関口宏の一番新しい江戸時代 2025年3月22日 「大政奉還」から「王政復古」クーデターへ！
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00:00ESTBS
00:30On October 13th, the end of the Edo period,
00:34the 15th Shogun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu,
00:37gathered all the important officials of the Shogunate in Nijo Castle
00:40and announced the constitution.
00:42The following 14 days,
00:44in order to obtain the permission of the Emperor,
00:46the constitution was submitted to the court.
00:51This time, the constitution
00:54and the order to restore the Edo Empire
00:56will be discussed.
01:01Actually, on the same day
01:03Tokugawa Yoshinobu submitted the constitution
01:05to the court,
01:07Satsuma Choshu-han
01:09received a secret letter
01:11from the court
01:13stating that it was a violation of the Shogunate.
01:17What happened behind the letter?
01:22On the other hand,
01:23Sakamoto Ryoma, who saw the new era
01:26and started to act
01:28against the Shogunate,
01:30was killed by the Shogun
01:33in Omiya, Kyoto.
01:36Who killed Ryoma
01:38and for what purpose?
01:43Meanwhile,
01:44Iwakura Tomomiya,
01:45Okubo Toshimichi,
01:46and the Tohbaku faction
01:48captured Kudetan in Oseifukko.
01:52What kind of plan
01:54did Iwakura have?
01:58This time,
01:59it will be three months
02:01from October of the third year of Keio.
02:03The new era of Edo
02:06by Hiroshi Sekiguchi.
02:11The new era of Edo
02:13is coming to an end.
02:15On September 20th,
02:17Satsuma, Choshu, and Geshu
02:19who were trying to defeat
02:22the Tohbaku faction
02:25in Hiroshima,
02:27formed an alliance
02:29with the Tohbaku faction.
02:31I think Yoshinobu
02:33heard about this.
02:36On October 3rd,
02:38the Toso faction submitted
02:40to the Shogunate
02:42a letter of resignation.
02:46On October 6th,
02:48Iwakura Tomomi
02:50and Okubo Toshimichi
02:52decided to form
02:54an alliance with the Tohbaku faction.
02:56As I mentioned last time,
02:58there will be a war between the two factions.
03:00If they oppose,
03:02they will become enemies.
03:06On October 11th,
03:08Saigo Takamori
03:10submitted to the Shogunate
03:12a letter of resignation.
03:14In other words,
03:16he ordered the Shogunate
03:18to defeat the Tohbaku faction.
03:20Yes, he ordered the Shogunate.
03:22That's how it happened.
03:26At that time,
03:28the Tohbaku faction
03:30knew about the Tohbaku faction.
03:32On October 13th,
03:34the Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu
03:36submitted a letter of resignation
03:38to the Shogunate.
03:40The next day,
03:42on October 14th,
03:44the Shogunate
03:46submitted a letter of resignation.
03:48However,
03:50on the same day,
03:52the Tohbaku faction
03:54submitted a letter of resignation
03:56to Satsuma Choshu.
04:00Why did this happen?
04:04Yoshinobu knew
04:06that the Tohbaku faction
04:08would submit a letter of resignation.
04:12He wanted to take the initiative
04:14as soon as possible.
04:16Yes.
04:18That's all
04:20I've told you so far.
04:22Now,
04:24let's compare
04:26the movements
04:28of the Tohbaku faction
04:30with those of the Shogunate.
04:32On October 14th,
04:34the Tohbaku faction
04:36submitted a letter of resignation
04:38to Satsuma Choshu.
04:40On October 14th,
04:42the Tohbaku faction
04:44submitted a letter of resignation
04:46to the Shogunate.
04:48The next day,
04:50the Tohbaku faction
04:52submitted a letter of resignation
04:54to the Shogunate.
04:56On November 11th,
04:58the Tohbaku faction
05:00submitted a letter of resignation
05:02to Iwakura Tomomi.
05:04He told the Tohbaku faction
05:06to be quiet
05:08and to withdraw.
05:10However,
05:12the Tohbaku faction
05:14and Satsuma Choshu
05:16gathered in Keihan City.
05:18On November 11th,
05:20Sakamoto Ryoma,
05:22a 33-year-old man,
05:24proposed a new
05:26political system.
05:28It was called
05:30the New Government
05:32Plan No. 8.
05:34And,
05:36even though he proposed it,
05:38on November 15th,
05:40Ryoma was assassinated.
05:42Ryoma was assassinated.
05:44On December 7th,
05:46on December 7th,
05:48on December 7th,
05:50the Hyogo-Kobe Port
05:52was opened.
05:54I don't think
05:56this is the right time
05:58to do this.
06:00I made a promise.
06:02If I break my promise,
06:04the Westerners
06:06might come
06:08and attack us.
06:10If I don't do this,
06:12it will be complicated again.
06:14And, on December 7th,
06:16the next day,
06:18Iwakura Tomomi,
06:20Okubo, and Tochimichi
06:22announced that
06:24they would
06:26rule Japan
06:28from now on.
06:30from now on.
06:32from now on.
06:34from now on.
06:36On October 14th,
06:38the Kei-O 3,
06:40Satsuma Choshu
06:42was attacked.
06:44On the same day,
06:46Tokugawa Yoshinobu
06:48submitted a petition
06:50to the court.
06:52Satsuma Choshu was
06:54attacked.
06:56What happened
06:58behind the scene?
07:00Satsuma Choshu,
07:02who wanted to fight
07:04against Tokugawa Yoshinobu,
07:06was attacked by
07:08Okubo,
07:10Toshimichi,
07:12Okubo,
07:14and Iwakura Tomomi.
07:16Toshimichi and Iwakura
07:18were attacked by
07:20Okubo,
07:22Toshimichi,
07:24Okubo,
07:26Okubo,
07:28Okubo,
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22:42November 2011
22:44November 2011
22:46The court granted permission
22:48for living
22:50in the lower areas.
22:52Let's see first how the decision was made.
22:54After
22:56promoting Kazu-no-miya
22:58which is a symbol
23:00of Polysaccharides in 5 years,
23:02the court sent
23:04Iwakura Tomomi
23:06and his family
23:08to live in
23:10Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san
23:40Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
23:47Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
23:54Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:01Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:08Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:15Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:22Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:29Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:36Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:43Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:50Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
24:57Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
25:04Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
25:11Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
25:18Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
25:25Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
25:32Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
25:39Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
25:46Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
25:53Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san, Iwakura-san,
26:01Around 9 p.m., a group of men named Oshi Totsugawa came to see him.
26:11When Tokichi, the mastermind, arrived, the visitors went up to the second floor,
26:17cut off Tokichi, and pushed him into the room where Ryoma and the others were.
26:23At that time, Ryoma was not wearing a sword, and the sword was placed far away.
26:29Ryoma was cut deep in the forehead, and he was almost killed instantly.
26:38Nakooka Shintaro also died two days later from a fatal wound.
26:45So, was he careless?
26:48Yes, he was. He was supposed to be hiding in a place that was not a urban area,
26:55such as Omiya or Suiwa.
27:00But he was not attacked until now, and he was attacked tonight.
27:04Maybe Nakaoka Shintaro followed him.
27:08I see.
27:09Judging from the scar, it seems that his forehead was cut off and his brain was bleeding.
27:16It means that he was crouching.
27:20He was crouching.
27:21If he was not crouching, his head would not have been cut off.
27:27So, I think he was doing like this.
27:31He was drinking.
27:32Yes, he was drinking.
27:33He said,
27:34What are you doing?
27:35He looked up like this, and he was cut off.
27:40I see.
27:41No, no, Ryoma was really careless.
27:47Then, who was the culprit of Ryoma's assassination?
27:56Sakamoto Ryoma was assassinated in Omiya today.
28:00Who was the culprit?
28:04There is a theory that the culprit of Ryoma's assassination is a novelist.
28:09I will tell you three stories.
28:11The first one is the theory of Shinsengumi and Mimawarigumi.
28:16Ryoma was assassinated.
28:19So, it is not surprising that Shinsengumi and Mimawarigumi were involved in this.
28:25The second one is the theory of Kishu-han's assassination.
28:30Irohamaru, a member of the Kaien-tai, collided with Meiko-maru, a member of Kishu-han.
28:35Irohamaru collided with Meiko-maru.
28:37I introduced this in this program.
28:40This is the theory that Ryoma asked Kishu-han for a large amount of compensation,
28:46and Kishu-han resented Ryoma and called him a criminal.
28:53Another theory is the conspiracy theory of Satsuma-han.
28:58Satsuma-han, who wanted to fight back, said that Ryoma, who was aiming for a peaceful political transition, was in the way.
29:06It is a theory that Satsuma-han gave Ryoma's whereabouts to the Bakufu side.
29:14The third story is the story of Meiji, three years after the incident.
29:19Nobuo Imai, a former member of Mimawarigumi, who became a prisoner in the Boshin War, investigated this.
29:27Sasaki Tadasaburo, the head of the Mimawarigumi, and six of his subordinates insisted that this was carried out.
29:39It is said that this has become a common theory now.
29:43What do you think about this?
29:45It is quite specific.
29:47The name Sasaki Tadasaburo came out, and the number of six people came out.
29:53I think it is good to have such concrete evidence.
29:59It was the Mimawarigumi.
30:02Unlike the Shinsengumi, the Mimawarigumi was a solid police organization from the beginning.
30:10We can see that it was an organization that acted sufficiently.
30:15So I think this is correct.
30:18Do you think so?
30:21What did the people who interacted with Ryoma think about the death of Ryoma?
30:29First, Takamori Saigo.
30:31He said,
30:33Tosa-han, who was next to Omiya, was killed because he did not hide in the court.
30:40He was angry.
30:42What is Tosa-han doing?
30:45I think Sakamoto Ryoma judged that it was more dangerous to be in Tosa-han's court.
30:51Because the possibility of being in Tosa-han's court is high.
30:54Because he was from Tosa.
30:57What did Tomomi Iwakura do?
30:59He wrote a letter to Toshimichi Okubo.
31:02He said that he wanted to take revenge on the culprit as soon as possible.
31:11Tomomi Okubo visited the Iwakura family and said that he was sad in front of the Iwakura family.
31:18From these two cases, it seems that Sakamoto Ryoma's conspiracy theory is not good.
31:26What did the people think?
31:29The death of Ryoma.
31:31He is the person of the country.
31:33His death is the loss of the country.
31:37He wrote this in his letter.
31:40Because Ryoma was in Katsukai-shu, he changed his way of life.
31:46He was able to organize his first policy.
31:52If a new government was formed, he would have been very active.
31:56I think everyone thought so.
31:59Sakamoto Ryoma, who had a great influence on the Bakumatsu Ishin,
32:03Let's look back on his life.
32:07In 1835, he was born in a family of lower-class samurai of the Tosa-han.
32:13At the age of 19, he entered the Edo-dojo for training in kenjutsu.
32:19At the age of 27, he joined the Tosa-kin-no-to, a group of Tosa people.
32:26The next year, at the age of 28, he left the dojo.
32:30The reason why he left the dojo is that there is a difference in policy with the Tosa-kin-no-to.
32:37He left the dojo and visited the Katsukai-shu-tei in Akasaka, Edo.
32:43He changed his way of life here.
32:47At the age of 29, he wrote a letter to his sister.
32:51He wanted to change Japan.
32:59I think he had a very specific ideal.
33:05At the age of 30, he met Takamori Saigo at the Katsukai-shu-tei.
33:11At the age of 31, he founded the Kameyama-sha-chu, which later became the Kaien-tai.
33:21At the age of 32, the Satcho Alliance was established in Ryoma.
33:27I introduced this a little in this program before.
33:31If it wasn't for this, there might not have been the Meijin-shu.
33:38I think a lot of things were disjointed and there was no end to it.
33:43Moreover, at the beginning of the Satcho Alliance, both sides were working hard.
33:50The entrance was difficult.
33:52It was difficult to decide who would sit on the top.
33:56Because he was a samurai, he had a boring way of thinking.
34:01One of them thought, I'll help you.
34:06The other thought, I don't need help.
34:10Both sides were working hard.
34:13It's hard to bring such a concrete output.
34:19That's right.
34:21The power to dissolve the one-elbow and round it up is amazing.
34:28The power of Ryoma Satcho.
34:30That's right.
34:32Then, at the age of 33, in 1867,
34:37he completed his first work in the battle against the Kyo.
34:43At the same age of 33, he was attacked in Omiya and died.
34:49He was right in front of us.
34:52I think there were a lot of people who died.
34:56In December of the third year of the Keio period,
34:59the Iwakura-Tomomiya-Tobaku faction began to move towards the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat.
35:08Although there were instructions to monitor the close proximity of the Tobaku,
35:12the Satsuma-Choshu faction did not give up the Tobaku by force.
35:18Let's take a look at the movement of the Tobaku faction at this time.
35:23Takamori Saigo Okubo and Shimichi Okubo, who were in the hands of the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat,
35:28returned to Satsuma and demanded that the Tobaku be defeated by force.
35:33On the way, they returned to Choshu and formed two allies.
35:38And on November 13, Satsuma-Hanshu Shimazu Mochihisa,
35:45who followed Takamori Saigo, divided the 3,000 soldiers into four units and executed Satsuma.
35:55On the way, he returned to the Choshu faction.
35:58Katsura Kogoro, Takayoshi Kido, and Iwakura-Tomomiya-Tobaku faction
36:03formed an alliance with the Satsuma-Hanshu Shimazu Mochihisa.
36:06According to the circumstances,
36:08the Tobaku faction had prepared a plan to get the Emperor out of the Five Prefectures.
36:13And on November 23, the Satsuma army entered the prefecture,
36:17and together with the Zaikyo soldiers, there were about 5,000 troops.
36:22At the end of the month, about 1,200 Choshu soldiers joined the 6-seat army,
36:28and at the end of the month, the vanguard troops landed at Uchidehama, the foot of the Prefecture of Hyogo.
36:37In the end, the Tobaku faction was drawn into a confrontation with the Bakufu army.
36:45The Bakufu army, on the other hand, continued to send troops to Osaka Castle.
36:51In addition to Aizu, Kuwana Hanpei, and Shinsengumi,
36:56there were about 10,000 troops.
37:00So, in the end, the two factions collided.
37:06Even though the situation of the Tobaku faction was supposed to be meaningless,
37:11it ended up like this.
37:13That's right.
37:15On the other hand, there is a story that Iwakura Okubo led the Satsuma army
37:21while the Satsuma army was preparing for the siege.
37:27That is the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan.
37:33Iwakura Tomomi and Okubo Toshimichi led the coup d'etat plan,
37:38and the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan was abolished, and the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan was restored.
37:45What kind of plan did they have in mind?
37:50First, Iwakura Tomomi persuaded and asked for help from Kugyo, the great-grandfather of Emperor Tadayasu Nakayama.
38:00Emperor Tadayasu Nakayama was 16 years old at the time.
38:03He asked for help from Kugyo to secure his identity in the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan,
38:07and to prevent the Satsuma army from sealing the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan,
38:13and to abolish the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan,
38:17and to declare the establishment of a new government.
38:21The plan was to abolish the coup d'etat plan,
38:24and to declare the establishment of a new government.
38:31It was decided that the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan would be abolished on December 9th.
38:37In other words, the Bakugan would be replaced by the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan.
38:42Then, the government would decide that they would be in charge of the coup d'etat plan.
38:49So, this was a new development.
38:54Yes, it was a new development.
38:56It was supposed to be good, but the Satcho appeared.
39:01The Satcho was trying to connect with the Emperor.
39:07By connecting with the Emperor,
39:09the Satcho was trying to seize power and create a new government.
39:13The Satcho was trying to seize power and create a new government.
39:19On the other hand, what did Yoshinobu do when he learned about the coup d'etat on December 6th?
39:26He was informed about the Osei-Fukko coup d'etat plan from Shungaku Matsudaira,
39:31the former president of Fukui Prefecture,
39:35but he did not take any action against it.
39:39He lived in fear of the rise of the Bakufu-Kyokou faction.
39:45Yoshinobu did not only think about the Bakufu-Kyokou faction,
39:48but he also thought about the Tokugawa family.
39:50This was from the time of Ieyasu.
39:52First of all, why did the Tokugawa family exist?
39:55They were determined to create a new country
39:58that would never cause civil strife.
40:01Ieyasu's determination was very firm.
40:04As I said before, the Tokugawa family created various educational policies,
40:08and the Sankin-Kotai system was created during the Sandai era.
40:11They used various methods to create a country that would never cause civil strife.
40:17I think this shows the depth of the Tokugawa family's responsibility and role.
40:26During the 260 years of the Edo period,
40:30there were very few countries that did not go to war.
40:34It was a rare sight.
40:36The West was in a state of turmoil.
40:39I think they did a good job.
40:43In December of the 3rd year of the Keio period,
40:45the Hyogo Port was opened.
40:49What happened during the opening ceremony?
40:55As I have said many times,
40:58the Hyogo Port was to be opened.
41:01I thought it was not the right time,
41:04but I had to do it.
41:07The Hyogo Port was to be opened,
41:10which was postponed by the government for 5 years.
41:13It will finally be opened.
41:1612 British ships and 5 US ships will dock in Kobe.
41:21On the shipwreck,
41:24there will be a full-fledged display of the ship.
41:29On the mast,
41:31there will be a flag of the sun.
41:34This is the port of Hyogo in Kobe at that time.
41:38There are a lot of ships.
41:40Yes, there are.
41:42The opening of the newly completed shipwreck
41:47is to build the shipwreck.
41:50British, Persean, French, Russian,
41:54American, Dutch and Japanese
41:57and Hyogo ships from Japan
42:01will attend the opening ceremony.
42:06What is this?
42:08It looks like alcohol.
42:10It looks like parsley.
42:13Is it?
42:15By the way, this year,
42:17the U.S. will build a low-speed highway
42:20to cross the Pacific Ocean.
42:22It will be San Francisco, Yokohama and Hong Kong.
42:25They will build a low-speed highway.
42:28I wanted Kobe to be opened as soon as possible.
42:32Thomas Cook, who completed the timetable
42:35and did tourism business in the world,
42:38came to Japan a few years later.
42:41Did he?
42:43He praised Japan.
42:45He said it was a wonderful place.
42:48He also made a Japanese tour.
42:51He has been an in-band member since then.
42:54I see.
42:56Kobe has developed into an international port
43:00along with Yokohama.
43:04The Tohbaku faction is moving
43:07towards the coup d'etat planned for December 9.
43:13Let's take a closer look at the Tohbaku faction.
43:19On December 8, Tomomi Iwakura
43:22invited the head of Gohan, Echizen,
43:25the capital of Satsuma, Tosa, Genshu,
43:28and Owari to confirm the procedure
43:31for the restoration of the royal family.
43:34From the 8th to the 9th,
43:36a meeting was held in the court
43:39and the following was decided.
43:42The restoration of Tomomi Iwakura
43:45was officially approved.
43:47Tomomi Iwakura was able to hold political activities
43:50in the capital.
43:52Also, the Choshu faction,
43:55which had been an enemy of the Gohan faction
43:58since the Hamaguri Gohan faction,
44:01was formally dismissed.
44:04The Choshu faction was allowed to go to Kyoto.
44:07On December 9, around 8 a.m.,
44:10after a long meeting,
44:13Tomomi Iwakura left Kyuchu.
44:16He was dressed in Ikan, Sokutai,
44:19and Seisou.
44:22Tomomi Iwakura brought a box
44:25containing the documents for the restoration of the royal family
44:28and left.
44:30Tomomi Iwakura's comrade,
44:32Tsuneyuki Nakamikado,
44:35and his grandfather, Meiji Tadayasu Nakayama,
44:38saw the Emperor and decided
44:41to hold the restoration of the royal family.
44:44The meeting room,
44:47which was the stage of the restoration of the royal family,
44:50was the place where Tomomi Iwakura
44:53met with the Emperor.
44:56The Emperor asked Tomomi Iwakura
44:59to be ready for the restoration of the royal family.
45:02Tomomi Iwakura said,
45:05and the Emperor called for the restoration of the royal family.
45:08In the next episode,
45:11the Edo period,
45:14which calls for the restoration of the royal family,
45:17will come to an end.
45:20However, a new war has begun.
45:23The Edo castle has been decided to be desecrated,
45:26and the Gosei gate of the Goka castle has been announced.
45:29The new Edo period
45:32will come to an end.
45:35Thank you very much.