Attachez vos ceintures pour des faits intéressants sur les avions (Préparez-vous au décollage !)

Sympa

Animation créée par Sympa. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Musique par Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com   Pour ne rien perdre de Sympa, abonnez-vous!: https://goo.gl/6E4Xna​ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nos réseaux sociaux : Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sympasympacom/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sympa.officiel/  Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Si tu en veux encore plus, fais un tour ici:  http://sympa-sympa.com

Transcript

00:00:00 You are in a plane at cruising altitude,

00:00:02 heading for an exotic country,

00:00:04 where you will spend very long holidays.

00:00:06 But emergencies can happen anywhere, anytime.

00:00:09 Let's say that the plane you are flying in has a hole in its fuselage.

00:00:13 As long as it is really small, no worries.

00:00:15 This is clearly not enough to disturb the pressure system.

00:00:18 But if a window comes off accidentally,

00:00:20 it is a much more serious problem.

00:00:22 This will mean a significant loss of pressure,

00:00:25 which could suffice to depressurize the entire cabin.

00:00:27 This could create enough force to suck a small object into the hole,

00:00:30 like a unlucky hand luggage.

00:00:32 The plane's windows are round,

00:00:34 so that the air pressure is evenly distributed.

00:00:36 If they were square,

00:00:37 the air currents would be able to find a weak point,

00:00:40 and they would crack more easily.

00:00:42 The loss of pressure can lead to something much more serious,

00:00:45 namely a fire on the fly.

00:00:47 This is not the only possible cause of a fire.

00:00:50 An engine problem or a fuel pressure drop

00:00:53 can also be the cause.

00:00:55 If the engine is on fire,

00:00:57 the only thing to do is to stay calm.

00:00:59 A plane can fly quite far, even with just one engine.

00:01:02 As surprising as it may seem,

00:01:04 modern planes are designed to fly short distances without any engine.

00:01:08 If there is a fire,

00:01:09 the first thing the pilot will do is to try to land as quickly as possible.

00:01:13 A fire inside the cabin would probably look pretty scary.

00:01:17 But each plane is equipped with all the necessary equipment to handle it.

00:01:20 The air hostesses are not only there to serve you food and drinks.

00:01:24 Their main mission is to ensure your safety,

00:01:26 so they know exactly how to handle a fire in the cabin.

00:01:29 However, you can do something to help them before the flight.

00:01:32 Be careful what you put in your luggage.

00:01:34 In 2007, a plane left New York.

00:01:36 Shortly after takeoff,

00:01:37 passengers noticed smoke coming out of one of the luggage compartments.

00:01:41 The fire started because of a short circuit in a lithium battery.

00:01:44 The crew managed to control the fire in a few minutes,

00:01:47 but they decided to land anyway, just in case.

00:01:50 Batteries are not the only objects that can catch fire.

00:01:53 A similar story happened with a passenger's air purifier.

00:01:57 Even the seats and carpet can catch fire,

00:01:59 depending on what is thrown on them.

00:02:01 That's why there are many prohibited objects in the cabin.

00:02:04 Large liquid bottles,

00:02:05 your magic ball number 8,

00:02:07 snowballs,

00:02:08 candles in gel,

00:02:09 and even sometimes,

00:02:10 gel soles.

00:02:11 And carbonic ice.

00:02:13 Do you want to make homemade ice at 10,000 meters above sea level?

00:02:16 Think about it.

00:02:17 It's very dangerous.

00:02:18 Carbonic ice is flammable,

00:02:19 so you can't exactly put it in a Tupperware and take it on a trip.

00:02:23 You can bring about 2 kilos of carbonic ice with you,

00:02:26 but you will need a special permission from the airline.

00:02:30 Some airlines do not allow pilots to wear a beard.

00:02:33 The hairs on the face can interfere with the correct installation of their oxygen masks,

00:02:37 so it's mainly a matter of safety.

00:02:39 Passengers' oxygen masks automatically fall

00:02:42 in case of air pressure changes.

00:02:44 The air inside the cabin is pressurized,

00:02:46 which allows you to breathe normally.

00:02:48 If something happens that suddenly changes the pressure,

00:02:51 several things happen.

00:02:53 First, the masks fall.

00:02:54 Then, the pilot quickly descends and safely to a lower altitude.

00:02:59 Third, the pilot informs you that you can remove your mask safely.

00:03:03 The masks contain only oxygen for a few minutes.

00:03:06 It is enough for the pilot to descend to a more breathable altitude,

00:03:09 so you will not wear it for the rest of the flight.

00:03:12 The white marks left by the planes behind them in the sky

00:03:14 are carbon dioxide and condensed water.

00:03:17 This liquid is released during combustion of the fuel.

00:03:20 It is slightly polluted hot water vapor,

00:03:22 a bit like breathing in the cold air of winter.

00:03:25 So high in the sky, the air is always cold and icy, whatever the season.

00:03:29 The lightning is not as dangerous for planes as you might think.

00:03:32 If a lightning strikes a plane,

00:03:33 passengers will not be electrocuted or anything else.

00:03:36 The carling is covered with an aluminum coating

00:03:39 that drives the electric current and does not let it in.

00:03:41 This protective device is tested using a lightning simulator.

00:03:45 During night flights, the lights go out for two reasons.

00:03:48 The first is to be able to sleep,

00:03:50 and the other is to make sure that everyone gets used to the darkness in case of evacuation.

00:03:53 You could be asked to leave the store in your window

00:03:56 so that the air hostesses can see what is going on outside

00:03:58 and choose the best side for evacuation.

00:04:01 It is quite common to feel more emotional in a plane.

00:04:03 You can cry watching a sad movie or laugh at a stupid comedy.

00:04:07 Our body is under some stress and takes everything seriously

00:04:10 because of the low oxygen level.

00:04:12 You are sitting in a closed space at high altitude, far from your home.

00:04:15 Your subconscious can feel in danger and react by exacerbating your emotions.

00:04:20 Do not be surprised if you start to have weird desires up there.

00:04:23 You may have bought a huge chocolate bar before boarding,

00:04:26 but once you are in the sky,

00:04:28 you suddenly start to feel like fried chicken.

00:04:30 Fortunately, they often serve chicken.

00:04:33 Do you rather want fish?

00:04:34 Whether in the sky or on the ground,

00:04:36 cravings for food are usually a sign that you are thirsty.

00:04:38 So just ask for a glass of water.

00:04:40 Many passengers have headaches during the flight,

00:04:43 especially after take-off.

00:04:44 Do not worry, it's normal.

00:04:46 You will reach a higher altitude than the rest in just 10 minutes.

00:04:49 The air up there is extremely rarified,

00:04:52 which means that less oxygen reaches the brain.

00:04:54 Do you want to feel better?

00:04:56 Chew chewing gum or soft candies.

00:04:58 Another effect you may notice during a flight is dryness.

00:05:01 Your hands and face may be a little dry, and that's normal.

00:05:05 It is because of all this dry air in which you are sitting.

00:05:08 The cabin air is thoroughly filtered,

00:05:10 which results in this special sensation of airplane air.

00:05:13 Stay hydrated and bring a good moisturizing cream with you.

00:05:16 You may also feel like you are snoring.

00:05:18 Your nose may be congested,

00:05:20 and your throat may start to itch.

00:05:22 You may start to sneeze, cough.

00:05:24 You know the song.

00:05:25 Remember that everyone feels these symptoms,

00:05:27 so do not worry.

00:05:28 It's still this dry air.

00:05:30 It dries your nose and your throat,

00:05:31 giving you the impression of having a snoring coming.

00:05:33 You will feel much better once you have landed

00:05:36 and that you will be down from the plane.

00:05:38 The lower the air pressure, the more gas is dilated.

00:05:41 This law also applies to the inside of your stomach and your intestines.

00:05:44 Oh yes, a flight by plane can lead to serious flatulence.

00:05:47 But the good news is that all planes have toilets.

00:05:50 Besides, if you have to go to the toilet,

00:05:52 do not imagine that no one can disturb you in there.

00:05:54 The door of the toilets can always be open from the outside.

00:05:57 The cabin crew must be able to enter if you need help,

00:06:01 even if it's a little embarrassing.

00:06:03 Your night vision can also seem a little blurry.

00:06:06 Your eyes need fresh, moist air to function well.

00:06:09 Your corneas are the only part of your body

00:06:11 that does not have its own supply of blood.

00:06:13 They receive their oxygen directly from the air.

00:06:16 The air is dry and poor in oxygen for planes is not good for the eyes.

00:06:19 At the same time, your pack of chewing gum

00:06:21 does not forget to put drops for the eyes in your cabin bag.

00:06:24 Reduced vision is also the reason why the crew

00:06:27 sifts the lights and asks you to open the store of your window

00:06:30 during take-off and landing at night.

00:06:32 In case of emergency, the eyes must be adapted to the darkness and dry air.

00:06:36 Well, the plane took off, everything is going well.

00:06:39 And now?

00:06:40 You have to sit in the same place for hours, without moving.

00:06:43 But your body feels tired, as if it had run a long race.

00:06:46 Once again, it's the lack of oxygen.

00:06:49 Your legs could even get fat.

00:06:51 Try to get up and move around in the cabin as often as you can.

00:06:54 You have to pump your blood.

00:06:56 If you can not walk, try to stretch

00:06:58 and massage your legs on your seat.

00:07:01 Some people say that the fact of tightening and releasing the fingers and toes

00:07:05 helps the blood to circulate better.

00:07:07 The low blood pressure also helps a lot.

00:07:10 Our flight time today is estimated at 3 days.

00:07:14 The future passengers of the longest plane in the world,

00:07:17 the Airlander 10, will not arrive very quickly at their destination,

00:07:21 but they will do it with style.

00:07:24 Nicknamed "the flying popotin"

00:07:26 because of its unconventional exterior,

00:07:29 this aircraft will have a luxurious room with a large bathroom,

00:07:33 a high-flying bar,

00:07:35 on board,

00:07:36 and a transparent floor,

00:07:38 offering a view from one horizon to the other.

00:07:41 The Airlander 10 will not even need an airport.

00:07:44 It is capable of taking off and landing on any flat surface,

00:07:48 whether it is earth, sand, water or ice,

00:07:52 using its pneumatic skates.

00:07:54 It will also be more ecological,

00:07:56 thanks to its reduced emissions

00:07:58 and is supposed to embody the safest air travel form in the near future.

00:08:03 This marvel of engineering of 90 meters long

00:08:07 is both a pilot, a helicopter and a plane.

00:08:11 Most aircraft use one of these different methods to stay in flight,

00:08:15 the Archimedes thrust, the vertical thrust or the portance.

00:08:19 The pilot's balloons, helicopters and planes

00:08:23 rest respectively on each of these three principles.

00:08:26 But this aircraft combines the three.

00:08:29 First of all, the Archimedes thrust.

00:08:31 Airlander uses an impressive amount of helium,

00:08:35 a material less dense than air.

00:08:37 It helps aircraft such as the airships and airplanes to rise,

00:08:41 just like a ball of foreign party.

00:08:43 And since helium generates a thrust by itself,

00:08:46 our aircraft can float effortlessly.

00:08:48 The Airlander helium is distributed in several compartments for its safety

00:08:52 and also has four engines of 325 horsepower.

00:08:56 It requires much less power than conventional aircraft like the Boeing 787,

00:09:01 which makes it more energy efficient.

00:09:03 But the payload of this floating aircraft is rather limited,

00:09:06 10 tons at most.

00:09:08 Its designers could simply enlarge the hull to place more helium.

00:09:13 But our aircraft is already the most voluminous in the world.

00:09:17 To assist it, the Airlander 10 is equipped with two vertical thrusters.

00:09:21 Similar to helicopters,

00:09:23 it pushes the air down, lifting the whole aircraft.

00:09:26 And then comes the port, which plays a crucial role in the aerodynamics of the flight.

00:09:31 To get the port, you need air that moves quickly below and around the wing,

00:09:36 generating a force.

00:09:38 Although the Airlander may not be a monstrous reactor like a big airliner,

00:09:42 its large hull offers a lot of space for the air to help it take off.

00:09:46 This hybrid aircraft, unique in its kind,

00:09:49 has already made several successful test flights.

00:09:52 So you can consider it a reality.

00:09:55 It will be a kind of customizable transformer,

00:09:58 adapted for passenger comfort,

00:10:00 the transport of goods,

00:10:02 the operations of long-haul flights,

00:10:04 or the experimental scientific and functional of its configuration.

00:10:09 It could be involved up to five rows of rows,

00:10:13 which could be particularly useful for research.

00:10:17 In addition, the designers plan to build an even larger aircraft,

00:10:21 the Airlander 50,

00:10:23 with a load capacity of 50 tons.

00:10:26 At the beginning of aviation,

00:10:28 there was no computer simulation to test the different designs,

00:10:32 so that some models of aircraft a little bit "Zinzin" were built.

00:10:36 The Italian designer, Gianni Caproni,

00:10:39 wanted to create an aircraft capable of transporting a hundred passengers

00:10:43 over the Atlantic Ocean with comfort and style.

00:10:46 His original invention, the Caproni Scapro 60,

00:10:50 had nine wings arranged in three series of three.

00:10:54 It had eight engines,

00:10:56 all maintained by flying mechanics.

00:10:58 There were panoramic windows along the two sides of the huge cabin,

00:11:02 so that passengers sitting in each of the space rows

00:11:05 could enjoy the view of the world below.

00:11:08 It had a rounded nose,

00:11:10 an integral cockpit and a profiled tail.

00:11:14 Once the aircraft was finished,

00:11:16 a pilot made tests on the major lake in order to calibrate the aircraft,

00:11:21 but he probably found a boat on his way,

00:11:24 or maybe the pilot went too fast at takeoff.

00:11:29 Still, the plane was unlocked.

00:11:31 By the time Caproni arrived at the lake,

00:11:34 the pilot had been saved,

00:11:36 but the wreck was practically irrecoverable.

00:11:38 Thus, this plane never managed to cross the Atlantic.

00:11:42 French engineers went even further.

00:11:45 They designed an aircraft whose body was inspired by a certain bird,

00:11:49 and called it "Duck".

00:11:51 It was supposed to have a steam engine

00:11:53 to power a single propeller at the front of its rounded body.

00:11:56 The pilot and the landing gear had to be attached by cables,

00:12:00 and a frame below the body of the aircraft.

00:12:02 This plane with a strange appearance had an official name,

00:12:05 the Vought V-73.

00:12:07 But everyone will remember it as a flying pancake,

00:12:10 because of its shape of a cutout.

00:12:12 This design was supposed to allow it to land

00:12:15 and take off in narrow spaces,

00:12:17 where ordinary planes cannot fly.

00:12:20 The prototype was a success,

00:12:22 with the speed of takeoff

00:12:24 and the reduced landing.

00:12:26 At its conception and form of the disk,

00:12:29 there are data that generate importance.

00:12:32 The engineers received funds for the project,

00:12:35 but the efforts did not stop accumulating.

00:12:37 The CIA skills sui and corriges in the avoid

00:12:40 plus peso in the set avion Farfellow.

00:12:42 The German aeronautical engineer, Alexander Lippisch,

00:12:45 invented the "air-rodine" gaiter.

00:12:47 It looked like the back of a plane after it was cut in half,

00:12:50 but it could fly autonomously.

00:12:53 It was considered a vertical take-off and landing aircraft,

00:12:57 the same category as helicopters.

00:12:59 It combined the lift and the thrust,

00:13:02 using only one flow path for the air,

00:13:04 like a driver's fan.

00:13:06 Then, flaps at the end of the engine

00:13:08 deflected an outgoing air.

00:13:10 The first flight of the last aerodyne

00:13:12 took place in 1972,

00:13:14 and although it was crowned with success,

00:13:16 the industry quickly lost all interest in it

00:13:19 and ended up putting the project on hold.

00:13:21 The Prengen Guppy,

00:13:23 also known as "Frankenplan"

00:13:25 because it was made up of parts from other planes,

00:13:28 helped NASA in its journey to the moon.

00:13:30 In the 1960s,

00:13:32 it was not easy to ship rockets

00:13:34 from the west coast to Cape Canaveral,

00:13:36 in Florida.

00:13:37 The aircraft sometimes sailed maritime

00:13:39 across the Panama Canal,

00:13:41 taking 2.4 weeks,

00:13:43 and the fragile ships arriving in Dominguez

00:13:45 already had the air.

00:13:47 That's when a certain John Conroy

00:13:49 came up with a solution.

00:13:51 His friend had bought Boeings

00:13:53 that were of no use to him.

00:13:55 Conroy therefore decided to modify his planes

00:13:57 by adding a larger propeller on top of the fuselage.

00:14:00 He did not receive any funding from NASA for his idea,

00:14:03 but he never gave up

00:14:05 and ended up mortgaging his own house,

00:14:07 selling his car,

00:14:09 and investing all his savings in his project,

00:14:11 convinced that it would work.

00:14:13 He borrowed up to the fuel necessary

00:14:16 to fly the prototype to Alabama.

00:14:19 The plane flew perfectly

00:14:21 and amazed everyone.

00:14:23 The Super Guppy, as it was called,

00:14:26 ended up in charge of the transport of the stages

00:14:28 of the Gemini program rocket.

00:14:30 Conroy built a total of 25 different versions of his plane

00:14:35 to accommodate the equipment

00:14:37 "Studios Plus Grands" and "Plus Lowers".

00:14:39 The Ejle Optica ES-7

00:14:41 may have looked like a futuristic airship,

00:14:44 but it was designed in the mid-1970s

00:14:46 for low-altitude surveillance or tourism missions

00:14:49 and at low speed.

00:14:51 It has a helicopter cockpit

00:14:53 mounted at the front of a turbine engine

00:14:56 and offers an impressive 270-degree field of view.

00:15:00 Its large turbine runs silently

00:15:03 inside and outside the cockpit.

00:15:06 It has aroused a return of interest in the 21st century

00:15:09 for missions of border patrols,

00:15:11 reconnaissance of the fauna,

00:15:13 and fire detection.

00:15:15 But due to lack of funding,

00:15:17 only 5 of the 22 aircraft built at the time

00:15:19 are still in flight.

00:15:21 Have you ever seen a plane with two different size fuselages?

00:15:24 The Rutan Model 202 Boomerang

00:15:26 stands out as a multi-engine aircraft,

00:15:29 built in this way to minimize the risk of failure.

00:15:32 Unlike conventional aircraft,

00:15:34 even if one of its engines had to fail,

00:15:36 the Boomerang would remain easily controllable

00:15:38 thanks to its innovative design,

00:15:41 which effectively draws from the asymmetric thrust.

00:15:44 This design makes the Boomerang faster and more efficient.

00:15:47 This aircraft was never designed for commercial use,

00:15:50 but as a private vehicle,

00:15:52 it was designed for commercial use.

00:15:55 Just by looking at it,

00:15:57 we can say that the Short Skyvan

00:15:59 was built for practical purposes,

00:16:01 without too much concern for aesthetics.

00:16:03 And that's how this versatile aircraft

00:16:05 received nicknames such as "flying shoe box"

00:16:08 or "tool cabin".

00:16:10 Despite all these jokes,

00:16:12 the Skyvan has faithfully served over the years.

00:16:15 It has been part of the landscape

00:16:17 since its first flight in the 1960s

00:16:19 and still carries goods

00:16:21 to this day.

00:16:23 It can accommodate up to 19 people

00:16:25 and has a large rear door,

00:16:27 similar to that of a truck,

00:16:29 for loading and unloading goods.

00:16:32 This is why it is perfect for short-haul flights,

00:16:35 activities such as parachuting,

00:16:37 and many other uses.

00:16:39 Admittedly, airports can be quite boring.

00:16:44 But what is probably the most annoying

00:16:46 is having to take out the laptop

00:16:48 from your backpack

00:16:50 and put it in a separate bin

00:16:52 during security check.

00:16:54 But of course,

00:16:56 we wouldn't make such a fuss

00:16:58 if there wasn't a good reason for it.

00:17:00 Laptops are dense

00:17:02 and X-rays can't penetrate them very well.

00:17:05 It would be easy to hide something dangerous in there.

00:17:08 If the aircraft is taken out

00:17:10 and placed separately in a separate bin,

00:17:12 it is easier for scanners

00:17:14 to detect something dangerous.

00:17:16 Most planes are white.

00:17:18 Is there an advantage to choosing this particular color?

00:17:21 No.

00:17:22 White paint doesn't make the aircraft lighter.

00:17:25 It also doesn't save on the carling.

00:17:28 Here are the real reasons for this choice.

00:17:31 Safety,

00:17:32 efficiency,

00:17:33 and comfort.

00:17:34 The first planes had a metallic color.

00:17:37 But the problem with metal is that it is subject to corrosion.

00:17:40 So,

00:17:41 paint is an excellent way to protect an aircraft from the latter.

00:17:45 White is favored for several reasons.

00:17:47 First,

00:17:48 planes fly high above clouds

00:17:50 and are exposed to the sun for a long time.

00:17:53 White is the color that absorbs less heat

00:17:56 and white planes are less heated.

00:17:59 Moreover,

00:18:00 sunlight makes the paint pale.

00:18:02 A colored aircraft will see its paint degrade very quickly

00:18:05 and will frequently need a new brush stroke.

00:18:08 And repainting is expensive.

00:18:10 Therefore,

00:18:11 painting white planes is a more sustainable choice.

00:18:14 Moreover,

00:18:15 all damage is more easily spotted on a white surface.

00:18:18 It is therefore an additional point for the white color.

00:18:21 We always embark on the left side of the aircraft.

00:18:23 Every time,

00:18:24 without exception.

00:18:25 For some reason,

00:18:26 the right side doesn't seem to be an option.

00:18:28 Well, yes,

00:18:29 it's done on purpose.

00:18:30 First of all,

00:18:31 the pilot is usually on the left.

00:18:33 This way,

00:18:34 it is easier for him to align the aircraft with the terminal's boarding gateway.

00:18:38 In addition,

00:18:39 the planes are refueled and loaded with luggage on the right side.

00:18:43 Since people embark on the aircraft on the left,

00:18:46 the crew can do their job without being disturbed

00:18:48 and there is no danger to the passengers.

00:18:50 Coherence in the choice of a side

00:18:52 helps to make everything work more efficiently.

00:18:55 As everyone always enters on the left,

00:18:57 all boarding gates are designed

00:18:59 to be fixed on the left side of the aircraft.

00:19:02 If each aircraft had the freedom to choose its side,

00:19:05 this would create an additional disorder in the landing process logistics.

00:19:09 Many other questions still arise.

00:19:11 For example,

00:19:12 what does this black triangle above one of the wings mean?

00:19:16 Apparently,

00:19:17 it indicates the seat from which the view of the plane's wing is the best.

00:19:21 It is necessary for the crew to find the place as quickly as possible.

00:19:24 If in an emergency,

00:19:26 they have to inspect the engines,

00:19:27 the flaps or the ailerons.

00:19:29 This mark saves a lot of time.

00:19:31 Then,

00:19:32 the rows are not perfectly aligned with the wings.

00:19:35 It's the business that wants that.

00:19:37 Originally,

00:19:38 all planes are designed with rows

00:19:40 and perfectly aligned windows.

00:19:42 But when an airline buys a plane,

00:19:45 it adds additional seats,

00:19:47 tightening them closer to each other.

00:19:49 This way,

00:19:50 they have more seats,

00:19:51 which means more passengers,

00:19:53 and they can therefore sell more tickets.

00:19:56 But you get less space for your legs

00:19:58 and you could simply not have a canopy.

00:20:01 In addition,

00:20:02 all canopies have rounded corners,

00:20:03 and this is done for security reasons.

00:20:06 We used to find planes with square windows,

00:20:08 but they caused accidents

00:20:10 because these windows could not withstand high pressure.

00:20:14 At a high altitude,

00:20:15 the external atmospheric pressure

00:20:17 is lower than the pressure inside the cabin.

00:20:20 There is therefore a big pressure difference

00:20:22 between the interior and the exterior,

00:20:25 which generates a constraint.

00:20:27 Without windows,

00:20:28 this constraint flows smoothly through the material.

00:20:31 A square window becomes an obstacle,

00:20:33 and the flow of stress must change direction.

00:20:36 The pressure accumulates in the corners,

00:20:38 causing cracks,

00:20:39 and eventually,

00:20:40 such windows break.

00:20:42 Oval windows allow the constraint

00:20:44 to circulate more easily

00:20:46 without disturbing them too much

00:20:47 and avoid accumulation.

00:20:49 Thus,

00:20:50 oval windows are safer.

00:20:52 The glass used in their production

00:20:54 is an acrylic stretched glass

00:20:56 and it has three separate panels.

00:20:58 This is a safety measure in CA,

00:21:00 of Brecht.

00:21:01 In this way,

00:21:02 at least one panel

00:21:03 is supposed to remain intact at all times.

00:21:05 Have you ever noticed

00:21:07 these small holes in the windows?

00:21:09 This tiny hole is actually

00:21:11 only in the glass in the middle.

00:21:13 Its task is to regulate

00:21:15 the big pressure difference

00:21:16 between the interior and the exterior of the cabin.

00:21:19 In this way,

00:21:20 the external glass can withstand the load.

00:21:23 If it breaks,

00:21:24 the glass in the middle,

00:21:25 even if there is a hole in it,

00:21:27 will be able to keep the glass intact.

00:21:29 In addition,

00:21:30 this hole prevents windows from fogging up.

00:21:33 Now,

00:21:34 let's say you wanted to relax

00:21:35 and watch a movie.

00:21:37 Fortunately,

00:21:38 there are a pair of headphones,

00:21:39 but they are weird.

00:21:40 They have a two-pin socket.

00:21:42 No,

00:21:43 this is not a kind of revolutionary technology.

00:21:45 It is a clever trick

00:21:46 to prevent the volume.

00:21:48 If you can not use them

00:21:49 anywhere else than in the plane,

00:21:51 no one will want to fly them.

00:21:53 And outside the plane,

00:21:54 they are practically useless.

00:21:56 Then,

00:21:57 we are brought food.

00:21:59 There are people

00:22:00 who love the food of planes

00:22:01 and others who do not like it at all.

00:22:03 But most will agree

00:22:05 that food has a different taste

00:22:07 once in the air.

00:22:08 It turns out that it is exact.

00:22:10 The low atmospheric pressure,

00:22:12 the lack of humidity

00:22:13 and the background noise

00:22:14 that we are experiencing at high altitude

00:22:16 alter the functioning

00:22:17 of our taste buds.

00:22:19 They become less sensitive

00:22:20 to sweet and salty foods.

00:22:22 And airlines

00:22:23 must therefore use

00:22:24 more seasoning.

00:22:26 Have you ever wondered

00:22:27 what would happen

00:22:28 if someone accidentally opened

00:22:29 the door of a plane?

00:22:31 It would not end well.

00:22:33 The least we can say

00:22:35 is that it would be very dangerous.

00:22:37 More precisely,

00:22:38 very quickly,

00:22:39 there would be a lack of oxygen

00:22:40 in the cabin.

00:22:41 But fortunately,

00:22:42 no one can open this door

00:22:43 by accident.

00:22:45 The difference in pressure

00:22:46 between the inside and the outside

00:22:47 makes its opening

00:22:48 almost impossible.

00:22:50 It would take a colossal force

00:22:51 to open it.

00:22:52 Finally,

00:22:53 these doors are designed

00:22:54 to open themselves

00:22:55 in case of emergency.

00:22:57 Speaking of safety,

00:22:59 during take-off

00:23:00 and landing,

00:23:01 the crew reduces

00:23:02 the light in the cabin.

00:23:03 This is done for a good reason.

00:23:05 In this way,

00:23:06 in case of emergency,

00:23:07 you will see more clearly.

00:23:09 Your eyes will get used

00:23:10 to the darkness

00:23:11 and you will have more

00:23:12 ease of evacuation.

00:23:14 Now let's talk about the pilots.

00:23:16 They always wear

00:23:17 these super cool sunglasses.

00:23:19 But the goal

00:23:20 is not to impress the gallery.

00:23:22 They are used

00:23:23 to protect the eyes.

00:23:25 Throughout their careers,

00:23:26 pilots must take care

00:23:27 of their vision.

00:23:29 But the problem

00:23:30 is that it is not an easy task

00:23:32 when you are a pilot.

00:23:34 The harmful solar radiation

00:23:35 that our sun emits

00:23:37 is filtered by the Earth's atmosphere.

00:23:40 So the sunlight

00:23:41 is not very harmful for you

00:23:43 if you spend most of your time

00:23:45 on the ground.

00:23:46 But it is different

00:23:47 up there in the sky.

00:23:49 There is less air there

00:23:51 and the brightness

00:23:52 is much higher.

00:23:53 For every 300 meters of altitude,

00:23:55 the solar radiation

00:23:56 is about 5% stronger.

00:23:59 On average,

00:24:00 planes fly

00:24:01 at an altitude of 10,700 meters.

00:24:04 This means

00:24:05 that the amount of UV and I radiation

00:24:07 is 175% higher than on the ground.

00:24:11 It is extremely harmful

00:24:12 for anyone's vision.

00:24:14 The large number of hours

00:24:15 that pilots spend in the air

00:24:17 makes them vulnerable

00:24:18 to various eye problems.

00:24:20 And having vision problems

00:24:22 can cost a pilot's career.

00:24:24 So it is crucial for them

00:24:26 to wear sunglasses

00:24:28 and these must be of the best quality.

00:24:31 They should minimize

00:24:32 the impact of sunlight

00:24:34 and resist UV rays,

00:24:36 offering 100% protection for the eyes.

00:24:39 In addition,

00:24:40 they cannot be polarized

00:24:42 because polarization is likely

00:24:44 to disturb the perception

00:24:45 of the displays in the cockpit.

00:24:47 They should offer the best clarity,

00:24:49 reduce eye fatigue

00:24:51 and minimize color alteration

00:24:53 so that the pilots can see inside

00:24:55 as if they were not wearing glasses.

00:24:58 The plane starts to shake

00:25:00 and quickly launches onto the runway.

00:25:03 You look out the window

00:25:04 and your heart beats.

00:25:06 It's the start of the holiday.

00:25:07 That's it!

00:25:08 It's only once above the clouds

00:25:10 at 10,000 meters above sea level

00:25:12 that you get up to stretch.

00:25:14 You look out the window

00:25:15 and see the cockpit door open.

00:25:17 And there, horror!

00:25:19 It is completely empty!

00:25:21 Either the pilot is sleeping somewhere,

00:25:23 or he went for a walk,

00:25:25 or there is no one

00:25:26 in charge of this aircraft.

00:25:28 You ask the hostess

00:25:29 to tell you the truth.

00:25:30 This plane is fully automated

00:25:32 and there is nothing you can do.

00:25:34 Self-guided planes

00:25:36 no longer belong to science fiction.

00:25:38 They are already there.

00:25:39 Many companies claim

00:25:41 that seeing commercial flights

00:25:42 without a pilot

00:25:43 is just a matter of time.

00:25:45 It remains above all

00:25:46 to convince the general public

00:25:47 that they are safe.

00:25:48 Some people do not realize

00:25:49 that once the seatbelt

00:25:51 is turned off,

00:25:52 a self-guided plane

00:25:53 is already flying autonomously.

00:25:55 The autopilot can go up,

00:25:57 down and turn on its own.

00:25:59 We have all traveled

00:26:01 with an automated system,

00:26:03 but we don't know

00:26:04 how good it was.

00:26:05 A self-guided plane

00:26:07 can already land on its own,

00:26:08 even if this maneuver

00:26:09 is still delicate.

00:26:11 Currently,

00:26:12 two pilots are still necessary.

00:26:14 But many companies,

00:26:16 like Merlin Air,

00:26:17 have tested small automated twin-engines

00:26:19 in the Morave Desert.

00:26:21 Airbus made its first fully automated

00:26:23 take-off in December 2019,

00:26:26 even if there were two pilots present,

00:26:28 just in case.

00:26:30 Some companies develop

00:26:31 equipment and software

00:26:33 to equip older planes.

00:26:35 The goal is to reproduce

00:26:37 everything a pilot can do

00:26:39 via a set of computer systems.

00:26:41 But the last barrier

00:26:42 remains above all human.

00:26:44 It is the lack of confidence.

00:26:46 The term that defines

00:26:47 the fear of the plane

00:26:48 is aviophobia.

00:26:50 It affects nearly 40% of travelers.

00:26:53 These people still take the plane,

00:26:55 but without any pleasure.

00:26:57 Between 2.5 and 5% of the population

00:26:59 is so anxious

00:27:00 that they will never take the plane.

00:27:02 However, statistics show

00:27:04 that the plane is one of the safest

00:27:06 means of transport,

00:27:07 because nearly 95% of deaths

00:27:09 related to transport

00:27:10 occur on the roads.

00:27:12 If you had to travel

00:27:13 1,000 km by plane

00:27:14 every day for a year,

00:27:16 the risk of death

00:27:17 would still be 1 in 85,000.

00:27:20 In other words,

00:27:21 the risk of a fatal accident

00:27:23 is only 1 in 11 million.

00:27:25 The chances of being hit by lightning

00:27:27 are much higher.

00:27:29 Airlines would be very interested

00:27:31 in offering relaxation exercises

00:27:33 to make their customers

00:27:34 feel more comfortable.

00:27:36 It is surprising that they have not

00:27:37 already put in place

00:27:38 various programs

00:27:39 to make travelers

00:27:40 more relaxed.

00:27:42 After all,

00:27:43 the majority of air crashes

00:27:44 are due to human errors.

00:27:46 Automation can therefore

00:27:47 be a safer option.

00:27:49 There is also the argument

00:27:50 that it takes humans

00:27:52 to create automated systems.

00:27:54 In any case,

00:27:55 autonomous planes

00:27:56 will soon be among us.

00:27:58 The population is growing,

00:27:59 cities are expanding,

00:28:00 and the need for faster

00:28:01 and more efficient travel

00:28:03 is being felt.

00:28:05 Many people will depend

00:28:06 on flying taxis

00:28:07 to bypass traffic jams.

00:28:09 They already exist.

00:28:11 They can not only cover

00:28:12 short distances,

00:28:14 but also several thousand kilometers,

00:28:16 and cover the same distance

00:28:17 as a car in a quarter of the time.

00:28:20 They look like helicopters

00:28:21 in the sense that they can take off

00:28:23 and land vertically,

00:28:25 VTOL,

00:28:26 which allows them

00:28:27 to go almost anywhere.

00:28:29 They will also be built

00:28:30 with more silent mechanisms

00:28:32 to reduce sound pollution.

00:28:34 It's better than a train

00:28:35 passing in front of your bedroom window.

00:28:37 They will also use

00:28:38 electric propulsion systems

00:28:40 to limit emissions,

00:28:42 stop traffic jams

00:28:43 and smoke.

00:28:45 The difference with air taxis

00:28:47 is that there are no pilots

00:28:48 and that the destination

00:28:49 is fixed from the start.

00:28:51 The challenge for designers

00:28:52 is to know how to operate

00:28:54 in environments

00:28:55 with many structures,

00:28:57 such as buildings or bridges,

00:28:59 and how to navigate

00:29:00 among mobile obstacles

00:29:01 such as other planes and birds.

00:29:03 Facing the different

00:29:04 weather conditions

00:29:05 is also a complicated task.

00:29:07 Storms,

00:29:08 sandstorms,

00:29:09 snow and tornadoes

00:29:10 can be big problems.

00:29:12 It's not like asking

00:29:13 a taxi driver

00:29:14 to change routes.

00:29:16 Or maybe we could

00:29:17 verbally ask the system

00:29:19 to change the planned route.

00:29:21 The situation is the same

00:29:22 for planes,

00:29:23 especially in terms

00:29:24 of weather conditions

00:29:26 and turbulence zones.

00:29:27 There is still a lot to do.

00:29:29 Air taxis can only

00:29:30 accommodate a limited number

00:29:31 of people,

00:29:33 even though it is planned

00:29:34 that short flights

00:29:35 can carry up to 14 passengers.

00:29:37 The confidence in these vehicles

00:29:39 is such that Skyports,

00:29:40 a Melbourne startup

00:29:41 in Australia,

00:29:42 wants to start

00:29:43 operating national-scale

00:29:44 air taxi flights

00:29:45 by 2025.

00:29:48 Other large companies

00:29:49 are also in the works,

00:29:51 such as Boeing,

00:29:52 Airbus and Toyota.

00:29:54 The biggest planes

00:29:55 are already able

00:29:56 to fly without a pilot,

00:29:57 so we can wonder

00:29:58 why they haven't

00:29:59 already made taxis.

00:30:00 People will probably

00:30:01 end up getting used to it.

00:30:03 But there are still

00:30:04 a few obstacles,

00:30:05 especially in terms

00:30:06 of regulations.

00:30:07 The laws are still a bit slow,

00:30:09 but the air taxi market

00:30:10 could represent an industry

00:30:12 worth several billion dollars

00:30:13 in 20 years.

00:30:15 All experts

00:30:16 still disagree

00:30:17 on the reliability

00:30:18 of this technology.

00:30:20 Some pilots claim

00:30:21 that automatic systems

00:30:22 can malfunction

00:30:23 and that someone

00:30:24 has to be there

00:30:25 to take over.

00:30:26 They also talk about

00:30:27 weather events

00:30:28 that cannot be predicted

00:30:29 and require

00:30:30 a quick human intervention.

00:30:32 We can also think

00:30:33 that pilots

00:30:34 have such a thing

00:30:35 because they don't

00:30:36 want to lose their jobs.

00:30:37 But that's understandable, isn't it?

00:30:39 They're not wrong.

00:30:41 The Boeing 737 MAX,

00:30:42 for example,

00:30:43 was stuck on the ground

00:30:45 in 2019

00:30:46 after two well-known crashes,

00:30:48 one in Indonesia

00:30:49 and the other in Ethiopia.

00:30:51 The reason was due to flaws

00:30:52 in the flight stabilization program.

00:30:54 Such disasters

00:30:55 only reinforce the fears.

00:30:57 While some pilots

00:30:58 rightly claim

00:30:59 that they had to intervene

00:31:01 when the autopilot

00:31:02 didn't work properly,

00:31:04 other crashes happened

00:31:05 because the pilots

00:31:06 didn't trust the system

00:31:08 and ignored the warnings.

00:31:10 There is also another factor

00:31:11 to consider.

00:31:13 Studies have shown

00:31:14 that without pilots,

00:31:15 airlines would save

00:31:17 nearly $35 billion per year.

00:31:19 That's a good reason.

00:31:21 Anyway,

00:31:22 the sector is evolving

00:31:23 and development

00:31:24 is multiplying each year

00:31:26 with ultra-sophisticated sensors,

00:31:28 improved cameras

00:31:29 and self-evaluation systems.

00:31:32 But despite this,

00:31:33 fundamental questions

00:31:34 remain unanswered.

00:31:36 What would the autopilot do

00:31:37 in an emergency?

00:31:39 Could it search for a safe place

00:31:41 on its own?

00:31:43 Could it call for help?

00:31:45 And how would it communicate

00:31:47 with the air traffic control?

00:31:49 This kind of uncertainty

00:31:50 makes people fearful.

00:31:52 Just look at the drones

00:31:54 to see what's already possible.

00:31:56 Whether they are ordered

00:31:57 from a smartphone

00:31:58 or from a ship,

00:31:59 they are becoming more and more common

00:32:01 and are doing their job.

00:32:03 They film whales,

00:32:04 deliver packages

00:32:05 or collect remote information.

00:32:08 They map inaccessible areas

00:32:10 and use thermal sensors

00:32:12 for search and rescue operations.

00:32:15 They can even import equipment

00:32:17 in case of disaster.

00:32:18 They literally save lives.

00:32:21 Their use has tripled

00:32:22 from 2019 to 2021

00:32:24 and will do so by the end of 2022.

00:32:27 It's a huge trend.

00:32:29 If drones were human,

00:32:31 they would be superstars.

00:32:33 And yet,

00:32:34 there is nothing really new.

00:32:36 More than a century ago,

00:32:37 the British developed

00:32:38 unmanned aerial vehicles,

00:32:40 UAVs.

00:32:41 They managed to fly

00:32:43 a radio-controlled monoplane

00:32:45 on March 21, 1917.

00:32:47 Other prototypes

00:32:48 were then developed

00:32:50 and in the 1940s,

00:32:51 thousands of unmanned drones,

00:32:53 then called QQ-2 radio planes,

00:32:55 were built.

00:32:57 Many variants have since come to life.

00:33:00 Modelers have been using

00:33:02 radio-controlled miniature planes

00:33:04 for decades.

00:33:05 Drones continue to gain popularity

00:33:08 due to their ease of control

00:33:10 and performance.

00:33:11 And technological advances

00:33:13 are accelerating.

00:33:15 Yet,

00:33:16 the limits of their potential

00:33:17 have not yet been reached.

00:33:19 If drones can do

00:33:20 such extraordinary things,

00:33:22 imagine what unmanned planes

00:33:24 could do.

00:33:25 There are no limits.

00:33:27 While many are still afraid of flying,

00:33:29 most people have been doing it

00:33:31 for over a century.

00:33:33 Technology is here.

00:33:34 What matters is knowing

00:33:36 when the public will be ready

00:33:37 to make the big jump.

00:33:39 When it's too cold outside,

00:33:42 planes are often delayed

00:33:44 or, in extreme cases,

00:33:45 outright cancelled.

00:33:47 First of all,

00:33:48 if it snows heavily,

00:33:50 this considerably reduces visibility,

00:33:52 which makes flying and flying

00:33:54 dangerous.

00:33:56 During a blizzard,

00:33:57 the air traffic controller

00:33:58 can order the plane

00:33:59 to stay on the ground

00:34:00 and wait for the storm to calm down.

00:34:03 Ice on the runway

00:34:04 is another problem.

00:34:06 A plane's landing gear

00:34:07 has nothing to do

00:34:08 with a car's wheels,

00:34:09 and it can't be equipped

00:34:10 with crampons

00:34:11 to prevent it from skidding.

00:34:13 And even if it were possible,

00:34:14 a plane must develop

00:34:15 a much higher ground speed

00:34:17 than a car

00:34:18 to successfully take off.

00:34:20 If the runway is icy,

00:34:22 the plane can easily slide.

00:34:24 This has already happened

00:34:27 in history.

00:34:28 In January 2014,

00:34:30 the JFK airport in New York

00:34:32 was closed

00:34:33 after a plane

00:34:34 skidded off the runway

00:34:35 and ended up in the snow.

00:34:37 Fortunately,

00:34:38 no one was injured,

00:34:39 but the airport staff

00:34:40 had to remove the plane

00:34:41 from the snow,

00:34:42 and even the police

00:34:43 joined the effort.

00:34:45 Same story for landing,

00:34:48 which is even more difficult

00:34:49 in freezing conditions,

00:34:51 because a plane

00:34:52 is in a much less controlled environment

00:34:54 and travels at even higher speeds.

00:34:56 In addition,

00:34:57 while a plane

00:34:58 about to take off

00:34:59 and skids

00:35:00 will probably end up

00:35:01 moving in an open area,

00:35:03 the one about to land

00:35:05 could end up

00:35:06 crashing into the airport's infrastructure.

00:35:08 Needless to say,

00:35:09 it's much more dangerous

00:35:10 for everyone.

00:35:11 Cold weather conditions

00:35:12 can also cause

00:35:13 the formation of frost

00:35:14 and ice plates

00:35:15 on the plane itself.

00:35:17 Planes are carefully designed,

00:35:19 and any alteration

00:35:20 to their structure

00:35:21 can cause huge problems.

00:35:23 As experienced pilots say,

00:35:25 even a thin ice crust

00:35:26 on a plane's wings

00:35:27 can disrupt their delicate design

00:35:29 and destroy the flight.

00:35:31 However,

00:35:32 planes can be skidded.

00:35:33 The airport staff

00:35:34 usually provides them

00:35:35 with a special solution

00:35:37 that prevents the ice

00:35:38 from accumulating

00:35:39 on the plane's surface.

00:35:40 But let's get back to the runway.

00:35:42 If it's covered in ice,

00:35:43 you can't do much.

00:35:45 Unless the sun shines,

00:35:46 the chances of removing

00:35:47 the ice from the runway

00:35:48 are almost zero.

00:35:50 There's also the risk

00:35:51 of damaging the runway

00:35:52 and making nests of hens,

00:35:54 which can cause

00:35:55 safety issues

00:35:56 for take-off

00:35:57 and landing.

00:35:58 Imagine you're driving

00:35:59 on a nest of hens

00:36:00 at full speed.

00:36:01 It's rather unpleasant.

00:36:03 And now,

00:36:04 multiply that by a thousand,

00:36:05 because a plane

00:36:06 is much heavier than a car.

00:36:08 And don't forget

00:36:09 that a landing gear

00:36:10 is not as manoeuvrable

00:36:11 as a wheel.

00:36:12 Kerosene

00:36:13 and the pumping system

00:36:14 can also freeze

00:36:15 if the temperature

00:36:16 is too low.

00:36:17 Kerosene

00:36:18 freezes at -40°C,

00:36:20 but this can only happen

00:36:21 during take-off

00:36:22 and before take-off.

00:36:24 At cruising altitude,

00:36:25 temperatures can drop

00:36:26 to -57°C.

00:36:29 But since the liquid

00:36:30 is inside the plane

00:36:31 and is consumed regularly,

00:36:33 it's much warmer there.

00:36:35 On the ground, however,

00:36:36 nothing prevents

00:36:37 the kerosene

00:36:38 from turning into ice.

00:36:39 If this happens,

00:36:40 no take-off

00:36:41 is possible, of course.

00:36:43 The same goes

00:36:44 for the pumping system.

00:36:45 Even if the kerosene

00:36:46 is still liquid,

00:36:47 the pump can cover itself

00:36:48 with ice

00:36:49 and simply stop

00:36:50 delivering the kerosene

00:36:51 into the plane's tanks.

00:36:53 In the worst case,

00:36:54 it can even break,

00:36:55 which leads to

00:36:56 major repairs

00:36:57 and prolonged delays.

00:36:59 Finally,

00:37:00 ground crews

00:37:01 have to do a lot of work

00:37:02 before take-off

00:37:03 or landing,

00:37:04 and these people

00:37:05 can't stand

00:37:06 the ice too long.

00:37:08 This problem

00:37:09 is often solved

00:37:10 by "tack-teaming".

00:37:11 A group of workers

00:37:12 go out on the field

00:37:13 to do the work,

00:37:14 while the other

00:37:15 waits for them

00:37:16 in a shelter.

00:37:17 After about

00:37:18 twenty minutes,

00:37:19 the first group

00:37:20 comes back to warm up,

00:37:21 and the second

00:37:22 goes back to work

00:37:23 where the first left off.

00:37:24 Although this method

00:37:25 is effective,

00:37:26 it slows down

00:37:27 operations a lot,

00:37:28 which can also

00:37:29 cause delays.

00:37:31 But despite all the problems

00:37:32 that ice can cause,

00:37:34 it's actually more beneficial

00:37:35 for a plane

00:37:36 than extreme heat.

00:37:38 Cold air is denser

00:37:39 than hot air,

00:37:40 so planes gain

00:37:41 more lift

00:37:42 and stay safer

00:37:43 in the air.

00:37:44 They're also easier

00:37:45 to control in flight.

00:37:47 Air molecules

00:37:48 are slower

00:37:49 and closer to each other,

00:37:50 which creates a regular

00:37:51 air flow around the wings

00:37:52 and the cockpit.

00:37:53 At high altitudes,

00:37:54 air naturally

00:37:55 becomes thinner

00:37:56 because air molecules

00:37:57 scatter

00:37:58 and become rarer.

00:38:00 That's exactly

00:38:01 why planes

00:38:02 can't reach

00:38:03 the upper layers

00:38:04 of the atmosphere.

00:38:05 There's just not enough

00:38:06 air to create

00:38:07 enough lift.

00:38:08 The same thing

00:38:09 happens when

00:38:10 it's too hot on the ground.

00:38:11 Air molecules

00:38:12 become faster

00:38:13 and scatter,

00:38:14 which means

00:38:15 the wings

00:38:16 don't have as much

00:38:17 air to push around.

00:38:18 To take off

00:38:19 in extreme heat,

00:38:20 a plane

00:38:21 has to move

00:38:22 much faster

00:38:23 to generate

00:38:24 enough lift

00:38:25 and lift.

00:38:26 But to move

00:38:27 faster,

00:38:28 it needs

00:38:29 better engines,

00:38:30 and it's also impossible

00:38:31 when it's too hot.

00:38:33 When air becomes thinner,

00:38:34 the amount of oxygen

00:38:35 decreases as well.

00:38:37 And jet engines

00:38:38 use the oxygen

00:38:39 in the atmosphere

00:38:40 to burn.

00:38:41 When there's no

00:38:42 oxygen in the atmosphere,

00:38:43 the jet engines

00:38:44 can't generate

00:38:45 enough lift.

00:38:46 So they can't

00:38:47 generate enough lift

00:38:48 to push around.

00:38:49 That means

00:38:50 they have to accelerate

00:38:51 slower and have

00:38:52 less energy

00:38:53 to generate lift.

00:38:54 So the problem is

00:38:55 that the plane

00:38:56 has to have

00:38:57 a longer runway

00:38:58 to generate

00:38:59 enough lift

00:39:00 and lift to take off.

00:39:01 But it can't do that

00:39:02 because the engines

00:39:03 don't work

00:39:04 to the best of their ability.

00:39:05 That doesn't cause

00:39:06 any problems,

00:39:07 but only to a certain extent.

00:39:08 When the temperature

00:39:09 on the ground

00:39:10 reaches about

00:39:11 -10°C,

00:39:12 some flights

00:39:13 can be cancelled

00:39:14 because it's simply

00:39:15 dangerous for them

00:39:16 to try and take off.

00:39:17 Other planes

00:39:18 are more resistant

00:39:19 to heat

00:39:20 and more powerful,

00:39:21 but that also depends

00:39:22 on the degree of heat.

00:39:23 Some planes

00:39:24 even have to reduce

00:39:25 their weight

00:39:26 by removing

00:39:27 some of their fuel,

00:39:28 their cargo,

00:39:29 or even their passengers

00:39:30 when it's too hot.

00:39:31 A lighter load

00:39:32 means a better acceleration

00:39:33 before takeoff

00:39:34 and avoids

00:39:35 cancellations.

00:39:36 But that also means

00:39:37 that the planes

00:39:38 don't work

00:39:39 to the best of their ability.

00:39:40 The average cruising altitude

00:39:41 of a plane

00:39:42 is about 35,000 feet,

00:39:43 or almost 10,700 meters.

00:39:44 Technically,

00:39:45 they don't need

00:39:46 to fly that high,

00:39:47 but that altitude

00:39:48 gives them

00:39:49 the best speed

00:39:50 and the best efficiency.

00:39:51 The air becomes thinner

00:39:52 at high altitudes,

00:39:53 which means

00:39:54 less wind resistance

00:39:55 but less lift.

00:39:56 For most commercial planes,

00:39:57 the area between

00:39:58 30,000 and 40,000 feet

00:39:59 is the ideal fork

00:40:00 in which

00:40:01 the two factors

00:40:02 balance.

00:40:03 You probably

00:40:04 don't use

00:40:05 a laptop

00:40:06 from 1999

00:40:07 that's been

00:40:08 used for a long time

00:40:09 and your computer

00:40:10 doesn't fly

00:40:11 at a speed

00:40:12 close to the sound speed.

00:40:13 Fortunately,

00:40:14 planes have

00:40:15 a much longer

00:40:16 lifespan than computers.

00:40:17 There are

00:40:18 early 1970s

00:40:19 airliners

00:40:20 that are still

00:40:21 in perfect condition.

00:40:22 They may not be

00:40:23 at the top

00:40:24 in terms of speed

00:40:25 and energy efficiency,

00:40:26 but the old planes

00:40:27 are no less

00:40:28 reliable

00:40:29 than their

00:40:30 modern counterparts.

00:40:31 The "contrails",

00:40:32 the white lines

00:40:33 that planes often

00:40:34 leave behind

00:40:35 at high altitudes,

00:40:36 are easily confused

00:40:37 with the exhaust

00:40:38 gases of engines.

00:40:39 But most of them

00:40:40 are nothing more

00:40:41 than water vapor.

00:40:42 During a flight,

00:40:43 the air humidity

00:40:44 accumulates in the engines

00:40:45 before being evacuated

00:40:46 with the exhaust gases.

00:40:47 The hot and humid air

00:40:48 that comes out of the engines

00:40:49 mixes with the

00:40:50 fresh and dry air

00:40:51 that is found

00:40:52 at high altitudes,

00:40:53 which results

00:40:54 in long and thin

00:40:55 lines of vapor.

00:40:56 Humidity determines

00:40:57 when the condensation

00:40:58 trails form

00:40:59 and how long

00:41:00 they remain visible.

00:41:01 Have you ever noticed

00:41:02 these numbers

00:41:03 at the end of

00:41:04 the landing strip?

00:41:05 They are actually

00:41:06 used to show

00:41:07 the direction

00:41:08 the plane is heading.

00:41:09 For example,

00:41:10 the number 36

00:41:11 corresponds to

00:41:12 a 360-degree

00:41:13 or full north cape.

00:41:14 In addition to the numbers,

00:41:15 the letters R and L

00:41:16 indicate

00:41:17 whether the nearest

00:41:18 runway is

00:41:19 on the right

00:41:20 or on the left.

00:41:21 The lights

00:41:22 at the end of

00:41:23 a plane's wings

00:41:24 are called

00:41:25 position lights

00:41:26 or navigation lights

00:41:27 and are used

00:41:28 during periods

00:41:29 of reduced visibility.

00:41:30 They allow

00:41:31 to see the planes

00:41:32 in the dark

00:41:33 and can also

00:41:34 indicate to the pilot

00:41:35 the direction

00:41:36 in which

00:41:37 the plane is moving.

00:41:38 The red light

00:41:39 indicates the left

00:41:40 wing's end

00:41:41 while the green light

00:41:42 is on the right.

00:41:43 The third light

00:41:44 is white

00:41:45 and is on

00:41:46 or near the tail.

00:41:47 It may seem strange

00:41:48 that the crew

00:41:49 is worried

00:41:50 about whether

00:41:51 the hulls'

00:41:52 stores are

00:41:53 raised or lowered.

00:41:54 But the main reason

00:41:55 is that the passengers'

00:41:56 eyes can adapt

00:41:57 to the outside light.

00:41:58 Most of the time,

00:41:59 it is simply

00:42:00 about getting people

00:42:01 up and down

00:42:02 quickly,

00:42:03 but in case of emergency,

00:42:04 the last thing

00:42:05 they need

00:42:06 is a little help

00:42:07 from the crew.

00:42:08 The crew

00:42:09 is ready to

00:42:10 adapt their sight

00:42:11 before evacuating the plane.

00:42:12 You take your seat

00:42:13 in the plane

00:42:14 and look around you.

00:42:15 It is a big,

00:42:16 spacious and new plane.

00:42:17 You look up

00:42:18 and something

00:42:19 draws your attention

00:42:20 to this little compartment

00:42:21 above your seat

00:42:22 which contains

00:42:23 your oxygen mask.

00:42:24 Thinking about it,

00:42:25 you have never seen it

00:42:26 except during flight safety

00:42:27 demonstrations.

00:42:28 You tell yourself

00:42:29 that it is probably

00:42:30 better like this

00:42:31 and you relax

00:42:32 in your seat.

00:42:33 Later during the flight,

00:42:34 a powerful voice

00:42:35 wakes you up.

00:42:36 One of the air hostesses

00:42:37 says something

00:42:38 in a hushed voice,

00:42:39 but still disoriented

00:42:40 after your nap,

00:42:41 you cannot grasp

00:42:42 the meaning of the announcement.

00:42:43 And then,

00:42:44 right in front of your face,

00:42:45 you see an oxygen mask.

00:42:46 You put the mask

00:42:47 on your face.

00:42:48 You have been careful

00:42:49 during the flight safety

00:42:50 demonstration,

00:42:51 haven't you?

00:42:52 Then you grab

00:42:53 the elbow pads

00:42:54 and close your eyes

00:42:55 trying to calm down,

00:42:56 even if it seems impossible.

00:42:57 But is that really

00:42:58 what is happening

00:42:59 inside your oxygen mask?

00:43:00 You are not sure

00:43:01 but you try to

00:43:02 imagine what is happening

00:43:03 inside your oxygen mask?

00:43:04 Well, let's talk about it.

00:43:05 A oxygen mask

00:43:06 automatically deploys

00:43:07 in case of depressurization

00:43:08 of the cabin.

00:43:09 This can happen

00:43:10 for several reasons.

00:43:11 For example,

00:43:12 problems with fuselage

00:43:13 or a malfunction

00:43:14 of the valves

00:43:15 pumping air

00:43:16 into the plane.

00:43:17 But most of these incidents

00:43:18 do not put the lives

00:43:19 of passengers in danger.

00:43:20 Finally,

00:43:21 if the masks deploy

00:43:22 as they are supposed to.

00:43:23 The problem of air

00:43:24 above 3000 meters

00:43:25 of altitude

00:43:26 is that it

00:43:27 contains

00:43:28 a lot of air

00:43:29 and it is

00:43:30 not enough

00:43:31 to breathe.

00:43:32 This is why

00:43:33 as soon as

00:43:34 a plane

00:43:35 goes above this altitude,

00:43:36 the pressurization system

00:43:37 takes action.

00:43:38 Its main task

00:43:39 is to create

00:43:40 the same breathable conditions

00:43:41 as at an altitude

00:43:42 of 1500 to 2500 meters.

00:43:43 If,

00:43:44 for some reason,

00:43:45 this system

00:43:46 turns out to be

00:43:47 failing,

00:43:48 the oxygen masks

00:43:49 fall.

00:43:50 If this happens,

00:43:51 it is crucial

00:43:52 to put your mask

00:43:53 in the 18 seconds

00:43:54 after its deployment.

00:43:55 If this happens,

00:43:56 the oxygen mask

00:43:57 will be in the air

00:43:58 for a long time

00:43:59 and will not

00:44:00 breathe.

00:44:01 If you hesitate,

00:44:02 you will very quickly

00:44:03 feel the effects

00:44:04 of the low oxygen

00:44:05 level in your blood.

00:44:06 You will fall asleep

00:44:07 and if you continue

00:44:08 to ignore your oxygen mask,

00:44:09 you may faint.

00:44:10 In short,

00:44:11 you have acted quickly

00:44:12 and you can now

00:44:13 breathe freely.

00:44:14 But for how long?

00:44:15 Is it really

00:44:16 oxygen that you inhale?

00:44:17 First of all,

00:44:18 you notice with horror

00:44:19 that your mask

00:44:20 does not inflate.

00:44:21 Do not worry,

00:44:22 it is not supposed

00:44:23 to rise and fall

00:44:24 at the same time

00:44:25 as your breathing.

00:44:26 So,

00:44:27 everything works

00:44:28 as it should.

00:44:29 Even if you feel

00:44:30 that it is not the case.

00:44:31 Now,

00:44:32 hang on.

00:44:33 Here is a new shock.

00:44:34 There is actually

00:44:35 no oxygen in the mask.

00:44:36 Instead of gas,

00:44:37 there are several

00:44:38 chemical products.

00:44:39 When they combine,

00:44:40 they reproduce

00:44:41 the breathable oxygen.

00:44:42 The main reason

00:44:43 for the use

00:44:44 of these chemical products

00:44:45 is safety.

00:44:46 This mixture

00:44:47 is much less flammable

00:44:48 than oxygen bottles.

00:44:49 Anyway,

00:44:50 the chemical reaction

00:44:51 that occurs

00:44:52 in a deployed oxygen mask

00:44:53 is the reason

00:44:54 for the lack

00:44:55 of oxygen in the mask.

00:44:56 The oxygen mask

00:44:57 is a chemical

00:44:58 that is deployed

00:44:59 and the reason

00:45:00 why you can smell

00:45:01 burning when you wear it.

00:45:02 It is the chemical products

00:45:03 that mix

00:45:04 and form

00:45:05 the new substance.

00:45:06 In the event of a real fire,

00:45:07 your mask

00:45:08 will not simply fall.

00:45:09 The chemical products

00:45:10 inside

00:45:11 can unfortunately

00:45:12 feed the flames.

00:45:13 And do not forget

00:45:14 that in your mask,

00:45:15 there is only enough oxygen

00:45:16 for 20 minutes

00:45:17 at most.

00:45:18 This time

00:45:19 is generally enough

00:45:20 for the plane

00:45:21 to descend

00:45:22 to the necessary altitude.

00:45:23 When the chemical products

00:45:24 contained in the mask

00:45:25 are exhausted,

00:45:26 the oxygen

00:45:27 in the mask

00:45:28 stops the air flow.

00:45:29 But at this point,

00:45:30 you are already

00:45:31 at an altitude

00:45:32 where you can breathe

00:45:33 without additional help.

00:45:34 Besides,

00:45:35 oxygen masks

00:45:36 are not used

00:45:37 very often.

00:45:38 In American airlines,

00:45:39 there have only been

00:45:40 2,800 cases

00:45:41 over a period

00:45:42 of 40 years.

00:45:43 In other words,

00:45:44 additional oxygen

00:45:45 was only necessary

00:45:46 10 times

00:45:47 for 1 billion

00:45:48 hours of flight.

00:45:49 The average cruising altitude

00:45:50 of a commercial plane

00:45:51 is 9,500 to 11,000 km.

00:45:52 The average cruising altitude

00:45:53 of a commercial plane

00:45:54 is 9,500 to 11,000 km.

00:45:55 The average cruising altitude

00:45:56 of a commercial plane

00:45:57 is 9,500 to 11,000 km.

00:45:58 Why can't planes

00:45:59 climb higher than that?

00:46:00 Well,

00:46:01 it's not that they can't,

00:46:02 it's just that

00:46:03 they don't.

00:46:04 If they went higher,

00:46:05 they would face

00:46:06 serious security problems.

00:46:07 First of all,

00:46:08 if a plane flies very high,

00:46:09 it takes a long time

00:46:10 to return

00:46:11 to a safe altitude.

00:46:12 In an emergency,

00:46:13 such as a rapid depressurization

00:46:14 or every second counts,

00:46:15 this can become

00:46:16 a serious problem.

00:46:17 In addition,

00:46:18 when the plane

00:46:19 is in a critical condition,

00:46:20 it can be difficult

00:46:21 to return to the same altitude

00:46:22 for a long time.

00:46:23 In other words,

00:46:24 the plane

00:46:25 can't fly at a safe altitude.

00:46:26 In addition,

00:46:27 when they fly

00:46:28 at altitudes

00:46:29 higher than 11,500 m,

00:46:30 planes can't communicate

00:46:31 with ground services

00:46:32 as well as they do

00:46:33 when flying lower.

00:46:34 At lower altitudes,

00:46:35 planes can also

00:46:36 count partially on the wind.

00:46:37 And if they go too high,

00:46:38 without additional support,

00:46:39 they waste too much fuel

00:46:40 to stay in the air.

00:46:41 When a plane goes too high,

00:46:42 the air can't provide

00:46:43 enough lift

00:46:44 for the aircraft

00:46:45 to continue flying.

00:46:46 The lift is created

00:46:47 by the difference

00:46:48 in air pressure.

00:46:49 But at high altitudes,

00:46:50 the air can't

00:46:51 provide enough lift

00:46:52 for the aircraft

00:46:53 to continue flying.

00:46:54 But at high altitudes,

00:46:55 this difference

00:46:56 is simply not enough.

00:46:57 The air may not seem

00:46:58 very concrete

00:46:59 as it's not palpable

00:47:00 like metal or plastic,

00:47:01 but it's still

00:47:02 one of the things

00:47:03 that keeps

00:47:04 planes in the air.

00:47:05 Let's say

00:47:06 a plane is heading

00:47:07 towards space.

00:47:08 It has large wings

00:47:09 cleverly designed

00:47:10 and super-powerful engines.

00:47:11 But the higher it goes,

00:47:12 the more air is reduced

00:47:13 until there is

00:47:14 almost no more air.

00:47:15 And then,

00:47:16 nothing can support

00:47:17 the plane

00:47:18 and help it

00:47:19 go further

00:47:20 if there is

00:47:21 a quasi-flat surface

00:47:22 on the ground.

00:47:23 That's why

00:47:24 we always need

00:47:25 rockets

00:47:26 to go into space.

00:47:27 Let's go back

00:47:28 to your flight.

00:47:29 The plane is now

00:47:30 at a safe altitude

00:47:31 and you no longer

00:47:32 need your oxygen mask.

00:47:33 But there's a detail

00:47:34 that intrigues you.

00:47:35 During this

00:47:36 test,

00:47:37 you didn't hear

00:47:38 the pilots

00:47:39 mention the emergency

00:47:40 details just once.

00:47:41 That's because

00:47:42 the pilots

00:47:43 are always very careful

00:47:44 about what they say

00:47:45 and the way

00:47:46 they say it.

00:47:47 They never announce

00:47:48 anything serious

00:47:49 like a failure

00:47:50 or a malfunction.

00:47:51 They minimize

00:47:52 the risk

00:47:53 by replacing

00:47:54 "no visibility"

00:47:55 with "light fog",

00:47:56 "something is broken"

00:47:57 with "technical problem"

00:47:58 and so on.

00:47:59 This is what we call

00:48:00 "positive scenario".

00:48:01 Hey,

00:48:02 it looks like

00:48:03 we just let go

00:48:04 of our two wings.

00:48:05 Well,

00:48:06 that should

00:48:07 relieve us a bit.

00:48:08 The cabin crew

00:48:09 is also supposed

00:48:10 to follow this rule.

00:48:11 But the passengers

00:48:12 see the pilots' announcements

00:48:13 as more important

00:48:14 and pay

00:48:15 statistically

00:48:16 100%

00:48:17 attention to them.

00:48:18 Anyway,

00:48:19 if there is

00:48:20 a really serious problem

00:48:21 you need to prepare for,

00:48:22 you will

00:48:23 certainly be informed.

00:48:24 Now,

00:48:25 imagine this.

00:48:26 You enter

00:48:27 the cabin

00:48:28 of a spaceship.

00:48:29 And as soon as

00:48:30 you find your seat,

00:48:31 you realize

00:48:32 that for the next few hours

00:48:33 you will be stuck

00:48:34 in the middle seat

00:48:35 between two other passengers.

00:48:36 But oh,

00:48:37 look!

00:48:38 There is a row of seats

00:48:39 perfectly empty

00:48:40 at the end of the plane.

00:48:41 It's time

00:48:42 to change seats.

00:48:43 Not so fast.

00:48:44 You have to keep in mind

00:48:45 that by doing so,

00:48:46 you could put the safety

00:48:47 of the entire plane

00:48:48 at risk.

00:48:49 Really?

00:48:50 First of all,

00:48:51 it is unlikely

00:48:52 that you are the only person

00:48:53 who wants to change seats.

00:48:54 However,

00:48:55 if several passengers do so,

00:48:56 it could disturb

00:48:57 the balance of the plane.

00:48:58 And since most of the planes

00:48:59 are extremely sensitive

00:49:00 to any change

00:49:01 in their center of gravity,

00:49:02 this can have consequences

00:49:03 that are at least

00:49:04 unpleasant.

00:49:05 Some more positive

00:49:06 scenario.

00:49:07 The pilots

00:49:08 must know

00:49:09 the weight distribution

00:49:10 in the plane

00:49:11 during take-off

00:49:12 and landing.

00:49:13 They must know

00:49:14 the weight distribution

00:49:15 in the plane

00:49:16 during take-off

00:49:17 and landing.

00:49:18 They must know

00:49:19 the weight distribution

00:49:20 in the plane

00:49:21 during take-off

00:49:22 and landing.

00:49:23 If these calculations

00:49:24 are wrong,

00:49:25 there is a chance

00:49:26 that the plane will crash

00:49:27 as soon as it tries

00:49:28 to leave the ground.

00:49:29 But even if the worst

00:49:30 does not happen,

00:49:31 pilots can always

00:49:32 have serious problems

00:49:33 to control the plane.

00:49:34 For example,

00:49:35 a pilot almost

00:49:36 failed to get

00:49:37 his plane to turn,

00:49:38 while only four passengers

00:49:39 had left their assigned seats

00:49:40 and had moved

00:49:41 to the front of the cabin.

00:49:42 The situation was critical

00:49:43 because the runway

00:49:44 was unusually short.

00:49:45 The pilots

00:49:46 were not able

00:49:47 to control the plane

00:49:48 as they wanted

00:49:49 to avoid

00:49:50 a crash.

00:49:51 If something

00:49:52 went wrong,

00:49:53 the plane

00:49:54 could not have stopped.

00:49:55 The balance of the plane

00:49:56 can also be disturbed

00:49:57 if the airport staff

00:49:58 loads the luggage

00:49:59 incorrectly,

00:50:00 for example

00:50:01 in the rear compartment

00:50:02 instead of the front compartment.

00:50:03 In this case,

00:50:04 the aircraft

00:50:05 can turn too fast

00:50:06 and the pilot

00:50:07 will have trouble

00:50:08 not to lose speed.

00:50:09 This does not mean

00:50:10 that you can not

00:50:11 change seats

00:50:12 in the plane at all,

00:50:13 but before doing so,

00:50:14 ask a member

00:50:15 of the cabin staff

00:50:16 to help you

00:50:17 if you can do it

00:50:18 safely.

00:50:19 Still shivering

00:50:20 after the fright

00:50:21 you just had,

00:50:22 you try to distract yourself.

00:50:23 Fortunately,

00:50:24 you have a seat

00:50:25 next to the window

00:50:26 and you can look

00:50:27 at the clouds and ...

00:50:28 Wait!

00:50:29 You suddenly notice

00:50:30 that the wings

00:50:31 of the plane are bent.

00:50:32 They seem to oscillate

00:50:33 so strongly

00:50:34 that you are afraid

00:50:35 that they will come off.

00:50:36 Do not worry,

00:50:37 the wings are designed

00:50:38 to bend

00:50:39 in this way.

00:50:40 If they were rigid,

00:50:41 they would break

00:50:42 as soon as

00:50:43 the slightest turbulence

00:50:44 would touch the plane.

00:50:45 In fact,

00:50:46 pilots recommend

00:50:47 to nervous passengers

00:50:48 who are afraid of turbulence

00:50:49 to choose seats

00:50:50 in the middle of the cabin.

00:50:51 Turbulences

00:50:52 mostly affect

00:50:53 the front and rear parts.

00:50:54 The central part,

00:50:55 above the wings,

00:50:56 does not shake

00:50:57 as much as that.

00:50:58 You may feel

00:50:59 a little more relaxed

00:51:00 knowing that

00:51:01 planes can work

00:51:02 safely

00:51:03 with a single engine,

00:51:04 even during take-off

00:51:05 and landing.

00:51:06 And that two engines

00:51:07 that break down

00:51:08 at the same time,

00:51:09 it's almost

00:51:10 never seen before.

00:51:11 Even if such a

00:51:12 situation

00:51:13 is not uncommon,

00:51:14 your plane

00:51:15 will not fall

00:51:16 from the sky

00:51:17 like a stone.

00:51:18 If the two engines

00:51:19 stop working

00:51:20 at high altitude,

00:51:21 pilots still have

00:51:22 at least 20 minutes

00:51:23 to find a place

00:51:24 to land.

00:51:25 A plane can land

00:51:26 even if its landing gear

00:51:27 is broken.

00:51:28 It may seem

00:51:29 scary,

00:51:30 but if the gear

00:51:31 is stuck,

00:51:32 pilots just have

00:51:33 to slide the belly

00:51:34 of the plane

00:51:35 onto the runway.

00:51:36 If everything is done

00:51:37 correctly,

00:51:38 such landings

00:51:39 are more or less safe.

00:51:40 Ladies and gentlemen,

00:51:41 we are about

00:51:42 to land

00:51:43 at our destination.

00:51:44 Well,

00:51:45 more or less.

00:51:46 How can spiders

00:51:47 survive

00:51:48 when they lose a leg?

00:51:49 When they are

00:51:50 in a dangerous situation

00:51:51 and they try

00:51:52 to escape,

00:51:53 they can lose legs

00:51:54 and be pushed back

00:51:55 only a few months

00:51:56 later.

00:51:57 They will survive

00:51:58 without any problem

00:51:59 because most of the time

00:52:00 their legs detach

00:52:01 at the point

00:52:02 of rupture.

00:52:03 These are joints

00:52:04 that contain

00:52:05 muscles

00:52:06 that contract,

00:52:07 which helps spiders

00:52:08 to minimize

00:52:09 blood loss.

00:52:10 If they lose a leg

00:52:11 at the level

00:52:12 of rupture

00:52:13 that precedes

00:52:14 the point of rupture,

00:52:15 they will lose

00:52:16 more blood

00:52:17 and it will be

00:52:18 more difficult

00:52:19 for them to heal.

00:52:20 Speaking of spiders,

00:52:21 have you noticed

00:52:22 that they sometimes

00:52:23 remain motionless

00:52:24 for a long time?

00:52:25 They freeze

00:52:26 while waiting

00:52:27 for a potential prey

00:52:28 to land on their web.

00:52:29 If a spider moves,

00:52:30 it wastes energy

00:52:31 and unnecessarily

00:52:32 attracts attention

00:52:33 to it.

00:52:34 Either a hungry bird

00:52:35 in search of a food

00:52:36 will see it,

00:52:37 or the spider

00:52:38 will remain hungry

00:52:39 because the flies

00:52:40 will have less tendency

00:52:41 to eat.

00:52:42 When they move

00:52:43 on a web,

00:52:44 they also

00:52:45 waste a lot of energy.

00:52:46 Even when the web

00:52:47 is over,

00:52:48 a spider

00:52:49 may have to wait

00:52:50 for days

00:52:51 or weeks

00:52:52 before catching

00:52:53 something.

00:52:54 It is therefore

00:52:55 important to save

00:52:56 as much energy

00:52:57 as possible.

00:52:58 Hunting spiders

00:52:59 are much more active,

00:53:00 but most of them

00:53:01 are nocturnal predators.

00:53:02 They spend

00:53:03 their days

00:53:04 resting,

00:53:05 hidden under

00:53:06 a rock

00:53:07 or in a bed.

00:53:08 Roasted potatoes

00:53:09 can remain hot

00:53:10 for a long time

00:53:11 and can be

00:53:12 easily frozen.

00:53:13 The frozen potatoes

00:53:14 act as a kind

00:53:15 of insulating layer.

00:53:16 When you boil

00:53:17 a potato,

00:53:18 its starch granules

00:53:19 absorb water

00:53:20 and swell

00:53:21 until the carbon molecules

00:53:22 escape

00:53:23 to produce

00:53:24 a kind of thick gel.

00:53:25 If you then

00:53:26 put the potato

00:53:27 in the oven,

00:53:28 the high temperature

00:53:29 drives away the humidity.

00:53:30 The gelatinized starch

00:53:31 then ends up

00:53:32 outside the potato

00:53:33 and creates

00:53:34 a crispy crust

00:53:35 that imprisons

00:53:36 the heat inside.

00:53:37 The fat from the baking sheet

00:53:38 also accumulates

00:53:39 inside the cracks

00:53:40 and the structure

00:53:41 that keeps the heat

00:53:42 remains solid.

00:53:43 Birds do not

00:53:44 electrocute

00:53:45 by landing

00:53:46 on electric lines

00:53:47 because it is not

00:53:48 the voltage

00:53:49 that can harm them

00:53:50 but the difference

00:53:51 in voltage

00:53:52 without which

00:53:53 electricity

00:53:54 would not circulate.

00:53:55 So if a bird

00:53:56 lands on

00:53:57 a single electric line

00:53:58 at 35,000 volts,

00:53:59 for example,

00:54:00 the absence

00:54:01 of voltage difference

00:54:02 allows the animal

00:54:03 to remain safe.

00:54:04 But if it accidentally

00:54:05 stretches its wings

00:54:06 and touches

00:54:07 another electric line

00:54:08 at a different voltage,

00:54:09 it will not end

00:54:10 well for it.

00:54:11 This is the reason

00:54:12 why the power companies

00:54:13 make sure

00:54:14 there is a lot of space

00:54:15 between the cables.

00:54:16 You have already wondered

00:54:17 why the pilots

00:54:18 do not try to land

00:54:19 on the grass

00:54:20 when the landing

00:54:21 train is blocked.

00:54:22 The grass

00:54:23 may seem

00:54:24 to be a good option

00:54:25 because it is soft

00:54:26 but this surface

00:54:27 is neither smooth

00:54:28 nor regular.

00:54:29 When the pressure

00:54:30 is high,

00:54:31 landing on the grass

00:54:32 can cause

00:54:33 unpredictable movements

00:54:34 and cause problems

00:54:35 such as

00:54:36 the formation

00:54:37 of structures

00:54:38 that occur

00:54:39 because of the bounces

00:54:40 and the unequal pressure.

00:54:41 This can even

00:54:42 cause a leak

00:54:43 of fuel

00:54:44 and prevent

00:54:45 the doors from opening.

00:54:46 The bald heads

00:54:47 tend to be shiny

00:54:48 whereas elsewhere

00:54:49 on the human body

00:54:50 the skin is not.

00:54:51 Most of our skin

00:54:52 is covered

00:54:53 with tiny hairs

00:54:54 which give it

00:54:55 a kind of velvety look

00:54:56 like a fish tank.

00:54:57 In the case

00:54:58 of the male calvices,

00:54:59 the pilot follicles

00:55:00 tend to shrink

00:55:01 and turn

00:55:02 into skin cells

00:55:03 which means

00:55:04 that there are

00:55:05 no useless hair

00:55:06 on the skin.

00:55:07 The scalp

00:55:08 is particularly shiny

00:55:09 thanks to the sebaceous glands.

00:55:10 They produce

00:55:11 and secrete

00:55:12 a kind of oily substance

00:55:13 which protects our skin.

00:55:14 The sebaceous glands

00:55:15 are located

00:55:16 all over our skin

00:55:17 but the scalp

00:55:18 is much more important.

00:55:19 This oil

00:55:20 covers the skin

00:55:21 which turns it

00:55:22 into a more reflective surface.

00:55:23 Domestic cats

00:55:24 rarely bite

00:55:25 each other

00:55:26 but they become

00:55:27 shiny with humans

00:55:28 and this could be

00:55:29 linked to domestication.

00:55:30 The process

00:55:31 of getting used

00:55:32 to the skin

00:55:33 is called

00:55:34 the "dry skin"

00:55:35 and it's a process

00:55:36 of getting used

00:55:37 to the skin

00:55:38 that began

00:55:39 10,000 years ago.

00:55:40 Before that,

00:55:41 cats were rather lonely.

00:55:42 They rarely

00:55:43 met other cats

00:55:44 so they didn't need

00:55:45 to use their voice

00:55:46 to communicate with each other.

00:55:47 Instead,

00:55:48 they communicated

00:55:49 through their odour

00:55:50 which included

00:55:51 things like

00:55:52 rubbing against

00:55:53 a certain object

00:55:54 like a tree.

00:55:55 They didn't even need

00:55:56 to meet other members

00:55:57 of their species

00:55:58 to send a message

00:55:59 and this is also

00:56:00 how they communicate

00:56:01 mainly today.

00:56:02 But humans

00:56:03 don't have

00:56:04 the same ability

00:56:05 to communicate

00:56:06 with other cats

00:56:07 so these smart creatures

00:56:08 had to find a way

00:56:09 to send us messages

00:56:10 while getting

00:56:11 what they wanted from us

00:56:12 and this turned out

00:56:13 to be

00:56:14 meowing.

00:56:15 If you plan

00:56:16 a day's excursion

00:56:17 in a desert

00:56:18 like the Sahara

00:56:19 in North Africa

00:56:20 you'll want to bring

00:56:21 a good sunscreen

00:56:22 and a lot of water

00:56:23 of course

00:56:24 but also

00:56:25 a well-packed

00:56:26 sleeping bag

00:56:27 if you plan

00:56:28 to spend the night there.

00:56:29 Deserts become

00:56:30 very cold

00:56:31 during the night.

00:56:32 In the Sahara

00:56:33 the temperature

00:56:34 goes from

00:56:35 an average of

00:56:36 38 degrees

00:56:37 during the day

00:56:38 to -4 degrees

00:56:39 during the night.

00:56:40 This spectacular

00:56:41 variation occurs

00:56:42 because of

00:56:43 two main factors

00:56:44 humidity

00:56:45 and sand.

00:56:46 Sand doesn't

00:56:47 keep the heat

00:56:48 very well.

00:56:49 When the light

00:56:50 and the sun's heat

00:56:51 reach a desert

00:56:52 the grains of sand

00:56:53 from the upper layer

00:56:54 absorb the heat

00:56:55 but they throw it

00:56:56 back into the air

00:56:57 quite quickly.

00:56:58 So during the day

00:56:59 the sand

00:57:00 radiates energy

00:57:01 from the sun

00:57:02 and the temperature

00:57:03 is extremely high.

00:57:04 But during the night

00:57:05 the sand loses

00:57:06 heat again

00:57:07 quickly.

00:57:08 And this time

00:57:09 there's no sunlight

00:57:10 warming up the desert.

00:57:11 This makes the sand

00:57:12 even colder

00:57:13 and leads to

00:57:14 a very low temperature.

00:57:15 In the arid deserts

00:57:16 from Atacama to Chile

00:57:17 and the Sahara

00:57:18 humidity

00:57:19 is extremely low.

00:57:20 This means

00:57:21 that the amount

00:57:22 of water vapor

00:57:23 in the air

00:57:24 is almost zero.

00:57:25 But unlike

00:57:26 sand

00:57:27 water keeps

00:57:28 the heat well.

00:57:29 Water vapor in the air

00:57:30 traps the heat

00:57:31 near the ground.

00:57:32 It's like you're covering

00:57:33 the ground

00:57:34 with a huge blanket.

00:57:35 This prevents

00:57:36 the air from dissipating

00:57:37 in the atmosphere.

00:57:38 In addition

00:57:39 when the air

00:57:40 has a high humidity level

00:57:41 it needs more energy

00:57:42 to warm up.

00:57:43 This means

00:57:44 that it takes more time

00:57:45 for this same energy

00:57:46 to disappear

00:57:47 and the environment

00:57:48 to cool down.

00:57:49 Since there's almost

00:57:50 no humidity

00:57:51 in the deserts

00:57:52 these areas

00:57:53 can both

00:57:54 warm up

00:57:55 and cool down

00:57:56 quickly.

00:57:57 If you heat the water

00:57:58 in your microwave

00:57:59 it will taste less good

00:58:00 than when it's prepared

00:58:01 in a kettle.

00:58:02 This is because

00:58:03 the temperature of the liquid

00:58:04 is the main factor

00:58:05 of a good tea.

00:58:06 The water

00:58:07 must reach the boiling point

00:58:08 for a certain time

00:58:09 before you pour it

00:58:10 on the tea leaves.

00:58:11 Whether it's in a jar

00:58:12 or in a bag

00:58:13 it's rather easy

00:58:14 to do with the tea kettle.

00:58:15 Whether it's electric

00:58:16 or on the stove.

00:58:17 When the burner

00:58:18 or the heating element

00:58:19 is turned on

00:58:20 the water at the bottom

00:58:21 of the container

00:58:22 warms up.

00:58:23 And since it warms up

00:58:24 the water

00:58:25 in the kettle

00:58:26 is also heated

00:58:27 and the water

00:58:28 in the kettle

00:58:29 is also heated.

00:58:30 And since it warms up

00:58:31 the water

00:58:32 in the rest of the kettle

00:58:33 reaches the boiling point.

00:58:34 On the contrary

00:58:35 a microwave does not

00:58:36 heat from the bottom

00:58:37 to the top.

00:58:38 It creates electromagnetic

00:58:39 waves

00:58:40 that jump randomly

00:58:41 around the burner.

00:58:42 You probably noticed

00:58:43 when you tried

00:58:44 to warm up the leftovers.

00:58:45 They end up being

00:58:46 partially cold

00:58:47 in some places

00:58:48 and very hot in others.

00:58:49 The same thing

00:58:50 happens with water

00:58:51 because it's difficult

00:58:52 to control the energy

00:58:53 of the microwaves.

00:58:54 A liquid that's too hot

00:58:55 is not good for tea either.

00:58:56 When the water

00:58:57 exceeds 100 degrees

00:58:58 which is its boiling point

00:58:59 it can destroy

00:59:00 the compounds

00:59:01 that give a tea

00:59:02 its specific flavour.

00:59:03 Have you ever wondered

00:59:04 why American electric cards

00:59:05 have holes in the brushes?

00:59:06 The story goes back

00:59:07 to the beginning

00:59:08 of the 20th century

00:59:09 when Harvey Hubble Jr.

00:59:10 invented different types

00:59:11 of electric cards.

00:59:12 He started with

00:59:13 the detachable electric card

00:59:14 which was the very first

00:59:15 of its kind.

00:59:16 Some of its designs

00:59:17 had brushes

00:59:18 with notches

00:59:19 on the bottom

00:59:20 of the brush.

00:59:21 The brush

00:59:22 was a type of

00:59:23 mechanical brush

00:59:24 that was used

00:59:25 to make

00:59:26 electric cards

00:59:27 with notches

00:59:28 that aligned

00:59:29 with the little brushes

00:59:30 inside the electric cards.

00:59:31 This system of notches

00:59:32 and two brushes

00:59:33 allowed to keep

00:59:34 the brushes in place

00:59:35 when people inserted

00:59:36 a card into a brush.

00:59:37 At one point

00:59:38 these indentations

00:59:39 gave way

00:59:40 to holes

00:59:41 that function

00:59:42 in the same way

00:59:43 but that's only

00:59:44 part of the story.

00:59:45 Most modern brushes

00:59:46 don't even have brushes anymore.

00:59:47 They prevent the brushes

00:59:48 from falling off the wall

00:59:49 by using friction

00:59:50 and pressure.

00:59:51 Today

00:59:52 some manufacturers

00:59:53 insert a rod

00:59:54 into every hole

00:59:55 in a line of brushes.

00:59:56 This way

00:59:57 they keep them in place

00:59:58 while wrapping them

00:59:59 in plastic.

01:00:00 Some also say

01:00:01 that the holes

01:00:02 save metal

01:00:03 which reduces

01:00:04 the cost of manufacturing.

01:00:05 Why do cats

01:00:06 like to lick humans?

01:00:07 There are several

01:00:08 potential reasons for this.

01:00:09 First,

01:00:10 they collect

01:00:11 biochemical information

01:00:12 on your skin.

01:00:13 They can also

01:00:14 mark you

01:00:15 as one of their possessions.

01:00:16 Admit it,

01:00:17 it totally

01:00:18 looks like

01:00:19 a cat's behavior.

01:00:20 Second,

01:00:21 cats

01:00:22 are very sensitive

01:00:23 to human behavior.

01:00:24 They could also

01:00:25 just let you know

01:00:26 that they trust you

01:00:27 or at least

01:00:28 show you

01:00:29 that they don't

01:00:30 consider you

01:00:31 a threat

01:00:32 or a potential rival.

01:00:33 Why do bananas

01:00:34 become sweeter

01:00:35 by maturing?

01:00:36 Fruits

01:00:37 don't randomly

01:00:38 scatter their seeds.

01:00:39 They do so

01:00:40 when animals

01:00:41 eat them.

01:00:42 At a certain stage,

01:00:43 they suddenly

01:00:44 increase their sugar content

01:00:45 which encourages

01:00:46 animals to eat them

01:00:47 at that moment

01:00:48 more precisely

01:00:49 when their seeds

01:00:50 are ripe.

01:00:51 Ripe seeds

01:00:53 have developed

01:00:54 special coatings

01:00:55 that protect them

01:00:56 when they pass

01:00:57 through the digestive system

01:00:58 of animals.

01:00:59 Why is our skin

01:01:00 so shaggy

01:01:01 after spending

01:01:02 so much time

01:01:03 in the water?

01:01:04 After 5 to 10 minutes

01:01:05 in the bathtub,

01:01:06 you'll notice

01:01:07 that little wrinkles

01:01:08 form on your feet

01:01:09 and hands.

01:01:10 Scientists

01:01:11 suppose that

01:01:12 this could be

01:01:13 the way

01:01:14 our body

01:01:15 gets better adhesion

01:01:16 when it is immersed

01:01:17 in a slippery environment.

01:01:18 Our wrinkled fingers

01:01:19 mix with

01:01:20 the wet and

01:01:21 wet objects

01:01:22 to improve

01:01:23 our grip.

01:01:24 In addition,

01:01:25 they channel water

01:01:26 in a similar way

01:01:27 to the tires

01:01:28 for rain

01:01:29 on car tires.

01:01:30 When you eat

01:01:31 something very acidic,

01:01:32 you don't feel it

01:01:33 only on your tongue.

01:01:34 Sometimes,

01:01:35 your whole face

01:01:36 seems to contract

01:01:37 so that

01:01:38 everyone around

01:01:39 can see

01:01:40 that you're having

01:01:41 a bad time.

01:01:42 The bitter taste

01:01:43 that causes this reaction

01:01:44 is the result

01:01:45 of the hydrogen ions

01:01:46 that the acids release

01:01:47 when they mix

01:01:48 with saliva.

01:01:49 When your mouth

01:01:50 detects this sign

01:01:51 of an acid,

01:01:52 it sends you

01:01:53 a message

01:01:54 in a spectacular way

01:01:55 so that you

01:01:56 can't ignore it.

01:01:57 It's an evolutionary

01:01:58 response

01:01:59 that made sense

01:02:00 in ancient times

01:02:01 because many plants

01:02:02 that our ancestors

01:02:03 found in nature

01:02:04 and that they

01:02:05 then wanted to

01:02:06 consume were toxic,

01:02:07 especially plants

01:02:08 with an acidic taste.

01:02:09 So, even today,

01:02:10 your taste buds

01:02:11 put you on alert

01:02:12 and your face

01:02:13 wrinkles uncontrollably

01:02:14 when you taste

01:02:15 something like that.

01:02:16 A lighter colour

01:02:17 on an airplane

01:02:18 is actually

01:02:19 heavier than

01:02:20 a darker paint.

01:02:21 A lighter colour

01:02:22 requires a solid

01:02:23 content higher

01:02:24 than black

01:02:25 to get the necessary

01:02:26 saturation.

01:02:27 However,

01:02:28 the higher the solid

01:02:29 content is,

01:02:30 the heavier the paint

01:02:31 will be.

01:02:32 That's why

01:02:33 a lighter colour

01:02:34 is one of the heaviest.

01:02:35 But white planes

01:02:36 are more effective

01:02:37 than black ones,

01:02:38 although it also depends

01:02:39 on how

01:02:40 we define "efficient".

01:02:41 A lighter colour

01:02:42 reflects more

01:02:43 of the sunlight

01:02:44 than a darker colour.

01:02:45 The different colours

01:02:46 absorb different

01:02:47 wavelengths of light

01:02:48 and white objects

01:02:49 heat up more slowly

01:02:50 than darker objects.

01:02:51 This means

01:02:52 that the plane

01:02:53 doesn't overheat.

01:02:54 If your tea tastes weird

01:02:55 when you drink it

01:02:56 in a plastic cup,

01:02:57 don't worry,

01:02:58 it's normal.

01:02:59 You might think

01:03:00 that tea

01:03:01 dissolves

01:03:02 a part of the plastic,

01:03:03 but that's probably

01:03:04 not the case.

01:03:05 The taste you perceive

01:03:06 is not only

01:03:07 the result

01:03:08 of your taste buds,

01:03:09 all your senses

01:03:10 contribute to it.

01:03:11 That's why

01:03:12 strawberry mousse

01:03:13 tastes sweeter

01:03:14 on a white plate

01:03:15 than on a black one.

01:03:16 And that's why

01:03:17 you feel

01:03:18 that crisps

01:03:19 are more crispy

01:03:20 when you hear

01:03:21 those specific

01:03:22 high-frequency sounds

01:03:23 while eating them.

01:03:24 Likewise,

01:03:25 hot chocolate

01:03:26 tastes better

01:03:27 when you drink it

01:03:28 in an orange cup.

01:03:29 We are,

01:03:30 in a way,

01:03:31 conditioned

01:03:32 to drink hot tea

01:03:33 in ceramic cups.

01:03:34 That's why

01:03:35 seeing it in a plastic cup

01:03:36 makes us unconsciously

01:03:37 expect

01:03:38 tea from a distributor

01:03:39 that doesn't taste good.

01:03:40 Pink flames

01:03:41 often stick

01:03:42 to a dough

01:03:43 and a spoon.

01:03:44 Some people

01:03:45 often stick to a dough

01:03:46 and a theory

01:03:47 states that it helps

01:03:48 them to keep

01:03:49 their body heat.

01:03:50 A proof is

01:03:51 that they lift a dough

01:03:52 more often in water

01:03:53 than on earth.

01:03:54 Others think

01:03:55 that's how they save

01:03:56 energy

01:03:57 and not heat.

01:03:58 These birds

01:03:59 are definitely

01:04:00 more stable

01:04:01 on a dough

01:04:02 when it comes to

01:04:03 standing up

01:04:04 for long periods.

01:04:05 That's because

01:04:06 they can lock

01:04:07 the tendons

01:04:08 and ligaments

01:04:09 of their dough

01:04:10 in a stable position,

01:04:11 which means

01:04:12 that their muscles

01:04:13 are always

01:04:14 in the same place.

01:04:15 And that gives them

01:04:16 an inimitable look.

01:04:17 Why do repetitive noises

01:04:18 annoy us so much?

01:04:19 It's simple.

01:04:20 They constantly

01:04:21 attract our attention

01:04:22 and prevent us

01:04:23 from focusing

01:04:24 on something else.

01:04:25 We stop reacting

01:04:26 to repetitive sounds

01:04:27 like the ticking

01:04:28 of a clock.

01:04:29 But some

01:04:30 are simply

01:04:31 too annoying,

01:04:32 like a dripping tap.

01:04:33 The reason

01:04:34 why it bothers us

01:04:35 so much

01:04:36 is the lack

01:04:37 of control.

01:04:38 If you know

01:04:39 you can stop

01:04:40 the noise

01:04:41 when you want to,

01:04:42 you won't find

01:04:43 it as annoying.

01:04:44 Why do all the planets

01:04:45 make circles

01:04:46 around the Sun

01:04:47 in the same direction?

01:04:48 It would be great

01:04:49 to go back

01:04:50 4.6 billion years.

01:04:51 You could see

01:04:52 that space

01:04:53 was not empty

01:04:54 at the time,

01:04:55 even if our

01:04:56 Solar System

01:04:57 was not yet formed.

01:04:58 There was a cloud

01:04:59 of dust and gas

01:05:00 at the place

01:05:01 where, today,

01:05:02 our Sun

01:05:03 and the planets are.

01:05:04 This cloud

01:05:05 was like a solar nebula

01:05:06 and it shaped

01:05:07 our Solar System.

01:05:08 To put it simply,

01:05:09 a nebula

01:05:10 is a cloud

01:05:11 of gas and dust

01:05:12 that occupies

01:05:13 the space

01:05:14 between the stars

01:05:15 and helps to form

01:05:16 new ones

01:05:17 as well as the planets

01:05:18 that gravitate

01:05:19 around them.

01:05:20 When this nebula

01:05:21 collapsed,

01:05:22 its center

01:05:23 became our Sun

01:05:24 while the rest

01:05:25 of the matter

01:05:26 gathered

01:05:27 and created

01:05:28 the planets

01:05:29 we know today

01:05:30 as well as their moons

01:05:31 and the rest of the rocky bodies

01:05:32 like the asteroids.

01:05:33 The matter

01:05:34 was spinning fast

01:05:35 and the process

01:05:36 was a bit like

01:05:37 pizza dough

01:05:38 flattening into a disk

01:05:39 bigger and bigger.

01:05:40 As the cloud

01:05:41 was moving

01:05:42 in a certain direction

01:05:43 at the beginning,

01:05:44 all the planets

01:05:45 also kept

01:05:46 the same orbital plane.

01:05:47 Something massive

01:05:48 would have to happen

01:05:49 to modify

01:05:50 the orbit of a planet

01:05:51 and force it

01:05:52 to spin around the Sun

01:05:53 in the opposite direction.

01:05:54 Why do some people

01:05:55 have such a beautiful voice

01:05:56 when they sing?

01:05:57 Three elements

01:05:58 affect the general range

01:05:59 of sounds

01:06:00 coming out of your mouth.

01:06:01 The strength

01:06:02 of your diaphragm,

01:06:03 the size

01:06:04 of your vocal folds

01:06:05 and the shape

01:06:06 of the chambers

01:06:07 of your sinuses.

01:06:08 But,

01:06:09 making the sound beautiful

01:06:10 is largely

01:06:11 a matter of practice.

01:06:12 At a basic level,

01:06:13 you hear a note

01:06:14 and you reproduce it

01:06:15 with your voice.

01:06:16 But the real difference

01:06:17 between being able

01:06:18 to sing a note

01:06:19 and having a beautiful voice

01:06:20 is linked

01:06:21 to the thousands

01:06:22 of small muscle contractions

01:06:23 that are,

01:06:24 for the most part,

01:06:25 unconscious.

01:06:26 They adjust

01:06:27 your muscle mechanism

01:06:28 where you produce your voice

01:06:29 according to the emotions

01:06:30 you feel

01:06:31 when you sing.

01:06:32 As with other musical instruments,

01:06:33 a greater amplitude

01:06:34 of the fingers

01:06:35 can help you

01:06:36 play the piano

01:06:37 and play the piano

01:06:38 with a higher pitch.

01:06:39 But the rest

01:06:40 consists of taking

01:06:41 these subtle things

01:06:42 like the pressure

01:06:43 on the keys

01:06:44 and the rhythm.

01:06:45 Why do dogs

01:06:46 hear sounds

01:06:47 that are higher

01:06:48 than us?

01:06:49 Humans hear

01:06:50 frequencies

01:06:51 up to about

01:06:52 20 kHz

01:06:53 and dogs

01:06:54 up to 45 kHz.

01:06:55 Almost all mammals

01:06:56 can hear

01:06:57 frequencies

01:06:58 higher than

01:06:59 other vertebrates.

01:07:00 Birds

01:07:01 hear up to

01:07:02 12 kHz

01:07:03 and reptiles,

01:07:04 amphibians

01:07:05 and fish

01:07:06 up to 5 kHz.

01:07:07 Mammals

01:07:08 don't need to hear

01:07:09 high frequencies

01:07:10 to communicate with each other,

01:07:11 but to be able to locate

01:07:12 the origin

01:07:13 of a certain sound.

01:07:14 The particular way

01:07:15 mammals hear,

01:07:16 the binaural

01:07:17 detection

01:07:18 by spectral difference,

01:07:19 works in such a way

01:07:20 that our brain

01:07:21 compares the frequency range

01:07:22 of a sound

01:07:23 when it reaches

01:07:24 each ear.

01:07:25 The head

01:07:26 makes a shadow

01:07:27 to an ear

01:07:28 so that some

01:07:29 frequencies are absorbed

01:07:30 and our brain

01:07:31 absorbs more

01:07:32 high frequencies

01:07:33 than low ones.

01:07:34 And the smaller the head,

01:07:35 the less it has

01:07:36 an effect on low frequencies.

01:07:37 That's why

01:07:38 animals

01:07:39 must be able

01:07:40 to hear

01:07:41 high frequencies

01:07:42 to hear

01:07:43 a wider range of sounds.

01:07:44 A mouse

01:07:45 must hear

01:07:46 up to 90 kHz

01:07:47 and an elephant

01:07:48 can hear

01:07:49 up to 10 kHz.

01:07:50 Dogs

01:07:51 have a head

01:07:52 smaller than ours

01:07:53 so they are

01:07:54 in the intermediate category.

01:07:55 Why are oceans

01:07:56 salty?

01:07:57 Chemically speaking,

01:07:58 salt

01:07:59 is sodium chloride

01:08:00 and the salt

01:08:01 of the ocean

01:08:02 is not only

01:08:03 made up of

01:08:04 these two elements

01:08:05 but also

01:08:06 of many other ions

01:08:07 like calcium

01:08:08 and magnesium.

01:08:09 Most of them

01:08:10 start as rocks

01:08:11 on the ground.

01:08:12 Some factors

01:08:13 like wind

01:08:14 and rain

01:08:15 erode these rocks

01:08:16 which means

01:08:17 they wear them out

01:08:18 gradually.

01:08:19 So we can say

01:08:20 that most of the salt

01:08:21 in the ocean

01:08:22 comes from rocks.

01:08:23 The minerals

01:08:24 in these rocks

01:08:25 are washed

01:08:26 in streams

01:08:27 and rivers

01:08:28 which transport

01:08:29 the salts

01:08:30 in the ocean.

01:08:31 About 85%

01:08:32 of the ions

01:08:33 in the ocean

01:08:34 are made up

01:08:35 of salt.

01:08:36 While magnesium

01:08:37 and sulphate

01:08:38 make up

01:08:39 about 10%.

01:08:40 And a part of the salt

01:08:41 in the ocean

01:08:42 does not remain.

01:08:43 Animals

01:08:44 consume a large part

01:08:45 of it.

01:08:46 But thanks to

01:08:47 a regular supply

01:08:48 of water

01:08:49 from the surface

01:08:50 the levels of salinity

01:08:51 are almost constant.

01:08:52 The ocean

01:08:53 also draws

01:08:54 its salt

01:08:55 from another source

01:08:56 the hydrothermal fluids.

01:08:57 The magma

01:08:58 coming from the depths

01:08:59 of the earth's crust

01:09:00 heats the depths' vents.

01:09:01 When they are

01:09:02 hot enough

01:09:03 they cause

01:09:04 chemical reactions

01:09:05 between the sea water

01:09:06 and all the minerals

01:09:07 in the rocks

01:09:08 around the vents.

01:09:09 That's why

01:09:10 each part of the ocean

01:09:11 is salty

01:09:12 but the level of salinity

01:09:13 depends on the place

01:09:14 you are in the world.

01:09:15 You travel by train

01:09:16 and you hear

01:09:17 the wheels

01:09:18 knocking against the rails.

01:09:19 But suddenly

01:09:20 the train rises

01:09:21 and takes altitude.

01:09:22 None of the passengers

01:09:23 panic

01:09:24 because it has

01:09:25 become a habit.

01:09:26 Well,

01:09:27 maybe not yet

01:09:28 but it could become

01:09:29 our reality

01:09:30 soon.

01:09:31 The company

01:09:32 Chaka Technologies

01:09:33 is developing

01:09:34 this type of project.

01:09:35 Its goal

01:09:36 is to reduce

01:09:37 the travel time

01:09:38 and make them

01:09:39 more comfortable.

01:09:40 To travel today

01:09:41 you have to go

01:09:42 to the airport

01:09:43 and spend a few hours

01:09:44 recording

01:09:45 and checking security.

01:09:46 And it's only after that

01:09:47 you can get on the plane.

01:09:48 When the plane lands

01:09:49 you have to go through

01:09:50 the standard checks

01:09:51 of the airport

01:09:52 and then

01:09:53 go back to the city.

01:09:54 It's only after that

01:09:55 your trip is over.

01:09:56 That means

01:09:57 you use

01:09:58 at least three

01:09:59 different types of transport.

01:10:00 But with

01:10:01 Click & Fly

01:10:02 by Chaka Technologies

01:10:03 you can reach

01:10:04 your destination

01:10:05 without any transfer.

01:10:06 It's a train

01:10:07 the size of

01:10:08 an Airbus A320.

01:10:09 It's as long

01:10:10 as four school buses

01:10:11 and can accommodate

01:10:12 about 162 passengers.

01:10:13 As it's a train

01:10:14 it can travel

01:10:15 on the subway

01:10:16 to downtown.

01:10:17 So,

01:10:18 when you start

01:10:19 a trip

01:10:20 you just have to

01:10:21 get to the nearest

01:10:22 subway station.

01:10:23 Once you're

01:10:24 on the train

01:10:25 it takes you

01:10:26 to the nearest

01:10:27 airport.

01:10:28 And that's where

01:10:29 the fun begins.

01:10:30 The train

01:10:31 stops quickly

01:10:32 to fix the wings

01:10:33 and the reactors.

01:10:34 So now

01:10:35 your train

01:10:36 is as wide

01:10:37 as a football field.

01:10:38 The engines start,

01:10:39 the train accelerates

01:10:40 and takes off.

01:10:41 After the landing

01:10:42 of the flying train

01:10:43 the wings

01:10:44 come off again.

01:10:45 And you're on your way

01:10:46 to downtown

01:10:47 and your destination

01:10:48 without any transfer.

01:10:49 Without having

01:10:50 to wait for a taxi.

01:10:51 And once again

01:10:52 you can get down

01:10:53 to any subway station.

01:10:54 The Transformer

01:10:55 planes

01:10:56 that can travel

01:10:57 in the city

01:10:58 are the best

01:10:59 of the best.

01:11:00 For now

01:11:01 this company

01:11:02 is developing

01:11:03 a simpler solution

01:11:04 to reduce the overload

01:11:05 of airports.

01:11:06 Instead of having

01:11:07 a plane parked

01:11:08 right next to

01:11:09 the boarding gate

01:11:10 passengers will

01:11:11 board the plane

01:11:12 inside the airport

01:11:13 building.

01:11:14 The fuselage

01:11:15 will then be

01:11:16 pulled onto the runway

01:11:17 and the wings

01:11:18 with the engines

01:11:19 and the cockpit

01:11:20 with the pilots

01:11:21 will be put in place.

01:11:22 And there you go,

01:11:23 the plane is ready

01:11:24 to take off.

01:11:25 Thanks to this system

01:11:26 the boarding

01:11:27 and take off

01:11:28 will be 30 minutes

01:11:29 faster than before.

01:11:30 The company

01:11:31 plans to make

01:11:32 different types

01:11:33 of removable fuselage.

01:11:34 For short flights

01:11:35 they will have

01:11:36 a capacity

01:11:37 of about 160 people.

01:11:38 There will be

01:11:39 double-deck cabins

01:11:40 for long-haul flights

01:11:41 and flights

01:11:42 with longer capacity.

01:11:43 The VIP cabins

01:11:44 can be personalized

01:11:45 like a private jet.

01:11:46 And if you

01:11:47 remove all the seats

01:11:48 the cabin

01:11:49 can be used

01:11:50 as a cargo plane.

01:11:51 Link and Fly

01:11:52 has a space

01:11:53 security system

01:11:54 in case the cabin

01:11:55 separates from the wings

01:11:56 during the flight.

01:11:57 Three parachutes

01:11:58 at the front

01:11:59 and three at the back

01:12:00 of the cabin

01:12:01 deploy automatically.

01:12:02 There are also

01:12:03 braking rockets

01:12:04 that allow

01:12:05 to reduce speed quickly.

01:12:06 This way

01:12:07 the fuselage

01:12:08 can go down

01:12:09 slowly

01:12:10 and safely.

01:12:11 A few seconds

01:12:12 before touching the ground

01:12:13 the cabin

01:12:14 will launch

01:12:15 airbags

01:12:16 fixed at the bottom

01:12:17 of the fuselage

01:12:18 for a soft landing.

01:12:19 Another operation

01:12:20 to travel faster

01:12:21 is the Airbus Pop-Up.

01:12:22 It is a kind

01:12:23 of taxi

01:12:24 that can move

01:12:25 by the road

01:12:26 and can be used

01:12:27 by a passenger.

01:12:28 In the future

01:12:29 you can simply

01:12:30 order such a taxi

01:12:31 from your tablet

01:12:32 your phone

01:12:33 or even

01:12:34 your smart glasses

01:12:35 and wait for the vehicle

01:12:36 to arrive.

01:12:37 The car itself

01:12:38 is a passenger capsule

01:12:39 half the size

01:12:40 of a modern sedan.

01:12:41 It can accommodate

01:12:42 two people

01:12:43 and has a futuristic

01:12:44 design and interface.

01:12:45 The second part

01:12:46 is the ground module.

01:12:47 It is a chassis

01:12:48 and wheels

01:12:49 that allow

01:12:50 to drive on

01:12:51 conventional roads.

01:12:52 You get on the module

01:12:53 and then

01:12:54 the artificial intelligence

01:12:55 does all the work

01:12:56 for you.

01:12:57 It drives the car

01:12:58 safely

01:12:59 and takes you

01:13:00 to your destination.

01:13:01 When you leave the cabin

01:13:02 the vehicle

01:13:03 with the ground module

01:13:04 is sent to the nearest

01:13:05 charging station.

01:13:06 For more convenience

01:13:07 the charging stations

01:13:08 are spread

01:13:09 throughout the city

01:13:10 so that you won't have

01:13:11 to wait long

01:13:12 for a taxi.

01:13:13 But if your destination

01:13:14 is rather far away

01:13:15 a more interesting

01:13:16 route awaits you.

01:13:17 As in the first case

01:13:18 you get on

01:13:19 a wheel module.

01:13:20 The ground module

01:13:21 takes you

01:13:22 to the decontamination site

01:13:23 where the vehicle

01:13:24 is parked

01:13:25 and takes you

01:13:26 to the nearest

01:13:27 take-off site.

01:13:28 There,

01:13:29 the capsule is attached

01:13:30 to the air mode.

01:13:31 This thing

01:13:32 looks like a giant drone.

01:13:33 It hooks the passenger

01:13:34 capsule and flies away

01:13:35 separating the capsule

01:13:36 from the ground module.

01:13:37 Now

01:13:38 it's a flying taxi.

01:13:39 You can enjoy

01:13:40 the beauty of the city

01:13:41 from above

01:13:42 then you land

01:13:43 on a special platform.

01:13:44 The capsule reconnects

01:13:45 with the ground module

01:13:46 and you go to your destination

01:13:47 while the air module

01:13:48 recharges

01:13:49 for the next trip.

01:13:50 The rockets

01:13:51 could be another revolution

01:13:52 in long-distance travel.

01:13:53 For now

01:13:54 we only use them

01:13:55 to go into space

01:13:56 but in the future

01:13:57 they could

01:13:58 completely replace

01:13:59 the planes.

01:14:00 Let's say

01:14:01 you're going from New York

01:14:02 to Shanghai

01:14:03 which is on the other

01:14:04 side of the planet.

01:14:05 The rocket launch platform

01:14:06 can be on the water

01:14:07 somewhere in

01:14:08 the Lower New York Bay.

01:14:09 You get on board

01:14:10 a ferry

01:14:11 that takes you

01:14:12 to the rocket.

01:14:13 Once you've arrived

01:14:14 you take a seat

01:14:15 with the other passengers.

01:14:16 When you're ready

01:14:17 let's go!

01:14:18 The rocket takes off

01:14:19 and reaches space.

01:14:20 It is now moving

01:14:21 at about

01:14:22 27,031 km/h.

01:14:24 Once in orbit

01:14:26 the launcher

01:14:27 detaches from the rocket

01:14:28 and returns

01:14:29 to the landing station.

01:14:30 There

01:14:31 it will be refueled

01:14:32 and prepared

01:14:33 for the next launch.

01:14:34 At this moment

01:14:35 the rocket

01:14:36 carrying the passengers

01:14:37 will use its own engine

01:14:38 to fly around the Earth.

01:14:40 It enters the atmosphere

01:14:42 and lands on a platform

01:14:43 on the water

01:14:44 near Shanghai.

01:14:45 The flight

01:14:46 only lasts 39 minutes

01:14:47 compared to the 15 hours

01:14:48 required

01:14:49 for a conventional plane.

01:14:50 But there is

01:14:51 a drawback

01:14:52 to this kind of flight.

01:14:53 A rocket

01:14:54 makes a lot more noise

01:14:55 and the landing platforms

01:14:56 must be located

01:14:57 far from the cities.

01:14:58 This increases

01:14:59 the duration of the flight.

01:15:00 The other problem

01:15:01 is the G force.

01:15:02 Standing on the ground

01:15:03 you feel a G

01:15:04 when you take off

01:15:05 in a conventional plane.

01:15:06 You feel

01:15:07 about 1.5 G.

01:15:08 But when you

01:15:09 travel in a rocket

01:15:10 the G force

01:15:11 you will feel

01:15:12 will be twice as important.

01:15:13 And if it reaches

01:15:14 3 G,

01:15:15 5 G

01:15:16 you will faint.

01:15:17 Back to the rocket

01:15:18 the rocket

01:15:19 is now

01:15:20 a rocket

01:15:21 that is

01:15:22 a rocket

01:15:23 that is

01:15:24 a rocket

01:15:25 that is

01:15:26 a rocket

01:15:27 that is

01:15:28 a rocket

01:15:29 that is

01:15:30 a rocket

01:15:31 that is

01:15:32 a rocket

01:15:33 that is

01:15:34 a rocket

01:15:35 that is

01:15:36 a rocket

01:15:37 that is

01:15:38 a rocket

01:15:39 that is

01:15:40 a rocket

01:15:41 that is

01:15:42 a rocket

01:15:43 that is

01:15:44 a rocket

01:15:45 that is

01:15:46 a rocket

01:15:47 that is

01:15:48 a rocket

01:15:49 that is

01:15:50 a rocket

01:15:51 that is

01:15:52 a rocket

01:15:53 that is

01:15:54 a rocket

01:15:55 that is

01:15:56 a rocket

01:15:57 that is

01:15:58 a rocket

01:15:59 that is

01:16:00 a rocket

01:16:01 that is

01:16:02 a rocket

01:16:03 that is

01:16:04 a rocket

01:16:05 that is

01:16:06 a rocket

01:16:07 that is

01:16:08 a rocket

01:16:09 that is

01:16:10 a rocket

01:16:11 that is

01:16:12 a rocket

01:16:13 that is

01:16:14 a rocket

01:16:15 that is

01:16:16 a rocket

01:16:17 that is

01:16:18 a rocket

01:16:19 that is

01:16:20 a rocket

01:16:21 that is

01:16:22 a rocket

01:16:23 that is

01:16:24 a rocket

01:16:25 that is

01:16:26 a rocket

01:16:27 that is

01:16:28 a rocket

01:16:29 that is

01:16:30 a rocket

01:16:31 that is

01:16:32 a rocket

01:16:33 that is

01:16:34 a rocket

01:16:35 that is

01:16:36 a rocket

01:16:37 that is

01:16:38 a rocket

01:16:39 that is

01:16:40 a rocket

01:16:41 that is

01:16:42 a rocket

01:16:43 that is

01:16:44 a rocket

01:16:45 that is

01:16:46 a rocket

01:16:47 that is

01:16:48 a rocket

01:16:49 that is

01:16:50 a rocket

01:16:51 that is

01:16:52 a rocket

01:16:53 that is

01:16:54 a rocket

01:16:55 that is

01:16:56 a rocket

01:16:57 that is

01:16:58 a rocket

01:16:59 that is

01:17:00 a rocket

01:17:01 that is

01:17:02 a rocket

01:17:03 that is

01:17:04 a rocket

01:17:05 that is

01:17:06 a rocket

01:17:07 that is

01:17:08 a rocket

01:17:09 that is

01:17:10 a rocket

01:17:11 that is

01:17:12 a rocket

01:17:13 that is

01:17:14 a rocket

01:17:15 that is

01:17:16 a rocket

01:17:17 that is

01:17:18 a rocket

01:17:19 that is

01:17:20 a rocket

01:17:21 that is

01:17:22 a rocket

01:17:23 that is

01:17:24 a rocket

01:17:25 that is

01:17:26 a rocket

01:17:27 that is

01:17:28 a rocket

01:17:29 that is

01:17:30 a rocket

01:17:31 that is

01:17:32 a rocket

01:17:33 that is

01:17:34 a rocket

01:17:35 that is

01:17:36 a rocket

01:17:37 that is

01:17:38 a rocket

01:17:39 that is

01:17:40 a rocket

01:17:41 that is

01:17:42 a rocket

01:17:43 that is

01:17:44 a rocket

01:17:45 that is

01:17:46 a rocket

01:17:47 that is

01:17:48 a rocket

01:17:49 that is

01:17:50 a rocket

01:17:51 that is

01:17:52 a rocket

01:17:53 that is

01:17:54 a rocket

01:17:55 that is

01:17:56 a rocket

01:17:57 that is

01:17:58 a rocket

01:17:59 that is

01:18:00 a rocket

01:18:01 that is

01:18:02 a rocket

01:18:03 that is

01:18:04 a rocket

01:18:05 that is

01:18:06 a rocket

01:18:07 that is

01:18:08 a rocket

01:18:09 that is

01:18:10 a rocket

01:18:11 that is

01:18:12 a rocket

01:18:13 that is

01:18:14 a rocket

01:18:15 that is

01:18:16 a rocket

01:18:17 that is

01:18:18 a rocket

01:18:19 that is

01:18:20 a rocket

01:18:21 that is

01:18:22 a rocket

01:18:23 that is

01:18:24 a rocket

01:18:25 that is

01:18:26 a rocket

01:18:27 that is

01:18:28 a rocket

01:18:29 that is

01:18:30 a rocket

01:18:31 that is

01:18:32 a rocket

01:18:33 that is

01:18:34 a rocket

01:18:35 that is

01:18:36 a rocket

01:18:37 that is

01:18:38 a rocket

01:18:39 that is

01:18:40 a rocket

01:18:41 that is

01:18:42 a rocket

01:18:43 that is

01:18:44 a rocket

01:18:45 that is

01:18:46 a rocket

01:18:47 that is

01:18:48 a rocket

01:18:49 that is

01:18:50 a rocket

01:18:51 that is

01:18:52 a rocket

01:18:53 that is

01:18:54 a rocket

01:18:55 that is

01:18:56 a rocket

01:18:57 that is

01:18:58 a rocket

01:18:59 that is

01:19:00 a rocket

01:19:01 that is

01:19:02 a rocket

01:19:03 that is

01:19:04 a rocket

01:19:05 that is

01:19:06 a rocket

01:19:07 that is

01:19:08 a rocket

01:19:09 that is

01:19:10 a rocket

01:19:11 that is

01:19:12 a rocket

01:19:13 that is

01:19:14 a rocket

01:19:15 that is

01:19:16 a rocket

01:19:17 that is

01:19:18 a rocket

01:19:19 that is

01:19:20 a rocket

01:19:21 that is

01:19:22 a rocket

01:19:23 that is

01:19:24 a rocket

01:19:25 that is

01:19:26 a rocket

01:19:27 that is

01:19:28 a rocket

01:19:29 that is

01:19:30 a rocket

01:19:31 that is

01:19:32 a rocket

01:19:33 that is

01:19:34 a rocket

01:19:35 that is

01:19:36 a rocket

01:19:37 that is

01:19:38 a rocket

01:19:39 that is

01:19:40 a rocket

01:19:41 that is

01:19:42 a rocket

01:19:43 that is

01:19:44 a rocket

01:19:45 that is

01:19:46 a rocket

01:19:47 that is

01:19:48 a rocket

01:19:49 that is

01:19:50 a rocket

01:19:51 that is

01:19:52 a rocket

01:19:53 that is

01:19:54 a rocket

01:19:55 that is

01:19:56 a rocket

01:19:57 that is

01:19:58 a rocket

01:19:59 that is

01:20:00 a rocket

01:20:01 that is

01:20:02 a rocket

01:20:03 that is

01:20:04 a rocket

01:20:05 that is

01:20:06 a rocket

01:20:07 that is

01:20:08 a rocket

01:20:09 that is

01:20:10 a rocket

01:20:11 that is

01:20:12 a rocket

01:20:13 that is

01:20:14 a rocket

01:20:15 that is

01:20:16 a rocket

01:20:17 that is

01:20:18 a rocket

01:20:19 that is

01:20:20 a rocket

01:20:21 that is

01:20:22 a rocket

01:20:23 that is

01:20:24 a rocket

01:20:25 that is

01:20:26 a rocket

01:20:27 that is

01:20:28 a rocket

01:20:29 that is

01:20:30 a rocket

01:20:31 that is

01:20:32 a rocket

01:20:33 that is

01:20:34 a rocket

01:20:35 that is

01:20:36 a rocket

01:20:37 that is

01:20:38 a rocket

01:20:39 that is

01:20:40 a rocket

01:20:41 that is

01:20:42 a rocket

01:20:43 that is

01:20:44 a rocket

01:20:45 that is

01:20:46 a rocket

01:20:47 that is

01:20:48 a rocket

01:20:49 that is

01:20:50 a rocket

01:20:51 that is

01:20:52 a rocket

01:20:53 that is

01:20:54 a rocket

01:20:55 that is

01:20:56 a rocket

01:20:57 that is

01:20:58 a rocket

01:20:59 that is

01:21:00 a rocket

01:21:01 that is

01:21:02 a rocket

01:21:03 that is

01:21:04 a rocket

01:21:05 that is

01:21:06 a rocket

01:21:07 that is

01:21:08 a rocket

01:21:09 that is

01:21:10 a rocket

01:21:11 that is

01:21:12 a rocket

01:21:13 that is

01:21:14 a rocket

01:21:15 that is

01:21:16 a rocket

01:21:17 that is

01:21:18 a rocket

01:21:19 that is

01:21:20 a rocket

01:21:21 that is

01:21:22 a rocket

01:21:23 that is

01:21:24 a rocket

01:21:25 that is

01:21:26 a rocket

01:21:27 that is

01:21:28 a rocket

01:21:29 that is

01:21:30 a rocket

01:21:31 that is

01:21:32 a rocket

01:21:33 that is

01:21:34 a rocket

01:21:35 that is

01:21:36 a rocket

01:21:37 that is

01:21:38 a rocket

01:21:39 that is

01:21:40 a rocket

01:21:41 that is

01:21:42 a rocket

01:21:43 that is

01:21:44 a rocket

01:21:45 that is

01:21:46 a rocket

01:21:47 that is

01:21:48 a rocket

01:21:49 that is

01:21:50 a rocket

01:21:51 that is

01:21:52 a rocket

01:21:53 that is

01:21:54 a rocket

01:21:55 that is

01:21:56 a rocket

01:21:57 that is

01:21:58 a rocket

01:21:59 that is

01:22:00 a rocket

01:22:01 that is

01:22:02 a rocket

01:22:03 that is

01:22:04 a rocket

01:22:05 that is

01:22:06 a rocket

01:22:07 that is

01:22:08 a rocket

01:22:09 that is

01:22:10 a rocket

01:22:11 that is

01:22:12 a rocket

01:22:13 that is

01:22:14 a rocket

01:22:15 that is

01:22:16 a rocket

01:22:17 that is

01:22:18 a rocket

01:22:19 that is

01:22:20 a rocket

01:22:21 that is

01:22:22 a rocket

01:22:23 that is

01:22:24 a rocket

01:22:25 that is

01:22:26 a rocket

01:22:27 that is

01:22:28 a rocket

01:22:29 that is

01:22:30 a rocket

01:22:31 that is

01:22:32 a rocket

01:22:33 that is

01:22:34 a rocket

01:22:35 that is

01:22:36 a rocket

01:22:37 that is

01:22:38 a rocket

01:22:39 that is

01:22:40 a rocket

01:22:41 that is

01:22:42 a rocket

01:22:43 that is

01:22:44 a rocket

01:22:45 that is

01:22:46 a rocket

01:22:47 that is

01:22:48 a rocket

01:22:49 that is

01:22:50 a rocket

01:22:51 that is

01:22:52 a rocket

01:22:53 that is

01:22:54 a rocket

01:22:55 that is

01:22:56 a rocket

01:22:57 that is

01:22:58 a rocket

01:22:59 that is

01:23:00 a rocket

01:23:01 that is

01:23:02 a rocket

01:23:03 that is

01:23:04 a rocket

01:23:05 that is

01:23:06 a rocket

01:23:07 that is

01:23:08 a rocket

01:23:09 that is

01:23:10 a rocket

01:23:11 that is

01:23:12 a rocket

01:23:13 that is

01:23:14 a rocket

01:23:15 that is

01:23:16 a rocket

01:23:17 that is

01:23:18 a rocket

01:23:19 that is

01:23:20 a rocket

01:23:21 that is

01:23:22 a rocket

01:23:23 that is

01:23:24 a rocket

01:23:25 that is

01:23:26 a rocket

01:23:27 that is

01:23:28 a rocket

01:23:29 that is

01:23:30 a rocket

01:23:31 that is

01:23:32 a rocket

01:23:33 that is

01:23:34 a rocket

01:23:35 that is

01:23:36 a rocket

01:23:37 that is

01:23:38 a rocket

01:23:39 that is

01:23:40 a rocket

01:23:41 that is

01:23:42 a rocket

01:23:43 that is

01:23:44 a rocket

01:23:45 that is

01:23:46 a rocket

01:23:47 that is

01:23:48 a rocket

01:23:49 that is

01:23:50 a rocket

01:23:51 that is

01:23:52 a rocket

01:23:53 that is

01:23:54 a rocket

01:23:55 that is

01:23:56 a rocket

01:23:57 that is

01:23:58 a rocket

01:23:59 that is

01:24:00 a rocket

01:24:01 that is

01:24:02 a rocket

01:24:03 that is

01:24:04 a rocket

01:24:05 that is

01:24:06 a rocket

01:24:07 that is

01:24:08 a rocket

01:24:09 that is

01:24:10 a rocket

01:24:11 that is

01:24:12 a rocket

01:24:13 that is

01:24:14 a rocket

01:24:15 that is

01:24:16 a rocket

01:24:17 that is

01:24:18 a rocket

01:24:19 that is

01:24:20 a rocket

01:24:21 that is

01:24:22 a rocket

01:24:23 that is

01:24:24 a rocket

01:24:25 that is

01:24:26 a rocket

01:24:27 that is

01:24:28 a rocket

01:24:29 that is

01:24:30 a rocket

01:24:31 that is

01:24:32 a rocket

01:24:33 that is

01:24:34 a rocket

01:24:35 that is

01:24:36 a rocket

01:24:37 that is

01:24:38 a rocket

01:24:39 that is

01:24:40 a rocket

01:24:41 that is

01:24:42 a rocket

01:24:43 that is

01:24:44 a rocket

01:24:45 that is

01:24:46 a rocket

01:24:47 that is

01:24:48 a rocket

01:24:49 that is

01:24:50 a rocket

01:24:51 that is

01:24:52 a rocket

01:24:53 that is

01:24:54 a rocket

01:24:55 that is

01:24:56 a rocket

01:24:57 that is

01:24:58 a rocket

01:24:59 that is

01:25:00 a rocket

01:25:01 that is

01:25:02 a rocket

01:25:03 that is

01:25:04 a rocket

01:25:05 that is

01:25:06 a rocket

01:25:07 that is

01:25:08 a rocket

01:25:09 that is

01:25:10 a rocket

01:25:11 that is

01:25:12 a rocket

01:25:13 that is

01:25:14 a rocket

01:25:15 that is

01:25:16 a rocket

01:25:17 that is

01:25:18 a rocket

01:25:19 that is

01:25:20 a rocket

01:25:21 that is

01:25:22 a rocket

01:25:23 that is

01:25:24 a rocket

01:25:25 that is

01:25:26 a rocket

01:25:27 that is

01:25:28 a rocket

01:25:29 that is

01:25:30 a rocket

01:25:31 that is

01:25:32 a rocket

01:25:33 that is

01:25:34 a rocket

01:25:35 that is

01:25:36 a rocket

01:25:37 that is

01:25:38 a rocket

01:25:39 that is

01:25:40 a rocket

01:25:41 that is

01:25:42 a rocket

01:25:43 that is

01:25:44 a rocket

01:25:45 that is

01:25:46 a rocket

01:25:47 that is

01:25:48 a rocket

01:25:49 that is

01:25:50 a rocket

01:25:51 that is

01:25:52 a rocket

01:25:53 that is

01:25:54 a rocket

01:25:55 that is

01:25:56 a rocket

01:25:57 that is

01:25:58 a rocket

01:25:59 that is

01:26:00 a rocket

01:26:01 that is

01:26:02 a rocket

01:26:03 that is

01:26:04 a rocket

01:26:05 that is

01:26:06 a rocket

01:26:07 that is

01:26:08 a rocket

01:26:09 that is

01:26:10 a rocket

01:26:11 that is

01:26:12 a rocket

01:26:13 that is

01:26:14 a rocket

01:26:15 that is

01:26:16 a rocket

01:26:17 that is

01:26:18 a rocket

01:26:19 that is

01:26:20 a rocket

01:26:21 that is

01:26:22 a rocket

01:26:23 that is

01:26:24 a rocket

01:26:25 that is

01:26:26 a rocket

01:26:27 that is

01:26:28 a rocket

01:26:29 that is

01:26:30 a rocket

01:26:31 that is

01:26:32 a rocket

01:26:33 that is

01:26:34 a rocket

01:26:35 that is

01:26:36 a rocket

01:26:37 that is

01:26:38 a rocket

01:26:39 that is

01:26:40 a rocket

01:26:41 that is

01:26:42 a rocket

01:26:43 that is

01:26:44 a rocket

01:26:45 that is

01:26:46 a rocket

01:26:47 that is

01:26:48 a rocket

01:26:49 that is

01:26:50 a rocket

01:26:51 that is

01:26:52 a rocket

01:26:53 that is

01:26:54 a rocket

01:26:55 that is

01:26:56 a rocket

01:26:57 that is

01:26:58 a rocket

01:26:59 that is

01:27:00 a rocket

01:27:01 that is

01:27:02 a rocket

01:27:03 that is

01:27:04 a rocket

01:27:05 that is

01:27:06 a rocket

01:27:07 that is

01:27:08 a rocket

01:27:09 that is

01:27:10 a rocket

01:27:11 that is

01:27:12 a rocket

01:27:13 that is

01:27:14 a rocket

01:27:15 that is

01:27:16 a rocket

01:27:17 that is

01:27:18 a rocket

01:27:19 that is

01:27:20 a rocket

01:27:21 that is

01:27:22 a rocket

01:27:23 that is

01:27:24 a rocket

01:27:25 that is

01:27:26 a rocket

01:27:27 that is

01:27:28 a rocket

01:27:29 that is

01:27:30 a rocket

01:27:31 that is

01:27:32 a rocket

01:27:33 that is

01:27:34 a rocket

01:27:35 that is

01:27:36 a rocket

01:27:37 that is

01:27:38 a rocket

01:27:39 that is

01:27:40 a rocket

01:27:41 that is

01:27:42 a rocket

01:27:43 that is

01:27:44 a rocket

01:27:45 that is

01:27:46 a rocket

01:27:47 that is

01:27:48 a rocket

01:27:49 that is

01:27:50 a rocket

01:27:51 that is

01:27:52 a rocket

01:27:53 that is

01:27:54 a rocket

01:27:55 that is

01:27:56 a rocket

01:27:57 that is

01:27:58 a rocket

01:27:59 that is

01:28:00 a rocket

01:28:01 that is

01:28:02 a rocket

01:28:03 that is

01:28:04 a rocket

01:28:05 that is

01:28:06 a rocket

01:28:07 that is

01:28:08 a rocket

01:28:09 that is

01:28:10 a rocket

01:28:11 that is

01:28:12 a rocket

01:28:13 that is

01:28:14 a rocket

01:28:15 that is

01:28:16 a rocket

01:28:17 that is

01:28:18 a rocket

01:28:19 that is

01:28:20 a rocket

01:28:21 that is

01:28:22 a rocket

01:28:23 that is

01:28:24 a rocket

01:28:25 that is

01:28:26 a rocket

01:28:27 that is

01:28:28 a rocket

01:28:29 that is

01:28:30 a rocket

01:28:31 that is

01:28:32 a rocket

01:28:33 that is

01:28:34 a rocket

01:28:35 that is

01:28:36 a rocket

01:28:37 that is

01:28:38 a rocket

01:28:39 that is

01:28:40 a rocket

01:28:41 that is

01:28:42 a rocket

01:28:43 that is

01:28:44 a rocket

01:28:45 that is

01:28:46 a rocket

01:28:47 that is

01:28:48 a rocket

01:28:49 that is

01:28:50 a rocket

01:28:51 that is

01:28:52 a rocket

01:28:53 that is

01:28:54 a rocket

01:28:55 that is

01:28:56 a rocket

01:28:57 that is

01:28:58 a rocket

01:28:59 that is

01:29:00 a rocket

01:29:01 that is

01:29:02 a rocket

01:29:03 that is

01:29:04 a rocket

01:29:05 that is

01:29:06 a rocket

01:29:07 that is

01:29:08 a rocket

01:29:09 that is

01:29:10 a rocket

01:29:11 that is

01:29:12 a rocket

01:29:13 that is

01:29:14 a rocket

01:29:15 that is

01:29:16 a rocket

01:29:17 that is

01:29:18 a rocket

01:29:19 that is

01:29:20 a rocket

01:29:21 that is

01:29:22 a rocket

01:29:23 that is

01:29:24 a rocket

01:29:25 that is

01:29:26 a rocket

01:29:27 that is

01:29:28 a rocket

01:29:29 that is

01:29:30 a rocket

01:29:31 that is

01:29:32 a rocket

01:29:33 that is

01:29:34 a rocket

01:29:35 that is

01:29:36 a rocket

01:29:37 that is

01:29:38 a rocket

01:29:39 that is

01:29:40 a rocket

01:29:41 that is

01:29:42 a rocket

01:29:43 that is

01:29:44 a rocket

01:29:45 that is

01:29:46 a rocket

01:29:47 that is

01:29:48 a rocket

01:29:49 that is

01:29:50 a rocket

01:29:51 that is

01:29:52 a rocket

01:29:53 that is

01:29:54 a rocket

01:29:55 that is

01:29:56 a rocket

01:29:57 that is

01:29:58 a rocket

01:29:59 that is

01:30:00 a rocket

01:30:01 that is

01:30:02 a rocket

01:30:03 that is

01:30:04 a rocket

01:30:05 that is

01:30:06 a rocket

01:30:07 that is

01:30:08 a rocket

01:30:09 that is

01:30:10 a rocket

01:30:11 that is

01:30:12 a rocket

01:30:13 that is

01:30:14 a rocket

01:30:15 that is

01:30:16 a rocket

01:30:17 that is

01:30:18 a rocket

01:30:19 that is

01:30:20 a rocket

01:30:21 that is

01:30:22 a rocket

01:30:23 that is

01:30:24 a rocket

01:30:25 that is

01:30:26 a rocket

01:30:27 that is

01:30:28 a rocket

01:30:29 that is

01:30:30 a rocket

01:30:31 that is

01:30:32 a rocket

01:30:33 that is

01:30:34 a rocket

01:30:35 that is

01:30:36 a rocket

01:30:37 that is

01:30:38 a rocket

01:30:39 that is

01:30:40 a rocket

01:30:41 that is

01:30:42 a rocket

01:30:43 that is

01:30:44 a rocket

01:30:45 that is

01:30:46 a rocket

01:30:47 that is

01:30:48 a rocket

01:30:49 that is

01:30:50 a rocket

01:30:51 that is

01:30:52 a rocket

01:30:53 that is

01:30:54 a rocket

01:30:55 that is

01:30:56 a rocket

01:30:57 that is

01:30:58 a rocket

01:30:59 that is

01:31:00 a rocket

01:31:01 that is

01:31:02 a rocket

01:31:03 that is

01:31:04 a rocket

01:31:05 that is

01:31:06 a rocket

01:31:07 that is

01:31:08 a rocket

01:31:09 that is

01:31:10 a rocket

01:31:11 that is

01:31:12 a rocket

01:31:13 that is

01:31:14 a rocket

01:31:15 that is

01:31:16 a rocket

01:31:17 that is

01:31:18 a rocket

01:31:19 that is

01:31:20 a rocket

01:31:21 that is

01:31:22 a rocket

01:31:23 that is

01:31:24 a rocket

01:31:25 that is

01:31:26 a rocket

01:31:27 that is

01:31:28 a rocket

01:31:29 that is

01:31:30 a rocket

01:31:31 that is

01:31:32 a rocket

01:31:33 that is

01:31:34 a rocket

01:31:35 that is

01:31:36 a rocket

01:31:37 that is

01:31:38 a rocket

01:31:39 that is

01:31:40 a rocket

01:31:41 that is

01:31:42 a rocket

01:31:43 that is

01:31:44 a rocket

01:31:45 that is

01:31:46 a rocket

01:31:47 that is

01:31:48 a rocket

01:31:49 that is

01:31:50 a rocket

01:31:51 that is

01:31:52 a rocket

01:31:53 that is

01:31:54 a rocket

01:31:55 that is

01:31:56 a rocket

01:31:57 that is

01:31:58 a rocket

01:31:59 that is

01:32:00 a rocket

01:32:01 that is

01:32:02 a rocket

01:32:03 that is

01:32:04 a rocket

01:32:05 that is

01:32:06 a rocket

01:32:07 that is

01:32:08 a rocket

01:32:09 that is

01:32:10 a rocket

01:32:11 that is

01:32:12 a rocket

01:32:13 that is

01:32:14 a rocket

01:32:15 that is

01:32:16 a rocket

01:32:17 that is

01:32:18 a rocket

01:32:19 that is

01:32:20 a rocket

01:32:21 that is

01:32:22 a rocket

01:32:23 that is

01:32:24 a rocket

01:32:25 that is

01:32:26 a rocket

01:32:27 that is

01:32:28 a rocket

01:32:29 that is

01:32:30 a rocket

01:32:31 that is

01:32:32 a rocket

01:32:33 that is

01:32:34 a rocket

01:32:35 that is

01:32:36 a rocket

01:32:37 that is

01:32:38 a rocket

01:32:39 that is

01:32:40 a rocket

01:32:41 that is

01:32:42 a rocket

01:32:43 that is

01:32:44 a rocket

01:32:45 that is

01:32:46 a rocket

01:32:47 that is

01:32:48 a rocket

01:32:49 that is

01:32:50 a rocket

01:32:51 that is

01:32:52 a rocket

01:32:53 that is

01:32:54 a rocket

01:32:55 that is

01:32:56 a rocket

01:32:57 that is

01:32:58 a rocket

01:32:59 that is

01:33:00 a rocket

01:33:01 that is

01:33:02 a rocket

01:33:03 that is

01:33:04 a rocket

01:33:05 that is

01:33:06 a rocket

01:33:07 that is

01:33:08 a rocket

01:33:09 that is

01:33:10 a rocket

01:33:11 that is

01:33:12 a rocket

01:33:13 that is

01:33:14 a rocket

01:33:15 that is

01:33:16 a rocket

01:33:17 that is

01:33:18 a rocket

01:33:19 that is

01:33:20 a rocket

01:33:21 that is

01:33:22 a rocket

01:33:23 that is

01:33:24 a rocket

01:33:25 that is

01:33:26 a rocket

01:33:27 that is

01:33:28 a rocket

01:33:29 that is

01:33:30 a rocket

01:33:31 that is

01:33:32 a rocket

01:33:33 that is

01:33:34 a rocket

01:33:35 that is

01:33:36 a rocket

01:33:37 that is

01:33:38 a rocket

01:33:39 that is

01:33:40 a rocket

01:33:41 that is

01:33:42 a rocket

01:33:43 that is

01:33:44 a rocket

01:33:45 that is

01:33:46 a rocket

01:33:47 that is

01:33:48 a rocket

01:33:49 that is

01:33:50 a rocket

01:33:51 that is

01:33:52 a rocket

01:33:53 that is

01:33:54 a rocket

01:33:55 that is

01:33:56 a rocket

01:33:57 that is

01:33:58 a rocket

01:33:59 that is

01:34:00 a rocket

01:34:01 that is

01:34:02 a rocket

01:34:03 that is

01:34:04 a rocket

01:34:05 that is

01:34:06 a rocket

01:34:07 that is

01:34:08 a rocket

01:34:09 that is

01:34:10 a rocket

01:34:11 that is

01:34:12 a rocket

01:34:13 that is

01:34:14 a rocket

01:34:15 that is

01:34:16 a rocket

01:34:17 that is

01:34:18 a rocket

01:34:19 that is

01:34:20 a rocket

01:34:21 that is

01:34:22 a rocket

01:34:23 that is

01:34:24 a rocket

01:34:25 that is

01:34:26 a rocket

01:34:27 that is

01:34:28 a rocket

01:34:29 that is

01:34:30 a rocket

01:34:31 that is

01:34:32 a rocket

01:34:33 that is

01:34:34 a rocket

01:34:35 that is

01:34:36 a rocket

01:34:37 that is

01:34:38 a rocket

01:34:39 that is

01:34:40 a rocket

01:34:41 that is

01:34:42 a rocket

01:34:43 that is

01:34:44 a rocket

01:34:45 that is

01:34:46 a rocket

01:34:47 that is

01:34:48 a rocket

01:34:49 that is

01:34:50 a rocket

01:34:51 that is

01:34:52 a rocket

01:34:53 that is

01:34:54 a rocket

01:34:55 that is

01:34:56 a rocket

01:34:57 that is

01:34:58 a rocket

01:34:59 that is

01:35:00 a rocket

01:35:01 that is

01:35:02 a rocket

01:35:03 that is

01:35:04 a rocket

01:35:05 that is

01:35:06 a rocket

01:35:07 that is

01:35:08 a rocket

01:35:09 that is

01:35:10 a rocket

01:35:11 that is

01:35:12 a rocket

01:35:13 that is

01:35:14 a rocket

01:35:15 that is

01:35:16 a rocket

01:35:17 that is

01:35:18 a rocket

01:35:19 that is

01:35:20 a rocket

01:35:21 that is

01:35:22 a rocket

01:35:23 that is

01:35:24 a rocket

01:35:25 that is

01:35:26 a rocket

01:35:27 that is

01:35:28 a rocket

01:35:29 that is

01:35:30 a rocket

01:35:31 that is

01:35:32 a rocket

01:35:33 that is

01:35:34 a rocket

01:35:35 that is

01:35:36 a rocket

01:35:37 that is

01:35:38 a rocket

01:35:39 that is

01:35:40 a rocket

01:35:41 that is

01:35:42 a rocket

01:35:43 that is

01:35:44 a rocket

01:35:45 that is

01:35:46 a rocket

01:35:47 that is

01:35:48 a rocket

01:35:49 that is

01:35:50 a rocket

01:35:51 that is

01:35:52 a rocket

01:35:53 that is

01:35:54 a rocket

01:35:55 that is

01:35:56 a rocket

01:35:57 that is

01:35:58 a rocket

01:35:59 that is

01:36:00 a rocket

01:36:01 that is

01:36:02 a rocket

01:36:03 that is

01:36:04 a rocket

01:36:05 that is

01:36:06 a rocket

01:36:07 that is

01:36:08 a rocket

01:36:09 that is

01:36:10 a rocket

01:36:11 that is

01:36:12 a rocket

01:36:13 that is

01:36:14 a rocket

01:36:15 that is

01:36:16 a rocket

01:36:17 that is

01:36:18 a rocket

01:36:19 that is

01:36:20 a rocket

01:36:21 that is

01:36:22 a rocket

01:36:23 that is

01:36:24 a rocket

01:36:25 that is

01:36:26 a rocket

01:36:27 that is

01:36:28 a rocket

01:36:29 that is

01:36:30 a rocket

01:36:31 that is

01:36:32 a rocket

01:36:33 that is

01:36:34 a rocket

01:36:35 that is

01:36:36 a rocket

01:36:37 that is

01:36:38 a rocket

01:36:39 that is

01:36:40 a rocket

01:36:41 that is

01:36:42 a rocket

01:36:43 that is

01:36:44 a rocket

01:36:45 that is

01:36:46 a rocket

01:36:47 that is

01:36:48 a rocket

01:36:49 that is

01:36:50 a rocket

01:36:51 that is

01:36:52 a rocket

01:36:53 that is

01:36:54 a rocket

01:36:55 that is

01:36:56 a rocket

01:36:57 that is

01:36:58 a rocket

01:36:59 that is

01:37:00 a rocket

01:37:01 that is

01:37:02 a rocket

01:37:03 that is

01:37:04 a rocket

01:37:05 that is

01:37:06 a rocket

01:37:07 that is

01:37:08 a rocket

01:37:09 that is

01:37:10 a rocket

01:37:11 that is

01:37:12 a rocket

01:37:13 that is

01:37:14 a rocket

01:37:15 that is

01:37:16 a rocket

01:37:17 that is

01:37:18 a rocket

01:37:19 that is

01:37:20 a rocket

01:37:21 that is

01:37:22 a rocket

01:37:23 that is

01:37:24 a rocket

01:37:25 that is

01:37:26 a rocket

01:37:27 that is

01:37:28 a rocket

01:37:29 that is

01:37:30 a rocket

01:37:31 that is

01:37:32 a rocket

01:37:33 that is

01:37:34 a rocket

01:37:35 that is

01:37:36 a rocket

01:37:37 that is

01:37:38 a rocket

01:37:39 that is

01:37:40 a rocket

01:37:41 that is

01:37:42 a rocket

01:37:43 that is

01:37:44 a rocket

01:37:45 that is

01:37:46 a rocket

01:37:47 that is

01:37:48 a rocket

01:37:49 that is

01:37:50 a rocket

01:37:51 that is

01:37:52 a rocket

01:37:53 that is

01:37:54 a rocket

01:37:55 that is

01:37:56 a rocket

01:37:57 that is

01:37:58 a rocket

01:37:59 that is

01:38:00 a rocket

01:38:01 that is

01:38:02 a rocket

01:38:03 that is

01:38:04 a rocket

01:38:05 that is

01:38:06 a rocket

01:38:07 that is

01:38:08 a rocket

01:38:09 that is

01:38:10 a rocket

01:38:11 that is

01:38:12 a rocket

01:38:13 that is

01:38:14 a rocket

01:38:15 that is

01:38:16 a rocket

01:38:17 that is

01:38:18 a rocket

01:38:19 that is

01:38:20 a rocket

01:38:21 that is

01:38:22 a rocket

01:38:23 that is

01:38:24 a rocket

01:38:25 that is

01:38:26 a rocket

01:38:27 that is

01:38:28 a rocket

01:38:29 that is

01:38:30 a rocket

01:38:31 that is

01:38:32 a rocket

01:38:33 that is

01:38:34 a rocket

01:38:35 that is

01:38:36 a rocket

01:38:37 that is

01:38:38 a rocket

01:38:39 that is

01:38:40 a rocket

01:38:41 that is

01:38:42 a rocket

01:38:43 that is

01:38:44 a rocket

01:38:45 that is

01:38:46 a rocket

01:38:47 that is

01:38:48 a rocket

01:38:49 that is

01:38:50 a rocket

01:38:51 that is

01:38:52 a rocket

01:38:53 that is

01:38:54 a rocket

01:38:55 that is

01:38:56 a rocket

01:38:57 that is

01:38:58 a rocket

01:38:59 that is

01:39:00 a rocket

01:39:01 that is

01:39:02 a rocket

01:39:03 that is

01:39:04 a rocket

01:39:05 that is

01:39:06 a rocket

01:39:07 that is

01:39:08 a rocket

01:39:09 that is

01:39:10 a rocket

01:39:11 that is

01:39:12 a rocket

01:39:13 that is

01:39:14 a rocket

01:39:15 that is

01:39:16 a rocket

01:39:17 that is

01:39:18 a rocket

01:39:19 that is

01:39:20 a rocket

01:39:21 that is

01:39:22 a rocket

01:39:23 that is

01:39:24 a rocket

01:39:25 that is

01:39:26 a rocket

01:39:27 that is

01:39:28 a rocket

01:39:29 that is

01:39:30 a rocket

01:39:31 that is

01:39:32 a rocket

01:39:33 that is

01:39:34 a rocket

01:39:35 that is

01:39:36 a rocket

01:39:37 that is

01:39:38 a rocket

01:39:39 that is

01:39:40 a rocket

01:39:41 that is

01:39:42 a rocket

01:39:43 that is

01:39:44 a rocket

01:39:45 that is

01:39:46 a rocket

01:39:47 that is

01:39:48 a rocket

01:39:49 that is

01:39:50 a rocket

01:39:51 that is

01:39:52 a rocket

01:39:53 that is

01:39:54 a rocket

01:39:55 that is

01:39:56 a rocket

01:39:57 that is

01:39:58 a rocket

01:39:59 that is

01:40:00 a rocket

01:40:01 that is

01:40:02 a rocket

01:40:03 that is

01:40:04 a rocket

01:40:05 that is

01:40:06 a rocket

01:40:07 that is

01:40:08 a rocket

01:40:09 that is

01:40:10 a rocket

01:40:11 that is

01:40:12 a rocket

01:40:13 that is

01:40:14 a rocket

01:40:15 that is

01:40:16 a rocket

01:40:17 that is

01:40:18 a rocket

01:40:19 that is

01:40:20 a rocket

01:40:21 that is

01:40:22 a rocket

01:40:23 that is

01:40:24 a rocket

01:40:25 that is

01:40:26 a rocket

01:40:27 that is

01:40:28 a rocket

01:40:29 that is

01:40:30 a rocket

01:40:31 that is

01:40:32 a rocket

01:40:33 that is

01:40:34 a rocket

01:40:35 that is

01:40:36 a rocket

01:40:37 that is

01:40:38 a rocket

01:40:39 that is

01:40:40 a rocket

01:40:41 that is

01:40:42 a rocket

01:40:43 that is

01:40:44 a rocket

01:40:45 that is

01:40:46 a rocket

01:40:47 that is

01:40:48 a rocket

01:40:49 that is

01:40:50 a rocket

01:40:51 that is

01:40:52 a rocket

01:40:53 that is

01:40:54 a rocket

01:40:55 that is

01:40:56 a rocket

01:40:57 that is

01:40:58 a rocket

01:40:59 that is

01:41:00 a rocket

01:41:01 that is

01:41:02 a rocket

01:41:03 that is

01:41:04 a rocket

01:41:05 that is

01:41:06 a rocket

01:41:07 that is

01:41:08 a rocket

01:41:09 that is

01:41:10 a rocket

01:41:11 that is

01:41:12 a rocket

01:41:13 that is

01:41:14 a rocket

01:41:15 that is

01:41:16 a rocket

01:41:17 that is

01:41:18 a rocket

01:41:19 that is

01:41:20 a rocket

01:41:21 that is

01:41:22 a rocket

01:41:23 that is

01:41:24 a rocket

01:41:25 that is

01:41:26 a rocket

01:41:27 that is

01:41:28 a rocket

01:41:29 that is

01:41:30 a rocket

01:41:31 that is

01:41:32 a rocket

01:41:33 that is

01:41:34 a rocket

01:41:35 that is

01:41:36 a rocket

01:41:37 that is

01:41:38 a rocket

01:41:39 that is

01:41:40 a rocket

01:41:41 that is

01:41:42 a rocket

01:41:43 that is

01:41:44 a rocket

01:41:45 that is

01:41:46 a rocket

01:41:47 that is

01:41:48 a rocket

01:41:49 that is

01:41:50 a rocket

01:41:51 that is

01:41:52 a rocket

01:41:53 that is

01:41:54 a rocket

01:41:55 that is

01:41:56 a rocket

01:41:57 that is

01:41:58 a rocket

01:41:59 that is

01:42:00 a rocket

01:42:01 that is

01:42:02 a rocket

01:42:03 that is

01:42:04 a rocket

01:42:05 that is

01:42:06 a rocket

01:42:07 that is

01:42:08 a rocket

01:42:09 that is

01:42:10 a rocket

01:42:11 that is

01:42:12 a rocket

01:42:13 that is

01:42:14 a rocket

01:42:15 that is

01:42:16 a rocket

01:42:17 that is

01:42:18 a rocket

01:42:19 that is

01:42:20 a rocket

01:42:21 that is

01:42:22 a rocket

01:42:23 that is

01:42:24 a rocket

01:42:25 that is

01:42:26 a rocket

01:42:27 that is

01:42:28 a rocket

01:42:29 that is

01:42:30 a rocket

01:42:31 that is

01:42:32 a rocket

01:42:33 that is

01:42:34 a rocket

01:42:35 that is

01:42:36 a rocket

01:42:37 that is

01:42:38 a rocket

01:42:39 that is

01:42:40 a rocket

01:42:41 that is

01:42:42 a rocket

01:42:43 that is

01:42:44 a rocket

01:42:45 that is

01:42:46 a rocket

01:42:47 that is

01:42:48 a rocket

01:42:49 that is

01:42:50 a rocket

01:42:51 that is

01:42:52 a rocket

01:42:53 that is

01:42:54 a rocket

01:42:55 that is

01:42:56 a rocket

01:42:57 that is

01:42:58 a rocket

01:42:59 that is

01:43:00 a rocket

01:43:01 that is

01:43:02 a rocket

01:43:03 that is

01:43:04 a rocket

01:43:05 that is

01:43:06 a rocket

01:43:07 that is

01:43:08 a rocket

01:43:09 that is

01:43:10 a rocket

01:43:11 that is

01:43:12 a rocket

01:43:13 that is

01:43:14 a rocket

01:43:15 that is

01:43:16 a rocket

01:43:17 that is

01:43:18 a rocket

01:43:19 that is

01:43:20 a rocket

01:43:21 that is

01:43:22 a rocket

01:43:23 that is

01:43:24 a rocket

01:43:25 that is

01:43:26 a rocket

01:43:27 that is

01:43:28 a rocket

01:43:29 that is

01:43:30 a rocket

01:43:31 that is

01:43:32 a rocket

01:43:33 that is

01:43:34 a rocket

01:43:35 that is

01:43:36 a rocket

01:43:37 that is

01:43:38 a rocket

01:43:39 that is

01:43:40 a rocket

01:43:41 that is

01:43:42 a rocket

01:43:43 that is

01:43:44 a rocket

01:43:45 that is

01:43:46 a rocket

01:43:47 that is

01:43:48 a rocket

01:43:49 that is

01:43:50 a rocket

01:43:51 that is

01:43:52 a rocket

01:43:53 that is

01:43:54 a rocket

01:43:55 that is

01:43:56 a rocket

01:43:57 that is

01:43:58 a rocket

01:43:59 that is

01:44:00 a rocket

01:44:01 that is

01:44:02 a rocket

01:44:03 that is

01:44:04 a rocket

01:44:05 that is

01:44:06 a rocket

01:44:07 that is

01:44:08 a rocket

01:44:09 that is

01:44:10 a rocket

01:44:11 that is

01:44:12 a rocket

01:44:13 that is

01:44:14 a rocket

01:44:15 that is

01:44:16 a rocket

01:44:17 that is

01:44:18 a rocket

01:44:19 that is

01:44:20 a rocket

01:44:21 that is

01:44:22 a rocket

01:44:23 that is

01:44:24 a rocket

01:44:25 that is

01:44:26 a rocket

01:44:27 that is

01:44:28 a rocket

01:44:29 that is

01:44:30 a rocket

01:44:31 that is

01:44:32 a rocket

01:44:33 that is

01:44:34 a rocket

01:44:35 that is

01:44:36 a rocket

01:44:37 that is

01:44:38 a rocket

01:44:39 that is

01:44:40 a rocket

01:44:41 that is

01:44:42 a rocket

01:44:43 that is

01:44:44 a rocket

01:44:45 that is

01:44:46 a rocket

01:44:47 that is

01:44:48 a rocket

01:44:49 that is

01:44:50 a rocket

01:44:51 that is

01:44:52 a rocket

01:44:53 that is

01:44:54 a rocket

01:44:55 that is

01:44:56 a rocket

01:44:57 that is

01:44:58 a rocket

01:44:59 that is

01:45:00 a rocket

01:45:01 that is

01:45:02 a rocket

01:45:03 that is

01:45:04 a rocket

01:45:05 that is

01:45:06 a rocket

01:45:07 that is

01:45:08 a rocket

01:45:09 that is

01:45:10 a rocket

01:45:11 that is

01:45:12 a rocket

01:45:13 that is

01:45:14 a rocket

01:45:15 that is

01:45:16 a rocket

01:45:17 that is

01:45:18 a rocket

01:45:19 that is

01:45:20 a rocket

01:45:21 that is

01:45:22 a rocket

01:45:23 that is

01:45:24 a rocket

01:45:25 that is

01:45:26 a rocket

01:45:27 that is

01:45:28 a rocket

01:45:29 that is

01:45:30 a rocket

01:45:31 that is

01:45:32 a rocket

01:45:33 that is

01:45:34 a rocket

01:45:35 that is

01:45:36 a rocket

01:45:37 that is

01:45:38 a rocket

01:45:39 that is

01:45:40 a rocket

01:45:41 that is

01:45:42 a rocket

01:45:43 that is

01:45:44 a rocket

01:45:45 that is

01:45:46 a rocket

01:45:47 that is

01:45:48 a rocket

01:45:49 that is

01:45:50 a rocket

01:45:51 that is

01:45:52 a rocket

01:45:53 that is

01:45:54 a rocket

01:45:55 that is

01:45:56 a rocket

01:45:57 that is

01:45:58 a rocket

01:45:59 that is

01:46:00 a rocket

01:46:01 that is

01:46:02 a rocket

01:46:03 that is

01:46:04 a rocket

01:46:05 that is

01:46:06 a rocket

01:46:07 that is

01:46:08 a rocket

01:46:09 that is

01:46:10 a rocket

01:46:11 that is

01:46:12 a rocket

01:46:13 that is

01:46:14 a rocket

01:46:15 that is

01:46:16 a rocket

01:46:17 that is

01:46:18 a rocket

01:46:19 that is

01:46:20 a rocket

01:46:21 that is

01:46:22 a rocket

01:46:23 that is

01:46:24 a rocket

01:46:25 that is

01:46:26 a rocket

01:46:27 that is

01:46:28 a rocket

01:46:29 that is

01:46:30 a rocket

01:46:31 that is

01:46:32 a rocket

01:46:33 that is

01:46:34 a rocket

01:46:35 that is

01:46:36 a rocket

01:46:37 that is

01:46:38 a rocket

01:46:39 that is

01:46:40 a rocket

01:46:41 that is

01:46:42 a rocket

01:46:43 that is

01:46:44 a rocket

01:46:45 that is

01:46:46 a rocket

01:46:47 that is

01:46:48 a rocket

01:46:49 that is

01:46:50 a rocket

01:46:51 that is

01:46:52 a rocket

01:46:53 that is

01:46:54 a rocket

01:46:55 that is

01:46:56 a rocket

01:46:57 that is

01:46:58 a rocket

01:46:59 that is

01:47:00 a rocket

01:47:01 that is

01:47:02 a rocket

01:47:03 that is

01:47:04 a rocket

01:47:05 that is

01:47:06 a rocket

01:47:07 that is

01:47:08 a rocket

01:47:09 that is

01:47:10 a rocket

01:47:11 that is

01:47:12 a rocket

01:47:13 that is

01:47:14 a rocket

01:47:15 that is

01:47:16 a rocket

01:47:17 that is

01:47:18 a rocket

01:47:19 that is

01:47:20 a rocket

01:47:21 that is

01:47:22 a rocket

01:47:23 that is

01:47:24 a rocket

01:47:25 that is

01:47:26 a rocket

01:47:27 that is

01:47:28 a rocket

01:47:29 that is

01:47:30 a rocket

01:47:31 that is

01:47:32 a rocket

01:47:33 that is

01:47:34 a rocket

01:47:35 that is

01:47:36 a rocket

01:47:37 that is

01:47:38 a rocket

01:47:39 that is

01:47:40 a rocket

01:47:41 that is

01:47:42 a rocket

01:47:43 that is

01:47:44 a rocket

01:47:45 that is

01:47:46 a rocket

01:47:47 that is

01:47:48 a rocket

01:47:49 that is

01:47:50 a rocket

01:47:51 that is

01:47:52 a rocket

01:47:53 that is

01:47:54 a rocket

01:47:55 that is

01:47:56 a rocket

01:47:57 that is

01:47:58 a rocket

01:47:59 that is

01:48:00 a rocket

01:48:01 that is

01:48:02 a rocket

01:48:03 that is

01:48:04 a rocket

01:48:05 that is

01:48:06 a rocket

01:48:07 that is

01:48:08 a rocket

01:48:09 that is

01:48:10 a rocket

01:48:11 that is

01:48:12 a rocket

01:48:13 that is

01:48:14 a rocket

01:48:15 that is

01:48:16 a rocket

01:48:17 that is

01:48:18 a rocket

01:48:19 that is

01:48:20 a rocket

01:48:21 that is

01:48:22 a rocket

01:48:23 that is

01:48:24 a rocket

01:48:25 that is

01:48:26 a rocket

01:48:27 that is

01:48:28 a rocket

01:48:29 that is

01:48:30 a rocket

01:48:31 that is

01:48:32 a rocket

01:48:33 that is

01:48:34 a rocket

01:48:35 that is

01:48:36 a rocket

01:48:37 that is

01:48:38 a rocket

01:48:39 that is

01:48:40 a rocket

01:48:41 that is

01:48:42 a rocket

01:48:43 that is

01:48:44 a rocket

01:48:45 that is

01:48:46 a rocket

01:48:47 that is

01:48:48 a rocket

01:48:49 that is

01:48:50 a rocket

01:48:51 that is

01:48:52 a rocket

01:48:53 that is

01:48:54 a rocket

01:48:55 that is

01:48:56 a rocket

01:48:57 that is

01:48:58 a rocket

01:48:59 that is

01:49:00 a rocket

01:49:01 that is

01:49:02 a rocket

01:49:03 that is

01:49:04 a rocket

01:49:05 that is

01:49:06 a rocket

01:49:07 that is

01:49:08 a rocket

01:49:09 that is

01:49:10 a rocket

01:49:11 that is

01:49:12 a rocket

01:49:13 that is

01:49:14 a rocket

01:49:15 that is

01:49:16 a rocket

01:49:17 that is

01:49:18 a rocket

01:49:19 that is

01:49:20 a rocket

01:49:21 that is

01:49:22 a rocket

01:49:23 that is

01:49:24 a rocket

01:49:25 that is

01:49:26 a rocket

01:49:27 that is

01:49:28 a rocket

01:49:29 that is

01:49:30 a rocket

01:49:31 that is

01:49:32 a rocket

01:49:33 that is

01:49:34 a rocket

01:49:35 that is

01:49:36 a rocket

01:49:37 that is

01:49:38 a rocket

01:49:39 that is

01:49:40 a rocket

01:49:41 that is

01:49:42 a rocket

01:49:43 that is

01:49:44 a rocket

01:49:45 that is

01:49:46 a rocket

01:49:47 that is

01:49:48 a rocket

01:49:49 that is

01:49:50 a rocket

01:49:51 that is

01:49:52 a rocket

01:49:53 that is

01:49:54 a rocket

01:49:55 that is

01:49:56 a rocket

01:49:57 that is

01:49:58 a rocket

01:49:59 that is

01:50:00 a rocket

01:50:01 that is

01:50:02 a rocket

01:50:03 that is

01:50:04 a rocket

01:50:05 that is

01:50:06 a rocket

01:50:07 that is

01:50:08 a rocket

01:50:09 that is

01:50:10 a rocket

01:50:11 that is

01:50:12 a rocket

01:50:13 that is

01:50:14 a rocket

01:50:15 that is

01:50:16 a rocket

01:50:17 that is

01:50:18 a rocket

01:50:19 that is

01:50:20 a rocket

01:50:21 that is

01:50:22 a rocket

01:50:23 that is

01:50:24 a rocket

01:50:25 that is

01:50:26 a rocket

01:50:27 that is

01:50:28 a rocket

01:50:29 that is

01:50:30 a rocket

01:50:31 that is

01:50:32 a rocket

01:50:33 that is

01:50:34 a rocket

01:50:35 that is

01:50:36 a rocket

01:50:37 that is

01:50:38 a rocket

01:50:39 that is

01:50:40 a rocket

01:50:41 that is

01:50:42 a rocket

01:50:43 that is

01:50:44 a rocket

01:50:45 that is

01:50:46 a rocket

01:50:47 that is

01:50:48 a rocket

01:50:49 that is

01:50:50 a rocket

01:50:51 that is

01:50:52 a rocket

01:50:53 that is

01:50:54 a rocket

01:50:55 that is

01:50:56 a rocket

01:50:57 that is

01:50:58 a rocket

01:50:59 that is

01:51:00 a rocket

01:51:01 that is

01:51:02 a rocket

01:51:03 that is

01:51:04 a rocket

01:51:05 that is

01:51:06 a rocket

01:51:07 that is

01:51:08 a rocket

01:51:09 that is

01:51:10 a rocket

01:51:11 that is

01:51:12 a rocket

01:51:13 that is

01:51:14 a rocket

01:51:15 that is

01:51:16 a rocket

01:51:17 that is

01:51:18 a rocket

01:51:19 that is

01:51:20 a rocket

01:51:21 that is

01:51:22 a rocket

01:51:23 that is

01:51:24 a rocket

01:51:25 that is

01:51:26 a rocket

01:51:27 that is

01:51:28 a rocket

01:51:29 that is

01:51:30 a rocket

01:51:31 that is

01:51:32 a rocket

01:51:33 that is

01:51:34 a rocket

01:51:35 that is

01:51:36 a rocket

01:51:37 that is

01:51:38 a rocket

01:51:39 that is

01:51:40 a rocket

01:51:41 that is

01:51:42 a rocket

01:51:43 that is

01:51:44 a rocket

01:51:45 that is

01:51:46 a rocket

01:51:47 that is

01:51:48 a rocket

01:51:49 that is

01:51:50 a rocket

01:51:51 that is

01:51:52 a rocket

01:51:53 that is

01:51:54 a rocket

01:51:55 that is

01:51:56 a rocket

01:51:57 that is

01:51:58 a rocket

01:51:59 that is

01:52:00 a rocket

01:52:01 that is

01:52:02 a rocket

01:52:03 that is

01:52:04 a rocket

01:52:05 that is

01:52:06 a rocket

01:52:07 that is

01:52:08 a rocket

01:52:09 that is

01:52:10 a rocket

01:52:11 that is

01:52:12 a rocket

01:52:13 that is

01:52:14 a rocket

01:52:15 that is

01:52:16 a rocket

01:52:17 that is

01:52:18 a rocket

01:52:19 that is

01:52:20 a rocket

01:52:21 that is

01:52:22 a rocket

01:52:23 that is

01:52:24 a rocket

01:52:25 that is

01:52:26 a rocket

01:52:27 that is

01:52:28 a rocket

01:52:29 that is

01:52:30 a rocket

01:52:31 that is

01:52:32 a rocket

01:52:33 that is

01:52:34 a rocket

01:52:35 that is

01:52:36 a rocket

01:52:37 that is

01:52:38 a rocket

01:52:39 that is

01:52:40 a rocket

01:52:41 that is

01:52:42 a rocket

01:52:43 that is

01:52:44 a rocket

01:52:45 that is

01:52:46 a rocket

01:52:47 that is

01:52:48 a rocket

01:52:49 that is

01:52:50 a rocket

01:52:51 that is

01:52:52 a rocket

01:52:53 that is

01:52:54 a rocket

01:52:55 that is

01:52:56 a rocket

01:52:57 that is

01:52:58 a rocket

01:52:59 that is

01:53:00 a rocket

01:53:01 that is

01:53:02 a rocket

01:53:03 that is

01:53:04 a rocket

01:53:05 that is

01:53:06 a rocket

01:53:07 that is

01:53:08 a rocket

01:53:09 that is

01:53:10 a rocket

01:53:11 that is

01:53:12 a rocket

01:53:13 that is

01:53:14 a rocket

01:53:15 that is

01:53:16 a rocket

01:53:17 that is

01:53:18 a rocket

01:53:19 that is

01:53:20 a rocket

01:53:21 that is

01:53:22 a rocket

01:53:23 that is

01:53:24 a rocket

01:53:25 that is

01:53:26 a rocket

01:53:27 that is

01:53:28 a rocket

01:53:29 that is

01:53:30 a rocket

01:53:31 that is

01:53:32 a rocket

01:53:33 that is

01:53:34 a rocket

01:53:35 that is

01:53:36 a rocket

01:53:37 that is

01:53:38 a rocket

01:53:39 that is

01:53:40 a rocket

01:53:41 that is

01:53:42 a rocket

01:53:43 that is

01:53:44 a rocket

01:53:45 that is

01:53:46 a rocket

01:53:47 that is

01:53:48 a rocket

01:53:49 that is

01:53:50 a rocket

01:53:51 that is

01:53:52 a rocket

01:53:53 that is

01:53:54 a rocket

01:53:55 that is

01:53:56 a rocket

01:53:57 that is

01:53:58 a rocket

01:53:59 that is

01:54:00 a rocket

01:54:01 that is

01:54:02 a rocket

01:54:03 that is

01:54:04 a rocket

01:54:05 that is

01:54:06 a rocket

01:54:07 that is

01:54:08 a rocket

01:54:09 that is

01:54:10 a rocket

01:54:11 that is

01:54:12 a rocket

01:54:13 that is

01:54:14 a rocket

01:54:15 that is

01:54:16 a rocket

01:54:17 that is

01:54:18 a rocket

01:54:19 that is

01:54:20 a rocket

01:54:21 that is

01:54:22 a rocket

01:54:23 that is

01:54:24 a rocket

01:54:25 that is

01:54:26 a rocket

01:54:27 that is

01:54:28 a rocket

01:54:29 that is

01:54:30 a rocket

01:54:31 that is

01:54:32 a rocket

01:54:33 that is

01:54:34 a rocket

01:54:35 that is

01:54:36 a rocket

01:54:37 that is

01:54:38 a rocket

01:54:39 that is

01:54:40 a rocket

01:54:41 that is

01:54:42 a rocket

01:54:43 that is

01:54:44 a rocket

01:54:45 that is

01:54:46 a rocket

01:54:47 that is

01:54:48 a rocket

01:54:49 that is

01:54:50 a rocket

01:54:51 that is

01:54:52 a rocket

01:54:53 that is

01:54:54 a rocket

01:54:55 that is

01:54:56 a rocket

01:54:57 that is

01:54:58 a rocket

01:54:59 that is

01:55:00 a rocket

01:55:01 that is

01:55:02 a rocket

01:55:03 that is

01:55:04 a rocket

01:55:05 that is

01:55:06 a rocket

01:55:07 that is

01:55:08 a rocket

01:55:09 that is

01:55:10 a rocket

01:55:11 that is

01:55:12 a rocket

01:55:13 that is

01:55:14 a rocket

01:55:15 that is

01:55:16 a rocket

01:55:17 that is

01:55:18 a rocket

01:55:19 that is

01:55:20 a rocket

01:55:21 that is

01:55:22 a rocket

01:55:23 that is

01:55:24 a rocket

01:55:25 that is

01:55:26 a rocket

01:55:27 that is

01:55:28 a rocket

01:55:29 that is

01:55:30 a rocket

01:55:31 that is

01:55:32 a rocket

01:55:33 that is

01:55:34 a rocket

01:55:35 that is

01:55:36 a rocket

01:55:37 that is

01:55:38 a rocket

01:55:39 that is

01:55:40 a rocket

01:55:41 that is

01:55:42 a rocket

01:55:43 that is

01:55:44 a rocket

01:55:45 that is

01:55:46 a rocket

01:55:47 that is

01:55:48 a rocket

01:55:49 that is

01:55:50 a rocket

01:55:51 that is

01:55:52 a rocket

01:55:53 that is

01:55:54 a rocket

01:55:55 that is

01:55:56 a rocket

01:55:57 that is

01:55:58 a rocket

01:55:59 that is

01:56:00 a rocket

01:56:01 that is

01:56:02 a rocket

01:56:03 that is

01:56:04 a rocket

01:56:05 that is

01:56:06 a rocket

01:56:07 that is

01:56:08 a rocket

01:56:09 that is

01:56:10 a rocket

01:56:11 that is

01:56:12 a rocket

01:56:13 that is

01:56:14 a rocket

01:56:15 that is

01:56:16 a rocket

01:56:17 that is

01:56:18 a rocket

01:56:19 that is

01:56:20 a rocket

01:56:21 that is

01:56:22 a rocket

01:56:23 that is

01:56:24 a rocket

01:56:25 that is

01:56:26 a rocket

01:56:27 that is

01:56:28 a rocket

01:56:29 that is

01:56:30 a rocket

01:56:31 that is

01:56:32 a rocket

01:56:33 that is

01:56:34 a rocket

01:56:35 that is

01:56:36 a rocket

01:56:37 that is

01:56:38 a rocket

01:56:39 that is

01:56:40 a rocket

01:56:41 that is

01:56:42 a rocket

01:56:43 that is

01:56:44 a rocket

01:56:45 that is

01:56:46 a rocket

01:56:47 that is

01:56:48 a rocket

01:56:49 that is

01:56:50 a rocket

01:56:51 that is

01:56:52 a rocket

01:56:53 that is

01:56:54 a rocket

01:56:55 that is

01:56:56 a rocket

01:56:57 that is

01:56:58 a rocket

01:56:59 that is

01:57:00 a rocket

01:57:01 that is

01:57:02 a rocket

01:57:03 that is

01:57:04 a rocket

01:57:05 that is

01:57:06 a rocket

01:57:07 that is

01:57:08 a rocket

01:57:09 that is

01:57:10 a rocket

01:57:11 that is

01:57:12 a rocket

01:57:13 that is

01:57:14 a rocket

01:57:15 that is

01:57:16 a rocket

01:57:17 that is

01:57:18 a rocket

01:57:19 that is

01:57:20 a rocket

01:57:21 that is

01:57:22 a rocket

01:57:23 that is

01:57:24 a rocket

01:57:25 that is

01:57:26 a rocket

01:57:27 that is

01:57:28 a rocket

01:57:29 that is

01:57:30 a rocket

01:57:31 that is

01:57:32 a rocket

01:57:33 that is

01:57:34 a rocket

01:57:35 that is

01:57:36 a rocket

01:57:37 that is

01:57:38 a rocket

01:57:39 that is

01:57:40 a rocket

01:57:41 that is

01:57:42 a rocket

01:57:43 that is

01:57:44 a rocket

01:57:45 that is

01:57:46 a rocket

01:57:47 that is

01:57:48 a rocket

01:57:49 that is

01:57:50 a rocket

01:57:51 that is

01:57:52 a rocket

01:57:53 that is

01:57:54 a rocket

01:57:55 that is

01:57:56 a rocket

01:57:57 that is

01:57:58 a rocket

01:57:59 that is

01:58:00 a rocket

01:58:01 that is

01:58:02 a rocket

01:58:03 that is

01:58:04 a rocket

01:58:05 that is

01:58:06 a rocket

01:58:07 that is

01:58:08 a rocket

01:58:09 that is

01:58:10 a rocket

01:58:11 that is

01:58:12 a rocket

01:58:13 that is

01:58:14 a rocket

01:58:15 that is

01:58:16 a rocket

01:58:17 that is

01:58:18 a rocket

01:58:19 that is

01:58:20 a rocket

01:58:21 that is

01:58:22 a rocket

01:58:23 that is

01:58:24 a rocket

01:58:25 that is

01:58:26 a rocket

01:58:27 that is

01:58:28 a rocket

01:58:29 that is

01:58:30 a rocket

01:58:31 that is

01:58:32 a rocket

01:58:33 that is

01:58:34 a rocket

01:58:35 that is

01:58:36 a rocket

01:58:37 that is

01:58:38 a rocket

01:58:39 that is

01:58:40 a rocket

01:58:41 that is

01:58:42 a rocket

01:58:43 that is

01:58:44 a rocket

01:58:45 that is

01:58:46 a rocket

01:58:47 that is

01:58:48 a rocket

01:58:49 that is

01:58:50 a rocket

01:58:51 that is

01:58:52 a rocket

01:58:53 that is

01:58:54 a rocket

01:58:55 that is

01:58:56 a rocket

01:58:57 that is

01:58:58 a rocket

01:58:59 that is

01:59:00 a rocket

01:59:01 that is

01:59:02 a rocket

01:59:03 that is

01:59:04 a rocket

01:59:05 that is

01:59:06 a rocket

01:59:07 that is

01:59:08 a rocket

01:59:09 that is

01:59:10 a rocket

01:59:11 that is

01:59:12 a rocket

01:59:13 that is

01:59:14 a rocket

01:59:15 that is

01:59:16 a rocket

01:59:17 that is

01:59:18 a rocket

01:59:19 that is

01:59:20 a rocket

01:59:21 that is

01:59:22 a rocket

01:59:23 that is

01:59:24 a rocket

01:59:25 that is

01:59:26 a rocket

01:59:27 that is

01:59:28 a rocket

01:59:29 that is

01:59:30 a rocket

01:59:31 that is

01:59:32 a rocket

01:59:33 that is

01:59:34 a rocket

01:59:35 that is

01:59:36 a rocket

01:59:37 that is

01:59:38 a rocket

01:59:39 that is

01:59:40 a rocket

01:59:41 that is

01:59:42 a rocket

01:59:43 that is

01:59:44 a rocket

01:59:45 that is

01:59:46 a rocket

01:59:47 that is

01:59:48 a rocket

01:59:49 that is

01:59:50 a rocket

01:59:51 that is

01:59:52 a rocket

01:59:53 that is

01:59:54 a rocket

01:59:55 that is

01:59:56 a rocket

01:59:57 that is

01:59:58 a rocket

01:59:59 that is

02:00:00 a rocket

02:00:01 that is

02:00:02 a rocket

02:00:03 that is

02:00:04 a rocket

02:00:05 that is

02:00:06 a rocket

02:00:07 that is

02:00:08 a rocket

02:00:09 that is

02:00:10 a rocket

02:00:11 that is

02:00:12 a rocket

02:00:13 that is

02:00:14 a rocket

02:00:15 that is

02:00:16 a rocket

02:00:17 that is

02:00:18 a rocket

02:00:19 that is

02:00:20 a rocket

02:00:21 that is

02:00:22 a rocket

02:00:23 that is

02:00:24 a rocket

02:00:25 that is

02:00:26 a rocket

02:00:27 that is

02:00:28 a rocket

02:00:29 that is

02:00:30 a rocket

02:00:31 that is

02:00:32 a rocket

02:00:33 that is

02:00:34 a rocket

02:00:35 that is

02:00:36 a rocket

02:00:37 that is

02:00:38 a rocket

02:00:39 that is

02:00:40 a rocket

02:00:41 that is

02:00:42 a rocket

02:00:43 that is

02:00:44 a rocket

02:00:45 that is

02:00:46 a rocket

02:00:47 that is

02:00:48 a rocket

02:00:49 that is

02:00:50 a rocket

02:00:51 that is

02:00:52 a rocket

02:00:53 that is

02:00:54 a rocket

02:00:55 that is

02:00:56 a rocket

02:00:57 that is

02:00:58 a rocket

02:00:59 that is

02:01:00 a rocket

02:01:01 that is

02:01:02 a rocket

02:01:03 that is

02:01:04 a rocket

02:01:05 that is

02:01:06 a rocket

02:01:07 that is

02:01:08 a rocket

02:01:09 that is

02:01:10 a rocket

02:01:11 that is

02:01:12 a rocket

02:01:13 that is

02:01:14 a rocket

02:01:15 that is

02:01:16 a rocket

02:01:17 that is

02:01:18 a rocket

02:01:19 that is

02:01:20 a rocket

02:01:21 that is

02:01:22 a rocket

02:01:23 that is

02:01:24 a rocket

02:01:25 that is

02:01:26 a rocket

02:01:27 that is

02:01:28 a rocket

02:01:29 that is

02:01:30 a rocket

02:01:31 that is

02:01:32 a rocket

02:01:33 that is

02:01:34 a rocket

02:01:35 that is

02:01:36 a rocket

02:01:37 that is

02:01:38 a rocket

02:01:39 that is

02:01:40 a rocket

02:01:41 that is

02:01:42 a rocket

02:01:43 that is

02:01:44 a rocket

02:01:45 that is

02:01:46 a rocket

02:01:47 that is

02:01:48 a rocket

02:01:49 that is

02:01:50 a rocket

02:01:51 that is

02:01:52 a rocket

02:01:53 that is

02:01:54 a rocket

02:01:55 that is

02:01:56 a rocket

02:01:57 that is

02:01:58 a rocket

02:01:59 that is

02:02:00 a rocket

02:02:01 that is

02:02:02 a rocket

02:02:03 that is

02:02:04 a rocket

02:02:05 that is

02:02:06 a rocket

02:02:07 that is

02:02:08 a rocket

02:02:09 that is

02:02:10 a rocket

02:02:11 that is

02:02:12 a rocket

02:02:13 that is

02:02:14 a rocket

02:02:15 that is

02:02:16 a rocket

02:02:17 that is

02:02:18 a rocket

02:02:19 that is

02:02:20 a rocket

02:02:21 that is

02:02:22 a rocket

02:02:23 that is

02:02:24 a rocket

02:02:25 that is

02:02:26 a rocket

02:02:27 that is

02:02:28 a rocket

02:02:29 that is

02:02:30 a rocket

02:02:31 that is

02:02:32 a rocket

02:02:33 that is

02:02:34 a rocket

02:02:35 that is

02:02:36 a rocket

02:02:37 that is

02:02:38 a rocket

02:02:39 that is

02:02:40 a rocket

02:02:41 that is

02:02:42 a rocket

02:02:43 that is

02:02:44 a rocket

02:02:45 that is

02:02:46 a rocket

02:02:47 that is

02:02:48 a rocket

02:02:49 that is

02:02:50 a rocket

02:02:51 that is

02:02:52 a rocket

02:02:53 that is

02:02:54 a rocket

02:02:55 that is

02:02:56 a rocket

02:02:57 that is

02:02:58 a rocket

02:02:59 that is

02:03:00 a rocket

02:03:01 that is

02:03:02 a rocket

02:03:03 that is

02:03:04 a rocket

02:03:05 that is

02:03:06 a rocket

02:03:07 that is

02:03:08 a rocket

02:03:09 that is

02:03:10 a rocket

02:03:11 that is

02:03:12 a rocket

02:03:13 that is

02:03:14 a rocket

02:03:15 that is

02:03:16 a rocket

02:03:17 that is

02:03:18 a rocket

02:03:19 that is

02:03:20 a rocket

02:03:21 that is

02:03:22 a rocket

02:03:23 that is

02:03:24 a rocket

02:03:25 that is

02:03:26 a rocket

02:03:27 that is

02:03:28 a rocket

02:03:29 that is

02:03:30 a rocket

02:03:31 that is

02:03:32 a rocket

02:03:33 that is

02:03:34 a rocket

02:03:35 that is

02:03:36 a rocket

02:03:37 that is

02:03:38 a rocket

02:03:39 that is

02:03:40 sans servir.

Category

Transcript

Recommended