En el inframundo acuático se esconden algunas de las criaturas más extrañas del planeta: peces con aletas, escamas, bocas y branquias como algo salido de una película de ciencia ficción. Este documental analiza a estos monstruos del mar y cómo han evolucionado de manera tan peculiar.
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00:00In the depths of the sea,
00:02lurk some of the strangest creatures on the planet.
00:09Scales and gills like they have never been seen before.
00:16The fish have colourful coral reefs
00:19and fight in suffocating mud caves.
00:23They roam the open sea
00:26and illuminate the darkest caves.
00:31500 million years of evolution
00:34have given rise to amazing adaptations.
00:40From monstrous mouths that chew sea urchins
00:43to strangers capable of breathing air.
00:47Some swim at surprising speeds,
00:50while others prefer to walk.
01:01And finally, we will meet a spectacular giant
01:04whose size and strength allow it to devour deadly prey.
01:09These are the most incredible fish in nature.
01:15Incredible fish.
01:1772% of our planet is covered by water,
01:20oceans, lakes, rivers and swamps.
01:40All fish are perfectly adapted
01:43to live in this impregnable aquatic world.
01:50But some do not live up to our expectations.
02:00The first is such an ancient fish
02:03that has not changed in more than 300 million years.
02:14This is a myxino.
02:16Its soft, velvety skin lacks scales
02:19to be able to slide through the bottom of the sea.
02:24It has a skull, but not a dorsal spine.
02:29Its body is made up of bones,
02:32but it does not have a spine.
02:36It has a long neck,
02:38but it does not have a spine.
02:42Its body is full of small holes.
02:46Some are for breathing, and others for drooling.
02:53But its most curious attribute is its mouth.
03:12This jawless cavity is perfect for crushing corpses.
03:20Multiple rows of sharp teeth function as a grinder.
03:41It is practically blind.
03:45With a large, unique nasal cavity,
03:48it captures the sweet aroma of decomposition.
03:53It is practically blind.
03:57With a large, unique nasal cavity,
04:00it captures the sweet aroma of decomposition.
04:05It is practically blind.
04:08With a large, unique nasal cavity,
04:11it captures the sweet aroma of decomposition.
04:24It has no fins,
04:26but its tail in the shape of a paddle
04:29allows it to swim easily.
04:38It has no fins,
04:40but its tail in the shape of a paddle
04:43allows it to swim easily.
04:48In order to keep other carriages at bay,
04:51the nixino excretes the water bubbles in abundance.
04:58A nixino can fill a jar of this kind of mucus
05:01almost instantly.
05:08Reinforced with fiber,
05:10it is stronger than most of the other bubbles that exist in nature.
05:17It obstructs the gills of predators.
05:25A shy shark catches one,
05:28but ends up with a mouth full of bubbles.
05:33In a matter of minutes,
05:35the nixino empties the body completely.
05:45It may take months
05:47before it finds another banquet like this.
05:58We leave this visual world
06:01and we are going to meet one of the fastest beings on the planet.
06:12The immense ocean is an empty runway,
06:18and a group of sailfish from the Atlantic is patrolling.
06:32To minimize resistance,
06:34when they chase the prey,
06:36the fins fold
06:39while a sharp sword pierces the water.
06:48The metallic shine and the change of color
06:50allow them to communicate in the middle of the hunt.
07:02A huge and retractable dorsal fin
07:05stabilizes the fish in sharp turns at high speed.
07:19They have made a stand in boxes to rest
07:23on the basis of sardines.
07:31The color and the black dorsal fins
07:34push the ball of fish to the surface.
07:42Their swords separate and stun the most unfortunate specimens.
08:01But hunting at 80 kilometers per hour is difficult in the cold.
08:05How does this speed freak manage
08:08not to lose sight of the group of fish?
08:36Between the eyes, just below the brain,
08:39there is a very specialized heating system,
08:42an eyeball heater.
08:46Here, the blood warms the eyes and the brain
08:49up to 15 degrees above the water temperature.
08:54The result?
08:56The ability to follow fast movements despite the cold water
08:59and the speeds of vertigo.
09:06This supervision turns the blurry silver fish
09:10into a high definition image in slow motion.
09:36The silver fish finishes all the ball of fish in minutes.
09:42Until the last sardine.
09:48These aerodynamic beasts are perfectly adapted
09:51for professional hunting,
09:54but they are not the only fish in the world.
09:58The shape is also important.
10:05In the sand dunes, there is a collection of rigid fish
10:08that look like blades of a knife.
10:15The silver fish is the only fish in the world
10:18that has the ability to swim.
10:21The silver fish is the only fish in the world
10:24that has the ability to swim.
10:45The razor fish.
10:49Its very thin bodies look like sea algae.
11:03Instead of scales,
11:06some hard body plates cover its flat anatomy.
11:18Its bodies are not flexible,
11:21but their fins are as soft as silk.
11:30As a defense, a sharp articulated pincer
11:33can cause damage to predators.
11:39For greater security,
11:42the razor fish move in groups.
11:49They are constantly inverted,
11:52for a good reason.
12:00They go to areas with food.
12:09They do not have teeth,
12:12they suck their prey.
12:18They do not have teeth,
12:21they suck their prey.
12:36But dinner can distract them.
12:49They are constantly moving.
13:02They are constantly moving.
13:10They are constantly moving.
13:18This sepia is a master of disguise.
13:48He is a master of disguise.
14:08Moving in a group offers some protection.
14:12But there are always some susceptible to be eaten.
14:18And this is not the case.
14:37From hyper-fast hunters and ultra-thin fish,
14:42let's see the crudest fish.
14:49In front of the coast of California,
14:53lives a fish 30 centimeters long,
14:57with a very bad character.
15:01It is the tubicola fish,
15:05also known as blench.
15:09The tubicola fish,
15:12is the tubicola fish,
15:16also known as blench.
15:23It lives in empty shells or in abandoned burrows.
15:29And it is territorial in the extreme.
15:32The additional joints allow this oversized mouth
15:36to open at the same time in a wave of aggressiveness.
15:53And the bigger the mouth, the bigger the fish.
16:03When the house is small for him, he goes out to look for another.
16:08And that's where the conflicts begin.
16:18His bad taste means that neither of the two times
16:22will know who is bigger until they meet in their mouths.
16:33And that's where the conflicts begin.
16:45The long fins and without cracks
16:49allow fast movements during the fight.
16:55While the winner claims his prize in the form of a house,
16:58the loser is left without a home.
17:07But while the tubicolas are intrepid fighters,
17:11others are flexible lovers.
17:17No one would say that this rare creature is a fish.
17:24The scientific name of the sea horses
17:28is actually a sea monster similar to a horse.
17:45They have no scales.
17:48On the contrary, their skin extends over bone plates.
17:53A small dorsal fin beats up to 70 times per second
17:56to push it forward.
18:00While the fins of the head guide it in the right direction.
18:07The prehensile tail clings to the grass,
18:11which is useful when you are not a very good swimmer.
18:15The sea horses have very good eyesight
18:19and their eyes function independently.
18:23They can look forward and backward at the same time.
18:44Their long snout ends up in a mouth that functions like a vacuum cleaner.
18:52Perfect for absorbing small tingles.
18:56They have a voracious appetite
19:00and eat up to 3,000 bites a day.
19:26They make a sound that is not like that of a normal horse.
19:30It is more like a kiss.
19:34They do it while they eat and during the ritual of courtship.
19:40They are monogamous.
19:44Some species mate for life.
19:48These companions are called the sea horses.
19:51They greet each other every day
19:55and when the time comes, they dance together.
20:09They greet each other to confirm that both are still alive
20:14and to synchronize their reproductive cycles.
20:22The female lays her eggs in the male's bag,
20:26similar to that of a kangaroo,
20:30where he fertilizes them and incubates them for two weeks.
20:34It is the only family of animals on the planet
20:38in which the male gives birth.
20:52The contractions can last up to 12 hours.
21:03A male can give birth to up to 2,000 young sea horses.
21:12Only one in every 1,000 will reach adulthood.
21:16This is not good news for these little sea monsters.
21:24While the sea horse dances to the cha-cha-cha,
21:28some fish barely know how to swim.
21:37The coral reefs house some of the strangest animals on the planet.
21:42Somewhere in this little piece of paradise,
21:46there is such a peculiar being that it is hard to believe that it is a fish.
21:50And it is hard to see it.
22:01The frogfish passes immobile through the coral reefs,
22:05but it is hard to see it.
22:11It swims for long periods of time
22:15and pumps water with its mouth through the gills.
22:23The gills are located behind the pectoral fins,
22:27which, curiously, look like feet.
22:36By manipulating its texture and color,
22:39it resembles one of the most common creatures on the reef,
22:43the sponge.
22:48But not all sponges are the same.
22:52That is why each frogfish adapts to mimic its environment.
23:01These fish spend so much time hugging the reef
23:05that they have a curious way of moving.
23:10They walk a lot,
23:14and most of the frogfish lack a swimming bladder,
23:18the bags full of gas or oil
23:22that help other fish to stay afloat.
23:40It is an ambush predator.
23:49It can open its mouth up to 12 times its usual size,
23:53which is perfect for swallowing anything,
23:57from a shrimp to another frogfish.
24:02The first spine of its dorsal fin
24:05has evolved into a false fin to attract its victims.
24:25For some, camouflage and patience are enough.
24:29These anemone fish ignore what awaits them.
24:52The trick of the frogfish is to hide itself
24:55so that no one can see it.
25:01But our next amazing fish has its own tricks.
25:14Extreme habitats require extreme survival measures.
25:20And from the darkest caves,
25:23strange adaptations come to light.
25:47The lantern fish has an ingenious way
25:50of illuminating its path in this dark underworld.
25:55Incorporated lanterns.
26:05Light is generated in a kidney-shaped organ,
26:09known as a photophore.
26:13An inverted eyelid exposes or covers the luminous organ
26:16as necessary, but the light is always on.
26:21At a microscopic level, millions of bioluminescent bacteria
26:25live in this specialized leather bag,
26:29pinned in tubes.
26:36The photophore produces enzymes that the bacteria eat
26:40to feed their lights.
26:43They get food, and the fish gets light,
26:47a perfect symbiotic relationship.
26:51Light attracts prey so that our lantern fish can feed.
26:56The light emitted by these fish is one of the brightest
27:00of all bioluminescent species,
27:04and they use a kind of Morse code to communicate with each other.
27:08In this world of whining and blinking,
27:12you have to make an effort to pass unnoticed.
27:16But it is better to illuminate the path
27:20than to stumble in the dark.
27:27While the lantern fish rejects the light of day,
27:31there is another that is so comfortable in the sun.
27:35In one of the most extreme habitats on earth,
27:39a place that goes from desert to flood twice a day,
27:43lives our next incredible fish.
28:05Here, good quality housing is in high demand,
28:09but this mud house is already occupied
28:18by a difficult fish to define.
28:27Unlike others, the mud fish spends most of its time on land.
28:35And it even breathes air.
28:47Some enlarged branchial chambers store air bubbles
28:51that close hermetically and create an air deposit.
28:55It also captures oxygen through the skin,
28:59but it must remain moist to survive.
29:05Its huge eyes move independently,
29:09and it can even see behind it.
29:14It has a better view of the land than of the water.
29:20Which is why it is called the mud fish.
29:34Which is perfect for detecting insects?
29:51When you spend so much time on land,
29:55you need specialized fins to move around.
29:59The pectoral fins push it forward like wheels,
30:02and join together like elbows,
30:06while the pelvic fins act like a perch,
30:10to keep it up when it stops.
30:15If you walk very slowly,
30:20try flying.
30:23A powerful tail throws it over the water.
30:53It attracts the females with its good presence,
30:57and the best mud territory.
31:02It defends its property against the male rivals.
31:23To close the deal,
31:27it shows its erect dorsal fin
31:31and hits the mud with its tail.
31:41But this female is not interested,
31:45and the mud fish is left alone and without a girlfriend.
31:49The mud fish is not the only one that breathes air.
31:58The harsh African winter has left the ground dry and cracked.
32:05But life is hidden under this desert landscape.
32:09The relief will come soon.
32:15The African catfish has been underground for months,
32:21and leaves its muddy hole to go back to its preferred place of residence.
32:38It has not eaten all winter.
32:47The long fins push its thin body through the water easily.
32:57The protuberances, similar to the moustache next to the mouth,
33:01are called chins, and it uses them to detect its prey.
33:04They are full of nervous endings and compensate for its bad eyesight.
33:35The African catfish is the largest fish in the world,
33:39and the largest in the world.
33:43It is the largest fish in the world,
33:47and the largest fish in the world.
33:51It is the largest fish in the world,
33:55and the largest fish in the world.
33:59It is the largest fish in the world,
34:02and the largest fish in the world.
34:26With its huge mouth, it swallows the tilapia,
34:29and its gills, so that it can fit in the gaznate.
34:37It will spend almost all summer getting fat,
34:41swallowing everything, from crabs and frogs,
34:45to larger fish and dead animals.
34:50But winter does not wait for anyone,
34:54and as the dry season approaches again,
34:57the puddles begin to run out of water.
35:09This is when the catfish really stands out.
35:14It has a special organ, just above the gills,
35:18that allows it to breathe air.
35:22Its strong tail pushes it forward,
35:25in search of deeper waters.
35:39It will continue to look for larger puddles,
35:43until they all dry up, and it has to return to the mud once more.
35:47We leave behind the puddles of fresh water,
35:51and return to the sea to meet a true monster.
36:09In the rocky reef that is under the forests,
36:12a strange face is lurking.
36:17The wolf eagle,
36:21known as the old man of the sea.
36:25This monstrosity can reach two and a half meters long,
36:29but despite its physiognomy, it is not a real eagle.
36:36Nor is it a human,
36:39nor is it a catfish.
36:43Tiny scales embedded in the skin
36:47give the fish an almost velvet-like appearance,
36:51while a viscous layer protects it from cuts,
36:55with the teethed rocks.
36:59A long and flat body allows it to get into narrow cracks,
37:03to hide from its prey, which is slowly approaching.
37:06Tasty sea urchins.
37:28The bulbous head has large jaws and muscles,
37:31which become sharp even the hardest shells and gills.
37:44The sharp front teeth cling to the prey,
37:48while the flat molars of the fish's throat crush and crush.
38:02The wolf eagle is not the only fish
38:06that has developed a bone-crushing mouth.
38:10The coasts of the world are covered with exotic beaches,
38:14but the beautiful white sand
38:18is nothing more than the crushed skeletons
38:22of the living organisms of the reef.
38:26And our next incredible fish
38:29is partly responsible for these exotic cemeteries.
38:35We present the parrotfish.
38:44Along with the taste for coral,
38:48it has developed the ultimate tool.
39:00A mouth similar to the beak of a parrot,
39:04made of fused teeth.
39:08This is a female.
39:12It is distinguished by the ruby-red edge.
39:16But in the absence of males,
39:20a dominant female can change sex
39:24and become a beautiful blue male.
39:29The parrotfish spends the day
39:33eating the algae that grow in the reef,
39:37and even bites the hard corals.
39:41The teeth of the throat crush the coral bone,
39:45and the fish digests the soft internal animals.
39:49This is a female.
39:53It has developed the ultimate tool.
39:56But the parrotfish cannot digest
40:00the skeletons of these beings.
40:04When the crushed bone ends its journey,
40:08sand comes out of the beach.
40:21The teeth of the parrotfish
40:24are constantly growing.
40:28Eating bone keeps the pearl white alive.
40:38Eating bones and excreting sand
40:42are not the only rarities of this fish.
40:46At nightfall,
40:49it makes its own sleeping bag with mucosa.
40:54When the mucosa erupts through the mouth and nose,
40:58the parrotfish creates a viscous cocoon around it.
41:02The sticky substance
41:06hides its aroma from predators,
41:10makes an alert system,
41:14and keeps parasites at bay.
41:25The parrotfish is a perfect example
41:29of how fish adapt to habitat and diet.
41:33Just like our next amazing creature,
41:37with a suction cup in its head.
41:45In the open sea,
41:48where some boats have found their last home,
41:51there is a fish that likes to go for a walk.
41:58These are remoras.
42:03They are sucking the steel of a shipwrecked.
42:10But it was only a short scale.
42:14They go to areas with more food.
42:27This fish has renounced the role of a guide
42:31of its dorsal fin.
42:35After all, if they take you, you don't need to drive.
42:39And this self-stopping car rides on giants.
42:44The remora takes a mouthful of food,
42:48but it is not able to swallow it.
42:56A curious suction cup at the top of its head
43:00is filled with sharks and rays,
43:04and free transport is added to the easy food.
43:07The remora takes a mouthful of the host's food
43:11and thus minimizes the energy expenditure.
43:15It is ingenious.
43:19The ventusa is actually a very modified dorsal fin.
43:23The edge of the disk is a carnivorous lip
43:27that makes it hermetic.
43:31And in the center,
43:33bones in the shape of lames called laminias
43:37form a series of rows that pivot like Venetian persians.
43:41Each laminia ends in spikes similar to the velcro
43:45that offer more grip.
43:49To be coupled, the laminias wave quickly
43:53and thus expel the water.
43:57Then they stand straight to create a gap between each row.
44:00The negative pressure suctions the remora towards its host
44:04while the tiny spikes create enough friction
44:08to counteract the resistance when the shark swims fast
44:12and allow the remora to go and come as it pleases.
44:20But it will hold on to its host whenever it benefits from the trip.
44:25And sometimes, these gorrons travel in pairs
44:29and sometimes, these gorrons travel in large groups.
44:43But our last incredible fish doesn't need to travel in pairs.
44:47In the deep blue sea of the Caribbean
44:51lives a shark that is big, fast, and oddly enough,
44:55with the weirdest head that exists.
45:00The hammerhead shark.
45:16This giant can measure more than 6 meters in length
45:20and weigh more than 400 kilograms.
45:24This body, which is pure muscle,
45:28pumps a gigantic tail that directs the shark in the water.
45:32Speed is not the only attribute of this aquatic torpedo.
45:36It is the speed at which the shark swims.
45:40It is the speed at which the shark swims.
45:43Speed is not the only attribute of this aquatic torpedo.
45:48It also has a lot of flexibility.
45:52The hammerhead shark can turn very closed corners without blinking.
45:57But its most curious feature is its almost extraterrestrial hammer.
46:02It is believed that the head helps it maintain stability while swimming,
46:07but in reality, it is designed to hunt in the ocean bed.
46:14In its huge mouth, rows of sharp teeth are aligned like blades.
46:27An eye on each side of the hammer provides it with a vertical vision of 360 degrees.
46:35But that's not all.
46:39Its hammer works like a metal detector
46:43and searches for hidden treasures in the sand.
46:49It is equipped with super-sensitive electroreceptors.
46:55They can capture the heartbeat of a human heart in kilometers.
47:00But this shark is not looking for people.
47:07It is hunting rays.
47:16The sharp venomous claw of the ray does not scare the great hammerhead shark.
47:22The ray does not go to war with the hammerhead shark.
47:32The hammerhead shark is a predator that hunts in the ocean bed.
47:39It's not a predator that hunts for food.
47:44But it is a predator that hunts for prey.
47:48The line cannot hide from the power of the hammer.
48:48While making pieces of the line, this shark is crowned as the most incredible fish.
49:04Our collection of fascinating fish breaks all the molds.
49:19From viscose drooling balls, to bone-crushing jaws,
49:25or mud fighters that breathe air, and elegant dancers,
49:32some use lures, or dorsal sails, and flashes of light.
49:39They dive, and fly, and also walk.
49:49And we have just begun to explore this aquatic kingdom,
49:53home of the most incredible fish in nature.