Les scientifiques ont réalisé quelque chose tout droit sorti d'un film de science-fiction - ils ont créé un ordinateur super puissant en utilisant des cellules humaines ! Cet bio-ordinateur utilise des cellules cérébrales, ou neurones, pour traiter l'information d'une manière bien plus rapide et économe en énergie que nos technologies actuelles. Ce qui est fou, c'est que ces cellules peuvent réellement « apprendre » et s'adapter, rendant cet ordinateur capable de choses que les ordinateurs normaux ne peuvent même pas envisager. Imaginez combiner la puissance de la biologie avec la technologie ; cela ouvre des possibilités pour des machines qui pensent et traitent l'information comme des humains. C'est encore à ses débuts, mais cette avancée pourrait totalement changer la façon dont fonctionnent les ordinateurs à l'avenir. Qui sait - un jour, nous pourrions avoir de la technologie pratiquement vivante ! Animation créée par Sympa. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Musique par Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com Pour ne rien perdre de Sympa, abonnez-vous!: https://goo.gl/6E4Xna ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nos réseaux sociaux : Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sympasympacom/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sympa.officiel/ Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Si tu en veux encore plus, fais un tour ici: http://sympa-sympa.com
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00:00Artificial intelligence has reached a level such that it is now able to assist doctors in their diagnosis,
00:06to translate texts into almost any language, and even to generate works of art.
00:11However, it continues to rely on the same computer components of silicon that have been used since the 1950s.
00:17Some scientists estimate that it is time to cross a gap by designing computers from living matter.
00:24This emerging field, called bioinformatics, relies on technologies such as organoids,
00:30tiny amounts of cells grown in laboratories, to develop new forms of computers.
00:35A Swiss company, FinalSpark, has thus developed an innovative computer platform
00:41exploiting human brain organoids for information processing.
00:45This platform can be booked online for $ 500 per month,
00:48offering researchers the opportunity to carry out various tasks.
00:52The company's main goal, having designed this computer,
00:55is to develop an artificial intelligence capable of consuming 100,000 times less energy
01:00than the most powerful current AI systems.
01:03The brain organoids used by this new machine are barely half a millimeter in diameter,
01:09and each treatment unit contains four.
01:11These organoids are connected to eight thin electrodes,
01:14allowing signals to be transmitted to the neurons they contain.
01:18The electrodes also establish a connection with traditional computer systems.
01:22In order to stimulate learning, a low dose of dopamine,
01:26a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, is administered to the neurons,
01:29thus reproducing the natural learning process of the brain.
01:33Thanks to this combination of electrical signals and dopaminergic rewards,
01:37the organoids' neurons are able to form new connections,
01:41impressively imitating the functioning of the human brain.
01:44If this approach turns out to be conclusive,
01:46these organoids could ultimately play an equivalent role to that of processors in current computers,
01:52while accomplishing the same tasks with much higher energy efficiency.
01:56If you want to observe for yourself the functioning of these systems,
02:00the tiny organoids, similar to small brains,
02:03are broadcast live 24 hours a day, allowing everyone to follow their activities.
02:09The main challenge for researchers is to discover how to direct the neurons of these organoids
02:14so that they can accomplish the desired tasks.
02:16Scientists from 34 universities have expressed their interest in using FinalSpark's bio-computers,
02:23and the company has already authorized researchers from 9 establishments to start their work.
02:28Each team explores a specific aspect of bioinformatics.
02:31For example, the Michigan University team
02:34is committed to using electrical and chemical signals to control organoids,
02:39which could result in the creation of a language exclusively dedicated to these bio-computers.
02:44Researchers from the German branch of the University of Lancaster, at Leipzig,
02:48are working on the integration of organoids with various AI learning models.
02:53Organoid computers are not yet as efficient as current silicon computers.
02:59There is no standardized technology to produce these tiny organoids,
03:03and being made up of living cells, they are not eternal.
03:06To date, the organoids of FinalSpark have survived a hundred days,
03:11a clear advance compared to the first experiments,
03:14where their lifespan was limited to a few hours.
03:16However, the creation of organoids has considerably improved,
03:20and the laboratory currently has 2 to 3,000 of them.
03:24FinalSpark is not the only company trying to replace the traditional silicon chips.
03:29In Spain, Dr. Ángel Goni Moreno is dedicated to another field of bioinformatics,
03:35called cellular informatics.
03:37This approach involves using modified living cells
03:41to develop systems capable of memorizing, making decisions,
03:45and operating in a similar way to current-day computers.
03:49The researcher estimates that, thanks to their ability to react to environmental changes,
03:54cellular computers could contribute to the restoration of degraded ecosystems.
03:59Traditional computers are not suitable for this type of task,
04:02but a biocomputer made up of bacteria could, for example,
04:05be deployed in a lake to provide precise information on the state of the water,
04:10by reacting to various chemical substances and to the conditions present.
04:14Another researcher from the University of Western England, Andrew Adamatsky,
04:18explores the possibilities of using computer-generated mushrooms.
04:22The latter have filamentous structures called mycelium,
04:26capable of emitting weak electrical signals,
04:28similar to the functioning of human brain cells.
04:31This researcher envisages using these fungal networks
04:34to design a computer system inspired by the brain,
04:37capable of learning, recognizing patterns, and other advanced functions.
04:42His team has already managed to teach these networks
04:45to assist computers in solving mathematical problems.
04:49They believe that mushrooms could be a better alternative to brain cells,
04:53because their use is simpler, less expensive, more ethical,
04:58and integrates well with current technologies.
05:00While a computer based on human neurons is still in the experimental phase,
05:04scientists at the UC Davis Medical Center have developed a new computer brain interface,
05:10capable of converting brain signals into speech, with almost perfect precision.
05:15Up to 97%.
05:17The researchers have implanted sensors specialized in the brain of a patient
05:20suffering from speech disorders due to his state of health.
05:23As soon as the system was activated, this man was able to communicate his thoughts in a few minutes.
05:28For people with similar disorders,
05:31the device transforms brain signals into text,
05:35which is then displayed on a computer screen.
05:37The computer is then able to pronounce words out loud.
05:41To develop this system, the researchers have collaborated with a 45-year-old patient
05:45suffering from a weakness in his arms and legs,
05:49as well as a difficult speech,
05:51requiring assistance to communicate.
05:53A doctor has implanted a device specialized in the patient's brain,
05:58by inserting tiny sensors in the region involved in speech control.
06:02These sensors were designed to detect signals from 256 areas of the brain.
06:07The device then identifies the brain's attempts to activate the muscles related to speech.
06:12It interprets these signals and translates them into elementary sounds, such as syllables,
06:16which are then combined to form the words that the person wants to express.
06:20This innovation is just one example among others,
06:22illustrating the current trend of integrating computers into our clothes,
06:27or even directly into our body.
06:29New prostheses are no longer content with helping to grasp objects.
06:33They are also able to send a sensory feedback to the brain,
06:36indicating that a contact has been established.
06:38This transforms our perception of humanity,
06:41because an artificial limb can now connect to the brain,
06:44as if it were truly part of the body.
06:46According to specialists,
06:48tomorrow's computers will combine living organisms,
06:51physical objects,
06:52and digital technologies.
06:543D printing,
06:55biotechnology,
06:56mobility assistance robots,
06:59interconnected intelligent devices,
07:01autonomous cars,
07:02as well as various forms of artificial intelligence,
07:05will be even more ubiquitous than they are today.
07:08Evolutions are taking place at such a sustained rate
07:11that it is difficult to predict the state of the computer industry by 2030.
07:16However,
07:16experts agree that quantum computing,
07:20which integrates the principles of physics into the computer domain,
07:23will play an essential role.
07:25Computers could reach extreme miniaturization,
07:28to the point of becoming as small as an atom.
07:30Quantum computing should revolutionize our use of artificial intelligence,
07:35automatic learning,
07:36and research in megadata.
07:38This could result in even more precise purchase recommendations,
07:42and smarter home tools.
07:44In the medical field,
07:45it would accelerate the discovery of new treatments,
07:48thus helping to extend the lifespan,
07:51and improve the health of individuals.
07:53The impact of quantum computing will also extend to various sectors,
07:57such as the protection of private life,
07:59finance,
08:00health,
08:01or entertainment.
08:02It could transform working methods,
08:04leading to advances in robotics,
08:07to more sophisticated surgical tools,
08:09as well as to digital devices optimized for our work.
08:13In addition,
08:13it promises to perfect existing technologies
08:16by making supply chains more efficient,
08:19by improving traffic management,
08:21by facilitating financial planning,
08:23and by simplifying many processes.
08:26For a long time,
08:27computers have mainly operated in 2D,
08:30offering a flat experience,
08:31like the visualization of an image,
08:33or reading on a screen.
08:35If certain specific professions,
08:36such as 3D modeling,
08:38or design,
08:39already used 3D,
08:41this practice remained little known to the general public.
08:43But today,
08:44we are starting a transition towards the exploration of virtual worlds in 3D,
08:48where interactions are more like reality.
08:51Although virtual reality devices remain expensive and inaccessible,
08:55large companies are actively developing augmented reality headsets,
08:59and this technology should be democratized gradually.