The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the ocean, and it’s so extreme that even scientists hesitate to go back. The pressure down there is so intense it could crush a submarine like a can, making exploration really risky. The trench is also pitch black and freezing cold, making it hard to see and survive for long periods. Weird, creepy creatures live there, and some scientists even say the place feels eerie and unsettling. Plus, the technology needed to explore it is super expensive, and it's not easy to send humans or machines that deep safely. #brightside
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Animation is created by Bright Side.
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Music from TheSoul Sound: https://thesoul-sound.com/
Listen to Bright Side on:
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FunTranscript
00:00There is a place deep in the ocean where pressure is 1,000 times stronger than that we're
00:06used to at the surface.
00:08This force is enough to turn an unprotected human into dust instantly.
00:12Well, maybe more like mud.
00:14Anyway, that's why explorers need some serious preparation and equipment to survive in such
00:20extreme conditions down in the Mariana Trench.
00:24It is as wide as 20 national malls in Washington, D.C., and about one-fifth as long as the diameter
00:31of Earth.
00:33People who went all the way down describe it as a chilly, quiet, and very peaceful place.
00:38They saw a bright blanket of red and yellow rocky outcrops, and there was a whole variety
00:44of unique small translucent animals.
00:49The popular myth is that more people have gone to the moon than to this deepest place
00:53on Earth is not true, though.
00:56In total, 24 humans flew to the moon.
01:00And at least 27 brave souls dove down to the Mariana Trench.
01:05Most of them were explorers and not proper scientists.
01:08They just go there for the thrills and also to collect video evidence of different wildlife,
01:13geological formations, and human-made objects.
01:18Humans started traveling around space and into the ocean depths at around the same time.
01:23The first moon landing was in 1969.
01:27And the first person to go down the Challenger Deep, the deepest part of the Mariana Trench,
01:31did so in 1960.
01:34This unusual location got its name after the British ship HMS Challenger, which first located
01:40this massive drop in the ocean floor at the end of the 19th century.
01:45It would take 8 more decades before the first human went down to it.
01:51Explorers didn't manage to do it in a conventional submarine.
01:54They used a type of submersible called a bathyscape.
01:58The Swiss oceanographer Auguste Piccard designed his own in 1953.
02:05Seven years later, the submersible managed to do the impossible.
02:08It had reached a depth of nearly 36,000 feet.
02:13But what explorers saw was merely a fraction of the trench's full size.
02:18The fact that it is so huge of the Mariana Trench is just one of the reasons why it's
02:23mostly unexplored today.
02:25The absence of light is another major issue.
02:28Sunlight is incapable of reaching such profound depths, so the entire trench from top to bottom
02:34lies in absolute darkness.
02:38Because of such conditions, the ecosystem is a lot different than the shallower regions
02:42of the Pacific.
02:43This puts immense pressure on marine wildlife.
02:46Yeah, the pun is intended.
02:50Another reason why it's so challenging to survive there is the temperature.
02:56Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit.
02:58At the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the ocean is just a couple of degrees above freezing.
03:04One of the factors that hasn't let this area turn into a giant icicle is the fact that
03:08salt water has a slightly lower freezing point.
03:11The other reason is geothermal energy that warms the ground at the bottom of these just
03:16enough for it not to freeze.
03:18That's why submersibles need to have proper insulation to navigate these icy conditions.
03:25When they reach the bottom, researchers find out that this desolate and harsh climate is
03:30home to several animal species.
03:33They encountered arrowtooth eels, snailfish, and spoonworms at various depths.
03:40There were even strange-looking translucent sea cucumbers and shrimp-like amphipods.
03:47The biggest surprise was microbial mags thriving on methane and hydrogen from the mud.
03:53Among the species, the Mariana snailfish looks like a master of the environment that can
03:58go farther and deeper into the trench to feed on prey than its competitors.
04:03Despite its seemingly fragile appearance, the snailfish has adapted to withstand extreme
04:08pressures, a superpower it wouldn't be able to survive without.
04:12The exotic-like forms that live deep down aren't normal-sized, since deep-sea gigantism
04:18makes them grow significantly larger than their counterparts in other ecosystems.
04:24One example is the giant tubeworm, which can be 6 feet long.
04:29Science has a hard time explaining the exact cause of this form of gigantism.
04:35Natural vents are just one of the possible explanations.
04:39All of these factors might help explain the huge time gap in researching the Mariana Trench.
04:44The first successful dive after the 1960 expedition came only in 2012.
04:50That's when the famous Canadian film director James Cameron went down in the deep-sea Challenger.
04:57Because few scientists have gone that deep before or after Cameron, there is no map of
05:02the deepest point on our planet.
05:04We know very little about the oceans that cover two-thirds of the Earth's surface.
05:09Researchers have mapped out only 5% of them so far.
05:13Science still has a lot to discover in the Mariana Trench and other unexplored places
05:17on our planet.
05:20The Amazon rainforest stands as the best example of the world's most unexplored regions.
05:25The list of reasons why this part of South America is unknown starts with its wildlife
05:30– jaguars, anacondas, piranhas, black caimans, and Brazilian wandering spiders are just some
05:38of the creatures that pose a risk for researchers.
05:43Relentless year-round rainfall induces heavy flooding.
05:46Add to all this some treacherous river currents, and you can see why scientists have mapped
05:51such a small percentage of the Amazon to date.
05:56In just one region of Brazil near Peru, there are at least 14 tribes that have never had
06:02contact with the outside world.
06:04The national authorities intend to keep it that way.
06:08Isolation of these indigenous people is the best way to protect their future.
06:13The same goes for a remote island in the Indian Ocean.
06:17After the tragic tsunami of 2004, helicopters flew over North Sentinel Island to make sure
06:23its inhabitants were alive and well.
06:25Meanwhile, the Sentinelese weren't thrilled.
06:28They took up bows and arrows to drive away the unwanted visitors.
06:32This tribe is one of the last uncontacted tribes on Earth.
06:37Although anthropologists and filmmakers visited the island in the late 1960s, we still don't
06:43know much about its indigenous population.
06:47It sits a long way off any shipping lanes in the Bay of Bengal.
06:51North Sentinel has no natural harbor, and it's surrounded by a shallow reef.
06:56This makes access to the island possible only by boat.
07:00The Indian officials who lay claim to the island have prohibited outsiders from visiting
07:04the island for safety reasons.
07:07The estimates on how many people inhabit the island vary significantly – from as few
07:11as 15 to as many as 500.
07:15The island is not tiny – it's about 5 times as big as London's Heathrow Airport.
07:20Apart from occasional contact during the past two centuries, the Sentinelese must have
07:25been isolated for a long time.
07:28They are related to other indigenous groups in the Andaman Islands, but their neighbors
07:32cannot understand a word of their language.
07:36The continent of Antarctica has no permanent human settlements at all.
07:41The only people who periodically live there are international scientists.
07:46This vast expanse of ice and snow, roughly the size of the United States and Mexico combined,
07:52still has many regions where humans haven't set foot.
07:56Satellite imagery and photos that NASA's aircraft made from the air have mapped out
08:00the entire continent, so we know where to go, but it's not that easy.
08:06The reason for this are all the adjectives that go with Antarctica.
08:10It is the coldest, windiest, driest, and brightest of the seven continents.
08:16This makes it virtually unlivable.
08:18More than 99% of its surface is covered with a permanent sheet of ice.
08:23Its thickness ranges from 1 mile to as many as 3 miles in some places.
08:28That's half the height of Mount Everest!
08:33The Himalayan Range contains the world's tallest unclimbed mountain.
08:38It is also the tallest mountain in Bhutan.
08:41In the local language, the mountain's name translates as White Peak of the Three Spiritual
08:46Brothers.
08:48Out of respect for the spiritual beliefs of the local population, national authorities
08:52restricted and then completely banned mountaineering at the beginning of the 21st century.
08:58To this day, there is no evidence that any climber has ever managed to successfully reach
09:03the summit of this mysterious mountain.
09:08That's it for today!
09:09But – hey!
09:10If you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your friends!
09:14Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the Bright Side!