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00:00Happy Halloween, my friends!
00:05I know it's not Halloween today.
00:11But, can you guess what I am going to talk about?
00:15Yes, that's right.
00:18Bones!
00:20Zoom in!
00:22Bones!
00:24Bones!
00:26Bones!
00:28Bones!
00:30Hey, don't be scared. That's not a ghost.
00:33That's just how your skeletal system looks like.
00:36Come, let's talk a little more about the bones in your body.
00:42Let's start with the head.
00:45Cranium.
00:46This is the cranium.
00:49It protects the brain from bumps and knocks.
00:56Mandible.
00:57The lower part of the skull is called the mandible.
01:01It is the largest and the strongest bone of your face.
01:07Scapula.
01:08It is a triangular shaped bone that is protected by surrounding muscles.
01:14It is commonly called the shoulder blade.
01:19Ribcage.
01:20The ribcage protects your heart and lungs.
01:23It is actually very delicate and can be damaged by accidents, sports or even a powerful sneeze.
01:37The arm consists of three large bones.
01:41The humerus bone forms the upper arm.
01:44The radius and the ulna are the two bones which form the lower arm.
01:49You have one radius and one ulna in each arm.
01:53The radius and ulna bones connect between the elbow joint and the wrist.
02:00Your palm consists of three groups of bones.
02:04Carpals, Metacarpals and Phalanges.
02:09Femur.
02:10The femur or thigh bone is the longest, heaviest and strongest bone in the entire human body.
02:19All of the body's weight is supported by the femurs during many activities.
02:24Such as running, jumping, walking and standing.
02:34Patella.
02:35The patella is also known as the kneecap.
02:39It is a thick circular triangular bone which covers and protects the surface of the knee joint.
02:47Fibula.
02:48The fibula is the outer and thinner bone of the lower leg.
02:53Its main function is to provide attachment for muscles.
02:57However, it doesn't give much support and strength to the leg.
03:03Tibia.
03:04The tibia is a large bone located in the lower leg of the human body.
03:09It is also known as the shin bone and is the strongest weight bearing bone.
03:16Just like your palm, your foot also consists of two groups of bones.
03:22Tarsals and Metatarsals.
03:29Did you know that half of your body's bones are in hands and feet?
03:34And an infant has 300 bones.
03:38Whereas an adult has 206 bones.
03:43This is because some smaller bones fuse together to form bigger bones.
03:50Okay kids, got to go now.
03:54Hey, hello friends.
03:57Oh no, I guess that's a Tsunami.
04:03Come, let me tell you all about it.
04:06Zoom in.
04:08Tsunamis are caused by sudden movements of the ocean floor due to earthquakes.
04:15Landslides on the sea floor.
04:18Land slumping due to earthquakes.
04:22Landslides on the sea floor.
04:25Land slumping into the ocean.
04:28Large volcanic eruptions or a meteorite crash on the ocean floor.
04:35When an earthquake, a landslide or a volcanic eruption occurs on the sea or ocean bed..
04:44A vertical joint is created which displaces the bed and causes extreme tension in water.
04:53The water is pushed upwards but gravity tries to pull it down.
04:59This causes an upsurge in the water levels.
05:03And the waves start moving away from the point of tension.
05:07Tsunamis are barely felt as a ripple on the ocean surface as the water is quite deep.
05:15But as and when those waves reach the land, the water becomes shallower.
05:21And the waves constantly increase in height.
05:25They hit the shore and oh my, cause a lot of destruction.
05:32It is said the first wave of a Tsunami is not the strongest.
05:37But the successive waves are bigger and stronger.
05:42Oh! And Tsunamis can travel at a speed of about 500 miles per hour.
05:49Which is almost as fast as a jet plane.
05:53And that's why Tsunami waves are called killer waves.
05:58Deadly, isn't it?
06:00Trivia Time!
06:02Did you know that a Tsunami wave can be less than 30 cm in height?
06:08And can pass off unnoticed?
06:10If you get stuck in a Tsunami, don't swim.
06:14Because the currents will pull you in the opposite direction.
06:18Just hold on to a floating object and be safe.
06:22So here's the deal, go watch this video to know more about earthquakes.
06:26After all, that's one of the major causes of a Tsunami.
06:31This is me, zooming out.
06:39Hello! It's quite windy today.
06:42So I thought I'll take a quick flight.
06:47It sure is windy.
06:51Oh no! It's a storm.
06:53You mean hurricane.
06:54Hurricane, storm, whatever, just run.
06:58You mean fly.
07:00Oh forget it, just come Dr. Binocs.
07:03Oh okay, well that reminds me that today's topic is Hurricane.
07:09Zoom in.
07:11Whoa!
07:13A hurricane is a huge storm that generally forms over warm ocean waters near the equator.
07:19The warm air above the ocean rises upward, thus creating an area of low pressure below.
07:27Air from the surrounding areas push in and try to fill the area with low air pressure.
07:34Which now becomes warm and moist and rises too.
07:39As the moist air rises, the surrounding air again tries to fill in.
07:44And this process continues till the water in the air forms clouds.
07:50Soon the clouds and winds spin around, fueled by the ocean's heat and water vapor.
07:57Therefore, hurricanes could also be called giant engines that use warm and moist air as their fuel.
08:06When we see from the top, hurricanes can be as huge as 300 miles wide.
08:12The center of the hurricane is called the eye of the hurricane, which is the calmest part.
08:20The eye wall surrounds the eye where the most damaging winds are found.
08:26It can range anywhere from 5 to 30 miles.
08:31Then comes the rain bands which surround the eye wall.
08:35These bands are a series of dense clouds that give a pinwheel like appearance to the hurricane.
08:42Which range from 50 to 300 miles.
08:47Hurricanes are divided into 5 categories, depending on the speed of their wind.
08:54Here, take a look.
08:56Category 3, 4 and 5 are the most dangerous.
09:02Category 4 and 5 are the most dangerous ones.
09:07Trivia Time!
09:10A huge hurricane can release energy equivalent to 10 atomic bombs per second.
09:17Hurricanes in the Pacific Ocean are known as Typhoons.
09:22Woah! So this is me zooming out.
09:27Twinkle twinkle little star, how I wonder what you are.
09:36Looks like the baby star has slept.
09:39But hey, you don't go to sleep, because I'm here to tell you about different types of stars in space.
09:46Exciting, isn't it?
09:51So tell me, how many stars do you think are there in the universe?
09:56Come on, you can do it. Guess!
10:00Well, the answer will be given at the end of this episode.
10:06Zoom in!
10:09So, there are different kinds of stars.
10:13The big ones, even bigger than the sun.
10:16Small ones, some very odd ones and some new ones.
10:21But did you know that they are classified in groups?
10:24Yes, there are some specific types of stars.
10:30The Red Dwarf Stars.
10:32They are relatively smaller in size compared to the other stars.
10:37And therefore, they burn at a lower temperature, which helps them have a long sustainable life.
10:44Some say a trillion years.
10:47Nearly 70% of the stars in the universe are Red Dwarf Stars.
10:52But hey, since they don't shine so bright, it gets difficult for humans to see them with naked eyes.
11:01The Yellow Stars.
11:03These are medium sized stars and therefore burn at a medium temperature.
11:09There are Yellow Dwarf Stars as well, that are not giant stars.
11:14Our sun is one of them.
11:15These stars become quite large just before they completely start running out of fuel.
11:22The sun too will completely lose its fuel someday.
11:26But don't worry, that won't happen before 5 billion years.
11:32Blue Giant Stars.
11:34As the name suggests, these are big stars and hence burn at a high temperature.
11:41Leaving them with a short span of life.
11:43From 10,000 to 100,000 years.
11:47Most of the stars you see in the sky are Blue Giant Stars.
11:52When these stars die, unlike other stars, they don't shrink but explode.
11:59And this type of explosion illuminates the entire sky.
12:04There are all sorts of other stars like Giant and Super Giant Stars.
12:10Which are extremely big.
12:11Have the shortest life span and shine the brightest.
12:17Trivia Time.
12:19Every star that you see in the sky is actually bigger than the sun.
12:25Proxima Centauri, a Red Dwarf Star is the nearest star to earth after the sun.
12:32So, remember the question I asked you?
12:36How many stars do you think are there in the universe?
12:39Well, the answer is 100 billion.
12:44Isn't that a shocker?
12:47I can see stars in your eyes.
12:50So, this is me zooming out.
12:54Whoa, whoops.
12:57I got to be more careful.
12:59Oh, hello friends.
13:02I am in space today.
13:05But you know why?
13:06To tell you about these magnificent solar objects.
13:11Whoa, Comets.
13:14Let's zoom in.
13:17Comets are one of the most rare objects in the solar system.
13:22Often known as the dirt balls of the solar system.
13:26That's because they are made of dust and ice.
13:30Wrapping themselves around a small rocky core.
13:33Astronomers believe that Comets are leftovers from the beginning of the solar system.
13:40But hey, they don't look like leftovers at all.
13:44They appear magical when they reflect light from the sun.
13:48That's right.
13:50Comets do not have their own light.
13:53They are reflectors of light.
13:57When a Comet travels towards the sun,
13:59the radiation and heat cause solar winds,
14:03which often blow the gas and dust of the Comet.
14:07And therefore, it appears as if the tail is behind the Comet.
14:12And when the Comet travels away from the sun,
14:17the tail is formed in front of the Comet.
14:22Well, have you ever wondered where are Comets usually found?
14:27Yes, yes, they do orbit around the sun mostly.
14:32But they spend billions of years in the Kuiper Belt or in the Oud Clouds.
14:38The Kuiper Belt is found beyond the orbit of Neptune.
14:43The Oud Clouds are found in the outermost reaches of the sky.
14:48And Comets live here because it's cold here.
14:52Unfortunately, they don't live long once they enter the warmer part of the solar system.
14:59Travelling through the inner solar system eventually kills them.
15:04And after several thousand years, they melt all.
15:10TRIVIA TIME!
15:12I know you wouldn't, but if you ever plan to go inside a Comet,
15:17you'll be hit by microscopic waves.
15:20You'll be hit by microscopic pieces of dust.
15:24The name Comet was given by Aristotle, meaning hair of the head.
15:34Hey, all my teeny tiny friends!
15:37The most famous Comet, the Halley's Comet will appear in the sky in 2061.
15:45But don't worry, you don't have to wait that much to see me the next time.
15:52This is me Zooming out.
15:57Oh! It's dark here and I can't see you.
16:02Oh wait! Hey there!
16:05Wonder what we do without lights, right?
16:09So come on, let's talk about light today.
16:12Zoom in!
16:15Light is a form of energy made of photons.
16:20A photon is the smallest unit of visible light.
16:24Now you ask me, how does light travel?
16:28Well, light is unique as it behaves both like a particle and a wave.
16:35That behaves differently with different kinds of matter.
16:39If light hits an object and passes through it, that object is known as a transparent object.
16:47Let's do one thing.
16:49Take a glass of water and switch on a torch.
16:53See the light passing through?
16:55Well, this proves that water is transparent.
17:00There are certain objects through which light cannot pass.
17:04And it changes its path after hitting the object.
17:08These objects are called opaque objects.
17:12Such as wood, the mobile you are using right now and you as well.
17:19Yeah! Humans are opaque as well.
17:23Some objects allow light to pass through them partially.
17:28And they are known as translucent objects.
17:31Such as plastic, butter paper and frosted glass.
17:37And do you know what travels the fastest?
17:41No, not a space rocket.
17:44Well, it's light.
17:46In vacuum where there is no obstacle, light travels at a speed of more than 0.1 million miles per second.
17:55Okay, so the distance between the sun and earth is 93 million miles.
18:02But it takes only 8 minutes for light to reach the earth.
18:06Whooping speed, isn't it?
18:09When light travels through different mediums, it slows down and sometimes bends.
18:15And this bending of light is known as refraction.
18:20Take a beaker filled with water and place a pencil in it.
18:24Now look carefully.
18:26Do you see a bend in the pencil?
18:30No, no. The pencil didn't bend.
18:33The light rays just got refracted.
18:37That's why you see the pencil bent.
18:40Trivia Time!
18:42Did you know that humans are bioluminescent?
18:46Which means that they emit light.
18:49But their glow is 1000 times weaker than what the naked eye can register.
18:56Light takes approximately 1.2 seconds to reach the moon from the earth.
19:03So friends, did I not light up your tickling brain cells today?
19:14Hi friends, did you just see that mighty beast?
19:19Well, that's a shock.
19:22Hey, that's not done. I'm no beast, Dr. Binox.
19:26I mean, look at my voice and look at me. I'm a tiny little being.
19:31Oh, I'm sorry Mr. Shark. I was kidding.
19:35I know you're not a beast, but a lot of people think you are.
19:40So why don't you clear that myth today, my friend?
19:44That's a good idea.
19:46Friends, wanna bust some myths about sharks today?
19:50I know you do. Come, zoom in.
19:54It is said that most sharks are man-eaters and they deliberately hunt humans.
20:00But that's not completely true.
20:03Most sharks tend to eat fish or invertebrates such as squids or clams.
20:10If sharks happen to kill humans, it's mostly because of mistaken identity.
20:16Sharks mostly mistake humans to be some fish or another animal.
20:22I'm sure you would have heard that sharks have lots and lots of sharp pointed teeth.
20:27Well, not all sharks have icicle like teeth.
20:32The basking shark has tiny teeth, which it does not even use for hunting or feeding.
20:40And the horn shark has molar like teeth, which is used to crush its hard shed prey.
20:47It is often believed that sharks are indiscriminate killers.
20:52But most of the times they are victims of massive hunting for their fins, which is made into shark soups.
21:05People claim that shark fins are tasty and have a lot of nutritional value.
21:11Which is absolutely untrue.
21:15Shark fins are tasteless with absolutely no nutritional value.
21:21And if you think sharks have no predators, you're wrong.
21:26Humans are their biggest predators.
21:29If you actually look at numbers, you'll be surprised to know that sharks kill approximately 6 humans in one year.
21:38Whereas humans kill about 100 million.
21:43Now, that's called being indiscriminate.
21:47Sharks also help a lot in maintaining the balance of life.
21:52Since they are the top of the food chain, they keep the marine population in check.
21:57Trivia time!
21:59There are approximately 500 species of shark.
22:03Out of which, white sharks, tiger sharks and bull sharks are the most dangerous ones.
22:10Sharks have an extremely strong sense of smell.
22:13Almost two thirds of its brain is dedicated to the sense of smell.
22:19So friends, now you know that sharks are a lot more than their scary teeth.
22:26You're right, Dr. Bindox.
22:28Thanks for clearing the silly myths about me.
22:31I owe you one.
22:33Oh, come on. Let's drink some soup.
22:36Oh, really? Soup?
22:39Not shark fin soup.
22:41Oh, there you go.
22:44So, this is me zooming out.
22:48Hello, kids.
22:50Won't it be great if we could just pack our bags and keep flying from place to place?
22:56Hey, but you can't do that because you don't have wings like me.
23:01Oh yes, you're right.
23:03But there's one major difference between you and my friends out there.
23:08And that is?
23:10You're a migratory bird, silly.
23:13Oh, oops. Why didn't that strike me?
23:17Doesn't matter. You go take your flight.
23:20And I'll tell my friends all about birds like you.
23:24Oh, I feel so special, Dr. Bindox.
23:29Come, friends. Let's know more about migratory birds.
23:34Zoom in.
23:35Migratory birds are those birds that travel from one place to another..
23:40..at regular intervals over long distances.
23:44And they migrate to escape the cold harsh winter weather..
23:48..in search of food and a warm cozy shelter.
23:53There are various types of migratory birds.
23:57Resident birds, pigeons and doves are good examples.
24:02These birds just don't migrate.
24:05They are able to find food and a warm shelter where they are staying.
24:10We might not travel a lot, Dr. Bindox.
24:13But we do spread love all around from place to place.
24:18Short Distant Migrants
24:20Robins are short distant migrants.
24:23As the name suggests, these birds move only a short distance..
24:28..from lower elevations to mountain side.
24:32Hey, but don't you mistake me for a nightingale.
24:36I might look like one, but I'm not, okay?
24:39Oh, my friends won't. They are very smart.
24:43Aren't you guys?
24:45Medium Distant Migrants
24:47These birds travel over distances that cover several states.
24:52They don't really travel a lot, but not that they won't travel less.
24:57Isn't it, Mr. Bluejay?
24:59Hmm, you seem to know me quite well, Dr. Bindox.
25:03But there's one more secret about me. Wanna know?
25:07Sure, tell us. We are all waiting.
25:11Hmm, I'm quite mischievous, Dr. Bindox.
25:14Because I hunt more than I can eat.
25:19Long Distant Migrants
25:21These birds travel typically from United States and Canada..
25:25..to wintering grounds in Central and South America.
25:30The Arctic Tern is an example of Long Distance Migrants.
25:34And I am the record holder for covering the longest distance of 44,000 miles.
25:41Oh, my! That's huge.
25:44Just to let you know, the circumference of the earth is approximately 29,000 miles.
25:52So, imagine how much these birds travel.
25:57Trivia Time!
25:59Before migrating, many birds enter a state of Hyperphagia.
26:03Where the hormone levels compel them to drastically increase their body weight..
26:08..to store fat to use as energy while travelling.
26:12And some birds also have the ability to sense the earth's magnetic field..
26:18..to help them navigate.
26:21So, I need to travel now. Wait till I come back next.
26:26I feel plants are the nicest beings on this planet.
26:31They never harm anyone.
26:33Rather, they get eaten all the time.
26:36Oops! I guess some eat too.
26:40And that's why I am here today to tell you about plants that eat meat.
26:46Come with me.
26:48Zoom in!
26:50Plants that capture preys such as insects, spiders, mites and eat meat for their survival..
26:57..are known as Insectivorous or Carnivorous plants.
27:01Most of the Carnivorous plants live in wet, boggy areas..
27:05..where the soil doesn't have much nutrients.
27:09They derive their nutrients from their preys..
27:12..and whatever little nutrients available to them through soil.
27:18They have a strong digestive system which helps break down complex food items.
27:24The different types of Carnivorous plants are..
27:29Pitfall Traps, popularly known as Pitcher Plants.
27:34They are Pitcher Plants because they look like pitcher-shaped vessels filled with fluid.
27:40The insect is lured by the syrupy fluid..
27:43..and just when they come to drink it, they get drowned.
27:48Some Pitcher Plants have a lid on them to trap their preys.
27:56Some Flypaper Traps have leaves covered with a sticky substance..
28:00..on which the prey gets caught.
28:03These plants also digest their preys through their leaves.
28:08Other kinds of Flypaper Traps use tentacle-like stalks..
28:12..covered with glands to trap and digest insects.
28:16Their stalks have digestive soup on them to absorb the nutrients.
28:24Venus Flytrap is the most popular Snap Trap.
28:28Here the plant has mouth-like leaves that literally snap shut..
28:33..when an insect or spider lands on it.
28:39There are some Snap Traps that are found underwater..
28:43..and they are known as Waterwheel Plants.
28:46They do the same thing but underwater.
28:50Bladder Traps.
28:52Plants of this kind work in the most interesting way..
28:56..where there are sacks on the plants known as bladders..
29:01..that create vacuum and suck the insect to digest it later.
29:07Lobster Pot Traps.
29:09The plant first lures its insects with its sweet smelling nectar.
29:14Once the insect is trapped inside, it sees light shining through the leaves..
29:20..which looks like exits.
29:23To escape, the insect travels towards the light..
29:27..which is nothing but another trap.
29:30This is the plant's way of actually misdirecting the insect..
29:34..to the inside of the pitcher, where it is caught and eaten..
29:38..by the digestive liquids.
29:41Trivia Time!
29:43Some pitcher plants are so large, they can catch and consume rats and frogs.
29:50Some carnivorous plants reflect ultraviolet light to attract their preys.
29:57Hey, don't go there!
29:59Wait, I'll help you.
30:04I didn't let go.
30:08So, this is me zooming out.
30:13Oh, who's that?
30:15Hey, you're disturbing the air around us.
30:18Sorry, I know I'm farting a lot today.
30:23Oops.
30:24Hmm, guess you took in a lot of carbon dioxide for lunch yesterday.
30:29Yuck could be.
30:32Did you just hear them, friends?
30:34Oh no, not their farts.
30:38And that reminds me that I need to tell you about..
30:41..the process of excretion in plants.
30:44Come with me.
30:46Zoom in.
30:48Just like humans, plants do feel the need to remove..
30:51..all sorts of waste material from their bodies.
30:55However, plants have a much simpler process of excretion.
31:00Hey, did you know that plants sweat?
31:03Well, yes.
31:05Just like humans have sweat glands, plants have small openings..
31:09..under their leaves called stomata that release water and oxygen.
31:16Just how the pores of your body release sweat.
31:19But, their waste material is a lot more useful than ours.
31:26Plants also release waste by accumulating it..
31:30..in the vacuoles of aging leaf cells.
31:33The leaves then fall off, eventually removing the waste material.
31:39This process is known as abscission.
31:43Don't you sometimes have dry skin that eventually falls off?
31:47Yup, kinda same.
31:50Have you noticed leaves changing their color in autumn?
31:54This happens mostly because of the waste pigments..
31:58..that start getting stored inside the leaves.
32:02See the sticky fluid?
32:04Well, this is another kind of waste produced by the plants..
32:09..which is often oozed out from the bark of trees.
32:13Apart from the sticky fluid, there are other waste products..
32:17..like resins, gums and latex.
32:21But hey, you got to be careful because sometimes..
32:25..these products can be poisonous.
32:28But most of the other times, they are quite useful.
32:32For example, latex is used to produce gloves and clothing.
32:38TRIVIA TIME!
32:40The bark of a willow tree produces a chemical..
32:43..that helps in the making of aspirin.
32:46A medicine for pain and fever.
32:49Oak leaves turn brown due to the waste material in them.
32:53So friends, plant more and more trees..
32:56..because they are the reason why you can breathe.
33:05Breathe in, breathe out.
33:07That's what I say throughout.
33:10Breathe in, breathe out.
33:12That's what I say throughout.
33:15Breathe in, breathe out.
33:17That's what I say throughout.
33:22Oh, so you've been watching me work out, eh?
33:26Rather, breathe in and breathe out.
33:30This is tiring.
33:32So anyways, why don't we talk about breathing today?
33:36Still can't get a hint?
33:38Well, today we talk about the human respiratory system.
33:43Zoom in!
33:45Alright, do this.
33:47Right now, I'm watching you.
33:49Just start running wherever you are.
33:52Run! Run! Run! Run! Run! Run!
33:56Now stop!
33:58Isn't your breathing heavy?
34:00Well, that's because right now, your body needs more oxygen to breathe.
34:06And you get oxygen from the air around you.
34:10Without oxygen, you'd be like a car without fuel.
34:14A waterless pool.
34:16And wouldn't that be uncool?
34:19One of the major reasons why you're alive is oxygen.
34:24So, take a deep breath in.
34:29When you breathe in, you take in oxygen present in the air.
34:34The air then passes through your nostrils.
34:38There are tiny hair present in your nostrils that obstruct..
34:45..all the dust particles.
34:47Then the air travels through the windpipe, also called the trachea.
34:53Which filters the air inhaled.
34:56The trachea branches out to two tubes called bronchi.
35:01Where tiny hair called cilia move back and forth, moving the mucus inside.
35:07The mucus is a sticky substance that collects germs and other particles..
35:13..that might harm the lungs.
35:15The bronchi then carry air into each lung.
35:19The right lung has three lobes, whereas the left lung has two lobes.
35:26The left lung is slightly smaller in size to give space to the heart.
35:31These lobes are filled with small and spongy air sacs called alveoli.
35:37Where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happens.
35:42It is here the blood picks up oxygen and lets go of carbon dioxide.
35:49Just beneath the lungs, there is a dome shaped muscle called diaphragm.
35:54That contracts when you breathe in and expands when you breathe out.
36:00It also separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
36:06Trivia Time!
36:10The lungs are the only organs that can float on water.
36:14A person breathes approximately 20,000 times in one day.
36:21So friends, didn't you just gasp and grasp all the facts?
36:27This is me Zooming Out!