:35They can survive harsh conditions and have been around ever since dinosaurs ruled our planet.

01:54:40But the termite queen beats all that with a lifespan of 50 years.

01:54:45That's the longest any insect can live.

01:54:47Regular termites live only 1-2 years.

01:54:50Some of the strongest muscles in your body aren't in your arms and legs.

01:54:54They're in your head.

01:54:56Masseter is the main muscle responsible for chewing,

01:54:59and it needs to be the strongest for you to eat normally.

01:55:02And you know those muscles that allow you to move your ears?

01:55:06Those are temporalis, located above your temples.

01:55:09They also help you chew your food.

01:55:12Moving away from humans, fleas can jump up to 130 times their body height.

01:55:16To put that in perspective,

01:55:18it's around the same as an average human being jumping over the Empire State Building.

01:55:23Dogs are capable of dreaming, and if you have a dog, it's likely dreaming of you.

01:55:28Research suggests that dogs, like humans, draw on their everyday experiences when they dream.

01:55:35There are watermelons the size of a grape.

01:55:38Kookamelons, or if you prefer, mouse melons, actually look like really small watermelons,

01:55:44but at the same time have a citrus flavor.

01:55:48Mantis shrimp is one of the most colorful creatures in the world.

01:55:51They look rainbow-colored to us, but to those of their own species,

01:55:55they look like a whole burst of colors.

01:55:57Their eyes can detect billions more shades than ours.

01:56:01In Tibet, there are black diamond apples that aren't green or red, but dark purple.

01:56:07The place where they grow has plenty of ultraviolet light over the day,

01:56:11while the temperatures drastically go down during the night,

01:56:15which makes the apple skin get a darker color.

01:56:18Now, when hippos get hot, they ooze a pinkish liquid through their skin.

01:56:22It soon covers their bodies and protects them from sunburns.

01:56:26Yep, hippos come with their own sunscreen.

01:56:30Chickens are the closest living descendants of the T. rex.

01:56:33Really!

01:56:34Scientists compared the 68-million-year-old T. rex DNA with that of 21 modern species

01:56:40and found chickens to be the closest match.

01:56:44Sloths are able to hold their breath longer than dolphins.

01:56:47They slow their heart rates, and they can stay that way for almost 40 minutes.

01:56:52Dolphins have to come to the surface to catch some air every 10 minutes.

01:56:56The starfish doesn't have either brain or heart, and neither does it have lungs.

01:57:01Yet, it has hundreds of tiny feet, allowing it to walk,

01:57:05and it also pumps water through them through the star's body.

01:57:08The water acts like blood for the creature.

01:57:11Honeybees have two stomachs.

01:57:13One stomach is for eating, while the other is dedicated to storing the

01:57:17nectar they collect from flowers so that they can carry it back to their hive.

01:57:22Dolphins always sleep with one eye open and never fully asleep.

01:57:26This is because their breathing isn't automatic as they need to

01:57:29keep visiting the surface of the water for air.

01:57:32If they slept, they'd just drown.

01:57:36Humans are the only animals whose brain goes smaller.

01:57:39Yep, as we get older, it tends to shrink.

01:57:42It can do so even because of isolation and loneliness.

01:57:46Other animals, even some of our distant cousins from another side of the family tree

01:57:50like monkeys and chimpanzees, have no problem with that.

01:57:55You can taste garlic with your feet!

01:57:57Mamma mia!

01:57:58Rub a clove right in your feet, take your socks off beforehand, and wait for it.

01:58:03The chemical responsible for its unique smell can be absorbed through the skin

01:58:07even though the clove was never in your mouth.

01:58:10Weird, huh?

01:58:13The alpine ibex is the absolute climbing champion of the animal world.

01:58:18Mother goats with their kids seem to be defying gravity by scaling flat vertical

01:58:22cliff walls where no other creature can walk.

01:58:25Male goats, on the other hand, prefer flatlands themselves.

01:58:30Our lifespan is programmed with our cells.

01:58:33They constantly renew and divide, but they have a sort of internal timer that stops at some point.

01:58:39Some cells also stop reproducing sooner than others.

01:58:42On average, cells cease dividing when we reach the age of 100.

01:58:46That means if we find a way to trick ourselves into turning off the timer,

01:58:51we could potentially live forever.

01:58:53Or as long as your money holds out.

01:58:56Reindeer's eyes change color depending on the season.

01:59:00In summer, when the days are longer and lighter, they're brown.

01:59:03But in winter, when it's darker and days are shorter, their eyes turn blue.

01:59:08The blue hue helps them to see in the dark and prevents pressure from building up within the eye.

01:59:13It's caused by the pupils being dilated for so long in the dark winter months.

01:59:18Roosters stop themselves from going deaf when they crow by tilting their heads back.

01:59:23This covers their ear canal and basically acts as a built-in ear plug.

01:59:28Their crows produce around as much sound as running a chainsaw.

01:59:32Oi!

01:59:33The Earth's surface is not evenly shaped, which means mass is uneven too.

01:59:38That way, gravity is not the same in all spots on Earth.

01:59:42There's a mysterious anomaly in the Hudson Bay of Canada.

01:59:46The gravity there is lower than in other regions surrounding this area,

01:59:50and scientists believe it's because of melted glaciers.

01:59:53During the last ice age, that region was covered in ice, which is now long gone and melted.

01:59:59But the planet hasn't completely recovered from the icy burden.

02:00:02Gravity over any area is proportional to its mass.

02:00:06The glacier left an imprint that pushed aside a part of the planet's mass,

02:00:10which is one of the reasons why the gravity is weaker in that area.

02:00:16The strongest earthquake we've ever had was in Chile, a magnitude 9.5.

02:00:21If an earthquake ever reached magnitude 12, it could split our planet in half.

02:00:26So, let's not do that, please.

02:00:29When sharks need their morning joe, they go to a cafe too.

02:00:33Back in 2002, researchers found an area in the Pacific Ocean called the White Shark Cafe,

02:00:40where great white sharks come during the winter.

02:00:42They simply hang out, tell jokes and laugh at stories about how many humans they've scared,

02:00:47and then go back to the coast to scare us a little bit more when the weather gets warmer.

02:00:52Octopuses have three hearts, two of which pump blood to the gills,

02:00:56and the third one rolls it to the other organs.

02:00:59Their blood is blue, by the way.

02:01:01And they also have as many as nine brains.

02:01:04One is central and eight are, you guessed it, controlling their eight limbs.

02:01:09Perhaps this is where the expression thinking on your feet comes from.

02:01:14Orcas are some of the most intelligent creatures on the planet.

02:01:17They hear each other's calls over dozens of miles and have unique calls for every

02:01:22single one of their pod.

02:01:24These calls are similar to human names in function.

02:01:27Well, that's all I have for now.

02:01:29Bye!

02:01:33That's it for today!

02:01:34So, hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your

02:01:39friends.

02:01:39Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the Bright Side!

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