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00:30The calm cloister of Kostroma had never seen so many nobles.
00:37The ambassadors of the National Assembly came from Moscow.
00:42They knelt before the great nun Marta and begged her to bless her son to be the Tsar of the State of Moscow.
00:53He is the only one who had not stained his good name during the anarchic tumultuous period.
00:59He is our only hope. If Mikhail is denied, the tumultuous period will return.
01:07Our land will not survive such a pain again.
01:11THE HOUSE OF THE ROMANS
01:26THE HOUSE OF THE ROMANS, EPISODE 1
01:301598. The son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsar Fyodor, died.
01:40He was the last of the Rurik family to rule the country for 700 years.
01:45Fyodor had no children and his younger brother Dmitry had died in unclear circumstances.
01:51People chose Boris Godunov to be their new Tsar.
01:54Soon an impostor appeared who claimed to be Dmitry and who supposedly had survived.
02:00The false Dmitry took over the Russian throne and married a Polish woman, Maria Minisek, whom Zarina proclaimed.
02:07Within a year, the false Dmitry was murdered and Marina was forced to leave Moscow.
02:13When a new impostor appeared, she recognized him as her husband and soon gave birth to her son Ivan.
02:19Marina dreamed of making him the new Russian Tsar.
02:22The state of Moscow remained without any ruler.
02:26Taking advantage of the anarchy, Sweden and Poland openly invaded its territory.
02:31The war began. Russia lost Karelia, Novgorod and Smolensk.
02:36Only 10% of the land was cultivated.
02:40There was no one left to work in agriculture. The population decreased significantly.
02:45Everyone knew that Russia needed a legitimate Tsar.
02:50Otherwise, the state would perish.
02:56The horrible winter of 1613 was coming to an end.
03:01People were moving to Moscow from more disadvantaged areas.
03:06They had to make a great effort.
03:09The National Assembly met in Moscow to decide the fate of the country.
03:15The National Assembly was the Russian Parliament during the 16th and 17th centuries.
03:22It was convened at extraordinary events to decide the most crucial political issues.
03:28About a thousand people came to the Assembly of 1613.
03:32They were of all social classes, including nobility, clergy, merchants, bureaucrats and peasants.
03:39On March 3, the vote of Sisyphus was held.
03:43After long disputes and doubts, Mikhail Romanov, 16 years old, was elected Tsar.
03:50Mikhail's father, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, was the cousin of Tsar Fyodor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.
03:58Therefore, he could legitimately claim the throne.
04:01But shortly after Boris Godunov came to power, Fyodor Nikitich was eliminated.
04:05He was forced to become a monk under the name of Filaret.
04:09And his wife, Xenia, became a nun under the name of Marta.
04:12They were sent to different monasteries.
04:15Later, Filaret was taken prisoner by the Poles.
04:18While carrying out a diplomatic mission, he was arrested along with other members of the Russian delegation.
04:24And, as a result, he was kidnapped.
04:27The Poles did not inform Filaret that his son was being elected Tsar in Moscow.
04:32The decision of the assembly was announced in the Red Square, in the presence of a large number of people.
04:41Mikhail Fyodorovich would be the Tsar and the ruler of the state of Moscow and all of Russia.
04:54The tumultuous period was the backdrop of childhood and youth.
04:58His parents were kidnapped when he was only four years old, and sent to a village.
05:04Later, his mother came for Mikhail.
05:07A few years passed in the ruined Moscow.
05:10Then they escaped to Kostroma, to the cloister of Ipatiava, where they led a quiet life.
05:21The ambassadors brought the Tsar with them.
05:25The ambassadors brought with them the icon of Our Lady of Fyodor,
05:30and, already hoarse and exhausted, convinced the Romans to take power for hours.
05:48After many years of anarchy and destruction during the tumultuous period,
05:52a new Tsar ascended to the Russian throne.
05:56He became the founder of the new Romanov dynasty.
06:02By the will of God, great Tsar and great Duke,
06:07ruler of all Russia, Miguel I.
06:14On Sunday, July 11, 1613, the festivities dedicated to his coronation began.
06:23THE ROMAN CATHEDRAL
06:34Chapter I. Mikhail Fyodorovich.
06:44There was no turning back.
06:46Miguel I climbed the stairs of the Cathedral of the Assumption as a son of a nobleman,
06:52and descended as a Tsar.
06:55The state that should govern was on the verge of collapse.
06:59Then the young Tsar followed his intuition and chose the only possible way to govern,
07:04collective governance.
07:06By initiative of the Tsar, the National Assembly, which used to meet only once every several years,
07:10began to meet regularly,
07:13becoming the higher consulting body of the Russian state.
07:17Despite the expectations of many people,
07:21Miguel I did not become a puppet in the hands of the clans of noble enemies.
07:26He truly governed the country.
07:29When a Dutchman suggested that strict measures were needed,
07:34the Tsar replied,
07:35Don't you know that our bears never hunt during their first year?
07:40They only start hunting when they have grown up.
07:43The ground under the feet of Miguel I was still unstable.
07:48There were three aspirants to the Russian throne.
07:51The Swedish king Carlos Felipe in the north,
07:54the Polish prince Wladyslaw in the west,
07:57and the so-called little thief Ivan, son of Maria Misinek for three years,
08:02and the impostor Dmitry II in the south.
08:05An army of Cossacks of 3,000 men,
08:08led by the adventurer Ivan Sharutsky, supported little Ivan.
08:12However, the Tsar's troops defeated the Cossacks.
08:16The impostors were arrested, taken in crutches to Moscow and executed.
08:23The execution took place in the square next to the Sierpukhov gates,
08:28in the presence of a crowd of people.
08:30The Dutch traveler Elias Harkman remembered it for the rest of his life.
08:38Sharutsky was paralyzed.
08:41Dmitry's son was executed in public.
08:44There was a snowstorm.
08:46The snow was hitting the boy in the face.
08:49He asked in tears,
08:51Where are you taking me?
08:53The people who were taking the boy were calming him down
08:55until they brought him to the gallows as a porter to the slaughterhouse.
09:01The poor boy was hanged like a thief.
09:06The adventurers could have used the boy to start a new tumultuous period.
09:12To avoid this,
09:14Miguel I, the first Tsar of the new dynasty,
09:17had to accept the execution and ruin his soul with that sin.
09:21Thus, a new tumultuous period was avoided.
09:26But this did not stop the war.
09:29The Swedish troops besieged Avskov.
09:32Miguel I ordered his diplomats to do anything to negotiate peace.
09:38In February 1617, the Treaty of Stolbov was concluded.
09:43Thanks to him, Russia recovered Novgorod with its adjacent lands.
09:47Soon, the Polish army went to Moscow.
09:50Prince Vladislav, who still had pretensions to the Russian throne,
09:55personally directed him.
09:57The Poles managed to approach the Kremlin,
09:59the wall of the White City,
10:01the current ring of Boulevard.
10:04The Russians discovered through spies
10:07that the Poles were digging under the Kremlin
10:10to exploit the gates of Arbat.
10:13Despite all the persuasion,
10:15the Tsar refused to leave Moscow.
10:17He ordered to gather a large detachment and wait.
10:21Apart from the interest of the State,
10:23he had a personal one.
10:25The Poles still kept as hostages
10:28his father, the metropolitan Filariet.
10:31Miguel I knew that if he left Moscow,
10:34he would lose the throne.
10:36When he lost it, he would never see his father.
10:39He fought against the Poles,
10:41despite suffering substantial casualties.
10:43On December 1, 1618,
10:46the Treaty of Deulino was signed.
10:48The duration of it should be 14 and a half years.
10:52Russia recovered its lands from Vyazma to Chernigov.
10:56However, many problems were left unsolved.
10:59Smolensk and other lands were still under Poland.
11:02In addition, Vladislav did not give up his claims to the Russian throne.
11:07However, the devastated country could not continue the war.
11:10It needed peace to breathe,
11:13to rebuild at least a dozen years.
11:17It was the first great victory of Miguel I.
11:20The main result of the truce for Russia
11:23was the return of all the prisoners
11:26taken during the tumultuous period.
11:29His father returned from Poland.
11:32During the nine years of separation,
11:35Miguel I felt an inseparable bond with his father.
11:37From a very young age, he wanted to be like him,
11:40and now he was longing to see him,
11:43the legendary man, the metropolitan Filariet.
11:47After returning from captivity
11:50and being separated for nine years,
11:53the father saw the true Tsar of all of Russia
11:56in front of him,
11:58a ruler chosen by God.
12:01In ten days, the Tsar issued an order
12:03to name Filariet the Patriarch of Moscow and all of Russia.
12:07In the future, they would rule together,
12:10father and son.
12:12The influence of his mother,
12:15the powerful and authoritative Great Monk Marta,
12:18began to diminish.
12:21She was removed from state affairs
12:24and saw her son less and less.
12:27At that time, the Tsar was 20 years old,
12:30and so he became interested
12:33in the formation of the population.
12:37With the will of God,
12:40the great ruler, Tsar Miguel I,
12:43became an adult man.
12:46It was the occasion for the Tsar to get married.
12:49His mother, Marta,
12:52got him a suitor.
12:55However, Miguel I made the decision without her.
12:58A long time ago, during his exile,
13:00Maria Klapova,
13:03the wife of one of his supervisors,
13:06promised to marry only her.
13:09Maria Klapova was officially promised to the Tsar
13:12and settled in the high chambers of the palace.
13:15The Saltykov brothers,
13:18who were relatives of the Tsar's mother,
13:21were appointed his bodyguards.
13:24However, just before the wedding,
13:27the bride got sick.
13:30The doctors examined her
13:33and concluded that a serious disease
13:36was ending with her.
13:39It was impossible to cure her.
13:42People whispered that the Tsar's mother
13:45must have something to do with it.
13:48She does not want her son to marry Klapova.
13:51Anyway, poor Maria Klapova and her relatives
13:54were exiled to Siberia.
13:57Later, a series of interrogations revealed
14:00that the Saltykov brothers were exiled
14:03to their family properties.
14:06However, the wedding was already interrupted.
14:09For a long time,
14:12Miguel I did not even want to hear
14:15about getting married.
14:18Only when he turned 28,
14:21his family began to worry.
14:24Without a heir,
14:27the existence of the new dynasty was doubtful.
14:30Miguel I married Princess Maria Dolgorukova.
14:33They celebrated the wedding,
14:36but soon the bride got sick
14:39and died three months later.
14:42Supposedly they had poisoned her,
14:45although it was never proven.
14:48After that, Miguel I
14:51removed his mother from his marriage
14:54and organized a traditional election
14:57of a fiancée.
15:00She must have no disability,
15:03face, complexion, eyes, hair,
15:06and must be kind by nature.
15:09The tradition of choosing the bride
15:12was essentially a beauty contest.
15:15There were thousands of candidates.
15:18First, special voters classified
15:21the girls in their regions.
15:24Three parameters were evaluated,
15:27their height, the size of their head
15:30and their age.
15:33The judges of the court
15:36inspected the young women in the capital.
15:39Finally, from 10 to 20 most beautiful girls
15:42were established in the court
15:45and the Tsar knew them personally.
15:48When Miguel I announced his will,
15:51the court was speechless.
15:54The Tsar chose Evdokia Strezhneva
15:57as his wife.
16:00Despite the previous experience,
16:03the Tsar ordered to supervise his bride carefully.
16:06The name of the chosen one
16:09was not announced in advance.
16:12She settled in the palace
16:15only three days before the wedding.
16:18Miguel I's marriage life
16:21was satisfactory.
16:24The Russian Cinderella,
16:27Lazarina Evdokia,
16:30three daughters and a son, Alexei,
16:33survived.
16:36But that meant that the new dynasty
16:39would go on.
16:52Soon, peace and harmony
16:55were established in the soul
16:57of Miguel I.
17:02It was time to recover
17:05the lost lands during the tumultuous period.
17:08A new war was developing with Poland.
17:11Miguel I launched a military reform.
17:14It was he and not his grandson Pedro I
17:17who began to introduce new highlights
17:20that imitated the Europeans.
17:23The Swedish army, which at that time
17:25served as an army,
17:28was composed of eight military companies
17:31of 200 soldiers,
17:34of which 120 were musketeers
17:37and 80 swordsmen.
17:401,100 new muskets were bought,
17:43weighing 4 kilos instead of 6.
17:46Therefore, they could be fired
17:49without any kind of support.
17:52By 1632, 10 regiments
17:55were formed,
17:58but it was not enough to create an army.
18:01It was also necessary to teach me to win.
18:04However, the time for that had not yet come.
18:07The achievements of that long war were tiny.
18:10The Treaty of Polianówka of 1634
18:13left for Poland all the previously won lands,
18:16except the city of Serpys.
18:19Russia had to pay the contribution of 20,000 rubles,
18:22but at least Vladislav resigned
18:25to the tensions of the Russian throne.
18:28The internal political situation was much better.
18:31Thanks to the efforts of Miguel I,
18:34specialists from Holland and England
18:37were coming to Russia more eagerly.
18:40They invested their capital in local production.
18:43They stayed to live,
18:46establishing foreign settlements within the cities,
18:49such as the German Quartel,
18:52which later became famous.
18:55The German foreigners called it
18:58Niemcy, which means mute in Russian,
19:01because they did not speak Russian.
19:04During the tenth year of his reign,
19:07Miguel I invited some English geologists
19:10to investigate the deposits of iron and copper minerals
19:13behind the Urals.
19:16In just eight years, the first state-owned
19:19siderurgical plant was inaugurated in the Urals.
19:22With it began the production of copper.
19:25It is still in operation today.
19:28In the first half of the 17th century,
19:31Russia began exporting weapons
19:34to the most developed countries in Europe.
19:37Many foreigners were surprised
19:40by the taxes and tributations in Russia,
19:43which were incredibly low for those times.
19:46The first czar of the Roman dynasty
19:49was concerned about the common workers.
19:52He knew that it was the backbone
19:55of the Russian economy.
19:58The average salary was 3 kopecks per day.
20:01For that amount, one could buy
20:043 chickens or 45 eggs or 1.5 kilos of fresh salmon.
20:07One could earn enough to buy
20:10a sheepskin coat, 50 kopecks, in two weeks,
20:13some boots, 30 kopecks, in 10 days,
20:16and a cow, 2 rubles, in two months.
20:19The Russian state gained more and more weight in the world.
20:23To show his favor to the patriarch,
20:26the Persian chief Abbas I sent part
20:29of the holy tunic of Jesus Christ as a gift.
20:35The tunic is the quilt without seams
20:38received by one of the soldiers present
20:41at the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
20:44Upon obtaining the sacred suit,
20:47Filaret ordered a week's fast
20:49and 67 people were miraculously healed
20:52during the first 6 months
20:55and 4 more during the second 6 months of that year.
20:58A celebration was established
21:01dedicated to the tunic in the church calendar.
21:04In the Kremlin territory,
21:07the Cathedral of the Deposition of the Tunic was built.
21:10Today, part of the tunic is kept
21:13in the Cathedral of Christ the Savior.
21:16After the general savagery
21:19of Russia, many people were concerned
21:22about the cultural renaissance of Russia.
21:25One of the first orders of Filaret
21:28was to restore the devastated printing press
21:31and once a huge library of the Tsar.
21:34Special people were sent to look for books
21:37in all the distant monasteries and to take them to Moscow.
21:40The singular books, of which there was only one copy,
21:43stayed where they were.
21:46The copies of them were taken.
21:49They had reached their previous economic level.
21:52Trade was expanding.
21:55Craftsmanship was developing.
21:58The country was getting richer and was being rebuilt.
22:01Hunger and destruction no longer threatened it.
22:04It was a time of economic and political stability.
22:08The shy Tsar Miguel I managed to do the impossible.
22:13On July 12, 1645,
22:16the Tsar was celebrating his birthday.
22:19In the morning, after the service of the church,
22:22Miguel I seemed to feel his imminent death.
22:25He publicly forgave all those
22:28who had ever insulted or sinned against him.
22:31He ordered the general amnesty of all prisoners.
22:34He ordered the execution of all prisoners.
22:37He ordered the execution of all prisoners.
22:39He ordered the execution of all prisoners.
22:42When he returned home, the Tsar of the Romanov House
22:45said goodbye to his wife and son
22:48and died in silence.
22:51He lived exactly 49 years.
22:55Not a day more, not a day less.
23:05Russia said goodbye to its ruler for three days.
23:09Thousands and thousands of people from all ranks and clans
23:13came to bow to his coffin.
23:16All the state churches offered services in his honor.
23:20People ordered prayers to be served,
23:23not only in churches, but even in homes.
23:26The heir to the throne, Alexei Mikhailovich,
23:29was as young as his father when he ascended to the throne.
23:33However, the country he inherited was completely different.
23:37It had great power instead of anarchy,
23:40and prosperity instead of destruction.
23:43Less than 30 years later,
23:46the Tsar died.
23:49He died in the hands of the Tsar.
23:52He died in the hands of the Tsar.
23:54Less than 30 years passed after the tumultuous period,
23:58but the country rose from the ashes and moved forward.
24:04A very talented, handsome, intelligent,
24:07encouraged and religious man
24:10now ruled this strong country.
24:13In front of him were triumphant victories
24:16and bloody revolts,
24:19great achievements and fatal mistakes.
24:21Alexei Mikhailovich was destined to become
24:25one of the most controversial Russian leaders.
24:29His descendants called his time
24:32the golden age of Moscow's Russia.
24:47The weight of the supreme authority
24:49was not a surprise for the young Tsar Alexei.
24:53They had been preparing him for that since his childhood.
24:57The education of princes began at the age of six.
25:01They were taught to read first with the alphabet
25:04and later with the psalms.
25:07The heir's staff included 20 majordomes,
25:106 professors, 18 musicians,
25:13as well as their bodyguards, acrobats and buffoons.
25:17When Alexei was 7 years old,
25:20he already had a set of real weapons,
25:23a small bow, an arch with arrows,
25:26small sabers, a complete armor made in Germany,
25:29as well as musical instruments,
25:32geographic maps and records from Western Europe.
25:36Alexei's main educator was the boyar Varys Marozo.
25:40He was trying to expand his student's point of view,
25:43to get him used to Western culture.
25:46At the beginning of his reign,
25:49Tsar Alexei used to appear in front of his boyars
25:52in German clothes.
25:54There were many Europeans in the court,
25:57interpreters, diplomats and professors.
26:00Alejo I's personal doctor, the Englishman Samuel Collins,
26:03admired his tutelage a lot.
26:06The emperor is handsome, muscular,
26:09has blond hair, does not shave his beard,
26:11his posture is great,
26:14he is cruel in his anger,
26:17but he is usually kind, virtuous,
26:20has a good memory and is a patron of faith.
26:23One could name him among the most kind and wise rulers,
26:27if he were not surrounded by a thick cloud of informants and boyars,
26:31who turn their good inclinations towards evil.
26:35During the first two years of his reign,
26:38Alejo I was satisfied with different amusements,
26:42or traveled to distant monasteries to pray to God.
26:46He also collected Russian and exotic birds.
26:50He had a moose farm in the town of Ismailovo,
26:54and carried out agricultural experiments.
26:57He tried to grow watermelons, almonds,
27:00cotton and grapes near Moscow.
27:03However, it was the hunting of hawks,
27:06which was undoubtedly Alejo I's favorite pastime.
27:18There were no less than 3,000 hawks in the farms of the Tsar.
27:22The Tsar knew all his birds by name.
27:25There were 100 hawk hunters from all over the world.
27:28There were 100 hawk hunters of different ranks,
27:32who earned 6 to 60 rubles a year,
27:35not counting the bonuses.
27:38All the hawk hunters served the Department of Secret Affairs,
27:42so the Tsar knew them all personally.
27:45The main hunter, Afanasy Matyushkin, was his close friend.
27:49Maintaining the hawk farms cost 75,000 rubles of state treasury a year.
27:54When the Tsar went hunting, the procession extended for a kilometer.
27:59First, there were 300 majors mounted on richly decorated horses,
28:04three in each row.
28:07They were followed by 300 archers on horseback,
28:10with bright red jackets, five in each row.
28:13These were followed by 500 heavily armored horsemen.
28:17After them, 40 parade horses passed in beautiful harnesses.
28:22Behind them, some horses from the reserve,
28:25and finally the Tsar himself in the English carriage,
28:29with nobles and courtesans accompanying him.
28:32Several dozen other people.
28:37The young Tsar was having a great time,
28:40in the dignified way of a Tsar.
28:43As for the routine, precisely the government of the State,
28:46was entrusted to his teacher, Paris Marosso.
28:49To finish with Marosso, the nobles decided to marry the Tsar.
28:52An adult married man did not need an educator.
28:56But Marosso had foreseen this possibility.
29:01As soon as the time came for the Tsar to get married,
29:04they brought him the best beauties in the whole country.
29:07The one he liked best was given a scarf and a ring.
29:11But when they sent him where he for the second time,
29:15in the clothes of Zarina, Marosso ordered
29:18to tie the crown so tightly
29:20that the girl fainted.
29:23It was believed that the bride suffered from epilepsy.
29:26His old father, a noble impoverished,
29:29was exiled to Siberia and died of grief along the way.
29:32His family lost the favors of the Tsar.
29:35Marosso asked the young Tsar to help him
29:38to choose a fiancée for him, a widow,
29:41and introduced him to the Miloslavsky sisters.
29:44Alejo I instantly fell in love with the older sister, Maria,
29:47while Marosso married the younger sister, Anna,
29:50who was young enough to be his granddaughter.
29:53In this way, Marosso strengthened his position near the throne,
29:57which was his initial goal.
30:00Alejo I's marital life was happy.
30:03Despite being five years older than him,
30:06Zarina Maria turned out to be an ideal wife.
30:09They had lived together for 20 years,
30:12and she gave birth to 13 children.
30:15The Tsar Alejo I was very affectionate with the family.
30:18When he went on a trip or on a military expedition,
30:21he wrote long letters to his wife and children.
30:24However, his life was not quiet and serene,
30:27despite his nickname, El Apacible.
30:33On June 1, 1648, Alejo I and his court
30:36were returning to Moscow
30:39from the monastery of the Trinity and San Sergio.
30:42When the procession entered the city gates,
30:45it turned out that the road was blocked
30:48by a large crowd.
30:51The residents of the city only wanted to give their petition to the Tsar,
30:54a complaint written about the excesses of the bureaucrats.
30:57But the Tsar refused to talk to the people.
31:00His archers took and arrested the leaders of the plaintiffs.
31:03The next day, the Tsar went to the monastery of Svetensky.
31:07When a huge crow was returning
31:10next to the Kremlin, he separated security.
31:13Someone caught the horse of the Tsar by the bridle.
31:15This 19-year-old man was face to face
31:18with his subject for the first time.
31:21Despite being surrounded by enraged people,
31:24he managed to keep calm.
31:27He accepted the complaint and promised to fulfill all the demands
31:30to immediately hand over to all the bribed and evildoers.
31:33The first on the list was the favorite of the Tsar, Marozo.
31:36He was accused of rapes, lies and extortion.
31:46In the course of two years,
31:49Mozarov became the richest landowner in the state
31:52and earned a fortune.
31:55To replenish the state treasury,
31:58he cut or even canceled the salaries of all the bureaucrats.
32:01They had no choice but to accept bribes.
32:05Mozarov appointed his people to the main positions
32:08after obtaining large sums of money.
32:11Finally, he raised the tax on salt.
32:13Salt was the main preservative
32:16that allowed to store food for the winter.
32:19When it became four times more expensive,
32:22it ceased to be affordable for everyone,
32:25which caused famine.
32:28The following events became famous
32:31in all the European courts.
32:34This is a report from a Dutch traveler,
32:37presumably a spy.
32:40A crowd of people arrived at the courtyard of the Tsar.
32:44The archers took the side of the people
32:47and raided Marozo's house.
32:50They were kicking everything, throwing things out the window
32:53and preventing any attempt to take anything out of the house.
32:56They were screaming madly,
32:59this is our blood.
33:02Marozo escaped to one of the chambers of His Majesty
33:05and hid there.
33:07The raids took place all over Russia.
33:10In Astyug, Solvyuchegovsk and Kursk,
33:13the Tsar was under siege in his own palace.
33:16The pregnant Tsarina almost lost the baby.
33:19Although in five months she gave birth to a child,
33:22the Tsar's firstborn did not even live a year.
33:28The Tsar ordered that many bribes be executed,
33:31except Marozo.
33:34The Tsar was crying in the presence of everyone
33:37and begging people to let their beloved educator live.
33:40Marozo was exiled to the monastery of Kirill Vilesersky.
33:45The National Assembly met urgently in the Kremlin.
33:49It was decided that in order to restore order in the state,
33:53a unique and universal code of law was needed.
33:59A special commission was established
34:02and the Tsar himself took an active part in its work.
34:06Sabornudaseinia became the first legal code
34:10that covered all the spheres of the existence of the state
34:14and the first written monument of the Russian law.
34:17It included 25 chapters and almost 1,000 articles.
34:21The articles were copied and pasted in a roll of 309 meters long.
34:26After its approval and immediately,
34:291,200 copies were printed and sent to all the main cities.
34:33The code took into account the interests of all classes,
34:37especially those of the nobility.
34:39A long-term search was initiated for fugitive peasants,
34:43which meant their absolute and definitive servitude.
34:47The code was in force for just under 200 years, until 1832.
34:54When the revolt came down, Marozo returned from exile,
34:59but his place next to Alejo I was already occupied.
35:03The new friend of the young Tsar,
35:06the 43-year-old archimandrite Neikon of the Novospassky Monastery.
35:10Alejo I was incredibly religious from a very young age.
35:14He was very good at theology and loved the solemn public liturgies.
35:18Neikon made a great impression on him.
35:23Soon he was appointed Metropolitan of Novgorod
35:26and in three years he became Patriarch.
35:29With the approval of the Tsar,
35:30the new Patriarch began a large-scale ecclesiastical reform.
35:35In the course of four centuries since the Mongol-Tartar invasion,
35:39numerous perversions and mistakes were accumulated in the books of the Church.
35:47The rites became substantially different from the rites.
35:52The way of life and morality of the Russian clergy gave way to complaints.
36:01The reform was aimed at ordering the life of the Church,
36:05correcting mistakes and discrepancies in religious books,
36:09putting them in unison with the ancient Russian and Greek canons.
36:14The sanctification was stipulated with three fingers.
36:17The number of reverences during services,
36:20the form of musical accompaniment,
36:23the spelling of the name of Jesus Christ with two Is,
36:26the correction of the spelling and grammar of the Slavic texts
36:30and their approximation to the norms of the Russian language of those times.
36:35The people who did not accept the reform, the old believers,
36:38fled to distant forests.
36:40They organized massive acts of self-flammation in prayer houses.
36:44The archpriest Aba Kun, who used to have the same views as Neikon,
36:48has now become one of the most enthusiastic opponents of innovations.
36:51He spent 15 years in prison,
36:54but the number of people who supported him was constantly growing.
36:58At the end of the government of Alejo I, it was impossible to count them.
37:02The opponents of Neikon were jealously against everything he was doing.
37:08However, many of his innovations were useful for the Church.
37:12For example, he was trying to introduce some discipline among the clergy
37:17and promoted education.
37:18Alejo I supported the reform,
37:21but he did not like the fact that Neikon interfered
37:25in the great political issues, diplomatic issues and war campaigns of the Tsar.
37:31Bad rumors circulated around the Patriarch,
37:34with the aim of undermining the trust of the Tsar.
37:38The dissatisfaction of the Tsar with the Patriarch grew to such an extent
37:42that once Alejo I did not attend the service of the Patriarch
37:45in the Cathedral of Assumption.
37:48It could only mean one thing.
37:51The Tsar no longer wanted to see Neikon.
38:04Neikon retired to the Monastery of New Jerusalem,
38:07which he himself had founded.
38:11He had planned to wait for the Tsar to come to him
38:15to apologize.
38:17But the Tsar decided to appoint a new Patriarch.
38:25In 1666 the Great Assembly of Hierarchs was convened.
38:30Patriarch Neikon was officially fired by the Assembly
38:34for voluntarily abandoning his office.
38:37The archpriest Abakum was excommunicated by the schism.
38:40However, the results of the great reform of the Church
38:43were completely legalized.
38:47A young, enthusiastic man.
38:49A great fan of the hunt of hawks.
38:51A loving husband and father.
38:53The Tsar Alejo I was left alone now.
38:56The Tsar, with the nickname of the Impatient,
38:58was destined to rule during the most turbulent moment
39:01in the history of Russia.
39:03Throughout the reign of the House of the Romans,
39:06most of the popular upheavals,
39:08including the discord of Sengarayzin,
39:10happened while Alejo I ruled.
39:15The Ataman of the Don, Stefan Rasin,
39:18who on several occasions led the Cossack gangs
39:21through the Volga and the Caspian Sea,
39:23wanted to convert the whole country
39:25into a free state of the Cossacks
39:27and therefore provoked a revolt.
39:29His people seized a series of cities through the Volga.
39:33Dozens of thousands of peasants joined him.
39:36The government was forced to fight
39:38against the rebels with the regular army.
39:41The war lasted a year
39:43until some Cossack commanders
39:45gave Rasin to the authorities.
39:49Alejo I's life was never quiet.
39:52As soon as he had solved the problems
39:54of the upheavals and reforms,
39:56a new war began with his lifelong enemy,
39:59Poland.
40:01Since the tumultuous period,
40:03the Polish-Lithuanian Mancomunist
40:05had been retaining many Russian lands,
40:06including the strategically important Smolensk.
40:10When the Tsar went to war,
40:12terrible news arrived from Moscow.
40:15The Plague exploded there.
40:17The Tsar's family, along with the whole court,
40:19was urgently evacuated
40:21to the Trinity and St. Sergius Monastery.
40:23The capital was quarantined.
40:28In the middle of the 17th century,
40:30Moscow was one of the largest cities in Europe.
40:33Before the epidemic,
40:34its population was about 300,000.
40:37The same number of people
40:39who lived in Paris.
40:41In Naples, there were 270,000.
40:43In London and Amsterdam, 200,000.
40:46In Venice and Amberes, 150,000.
40:49And in Rome, Genoa and Prague, 100,000.
40:55In the course of five months of the epidemic,
40:58more than 150,000 people died in Moscow.
41:01Half of its population,
41:02the bodies of the dead,
41:04piled up on the street.
41:06However, the soldiers in the army
41:08demanded payment.
41:10The treasure remained in Moscow,
41:12plagued by the plague.
41:14The archers could get infected,
41:16and that would mean the end of the army.
41:18Alejo first had the idea
41:20of the literal money laundering.
41:22The silver coins were washed with water and bleach,
41:25rinsed and then distributed among the troops.
41:28Nobody got sick.
41:33The war with Poland lasted 13 years.
41:36The Russians managed to regain
41:38all of Western Russia.
41:40But the war exhausted the treasury,
41:42so they had to sign the armistice
41:44and give up part of the conquered lands.
41:47According to Andrusov's truce in 1667,
41:50Russia finally recovered Smolensk,
41:52Chernigov and other lands invaded by Poland
41:55during the tumultuous period.
41:57The Ukraine on the left bank
41:59became part of the Russian state.
42:02To restore the treasury,
42:04the government of Alejo I
42:06carried out a monetary reform.
42:08Due to the gold and silver deficit in the country,
42:11they introduced a copper coin
42:13that cost as much as a silver coin.
42:15Salaries were now paid in copper,
42:17while taxes were still collected in silver.
42:21Soon, the copper money
42:23lost part of its value,
42:25but the coin houses continued to produce it.
42:28In five years, a ruble of silver
42:29already cost 12 or even 15 rubles of copper.
42:35At the end of July 1662,
42:37when the Tsar was in his palace
42:39in the field of Kolomenskoye,
42:41proclamations were issued in Moscow
42:43that they declared thieves and traitors
42:45to all those responsible
42:47for hoarding copper coins.
42:49People ran to Kolomenskoye.
42:54When the Tsar left the church,
42:56a crowd surrounded him.
42:57A merchant even caught him
42:59by the buttons of his jacket.
43:03Alejo I managed to keep his composure.
43:07He promised to solve the problem.
43:09He even healed him
43:11and gave the merchant his hand.
43:13People began to disperse.
43:15The security of the palace managed to get the Tsar out,
43:18but new rebels came from Moscow.
43:24For a while, Alejo I
43:25listened in silence to his insults
43:28from the high porch.
43:30He had already summoned the archers
43:32and needed to buy time.
43:34Seeing that the regiments of archers
43:36surrounded the crowd,
43:38the Tsar let go of his anger.
43:42The massacre began.
43:492,500 people died in Kolomenskoye
43:52in a few hours.
43:53The rebellion was repressed.
43:55The Tsar had to cancel the copper money.
43:58The state even compensated the losses
44:00as if it were a bank in bankruptcy.
44:025 copex for 1 ruble.
44:04The investigation with torture
44:06was prolonged for several months in a row.
44:08The investigation commissions
44:10were trying to find
44:12the instigators of the rebellion.
44:14150 people were hanged or dismembered.
44:16About 1,000 were exiled
44:18with the letter B burned on their faces
44:20from the Russian word
44:21Buntoshik, the rebel.
44:23During the disturbance of copper
44:25about 14 years earlier,
44:27Lazarina was pregnant
44:29and almost lost her baby.
44:32The clash took effect later.
44:35In five months,
44:37Lazarina died while giving birth.
44:39The girl who was born
44:41only lived for five days.
44:49After the disturbance,
44:51the first election
44:53was incredibly distrustful.
44:55The Tsar established
44:57a special department
44:59of secret affairs
45:01that combined the functions
45:03of counterintelligence,
45:05secret police,
45:07censorship committee
45:09and a criminal institution.
45:11He also coordinated the activities
45:13of other departments
45:15and supervised their work.
45:17In contrast to the other departments,
45:19he was not located in the Kremlin
45:21because many bureaucrats,
45:23shopkeepers
45:25and especially tavern owners
45:27were paid unofficially
45:29by the secret affairs department.
45:31The Tsar had his own office
45:33in the department.
45:35Over time, he began to solve
45:37almost all the problems from there.
45:39The secret affairs department
45:41was also responsible
45:43for the personal office of the Tsar
45:45and the daily reports,
45:47the first meteorological observations
45:49in the history of Russia.
45:51The Tsar enjoyed
45:53being praised and glorified.
45:55His courtiers tried
45:57to win each other
45:59in flowery epithets.
46:01An educated monk and poet,
46:03Simeon Polotsky,
46:05constantly compared the Tsar
46:07to the sun.
46:09All public appearances
46:11of Alejo I were staged
46:13with incredible grandeur.
46:15The monarch himself
46:17carefully designed
46:19and planned
46:21how the Tsar would grow old
46:23if he had not found her.
46:25At a night party
46:27at the house of a boyar
46:29Artem Matiev,
46:31according to tradition,
46:33His Majesty received
46:35his first glass
46:37from Matiev's niece,
46:39a young 19-year-old
46:41Natalia Naryshkina.
46:43At that moment,
46:45the Tsar, as if he had become
46:47younger and had transformed,
46:49but it was necessary
46:51for him to get married.
46:5374 beauties
46:55passed before the Tsar,
46:57but only one of them
46:59did not worry.
47:01Natalia Naryshkina
47:03knew that the elections
47:05were staged
47:07to distract others.
47:09While the girls
47:11were guessing
47:13who would become
47:15the Tsarina,
47:17Natalia was dressed
47:19in a very heavy outfit
47:21and her son
47:23was Alejo I's 14th son,
47:25but he was as happy
47:27as if he were his firstborn.
47:29That boy went down in history
47:31as the first,
47:33Pedro I the Great.
47:35Being so happy,
47:37Alejo I
47:39decided to realize
47:41his longed-for dream,
47:43comedy entertainment
47:45or theater.
47:47A comedy house was built
47:49in the town of Preobrazinsk.
47:51The actor Johann Gottfried Gregor
47:53was a guest of the German barracks.
47:55He wrote a play
47:57based on Bible stories.
47:59The play was performed
48:01by 65 students
48:03of the Lutheran School.
48:05The first performance
48:07in the history of Russian theater
48:09took place on October 30, 1672.
48:11The performance lasted 10 hours.
48:13The Tsarina and the princesses
48:15saw the performance
48:17from behind a special fence
48:18that was hidden from the courtiers.
48:20Later,
48:22five other plays were organized
48:24also based on Bible stories
48:26and the ballet Orfeo was rewritten.
48:30Alejo I,
48:32as if he had forgotten his age
48:34and had refused to age,
48:36began to study
48:38doctor's books
48:40and combine herbs for potions.
48:42He listened attentively
48:44to the advice of his doctors.
48:46He was especially interested
48:48in bleeding
48:50and recommended this procedure
48:52to all his courtiers.
48:54Often those who refused
48:56beat them.
48:58They say that sometimes
49:00the Tsar let his favorite hawk
49:02open the blood
49:04since the bird never
49:06jumped the vein.
49:11In January 1676,
49:13Alejo I contracted a cold
49:15and, as usual,
49:16decided to treat himself.
49:18But in a week
49:20his condition became desperate.
49:23On January 29,
49:25the Tsar received the last rites
49:27and blessed his eldest son
49:29Fyodor to ascend to the throne.
49:32On the night of January 30,
49:34the Tsar died.
49:37Alejo I was 46 years old.
49:46The Tsar left his successor
49:48in a rich, strong and stable state.
49:50He was the one who created
49:52a powerful foundation
49:54for the future of the country.
49:56However,
49:58as a historical figure,
50:00he would always be in the shadow
50:02of his youngest son,
50:04Pedro the Great,
50:06who finished what his father
50:08had started.
50:10Alejo I died
50:12in the fight
50:13of his life.
50:15The country felt
50:17warped.
50:27The heir to the great country,
50:29Fyodor Alexievich,
50:31could not attend
50:33his father's funeral
50:35walking.
50:37He was carried there
50:39in special chairs
50:41in the shape of a chair,
50:43but the Tsar,
50:45the wise people said,
50:47get ready,
50:49the government of the nobles
50:51and another tumultuous period
50:53awaits us.
51:13To be continued...
51:43© BF-WATCH TV 2021
52:13© BF-WATCH TV 2021