India Makes History! - Chandrayaan 3 Lunar Landing - Dhruv Rathee
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00:00 After reaching the moon, this spacecraft finds something
00:03 that was a headline all over the world.
00:07 Water on the moon.
00:09 Chandrayaan-1 brings the first solid proof to the world
00:13 that water is present on the moon.
00:15 Specifically, it is present in the south pole area of the moon.
00:23 Seeing this news, the craze to explore the moon
00:25 in the countries of the world is reawakened.
00:28 Missions are regularly sent by the US and China to the moon.
00:31 Israel is trying to do a soft landing on the moon.
00:34 Apart from this, many lunar missions are planned by Japan, Europe and Russia.
00:39 But today, the world is watching India's Chandrayaan-3 mission.
00:43 Which new discovery will do the Chandrayaan-3 mission?
00:46 And why did Chandrayaan-2's mission fail?
00:49 Let's find out in today's video.
00:51 India is on its way back to the moon.
00:53 The historic mission to the moon and the launch of India's Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft.
00:58 India is literally shooting for the moon.
01:00 Chandrayaan-3 mission aims to touch down on the moon's largely unexplored south pole.
01:05 Moon missions, that is missions sent to the moon,
01:10 can be of 5-6 different types.
01:12 In the 1950s, it was the first time when humans started sending missions to the moon.
01:17 And since then, as technology has improved, the complexity of these missions has also increased.
01:24 The first and the simplest type of mission is the Flyby missions.
01:28 A spacecraft is sent to space that passes by the moon.
01:32 That means it doesn't go around the moon, but flies by the moon and leaves it.
01:38 The first successful Flyby mission was launched by the Soviet Union in January 1959.
01:44 When their spacecraft Luna-1 passed by the moon.
01:48 Two months after this, America launched its first successful Flyby mission in March 1959.
01:53 Which was called Pioneer-4.
01:55 Their goal was to study the moon from a distance.
01:58 In October 1959, when the Soviet Union launched Luna-3,
02:02 we got to see a photo of the moon for the first time.
02:06 On the screen, you can see that the first photo was taken on the other side of the moon.
02:10 The dark side of the moon.
02:11 Which we normally don't see from the ground.
02:13 Today, Flyby missions are only done when the moon is visible on the path of another mission.
02:18 But if the moon is to be specially studied, then the next category of missions comes.
02:23 Which are called Orbiter missions.
02:25 In this, the spacecraft comes close to the moon and goes around the orbit of the moon.
02:30 This is called Lunar Orbit.
02:32 And from here, they study the surface and atmosphere of the moon.
02:36 Till date, more than 40 successful Orbiter missions have been done.
02:39 And till date, this is the type of most common moon mission.
02:42 The first successful Orbiter mission was once again done by the Soviet Union.
02:47 Lunar 10, in 1966.
02:50 After this, comes the next category, Impact Missions.
02:53 These missions are an extension of Orbiter missions.
02:56 Here, the main spacecraft keeps orbiting around the moon.
02:59 But a part of that spacecraft gets detached and lands on the moon.
03:04 Because it is impacting the moon during the crash landing,
03:08 these missions are called Impact Missions.
03:11 You may ask, what is the point of doing a crash landing?
03:13 The answer is very simple.
03:15 The time until the crash landing, when it is coming close to the moon,
03:19 at that time, a lot of instrument readings can be taken.
03:23 That's why Impact Missions are also very useful.
03:26 Chandrayaan-1 was an Impact Mission of ours.
03:28 The part that gets detached from the spacecraft and lands on the moon,
03:32 is called the Moon Impact Probe.
03:34 In Chandrayaan-1's Moon Impact Probe, an instrument was installed,
03:37 Chandra's Altitudinal Composition Explorer.
03:40 In short, it was called CHASE.
03:42 It was a mass spectrometer that kept taking readings every 4 seconds.
03:46 As if it was coming close to the moon to crash land.
03:50 With the help of this instrument, we came to know that
03:52 there is water in the atmosphere of the moon.
03:54 This Moon Impact Probe crashes on the Shackleton Crater.
03:58 This crater was chosen on the moon.
04:00 And the point of impact was named Jawahar Point.
04:04 There was an orbiter in Chandrayaan-1,
04:06 which was doing its Orbiter mission separately.
04:08 That's why the Moon Impact Probe can't be launched without an orbiter.
04:11 NASA's instrument was installed in this orbiter.
04:14 Moon Mineralogy Mapper M3.
04:17 When the Moon Impact Probe crashed on the moon,
04:20 some soil on the moon flew in the air.
04:22 This instrument analyzed that soil, that lunar soil.
04:26 And after this analysis, it was confirmed that
04:29 water is present in the soil of the moon.
04:31 The fourth category is the Lander Missions of Moon Missions.
04:34 Here, a part of the spacecraft is sent to the moon for a soft landing.
04:39 It doesn't have to crash.
04:41 It has to be lowered so that a part of the spacecraft can land on the moon.
04:45 The part that lands is usually called a Lander.
04:48 This is a very complicated thing to do.
04:50 And when the US and the Soviet Union tried to do this for the first time,
04:53 they failed in the first 15 attempts.
04:56 15 attempts are important.
04:58 In 1966, the first successful attempt was made
05:02 by the Soviet Union again,
05:04 by their Luna 9 mission.
05:06 This was the first successful landing on the moon by the world.
05:09 And this spacecraft took the first photo of the moon's surface.
05:13 This photo looks something like this.
05:15 Don't expect a very high-quality photo.
05:17 This is from 1966.
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06:41 Now let's come back to the topic.
06:42 Usually, these landers are very bulky.
06:45 They are very heavy and big.
06:47 So they land on the moon and just stop there.
06:50 They don't move after that.
06:51 If you have to go up there and move on the moon,
06:54 the next category of Moon Missions to solve this problem is
06:58 Rover Missions.
07:00 Rovers are small robots with wheels
07:03 so that they can move on the surface after getting out of the lander.
07:07 With the help of rovers, direct contact can be made on the surface of the moon.
07:11 The first successful rover was sent to the moon in November 1970.
07:15 And you can guess which country it was.
07:17 Once again, the Soviet Union.
07:20 After this, the last category is the Human Missions of Moon Missions.
07:23 Where humans are put in the lander and put on the moon.
07:27 And instead of the rover, humans use their feet
07:30 and step on the moon.
07:32 This was something that America did before the Soviet Union.
07:35 In 1969, when Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon for the first time.
07:40 NASA sent the last Human Moon Mission in 1972.
07:44 Since then, no one has set foot on the moon.
07:47 And in total, only 12 people have set foot on the moon.
07:51 All of them were NASA people.
07:52 A question that will come to your mind is
07:54 how was the first rover mission done after the first human mission?
07:59 This is because a soft landing was enough for a human mission.
08:03 But for a rover mission, a new technology was needed
08:06 with which a rover could be developed.
08:08 And this was possible only a year after Neil Armstrong's step.
08:11 Chandrayaan-2's mission was planned here as a rover mission.
08:15 If that mission had gone as per plan,
08:17 then Vikram Lander had to do a soft landing on the moon.
08:20 And there would have been a rover called Pragyan inside it.
08:23 Which would have landed on the moon.
08:24 But unfortunately, this did not happen.
08:26 But on 6th September 2019,
08:28 when Chandrayaan-2's Vikram Lander was preparing for a soft landing,
08:33 it suddenly crashed.
08:36 According to the failure committee report released in November 2019,
08:39 this accident was due to a software glitch.
08:41 But ISRO never made this report public.
08:44 And ISRO was criticized a lot for this.
08:47 Because till that point of time, ISRO was very highly transparent.
08:51 It revealed everything to the public.
08:53 When it was successful, when it was not.
08:56 For many months, ISRO had claimed that the lander was intact.
09:01 It just tilted and fell on the moon.
09:03 But finally, when the pressure increased,
09:05 on 1st January 2020, ISRO's chief came and admitted
09:09 that the lander had actually crashed.
09:13 ISRO's Mission Control Centre showed on the screen
09:15 that when the Vikram Lander was landing,
09:17 it would get lost when it was 2 km above the surface.
09:22 And when it was 335 m above the surface,
09:25 ISRO would lose contact.
09:27 According to the plan, till it reached 400 m above,
09:30 Vikram had to lose almost all its velocity.
09:33 But even at 1 km height,
09:35 Vikram's vertical velocity was 212 km/hr.
09:38 And horizontal velocity was 173 km/hr.
09:41 ISRO's current chief, S Somnath,
09:44 said that Vikram's engine had a problem.
09:47 Out of the 5 engines, one had a high thrust,
09:50 which made Vikram unstable.
09:52 Vikram had to take photos to decide
09:54 what the actual landing spot would be.
09:56 But he could never be stable enough to take photos.
09:59 When he tried to correct his direction,
10:01 he started spinning fast due to the misalignment of the thrusters.
10:05 Vikram's software also had a limit
10:07 as to how fast he could spin.
10:09 All these problems accumulated
10:11 and ultimately, Vikram crashed land because of this.
10:14 That's all we know.
10:16 Now, if we talk about Chandrayaan-3,
10:18 it was launched to fulfill the same objective
10:20 that Chandrayaan-2 couldn't fulfill.
10:23 To minimize the risk of mistakes,
10:25 a lot of modifications were made.
10:27 First, the landing area was enlarged.
10:30 Where Chandrayaan-2 had a 500 x 500 m patch,
10:33 this time, Chandrayaan-3 can land anywhere
10:37 in the area of the patch.
10:39 This is an area almost 40 times larger than the last time.
10:42 Second, the Vikram lander in Chandrayaan-3
10:44 has been given more fuel this time
10:46 so that it can stay in the air for a longer period
10:48 and find the correct landing site.
10:50 Third, software upgrades have been made
10:52 so that Vikram can spin faster if needed.
10:55 Fourth, this time, Vikram won't have to be dependent
10:57 on photos to land.
10:59 The mission of Chandrayaan-2
11:01 is considered half successful.
11:03 Half successful because the orbiter
11:05 sent to Chandrayaan-2
11:07 is still working.
11:09 In fact, it is orbiting the moon
11:11 round and round till today.
11:13 The high-resolution images taken by the orbiter
11:15 of Chandrayaan-2 have been fed to this new Vikram
11:18 so that the landing site can be decided correctly.
11:21 The design of the Vikram lander in Chandrayaan-3
11:24 is more or less the same as Chandrayaan-2
11:26 but a few modifications have been made.
11:28 For example, the legs have been made stronger.
11:31 More solar cells have been installed
11:33 and the sensors have been improved.
11:35 Like Chandrayaan-2, the mission objective
11:37 of Chandrayaan-3 is the same.
11:39 Landing on the south pole of the moon
11:41 and taking off a rover.
11:43 The landing site is 70 degrees south.
11:45 There are many craters there
11:47 that are always in the shade.
11:49 There is no sunlight there.
11:51 It is believed that there can be
11:53 some snow in those craters.
11:55 It is important to mention that when the rover
11:57 is taken off by Chandrayaan-3 on the moon,
11:59 it will only get one lunar day
12:01 to conduct its scientific experiments.
12:04 One lunar day is about one month on earth.
12:08 It is like two weeks day and two weeks night.
12:10 Accordingly, when the time of landing
12:12 on the moon will come,
12:14 it is expected around 23rd and 24th August
12:16 that it will land on the moon.
12:18 And from then, the rover will get only
12:20 14 days to get all the information.
12:23 Because the instruments present in Chandrayaan-3
12:25 are not made for lunar nights.
12:27 When it is night on the moon,
12:29 the temperature drops a lot.
12:32 The temperature can go down to -232 degrees Celsius.
12:36 So no instruments will work in such cold weather.
12:38 That's why our ISRO chief has also said
12:40 that we want the landing to happen
12:42 when the sun is shining on the moon.
12:45 From then, we will get 14-15 days
12:47 to work.
12:49 And if the landing does not happen
12:51 around 23rd-24th August,
12:53 we will wait for another month
12:54 and get it landed in September.
12:56 Speaking of instruments,
12:57 the weight of the lunar lander is around 1750 kg.
13:00 And the weight of the rover is around 26 kg.
13:02 The name of the rover has been again
13:04 kept as Pragyan.
13:05 In total, three modules are installed in Chandrayaan-3.
13:07 One is the Lander Module,
13:08 one is the Rover Module
13:09 and one is the Propulsion Module.
13:11 You already know the purpose of the Lander and Rover.
13:13 The purpose of the Propulsion Module is
13:15 to take Chandrayaan out of the Earth's orbit
13:17 and send it towards the moon.
13:19 With the help of this Propulsion Module,
13:20 the Lander and Rover will first come
13:22 in the orbit of the moon.
13:24 And when they reach the radius of 100 km,
13:26 they will be sent for landing.
13:29 There is no Orbiter Module in this mission
13:31 because the Orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 is still working
13:33 and it will be used again.
13:35 But the Propulsion Module
13:37 will also keep circling around the moon
13:39 for 3-6 months.
13:41 It will remain in the orbit of the moon.
13:42 It will also be used here
13:44 for communication purposes
13:46 and for other readings.
13:48 An instrument is installed in this Propulsion Module.
13:50 Spectropolarimetry of Habitable Planet Earth.
13:53 Its short form is Shape.
13:54 It will explore small exoplanets in space.
13:58 If we talk about the instruments installed
14:00 on the Vikram Lander and Pragyaan Rover,
14:02 it is also very interesting.
14:03 Two instruments are installed on Pragyaan.
14:05 LIBS and APXS.
14:07 LIBS's full form is
14:08 Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscope.
14:10 It will analyse the chemical composition of the soil of the moon.
14:14 Which minerals are found in the soil of the moon.
14:17 And the second APXS's full form is
14:19 Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer.
14:21 It will do the same for the stones present on the moon.
14:23 When Pragyaan will do this work,
14:25 Vikram Lander will take some photos of it.
14:27 And we can see these photos soon.
14:30 If everything goes according to the plan,
14:33 which I hope everything goes well.
14:35 Vikram Lander has 4 instruments installed.
14:38 The first is Rambha.
14:39 Its full form is
14:40 Radio Anatomy of Moon-bound Hypersensitive Ionosphere and Atmosphere.
14:45 It will try to move some small stones present on the moon through a laser beam.
14:50 And it will analyse the gas released from it.
14:52 The second is CHEST.
14:54 Full form is
14:55 Chandra Surface Thermophysical Experiment.
14:57 It will measure the thermal properties.
14:59 How much is the temperature in the South Pole of the moon.
15:02 The third is ILSA.
15:03 The Instrument for Lunar Sesamic Activity.
15:06 It will measure how many earthquakes are there on the moon.
15:09 It won't be called earthquakes, it will be called moonquakes.
15:12 With this, we will be able to understand the crust and mantle structure of the moon.
15:16 And the fourth instrument is NASA's LRA.
15:19 Laser Retro Reflective Array.
15:21 It will bounce signals from the earth through a laser.
15:24 With the help of this, scientists will be able to find the exact distance
15:28 where Vikram Lander has landed.
15:30 And what is the range of the moon.
15:32 Because 5 more retro reflectors are already present on the moon.
15:35 So we will be able to find the exact distances on the moon.
15:38 Including the instruments of the Propulsion Module,
15:40 there are 7 instruments installed in Chandrayaan 3.
15:44 These 7 instruments can also be called 7 payloads.
15:47 The word payload is often used for them.
15:49 But apart from scientific experiments, there is also a question of pride here.
15:53 If this mission is successful, it will be a great victory for India.
15:57 India will become the fourth country
15:59 to do a soft landing on the moon after the Soviet Union, America and China.
16:04 This was supposed to happen in 2019 only
16:06 if that part of Chandrayaan 2 mission had not failed.
16:09 By the way, India had already become the fifth country
16:12 to touch the surface of the moon with the help of the Chandrayaan 1 Impact Mission.
16:16 After the Soviet Union, America, Japan, European Space Agency, that is, Europe.
16:21 Since then, 4 more countries have achieved this.
16:24 China, Israel, Luxembourg and United Arab Emirates.
16:28 These countries did this in 2009, 2019, March 2022 and December 2022 respectively.
16:35 After Chandrayaan 3, our Indian Space Agency's next big plan is Gaganyaan.
16:39 Developing a spacecraft that can take Indian astronauts into orbit.
16:44 Originally, it was planned to be done in 2022 only.
16:48 But there have been a lot of delays in this mission.
16:51 Now it is expected to be done in 2025.
16:54 If we talk about the Moon missions, Russia's Luna 25 has been launched a few days ago.
17:00 And the latest update is that it has crashed on the moon.
17:03 So this mission is failing on the part of Russia.
17:05 America's Artemis 2 is also planned in November 2024
17:09 when humans will be sent to orbit the moon.
17:13 Those who will go in this will travel the furthest distance in space.
17:17 And in the coming years, China is also planning to send astronauts to the moon.
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17:37 [Music]