Imaginez que le continent africain commence à se fragmenter — cela semble incroyable, n'est-ce pas ? Les scientifiques affirment que ce n'est pas seulement de la science-fiction ; cela se produit lentement le long de la faille est-africaine. Cette immense fissure pourrait finalement diviser le continent en deux, créant un nouvel océan dans le processus. Les villes côtières pourraient se retrouver sous l'eau, et les paysages se transformeraient radicalement. Et dans un futur très éloigné, cela pourrait signifier que notre planète ressemblera davantage à Vénus. Animation créée par Sympa.
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Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres):
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https://www.shutterstock.com
https://www.eastnews.ru
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FunTranscript
00:00Nowadays, it's better to take a plane if you want to go from New York to London.
00:06But did you know that there was a time when these two cities were on the same continent?
00:11The explanation is a little more complicated.
00:14First of all, these two cities did not exist at the time.
00:17But the tectonic plates on which they are today were much closer.
00:24Almost 200 million years ago, all the continents of our planet came together to form a great supercontinent.
00:32This huge piece of land was surrounded by a single ocean.
00:36Today, we call this immense continent the Pangaea.
00:40Some parts of this continent separated and moved away.
00:44And that's how our maps got to their current configuration.
00:49There is even an interesting experiment that you can do to test this theory.
00:54Find a map online and print it on a sheet of paper.
00:58Then you just have to cut all the continents.
01:01When you start playing with them, you will quickly notice that they seem to fit into each other,
01:07like pieces of a puzzle.
01:09The most striking thing you will see is probably the way South America fits perfectly into Africa.
01:16What is even more fascinating is that it is not the first time in the history of our planet that supercontinents form and then disintegrate.
01:24Scientists have discovered that this has already happened at least three times.
01:29And if we consider the age of our planet, 4.5 billion years,
01:34the 200 million years that have just passed are barely a blink of an eye.
01:38How did scientists understand that the continents were moving?
01:44In addition to the current aspect of the continents, they have also found identical rocks in different parts of the planet.
01:50They seem to have formed from the same minerals and in the same weather conditions.
01:55Other clues?
01:57Dinosaurs.
01:59Fossils of the same species have been discovered in South America and Africa.
02:04This particular dinosaur, the Mesosaurus, would have lived on our planet long before the continents separated.
02:14It is difficult to imagine what life on Earth could have been like with a single continent.
02:19First of all, the climate must have been very different.
02:22Indeed, the median part of the Earth was probably very dry and had little or no water source.
02:29In addition, it was probably hidden behind many mountain ranges.
02:33It would also have been a barrier against humidity and precipitation.
02:39However, geologists have also studied coal deposits in the United States and Europe.
02:45This seems to show that at least part of the ancient supercontinent, which was close to the equator,
02:52must have been an incredible tropical forest.
02:55Just like the one we find today in the Amazon.
02:58Coal appears when remains of plants and animals are caught in swampy waters.
03:04If the water exerts enough pressure, the substance first turns into silt, then into coal.
03:11Our planet has existed in this continental configuration for more than 100 million years.
03:17And during this period, there was already a lot of life on Earth.
03:21It was the ideal time to be an insect.
03:24Animals such as coleoptera and libellules have thrived.
03:28At the same time, the Earth was traversed by the predecessor of all mammals, the synapsis.
03:36Life in the swamp was hard to experience during a later period.
03:41It is thought that a comet or an asteroid landed on the surface of the Earth about 251 million years ago.
03:48The theory of the asteroid or comet seems pretty well established.
03:53Because 90% of marine animals and 70% of terrestrial creatures disappeared at once.
04:00The comet may not be the only cause of this massive extinction.
04:04At the same time, there was an important volcanic activity in northern Asia, which also disturbed life on Earth.
04:13We may not notice it, but the continents continue to move right now.
04:19The configuration we observe today thanks to satellite imagery will certainly not be the last.
04:25Australia, for example, is slowly approaching Asia.
04:28But the most important proof that our continents continue to move is the eastern part of Africa.
04:34This region is simply separating from its neighbors.
04:40To be a witness to this, you should go to one of the warmest places on the planet.
04:45If you visit this piece of land located east of the African continent,
04:49you may be exactly at a place that will soon be divided in two by the sea.
04:58Under this region, three tectonic plates slowly separate from each other.
05:03If our data is accurate, in the near future, Africa will be divided in two and a new ocean will be born between the two regions.
05:11To confirm this theory, scientists have been studying for years
05:16a crack 56 kilometers long in the Ethiopian desert.
05:22It is estimated that it will take between 5 and 10 million years for this new ocean to form.
05:27The crust of our planet, being made up of multiple tectonic plates in perpetual motion,
05:33is the ideal place to study this process.
05:36These plates are all irregular in shape and they collide, slide under each other or overlap.
05:45The three tectonic plates found under this desert also move at varied speeds.
05:52One of them, the Arabic plate, moves away from Africa at a speed of about 2.5 centimeters per year.
05:59The other two plates move a little slower, between 1.25 centimeters and 5 millimeters per year.
06:06In addition, these movements lead to the rise of materials from the depths of the earth and the formation of an oceanic crust.
06:16All these movements lead us to wonder how and when the next supercontinent will form.
06:21So far, scientists have proposed several possible configurations, each bearing its own name.
06:28The new Pangea, the next Pangea or Amazigh.
06:32But these predictions still vary, because we do not know exactly how and why the continents actually move over time.
06:40We have a clue in the way the original Pangea split up.
06:45Anyway, it will take between 15 and 100 million years to see the next supercontinent appear.
06:52The new Pangea is the hypothesis of the continuation of current movements.
06:58In this scenario, the Atlantic Ocean continues to expand and the Pacific is shrinking.
07:05The two American continents first meet to the north.
07:09Africa, Europe and Asia also regroup, then a huge and unique continental mass is formed.
07:21Another possible scenario is the next Pangea.
07:24In this case, the Atlantic slows down its expansion and becomes an enclosed mass of water.
07:29North America, Africa, Asia and Europe form more or less parallel plots of land and completely sewn to each other.
07:39Below, South America, Antarctica and Australia complete the circle that surrounds the North Atlantic.
07:47A vast Pacific Ocean ends up surrounding all the lands.
07:54Amazigh is a somewhat difficult scenario to understand and to study at the moment.
07:59As several tectonic plates seem to move to the north, it is possible that all continents, except Antarctica, slide completely to the north pole.
08:10The climate would then be very different and much colder.
08:13In this scenario, the Pacific and the Atlantic would remain open water areas.
08:18Scientists believe that this possibility is real due to certain anomalies caused by the original Pangea in the depths of the Earth, in the part called the mantle.
08:30If we look even further into the future of our planet, it is estimated that in about a billion years, the brightness of the sun will be about 10% higher.
08:40The atmosphere of the Earth will then resemble that of a damp greenhouse.
08:46Due to the increase in heat, all the extensive waters of our planet will begin to evaporate.
08:53In 4 billion years, the temperature of our planet will make it similar to Venus.
09:00The Earth could become so hot that its surface will begin to melt.