75 Survival Tips to Navigate Life's Storms

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Bright Side
  • 5 months ago
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Transcript
00:00:00You're hiking the Point Reyes National Seashore and you bump into a mountain lion.
00:00:04Stay calm. You need to show it that you're not scared.
00:00:07Shout loudly at the lion. Wave your arms.
00:00:10If that doesn't work, start throwing rocks, branches, or anything else you can get your hands on.
00:00:15Aim at the ground in front of the lion.
00:00:17Never throw anything directly at it. That will only make it angrier.
00:00:21If the lion is getting closer, protect your most vulnerable spots.
00:00:25It will aim for the neck and try to grab your arms.
00:00:27Also, tilt your head forward and protect your neck.
00:00:29And don't make sweeping arm movements.
00:00:31When the lion realizes that you're not an easy opponent, it will probably back off and run away.
00:00:37You're in Yellowstone.
00:00:39Here you have to come face to face with the grizzly bear.
00:00:42It's drinking water from a creek. A safe distance is 200 feet.
00:00:46The grizzly has spotted you. It stands on its hind legs and looks in your direction.
00:00:50Now it's about the height of an average basketball player and it weighs almost 800 pounds.
00:00:55So you don't stand a chance to win.
00:00:57You have to freeze in place.
00:00:59Grizzlies have poor eyesight, so it just might not see you.
00:01:02But then it starts walking in your direction.
00:01:04Don't turn your back to it and don't even try to run as fast as you can.
00:01:07It will chase you.
00:01:09You need to seem bigger than you really are.
00:01:11Wave your arms and spread your legs a little wider.
00:01:14Always talk and shout at the bear.
00:01:16It will understand that you're not a humble deer.
00:01:18Try to make a clanking sound of metal.
00:01:20If you have food with you, don't throw it at the bear.
00:01:23Just put it on the ground and keep backing away while facing the bear.
00:01:26If it starts running towards you, your only chance is to fall to the ground and freeze.
00:01:31Bears aren't scavengers.
00:01:33So if it thinks you're not alive, it'll just sniff you, shrug and walk away.
00:01:37Now you go diving on the Florida coast.
00:01:40You have to protect yourself from the great white shark.
00:01:42Never wear shiny and blinging jewelry when swimming.
00:01:45It attracts sharks.
00:01:47And never swim at night.
00:01:48This is when they go out looking for food.
00:01:50Lots of splashing water can also attract this marine predator.
00:01:54If the shark swims towards you anyway, the rule here is one.
00:01:57Do everything in your power to defeat it.
00:01:59Try to stay calm and swim to the shore.
00:02:01If the shark chooses you as food, there's only one thing that can scare it off.
00:02:05Try to punch the shark in the nose, eyes or gills.
00:02:08Now you're in Africa.
00:02:09Here in the tall grass of the savannah, you see a lion.
00:02:12And worse, it sees you.
00:02:14The first thing you need to do is maintain eye contact.
00:02:16Don't turn your back to the lion and don't run.
00:02:19This eight foot predator, weighing like three adults, is running at you at the speed of a car on the highway.
00:02:24But then it stops abruptly and continues to stare at you.
00:02:27Lions often make fake charges to frighten their opponent.
00:02:30At this point, you have to appear much bigger than you really are.
00:02:33Spread your arms and make loud noises.
00:02:35Then the lion can make another fake charge.
00:02:37And if you keep standing still, the lion will realize you're a strong opponent and go the other way.
00:02:42The female lion is way more dangerous than the male one.
00:02:45If it's guarding the babies, it won't stop and you won't stand a chance.
00:02:48Your safari jeep takes you to the next location.
00:02:51You see elephants peacefully drinking water.
00:02:53These guys can be ten feet tall and weigh as much as two SUVs.
00:02:57They can even flip cars over with their powerful tusks.
00:03:00And now, one of them sees you and wags its big ears.
00:03:03It's bluffing.
00:03:04With those ears, the elephant wants to appear bigger and scare you away.
00:03:08It's also scared and won't run at you all the way.
00:03:11You must let the elephant know you're not threatening it.
00:03:13Don't yell or wave your arms.
00:03:16Take slow steps back until you leave the elephant's personal space.
00:03:19If it runs at you with ears to its head, it's not bluffing.
00:03:23Climbing a tree isn't a good option right now.
00:03:25It might ram the tree and you'll fall down.
00:03:27It might even tilt the tree with its strong trunk.
00:03:30You need to run in a zigzag pattern.
00:03:32The elephant is heavy and it's hard for it to change directions quickly.
00:03:35So gradually, you'll start to pull away from it.
00:03:37But still remember that an elephant can run 25 miles per hour.
00:03:41So you'll unlikely escape from it.
00:03:43Now let's move on to the Nile River.
00:03:45It has the largest number of crocodiles in the world.
00:03:48If you're camping, take a distance of at least 160 feet from the shore.
00:03:52This way, the crocodile will not stumble upon your camp at night.
00:03:55Never take your eyes off the crocodile.
00:03:58It can take advantage of that moment and take you by surprise.
00:04:01Their top speed is only 10 miles per hour.
00:04:03But they can make charges at 40 feet per second from the water.
00:04:07So the only chance to survive is to stay out of the water.
00:04:10If not, the crocodile's weak points are the eyes, the tip of the nose, and the membrane in the throat.
00:04:15This membrane prevents water from entering the crocodile's throat.
00:04:19When running away from a crocodile, be careful not to bump into a hippopotamus.
00:04:23This is one of the most dangerous animals in the world.
00:04:26They can be the size of a business class car and weigh as much as a big elephant.
00:04:30And they can run as fast as horses.
00:04:32So they're sure to outrun you in a sprint.
00:04:34The main thing is to not frighten it.
00:04:36If you're standing far away, get its attention with a loud sound.
00:04:39Usually they will try to get away from you.
00:04:41Use this moment to back away too.
00:04:44But if you see a hippo yawning, it's a sign that you're violating its comfort zone.
00:04:48They can open their mouth at 180 degrees and have the bite force of a crocodile.
00:04:53So you can't beat it and have to run.
00:04:55The best option is to climb a tree or some kind of slope.
00:04:58Hippos have a hard time climbing high places.
00:05:01And if you manage to escape, you'd be one of the few people who survived a face-to-face encounter with a hippo.
00:05:07There's also buffaloes living here in the savannah.
00:05:09They can be as tall as an adult and weigh a whole ton.
00:05:13And unlike lions and elephants, they don't make a fake charge.
00:05:16If you see this machine running at you, it definitely has evil intentions.
00:05:20Their powerful horns and skull can bend sheets of metal.
00:05:23They can turn a new car into a pile of scrap metal.
00:05:26You can never outrun a buffalo.
00:05:28So your only option is to find the nearest tree and run to it before the buffalo even starts its charge.
00:05:33If you run into a snake, you need to freeze in place.
00:05:36There are endless species of snakes.
00:05:38And you don't know if your opponent is venomous or not.
00:05:41So you definitely need to avoid getting bitten.
00:05:43Make smooth and slow backward movements.
00:05:46If the snake is following you, stop and start stomping your feet.
00:05:49The strong vibrations of the ground should scare it away.
00:05:52If the snake bit you anyway, try to remember exactly what it looked like.
00:05:56Better yet, take a picture of it.
00:05:58To neutralize the venom, you need to take an antidote to the specific venom of that species of snake.
00:06:03You're on your way to Northeast Asia.
00:06:05As you're going through the dense jungle, you see a clearing.
00:06:08Several wild boars are peacefully grazing there.
00:06:11One of them is a female with several children.
00:06:13It'll do anything to protect them, so it's especially aggressive now.
00:06:16Oops, it spotted you.
00:06:18Get ready to defend yourself.
00:06:20If the wild boar is making high-pitched, piercing cries, it's going to strike you.
00:06:24The first thing you need to do is to stay calm and stand still.
00:06:27You have a good chance that the boar will go on its way, but you see it starting to run.
00:06:31And now you have several options.
00:06:33A. You can run away.
00:06:35B. You can face the blow.
00:06:37And C. Climb the nearest tree.
00:06:40The first option is wrong.
00:06:42Wild boars can run almost as fast as Usain Bolt.
00:06:45And when it catches up to you, its sharp tusks won't leave you a chance.
00:06:49Option B. Stay where you are.
00:06:51Wrong. A wild boar can weigh as much as a motorcycle and be almost as long as an adult.
00:06:56A hit at 25 mph will just knock you down.
00:06:59So the correct option is to climb the nearest tree.
00:07:02If there's no trees, then climb a car or a tall rock.
00:07:05You have to be in a higher position than the boar.
00:07:08When it realizes it can't reach you, it'll leave you alone.
00:07:11The most important thing is to stay away from wild boars.
00:07:14Never try to feed them or provoke them.
00:07:17This black, ominous-looking snake won't hurt you.
00:07:20It's got no fangs.
00:07:23You may have mistakenly thought that this black critter is none other than a black mamba.
00:07:28But it's just a harmless rat snake.
00:07:30There's one main sign that can help you figure out if a snake is really dangerous.
00:07:36Unfanged species do not have a venom delivery system.
00:07:39Therefore, their bites won't harm you that much.
00:07:42But if you see a snake with fangs, you're in real danger.
00:07:46If you come across a snake, it's best to leave the area and seek assistance from a wildlife professional in identifying the reptile.
00:07:54Here are some tips to help you distinguish between the two types.
00:07:57Observe their behavior, nesting habits, and habitats.
00:08:01Some snakes may shake their tails as a warning signal.
00:08:05Also, venomous snakes typically have triangular-shaped heads compared to non-venomous snakes with rounded heads.
00:08:15Time for an optical illusion.
00:08:17Can you spot a snake here?
00:08:20You'd better be attentive because there's a boomslang hiding on that tree.
00:08:24This slithery critter has mastered the art of disguise, and it likes to pretend to be a tree branch.
00:08:30Also, boomslangs may not have the best sense of smell.
00:08:33But they make up for it with their ability to detect chemicals in the air.
00:08:37Using their tongues, they gather odor molecules and press them against their sensory organs in the mouth.
00:08:43This snake is venomous.
00:08:45Just look at those fangs!
00:08:47Still, while they're not in use, the snake can neatly fold back its fangs into its mouth.
00:08:56Rattlesnakes and humans have something in common.
00:08:59Both have a lot of keratin-made accessories in our bodies.
00:09:03Human nails and hair are made of keratin, and rattlesnakes' rattles are made of it too.
00:09:09The staple sounds these slithery creatures make are similar to the noise we humans can make when we rub our nails against one another.
00:09:17But these reptiles do it super fast, so it almost sounds like hissing.
00:09:24Whenever the snakes shed, they add up a new segment to their rattle.
00:09:27But it's not like the older a snake is, the more segments it has.
00:09:31Their rattles may wear off or break, just like our nails.
00:09:35Rattlesnakes, as well as many other snakes, have a unique inner ear structure that doesn't include an eardrum.
00:09:41This means they can't pick up airborne sounds like we do.
00:09:45Instead, their inner ear is connected to their jaw, and they use this mechanism to feel vibrations.
00:09:51Biologists are still figuring out whether snakes detect sounds through pressure or mechanical vibrations in their bodies.
00:10:00They're also quite selective eaters.
00:10:02Rattlesnakes only chow down when they're feeling hungry, with adults usually waiting around two weeks between meals.
00:10:09These sneaky hunters usually go after mice, rats, squirrels, and rabbits, but they won't say no to a bird if they manage to catch one.
00:10:17Younger rattlesnakes, on the other hand, tend to have a heartier appetite, sometimes dining as often as once a week.
00:10:25Now look at their huge fangs.
00:10:28They're like hypodermic needles, hollow and sharp, allowing them to inject venom.
00:10:33What's really cool is that these fangs are hinged and lie flat against the snake's upper jaw when its mouth is closed,
00:10:40only to spring forward perpendicularly when it strikes.
00:10:47Majestic cottonmouths are named this way because of the striking white coloration inside their mouths that they display when threatened.
00:10:55These semi-aquatic serpents effortlessly navigate both water and land, earning them the moniker water moccasin.
00:11:03Equipped with heat-sensing facial pits nestled between their eyes and nostrils,
00:11:07they possess an extraordinary ability to detect even the slightest temperature variations, honing in on potential prey with precision.
00:11:17Rarely do cottonmouths bite humans, reserving their venomous strike for moments of provocation.
00:11:23Here's a tip on how to distinguish between non-venomous water snakes and their venomous counterparts, cottonmouths.
00:11:31While water snakes boast a slender build, cottonmouths exude a robust and weighty presence.
00:11:37The telltale signs continue with water snakes sporting elongated, slender tails and heads proportionate to their necks,
00:11:44contrasting with the blocky and broad head of a cottonmouth.
00:11:49The pupils of the water snake are round, a departure from the vertical, cat-like pupils of cottonmouths.
00:11:55Plus, non-venomous snakes don't have the distinctive facial pits characteristic of pit vipers like cottonmouths.
00:12:05Here's another venomous star, the copperhead snake.
00:12:09Their musk smells just like cucumbers.
00:12:12Their venom is pretty particular too.
00:12:14Will you be in trouble if this snake bites you?
00:12:17Totally.
00:12:18Does it help cure lethal conditions?
00:12:20Um, sorta.
00:12:22It's not a 100% proven fact so far, but scientists have been testing this theory for quite a while.
00:12:28And they did notice that the copperhead snake's venom can, if not cure some serious conditions, but slow down their progression.
00:12:36Even so, they have the most venomous bites among all the US snakes.
00:12:40But antivenom for the bites somehow is not always needed.
00:12:45Coral snakes are known for their non-aggressive nature, as they are shy and secretive creatures.
00:12:51Theirs make up less than 1% of snake bites in America.
00:12:55Their venom is a neurotoxin that paralyzes nerves, and due to their small teeth, they must chew on their prey to inject the venom.
00:13:03When feeling threatened, a coral snake will curl the tip of its tail to confuse the attacker about the location of its head.
00:13:11The mysterious and mesmerizing black mamba, also known as the black-mouthed mamba, calls the rocky savanna its home and loves to hang out near termite mounds.
00:13:23With a color range from gray to dark brown, its name comes from the dark interior of its mouth.
00:13:29Black mambas hold the title of some of the fastest-moving snakes globally, reaching speeds of 10 to 12 miles per hour on a sleek surface.
00:13:38Despite its fierce reputation, unprovoked attacks on humans remain unproven, and the snake is actually responsible for only a small number of lethal cases each year.
00:13:50Saw-scaled vipers possess a fascinating ability to produce a spine-chilling noise, accompanied by a striking threat display.
00:13:58The unique shape of their scales allows them to create a prolonged rattling hiss or sizzle when they move in a particular terrifying manner.
00:14:06These sounds serve as a clear warning to anyone in close proximity to the snake.
00:14:12Despite being responsible for many fatalities, without treatment, the saw-scaled viper's bites are fatal in fewer than 10% of cases.
00:14:21This contrasts starkly with the king cobra and black mamba, whose untreated bite fatalities are significantly higher.
00:14:29Saw-scaled vipers are known for their extreme aggression and lightning-fast strikes, making them some of the quickest and most unpredictable snakes in the world.
00:14:41When you're out hiking in the bush, remember not to mess with any snakes you come across, even if they don't seem alive.
00:14:48Some sneaky snakes play possum and can strike if bothered. If you spot one, give it some space.
00:14:55When it comes to snakes, they're usually pretty shy and won't bother you unless they feel threatened.
00:15:01Trying to catch or harm a snake is a big no-no, as that's when most snake bites occur.
00:15:06And don't be tricked by their size. Even little snakes can pack a punch.
00:15:11For example, baby brown snakes are born with venom, so it's best to admire them from a safe distance.
00:15:18Each year, over 7,000 Americans fall victim to snake bites, often due to misguided attempts to handle or fight a snake.
00:15:27It's crucial to avoid such actions and seek immediately medical help if bitten.
00:15:32Understanding how to differentiate between venomous and non-venomous snakes is key to assessing potential risks.
00:15:39Contact a professional if you're unsure about a snake's identity, and never handle a snake, even if it appears harmless.
00:15:48You're driving around with your friend Annie in the wild Australian outback.
00:15:53The sun is scorching hot, but you see a mob of cute kangaroos hopping around.
00:15:58You stop the car and you get out to film them with your friends. You even go live to impress your friends and followers.
00:16:04Suddenly, one of the kangaroos leaps towards you at full velocity, ready to swing.
00:16:09Alright, let's freeze right here for a second before you or your friend get hurt.
00:16:14Kangaroos have extremely powerful legs and can jump around 30 feet in the air.
00:16:19Those strong legs can let them hop at speeds of up to 30 mph, faster than any average human.
00:16:26So, if you're thinking about running a mob of angry kangaroos, or a single kangaroo, then don't.
00:16:31They'll chase after you and knock you down before you even reach your top speed.
00:16:35Their tails are strong and sometimes act like a fifth limb when they're grazing in a field.
00:16:40Kangaroos generally eat grass like cows, but also feast on shrubs, moss, and even fungi.
00:16:47Their tails are essential for keeping balance.
00:16:50They can stand as tall as 6 feet, with their tail making up half of that.
00:16:54Back to you guys. The kangaroo is only a few feet away from you.
00:16:58The first thing you have to do is protect your body.
00:17:01Turn it sideways and extend your arm out. Make sure your head is out of reach.
00:17:04Their paws have very sharp claws, so you don't want them laying any jabs on you, especially your head.
00:17:11They kick with both feet, which means they rest their body on their tails and extend both legs to push kick their aggressors,
00:17:18aka Annie and you.
00:17:20Their feet are huge, which makes them even more dangerous.
00:17:24Well, time is still frozen, so you and Annie get into position and are ready for the kangaroo attack.
00:17:30And action! The kangaroo stands face to face with you like a boxer in a ring.
00:17:35It moves closer, but you're in the correct position to reduce damage from your end as much as you can.
00:17:41Even though you know how to defend yourself, facing off with a 6 foot kangaroo isn't the best idea.
00:17:47The best you can do is slowly back away without startling it.
00:17:51Don't turn your back on it, you might get a surprise attack.
00:17:54If backing up doesn't help, let it know it's won this battle.
00:17:57Don't return any eye contact if you can. Cower yourself.
00:18:02You might have missed some warning signs while observing them from afar.
00:18:06The kangaroos weren't stomping their feet because they were excited to see you.
00:18:10They were telling you not to come any closer.
00:18:12When one of them hopped over to you, it stood high on its legs and flexed its muscles to show dominance.
00:18:18The biggest fail of all is that you pulled over while they were grazing peacefully.
00:18:22They thought of you as a threat and went into defensive mode.
00:18:25The mob has several joeys, or baby kangaroos, sticking their heads out of their mother's pouches.
00:18:31Female kangaroos have a pouch on their belly made of a fold of skin to house the babies.
00:18:37When they're first born, they're only the size of a grape, but then blossom to the giants that they are.
00:18:42Only after 10 months, joeys are old enough to move out of mom's pouch and hop on their own.
00:18:47So, you and Annie survive that confrontation for now.
00:18:50But what happens when you're face-to-face with a 40-foot kangaroo?
00:18:54I'm just kidding, we're keeping it real here.
00:18:57It would be super difficult to face off with a grizzly bear.
00:19:00The first thing you would need to know about grizzlies is that they're very cute when they're berry-picking,
00:19:05or just scratching their backs on tree bark.
00:19:07But their dark side is scarier than a kangaroo's.
00:19:10You're having a little picnic with Annie, when suddenly, a grizzly bear approaches after smelling some yummy food.
00:19:17Don't panic, we'll freeze time here to give you a chance to think about what to do.
00:19:22In general, the best way to survive a grizzly attack is to avoid it altogether.
00:19:27Grizzlies are wanderers, always looking for the best spots to find some food.
00:19:32Their sense of smell is impeccable, so its nose led the bear right to your picnic.
00:19:37The bear is very close to you, no need to panic.
00:19:40You should show the bear that you're just a visitor on its territory.
00:19:43Back away slowly while speaking in a low and calm tone.
00:19:48It needs to know that you're submitting to it, as it's the dominant creature in this encounter.
00:19:53There's a lot of tension when you're face to face with a bear, so don't turn your back and make a break for it.
00:19:59That will only let the bear chase you down, and you won't win in that race.
00:20:03They're faster than humans, and can swim and climb trees,
00:20:06so unless you sprout some wings and fly away, do not try to outrun a grizzly bear.
00:20:10Next, you should avoid eye contact.
00:20:13Just like the cute and cuddly kangaroos, bears take it very seriously and watch your every move.
00:20:19They also consider direct eye contact as a sign of aggression, as if you want to challenge them.
00:20:25Grizzlies also like to play a game of chicken.
00:20:28They wait to see your moves, and can even fake a charge to see how you're going to react.
00:20:33Either way, you have to stand your ground.
00:20:35If the bear lowers its head and protrudes its neck towards you, then it knows that it wants to charge right at you.
00:20:42Since we froze time for now, we can't know for sure what its next move is going to be.
00:20:47Let's jump back into action to see what it'll do,
00:20:50because you'll have to plan your next move depending on the bear's move.
00:20:54And action!
00:20:56The grizzly bear isn't showing any signs of aggression so far.
00:20:59It's just curious about the setting.
00:21:01Remember your training. No eye contact.
00:21:03Ok, the bear is showing some signs of aggression now, which means it could potentially attack you.
00:21:08Stand your ground. It's getting closer.
00:21:11The best thing to do in this scenario is to completely submit to it by laying face down on the ground, covering your head with your arms.
00:21:18Don't move. The bear might understand that you're submitting to it and walk away.
00:21:23Sometimes bears will stick around for a while before leaving you alone.
00:21:27Luckily, this bear only wanted the food from the picnic,
00:21:30so it grabs the sandwiches and runs away.
00:21:33You guys were lucky this time, but if the bear did attack you, you'd have to fight it off as much as you can.
00:21:39You can use any objects nearby to help you.
00:21:42It's best to aim for the most sensitive spots, like the bear's eyes and nose, with all your strength.
00:21:48What makes cougars stand out from other predators is that they're excellent stalkers.
00:21:53You're hiking in the forest, and you don't realize that you have an unwelcomed guest along with you.
00:21:58Cougars will stalk you if they think you're good to eat and can pounce from out of nowhere, and if it knows it's the right time.
00:22:06These giant cats generally don't attack people, but who knows what's on their mind.
00:22:12The rule of thumb when face to face with a cougar is pretty much the same as with other animals.
00:22:18Stand your ground and don't run.
00:22:21Running will only trigger the cat, as it will outrun you for sure.
00:22:25These cats are strong and have very quick reflexes.
00:22:29Their claws are powerful, and their bites are even worse.
00:22:33You don't want to be chased by one of these.
00:22:36Now that you're standing your ground, make yourself appear bigger than the cougar.
00:22:40That's right, raise your arms and puff out your chest.
00:22:44Always keep eye contact to try to assert dominance.
00:22:47You don't have to appear weaker or submissive to the cat, unlike when facing a grizzly or a kangaroo.
00:22:52On the contrary, you need to show that you're more powerful than it is.
00:22:57So don't cower down or break a sweat.
00:23:00It's watching your every move.
00:23:02The next steps really depend on the cougar.
00:23:05Let's resume, shall we?
00:23:07Okay, it's showing signs of aggressive behavior.
00:23:10It's a tough kitty, and it doesn't want to lose this game.
00:23:13If appearing tall doesn't do anything, then try waving your arms around and shout from the top of your lungs.
00:23:18If you can throw some rocks at it to scare it off, then it would be another plus for you.
00:23:23The kitty looks like it wants to attack.
00:23:26No matter what, stand your ground.
00:23:28After a while, the cougar submits and runs away.
00:23:32You won this encounter.
00:23:34Now just because you got away with this, doesn't mean you're good in the future.
00:23:38If the cougar did attack you, then your only option would be to fight back.
00:23:43Find some objects nearby to help you,
00:23:45and don't give up.
00:23:51This is not some hypothetical situation or fairy tale.
00:23:55The Vesuvius supervolcano that erased the city of Pompeii
00:24:00may wake up again and destroy many other towns built near the mountain.
00:24:05And to understand what consequences humanity would face if it wakens this time,
00:24:10it's smart to note what the eruption did 2,000 years ago with the ancient city.
00:24:16So, Pompeii was a thriving city in the Roman Empire,
00:24:20located just 5 miles from Vesuvius on the west coast of Italy.
00:24:25It was a resort where the noblest and richest people rested.
00:24:30They walked along cozy streets, lived in beautiful villas, and had fun beside fountains.
00:24:35The soil in this region was fertile, since the ground around the volcano had a lot of useful elements.
00:24:41Olives and grapes from Pompeii were sold throughout the empire.
00:24:46About 12,000 people lived in Pompeii by the time of the eruption.
00:24:51It seems not so much compared to modern standards,
00:24:55but it was considered a big city in those days.
00:24:59The catastrophe began unexpectedly.
00:25:01At first, everyone felt the ground tremble.
00:25:05Birds flew away from the volcano as far as possible.
00:25:09There was tension in the air because of the impending catastrophe.
00:25:13The volcano started to release thick smoke, soot, and ash.
00:25:18There was so much of it, that soon it obscured the sky over the city with a heavy grey cloud.
00:25:24Vesuvius spat out the volcano.
00:25:26Vesuvius spat out gases, rocks, and dirt.
00:25:29Hot ash polluted the air and made it difficult for people to breathe.
00:25:33Locals couldn't see inside this grey haze.
00:25:36And then it started raining heavily.
00:25:39The water mixed with ash and soot and fell on Pompeii.
00:25:43Roofs of houses broke under the heavy weight of mud.
00:25:47Streets, fountains, alleys, and squares were hidden under millions of tons of soot.
00:25:52The next day, the destruction continued with renewed force.
00:25:56There was an explosion of hot gas and crushed rock at the top of the mountain.
00:26:01A devastating blast wave at a speed of 100 miles per hour
00:26:05dispersed in all directions and vaporized all the trees in its path.
00:26:10When the wave reached Pompeii, it turned the city into ruins.
00:26:14On the second day, the eruption of Vesuvius began.
00:26:17By this time, the great town had been lying under a thick blanket of ash.
00:26:22By the way, this type of eruption is called an explosive one.
00:26:27But when lava flows out of a volcano and causes a fire, this is a quiet eruption.
00:26:33The last time Vesuvius erupted was in 1944.
00:26:37But even today, it's still one of the most dangerous eruptions in history.
00:26:41This time Vesuvius erupted was in 1944.
00:26:45But even today, it's still one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world.
00:26:50But nobody's afraid of it.
00:26:523 million people live around the mountain, about 20 miles from the crater.
00:26:57If the volcano wakes up, it could be one of the most enormous cataclysms in the modern world.
00:27:04Pompeii was destroyed almost 2,000 years ago.
00:27:07Since then, science and technology have advanced a lot.
00:27:12We're planning to colonize Mars someday.
00:27:15We've created a metaverse.
00:27:17But so far, we're still powerless before the forces of nature.
00:27:22An erupting supervolcano can destroy nature around it and cause technogenic catastrophes in big cities.
00:27:29The phone lines would be overloaded, and people wouldn't be able to call their loved ones or the rescue services.
00:27:36There would be big traffic jams on the roads.
00:27:39Panic would spread throughout the streets.
00:27:42Fires would start because of falling hot soot.
00:27:45All flights would be canceled, and locals would have to hide in airports, supermarkets and the subway.
00:27:51A large gray cloud would obscure the sun and make the air hot.
00:27:56The only thing that can help us in such a situation is a preliminary warning about the upcoming eruption and good preparation.
00:28:05So, if the disaster starts while walking on the streets, you should take shelter in a car or building.
00:28:11It's better to buy a dusk mask in advance that allows you to breathe freely.
00:28:16If there's no mask, cover your nose and mouth with any cloth.
00:28:20If you stay at home, close all doors and windows so volcanic ash can't get into your apartment or home.
00:28:28These incandescent particles can easily set fire to a carpet or curtains.
00:28:33Put wet towels under the door sills.
00:28:36If you need to go outside for some reason, wear a suit covering your body completely.
00:28:41Don't forget about the protection for your eyes.
00:28:44Put on special glasses that have a dust-proof function.
00:28:47And remember about the mask.
00:28:50If you have a house, you need to disconnect the downpipes from the gutters to avoid clogging the drains.
00:28:56If your house has a rainwater collection system, you need to disconnect the pipes from the tank.
00:29:02Rain with ashes is a hot, dense mess that can easily break the water supply system.
00:29:08Fill the tub and sink to have water for washing and cleaning in case the central water supply is turned off.
00:29:15Set the lowest temperature on the fridge and freezer.
00:29:18Your food will be stored much longer if electricity is shut down in the city.
00:29:22Go to a room without windows above ground level and wait for a message from authorities on the radio or TV.
00:29:29Keep the receiver close to you so you don't miss anything important.
00:29:34The device must have a full charge, a strong body, and a powerful antenna.
00:29:39Here's an excellent option for survival in the ash apocalypse.
00:29:44The eruption is intensifying, and you hear on the radio about the evacuation.
00:29:49At this point, you need to calm down and follow the instructions from rescuers.
00:29:54Collect a bag at home with food, water, and medical supplies.
00:29:59Your emergency kit should include flares, maps, a first aid kit, sleeping bags, flashlights, a fire extinguisher, a portable phone charger, car tools, and a few charged batteries.
00:30:14You should always have a filled gasoline canister if you live near an active volcano.
00:30:19Going to the gas station is not a good idea during the evacuation.
00:30:24You can get into a long traffic jam and spend too much time in it.
00:30:29If you don't have a car, ask your friends for help or pay someone for a ride.
00:30:34It's possible the city administration would organize buses for evacuation.
00:30:39You would find out about it through the radio.
00:30:42In any case, before leaving the house, don't forget to turn off the gas and electrical devices,
00:30:48and shut off the valve with the water supply to prevent your home from a gas leak or flooding.
00:30:54So, you're driving a car.
00:30:57The authorities must announce the plans for evacuation.
00:31:01Don't go off the route because some roads can be blocked.
00:31:04Perhaps they will say the eruption is over and you can return home.
00:31:08Maybe the eruption will be so strong that it will destroy the city.
00:31:13Anyway, if you're prepared, you'll have fewer things to worry about.
00:31:17Modern seismic sensors monitor the fluctuations of tectonic plates and the volcano's activity, so the eruption won't be a surprise.
00:31:27Pompeii is far from the only city destroyed by the eruption.
00:31:30In 1785, a similar disaster occurred in the Japanese town of Aogashima.
00:31:36It was located right in the crater of an active volcano, and one day it woke up.
00:31:43It was sunny weather, and no one suspected a disaster was coming.
00:31:48At some point, the birds rose in the air and flew away.
00:31:52Then the ground began to shake.
00:31:54A heavy low sound came from the depths of the island, and thick streams of smoke and ash erupted from the volcano.
00:32:01The volcano threw dirt and big red-hot stones into the sky.
00:32:06It looked like a meteor shower.
00:32:09People evacuated, and the mountain continued to erupt for several weeks.
00:32:14When the ashes settled, the volcano erupted again.
00:32:17People evacuated, and the mountain continued to erupt for several weeks.
00:32:22When the ashes settled, the volcano fell asleep again, and people began to return to their city.
00:32:29Despite the risk of a new eruption, they continue to live and work there today.
00:32:34Since then, more than 200 years have passed, and the volcano never woke up.
00:32:40Meteorological and seismological services monitor the situation and seismic activity.
00:32:45After all the horrors and devastation that a volcanic eruption leads to, harmony in nature eventually comes.
00:32:53Decades and centuries later, volcanic ash, rich in helpful food elements, settles on the soil and makes it fertile.
00:33:01Then life will rise from the ashes like a phoenix.
00:33:08Welcome back to Science and You.
00:33:12As you're walking in the wild, a snake appears from some dry bushes and bites you above your ankle.
00:33:19How rather unfortunate.
00:33:21Keep calm. You must keep your heart rate and blood pressure low to slow down the spread of the venom.
00:33:27Remove your shoes and socks.
00:33:30Now you must find out whether the bite came from a venomous or non-venomous snake.
00:33:35If you see two deep puncture wounds on your leg, they came from the venomous fellow's fangs.
00:33:41In a non-venomous serpent's bite, you'll see small sharp teeth in a U-shape.
00:33:47There are around 600 venomous snake species, and you should look out for vipers and cobras.
00:33:53Each has a different type of venom and needs different treatments.
00:33:57If a viper bites you, don't put pressure on your wound.
00:34:01Trapping the venom in one area could make the tissue damage worse.
00:34:05Then you must rush to the nearest hospital for treatment.
00:34:08If a cobra bites someone, you must tie the area with a bandage to stop the venom from going further into their system.
00:34:16Keep an eye on the fellow that was bitten to make sure they're breathing.
00:34:20Yes, cobra venom can paralyze the diaphragm.
00:34:24Don't suck out the venom. It travels so fast into someone's system, you'll achieve nothing.
00:34:30Take a good look at the snake, and if you can, snap a few photos of it to show the medical staff.
00:34:35Try to have good picture composition.
00:34:38Moving on from snakes to allergies.
00:34:41Most people respond to allergens with a runny nose or some sneezing, but others have far more complicated responses.
00:34:49An itchy rash may be a sign of an allergic reaction.
00:34:53It might look like dermatitis, and it can show up a week after your exposure to an allergen.
00:34:59There was a rare case a few years ago.
00:35:01Someone got braces for the first time, and after a week, they developed an itchy rash under their wristwatch and stomach.
00:35:09As it turned out, they were allergic to the nickel in braces.
00:35:13If you get blisters on your skin after sitting in the sun for one to two hours, it's probably not sunburn, but an allergic reaction.
00:35:22You may also have some skin redness, tiny raised bumps, and scaling.
00:35:26When that happens, go to the emergency room fast.
00:35:30Experts will run tests and give you advice on how to continue from there.
00:35:35Sometimes different medications might cause it too, or fruits such as limes and parsnips can.
00:35:42If you're allergic to pollen, stay away from fruits and veggies.
00:35:46Some of them have proteins like the ones found in pollen, and your immune system responds to them.
00:35:52They can trigger the same allergy symptoms such as itchiness, swelling of the mouth, face, and, well, you know the gist.
00:36:01You're trapped in a car during a winter storm.
00:36:04Outside, it's freezing, and you begin to shiver.
00:36:08That's a good thing.
00:36:10When temperatures drop below a comfortable level, your body starts to shake.
00:36:15This action boosts your body's surface tension.
00:36:17When temperatures drop below a comfortable level, your body starts to shake.
00:36:20This action boosts your body's surface heat production by 500%.
00:36:25But shivering can only warm you up for so long.
00:36:29After a while, your muscles will run out of fuel, and they'll stop contracting.
00:36:34If someone suddenly stops shaking, and they grow tired and want to fall asleep, act fast.
00:36:40Bring them indoors, remove any wet clothes, rub their hands and feet, wrap them in blankets, and find warm, dry compresses to apply to their chest, neck, or lower tummy.
00:36:53Never put a warm compress on their arms or legs.
00:36:57The sudden heat will force cold blood back to the heart, brains, and lungs, causing the body's core temperature to drop.
00:37:05While you're driving down an empty road, you hear an emergency radio broadcast about the weather.
00:37:12A tornado watch in your area means that a tornado is likely to happen.
00:37:18But a tornado warning means a tornado has appeared on the radar, or has been spotted in person.
00:37:25You should also be on the lookout for hail.
00:37:28It appears when updrafts within a thunderstorm push the rain into the thick clouds, and it freezes.
00:37:35But when a tornado is approaching, hail can arrive without rain.
00:37:39Then, everything gets quiet. The air becomes still, and there's no wind.
00:37:45Suddenly, you'll see the clouds moving quickly in a rotating pattern, or toward the sky.
00:37:51You'll hear a loud waterfall sound that will turn into a roar as the tornado gets close.
00:37:58It'll be similar to the sound of trains and jets.
00:38:02Debris will begin to fall, and a funnel-shaped cloud will start to rotate, pulling branches and leaves upwards.
00:38:10If the tornado is not moving to either the left or the right, it might be coming toward you, and you won't realize it until it's too close.
00:38:21Just as you're chilling at home watching TV, you hear an eerie whooshing noise.
00:38:28It sounds like a soft gush of wind, but you confirm there's nothing there after checking all the doors.
00:38:35The next day, you feel pressure in your chest, and it gets worse as the week progresses.
00:38:42The chest pains follow with a dreaded feeling of exhaustion.
00:38:46You can't help but think there's something wrong with your body.
00:38:50The problems are within your house.
00:38:53You might have carbon monoxide poisoning.
00:38:56When this gas fills your home, it builds up in your bloodstream, and it replaces the oxygen in your body.
00:39:03Poisoning can also cause headaches, nausea, and confusion.
00:39:08In those cases, run outside to get fresh air and call emergency service.
00:39:14Also, get a carbon monoxide detector and add it in the hallway or areas where you sleep.
00:39:20Check the batteries twice a year, and when the alarm goes off, step outside, and you know who to call.
00:39:28You go ice skating.
00:39:31The ice on the lake seems thicker than it was, and uh-oh, you hear a cracking snap, and you end up in the icy water.
00:39:39First, your body will go into shock because of the sudden change in temperature.
00:39:45Don't worry, it will pass after one to three minutes.
00:39:48Now, you must find a solid piece of ice and hold onto it.
00:39:53Don't try to climb it, just put your arms on it, kick your legs, and push the piece forward.
00:40:00It will help you drag your body onto the ice.
00:40:03Once you're on an ice sheet, don't stand up.
00:40:07If you do, your body weight will concentrate on the smaller ice area, and it'll break again.
00:40:13Just keep rolling until you're further on the stable ground.
00:40:18What if you have to break the window of a hot car?
00:40:22Car windows have layers of materials that can resist force.
00:40:26Here's what you need to do.
00:40:28Avoid the back windows or the front windshield of the car.
00:40:32They're harder to break.
00:40:34Go for the passenger and driver's side windows.
00:40:37If you've got a hammer, don't hit the glass in the middle.
00:40:41Aim for the edges, where the glass breaks easily.
00:40:45Now, if the windows refuse to break with a hammer, screwdriver, or whatever you've got around,
00:40:51look for a small, pointy rock.
00:40:54If that doesn't work either, then your best bet is your car's spark plug.
00:40:59Pop your hood, pull out the spark plug, break the porcelain casing,
00:41:03and throw the broken ceramic piece anywhere at the window.
00:41:08It's the middle of summer, and you're vacationing somewhere on the Pacific Rim.
00:41:12Suddenly, you feel a strong quake.
00:41:16Well, this could be the first warning sign of an approaching tsunami.
00:41:21Or it could trigger large waves thousands of miles across.
00:41:26But there are other telltale signs that a tsunami is approaching.
00:41:31One is a change in water levels, either rising or falling.
00:41:36If you see the ocean withdrawing quickly and the seabed getting exposed,
00:41:40you should run at least 100 feet above sea level and one mile inland.
00:41:46Many experts say once the seawater starts receding,
00:41:50you've got five minutes to evacuate before the enormous wave hits.
00:41:55Remember, it's all about science and you.
00:42:04On your way to the Caribbean, your plane breaks down,
00:42:07and you fall directly into a dangerous rainforest.
00:42:11In order to survive until the rescue team arrives,
00:42:15you need to go through a series of tests to make it out of there.
00:42:19Great vacation, huh?
00:42:22You know you can't survive without water for too long,
00:42:25so your first task is to find a source of drinkable water.
00:42:29Near your camping site, there are a few options.
00:42:32There is a small pond, a stream, and a juicy cactus.
00:42:38Which source of water do you think is the most reliable one?
00:42:46Most cacti are pretty toxic,
00:42:49and instead of quenching your thirst, they might give you a stomachache.
00:42:53The pond isn't a good option.
00:42:56There are all kinds of bacteria swarming in it, so that's a no-go.
00:43:00The stream is your safest source of water. It's the freshest.
00:43:06It's been two hours since you crashed.
00:43:09Survivalists know that your next move needs to be finding a shelter to spend the night.
00:43:14You look around, and you map three different options.
00:43:17You see a tall tree with a branch you could rest for the night.
00:43:21There's a pretty dark and damp cave that looks kinda scary.
00:43:24There's a clearing in the forest where you could create a bed with fallen leaves.
00:43:29Which one do you choose?
00:43:36There are lots of natural shelters in the wild.
00:43:39You should avoid tall trees since they can be struck by lightning.
00:43:43A clearing won't protect you from possible predators and bad weather.
00:43:48That's why a cave is always a good option, especially if you're in a cold area.
00:43:52Caves tend to keep a constant temperature, so it's a good place to spend the night.
00:43:59Over 10 hours have gone by and your stomach starts growling.
00:44:04You go for a walk to find some food and come across plants that you think might be edible.
00:44:11You just need to understand what's the best way to determine whether or not they're safe to eat.
00:44:17What should you do then?
00:44:18You could smell the plant and evaluate its color.
00:44:22You could rub the plant on your skin and wait for a reaction.
00:44:26Or you could take a small nibble of the plant and wait for any weird effects.
00:44:31What's your two cents in this scenario?
00:44:38Just smelling a plant and looking at its color is not going to be enough to determine whether they're poisonous.
00:44:45Rubbing it on your skin might help you with that part, but you need to go a step further.
00:44:51The best way to test if a plant is edible or not is to take a small nibble and wait for any adverse effects.
00:44:58Of course, this option is already risky, but if your stomach is growling and you have nothing else to eat, I'd say go for it.
00:45:06At the end of your second day in the wild, you start to hear some noises in the woods.
00:45:12It sounds like there are some felines around.
00:45:16What is your best option to keep safe in this case?
00:45:19You could climb the tallest tree and wait until you don't hear anything else.
00:45:24You could stand your ground and start a fire.
00:45:28Or you could spend the night roaming around so they won't find you.
00:45:33If you decide to roam around at night, that might be it for you.
00:45:38Although most wild cats are not inherently dangerous, they do have a hunting instinct and might want to grab a bite. Of you.
00:45:46Making a fire in the wild tends to protect you from the jungle's biggest predators.
00:45:51The fire scares them away, at the same time that it lets them know that this area is taken.
00:45:56You made it through your first two days in the jungle all in one piece. Congrats!
00:46:02But the next morning, walking in the woods, you run into that wild cat that you were hearing the previous night.
00:46:08It's a jaguar. And its offspring.
00:46:12It starts hissing and showing you its teeth. Uh-oh.
00:46:16What should you do now, Indiana Jones?
00:46:18Your first option is jumping up and down in the same place, trying to scare it away.
00:46:23Your second option is to stand your ground and get as big as you can.
00:46:28Also making hissing sounds to scare off that mama jaguar.
00:46:32Your third option is throwing sticks and stones at it, hoping it's enough to keep it away while you slowly walk away.
00:46:39Jumping up and down might make that mama jaguar more agitated and attack you instantly.
00:46:44Remember, mothers accompanied by their offspring tend to be more protective and reactive.
00:46:50Throwing sticks and stones might have the same effect as those jumping jacks.
00:46:55So, don't be afraid.
00:46:58Your best option would definitely be standing your ground and getting as big as you can.
00:47:05Much like Chris McEndless in Into the Wild, you come by a river that you need to get across.
00:47:11You need to assess the safest way to get there.
00:47:15Do you think that a stray dog or a stray cat will run into you?
00:47:18The answer is…no.
00:47:21It's a dog!
00:47:23that you need to get across. You need to assess the safest way to cross it. You can take off
00:47:29your shoes, together with most things that weigh you down, and swim straight across it.
00:47:35Or you can build a makeshift raft from nearby materials, like trunks of trees. You can toss
00:47:40a stick to evaluate the speed and strength of the stream, and try looking for a narrow
00:47:45section to wade through. Here's what you should never do – swim
00:47:50across a fast-moving river in a straight line. You also should never attempt to cross
00:47:55it barefoot, as this cuts down the traction. Building a makeshift raft is probably not
00:48:07very doable in the wild, or it might take you days. Tossing a stick to check the current
00:48:12is an expert trick. It'll help you to evaluate if that river is safe to cross or not. Narrow
00:48:18and shallow areas are your go-to choice, if they're available.
00:48:26While hiking, you accidentally cut your hand on a sharp rock. There's no time to panic
00:48:31here, you need to act quick. What should you do? You should hurry to find the source of
00:48:36the bleeding, and apply direct pressure to it. Or you should find a source of clean water,
00:48:43rinse it, and then cover it with a bandage. Or you should try searching for something
00:48:47to cover the cut, like leave something. The last option is totally out of the way.
00:48:58Don't cover it with anything without cleaning it first. You probably won't have the time
00:49:03to find a source of water while you're bleeding a bunch. Which only leaves us with one more
00:49:07option. You should find the source of the bleeding and apply pressure on it.
00:49:16You come across an animal's carcass in the wilderness. It appears to be fresh, but you're
00:49:21unsure of its origin. What should you consider before deciding to eat any part of it? You
00:49:27should definitely look at the color of its fur or feathers and the lack of strong smell.
00:49:34You should watch out for the presence or absence of scavenger birds nearby. You should wait
00:49:40until you see another wild animal eating it.
00:49:44If there are scavenger birds hanging around like vultures, this means that the carcass
00:49:48is probably not safe for consumption. These birds have a pretty hyped-up sense of smell
00:49:54and are attracted to decaying flesh. But if they are avoiding the animal, then it might
00:49:59be an indication that it could be diseased or contaminated. In other words, your first
00:50:05option is your best option.
00:50:09It's been three days now, and you decide to signal for help. What took you so long?
00:50:15You have a few options here. You can yell and shout at regular intervals of time. You
00:50:21can blow your survival whistle in bursts of three. You can wait until it's nighttime
00:50:27again and put out your fire so you can send signals with smoke. What's your best pick
00:50:32here?
00:50:39Well let's face it, you shouldn't waste your precious life force to yell from minute
00:50:43to minute. You should preserve your energy and your voice. Blowing the whistle can come
00:50:49in handy if you hear human sounds in the forest. Otherwise, it's also a waste of energy.
00:50:56Your best pick is probably to send smoke signals to the sky. Hopefully, the rescue team comes
00:51:01to rescue you. If not, well, that animal carcass is looking better and better now, isn't it?
00:51:31Luckily enough, the storm hasn't damaged your parachute. You unstrap yourself and head to
00:51:37the closest shelter under some palm trees. You're waiting for the storm to be over.
00:51:44The next day. The sun is shining, and the waves seem nice and friendly. You wake up
00:51:51and look around. Nothing but a large stretch of water encircling you from all directions.
00:51:57But a boat, human, or another living being is around. You scout the island, trying to
00:52:03find anything. You don't even know what you're looking for. On one side of the small island,
00:52:09you see some scrap metal and remnants of the plane washed ashore. You rush over there and
00:52:15try to see if there's anything useful. Too bad everything is destroyed. However, one
00:52:21sealed box has made it. You open it and see dozens of duct tape rolls piled on top of
00:52:28each other. After going through the island, you head back to your camp, dragging the box
00:52:34of duct tape. You try to figure out what to do. Soon, you get a lightbulb moment. There
00:52:42are some places on the island that are hard to access, and since your shoes have been
00:52:47damaged, you fashion out some sandals. To do it, you grab some branches and try to use
00:52:53duct tape to make a new pair of shoes. After many failed attempts, you almost give up.
00:53:01But then, you attach some duct tape to pieces of tree bark that are roughly the size of
00:53:06your foot. Those are going to be the soles of your new shoes. The duct tape is smooth
00:53:12and won't hurt your feet. After adding several branches, you wrap the duct tape around your
00:53:17feet and voila! You have duct tape sandals. Now you can venture into the rocky parts of
00:53:24the island without damaging your feet. As you walk along the island, you start feeling
00:53:31the heat. You wrap your shirt around your head, but it's not enough to protect you.
00:53:37You use some duct tape to create a hat with the help of leaves. Then you place it on your
00:53:43head. You're now safe to go. After a while, you bring back some stuff you found around
00:53:48the island. By this time, you've started to feel that your tummy is rumbling. Next, at
00:53:55a rocky reef, you spot some large yummy crabs and fish, but you can't catch them with your
00:54:00bare hands. You grab a long branch, take some palm tree leaves and tie everything together
00:54:08to make a net. You then use the duct tape to reinforce it and head to the reef. You're
00:54:14wearing your makeshift sandals and the hat to protect your head and carrying the net
00:54:19to catch some fish. So far, you've only used two rolls of duct tape. After a while,
00:54:27you manage to catch some fish and crabs and take them back to the camp. You make a fire
00:54:35and start grilling your catch. You're sitting on a log, but such a seat isn't too comfortable.
00:54:41You take some duct tape and make a mat for yourself. Once the food is ready, you feast
00:54:47on it. Now another problem, water. There's no fresh water around, but a storm is coming.
00:54:55Meanwhile, you take some coconuts and eat dessert while drinking coconut milk to freshen
00:55:00up. You prepare a small hut by gathering branches and leaves and duct taping them together so
00:55:08that water can't seep into your new home. At the same time, you create a funnel out
00:55:14of duct tape to collect rainwater. After getting into the funnel, the water is collected in
00:55:20a makeshift pond, also made out of duct tape. At this point, you've used almost half of
00:55:27the duct tape rolls. The storm starts brewing and you stay inside your hut where you have
00:55:34your new floor mat. You're bored, so you create a chair and table out of duct tape to make
00:55:40the hut a little comfier. It starts raining and you notice that some water has gathered
00:55:45in the reservoir you built. You immediately drink it using a coconut shell as a glass.
00:55:51Your hut manages to withstand the storm and you catch some Zs on your comfy mat.
00:55:58The next day, you check the duct tape supply and see that you are now halfway to finishing
00:56:03your last roll of tape. You've made a secured and solid hut and have a steady food supply
00:56:10from the reef. You've already spent five days on the island, so now it's time to find a
00:56:16way out. You've tried your best to seek help, but nothing. Not a plane or ship in sight.
00:56:26You're desperate to get out and you're lucky. You spot a cargo ship very far off in the
00:56:31distance. You need to act quickly. After reviewing your box of duct tape, you decide to create
00:56:39a raft to sail away. You gather enough food and water for the journey and get to work.
00:56:48You start by collecting large logs for a base and setting them side by side. You have some
00:56:54rope made from tree bark and leaves to tie the logs together. It's big enough to fit
00:56:59you. You then get another set of logs and place them on top of the base and repeat the
00:57:05same process to create a second layer. This way, you minimize the risk of sinking. In
00:57:12the end, you duct tape all weak spots to reinforce your raft. You use some branches to create
00:57:19oars for rowing with paddles made out of duct tape. You see that you've used around 75%
00:57:25of your supply, including the tape you used to construct the hut and furniture. It's not
00:57:32as strong as fresh duct tape, but it still does the job. After the base and oars are
00:57:39finished, you create a small hut to shelter your food and supplies and protect them from
00:57:45waves. Also, you make a mast out of wood and use a piece of cloth as a sail. You put the
00:57:51raft on the water and begin rowing. So far so good. You open the sail and take a break
00:57:58from rowing. You turn around and take a look at the island that has been your home for
00:58:03the past five days. You're going on a dangerous journey, risking it all, but if you remain
00:58:09on the island for too long, then you definitely won't make it. It's been an hour already and
00:58:16the island is barely visible, but the ship is getting closer. You still have one more
00:58:22roll of duct tape to use in emergency situations. The waters are calm and you see dolphins swimming
00:58:28around. You snack on some fish and drink some water before noticing that the waves have
00:58:34gotten larger. You prepare your sail and duck for cover. It's a good thing your raft is
00:58:41sturdy. Large waves crash against it, knocking off some of your food and water, but the raft
00:58:47is still in one piece. As time passes, the sun begins to set and there's still no sign
00:58:55of life. You use the rest of the duct tape to repair the raft. Even though you lost some
00:59:02food during the storm, you have your net to catch more fish. You start a small and safe
00:59:08bonfire in a coconut shell, cook the fish and start eating. You turn around and spot
00:59:15a ship coming your way. You immediately grab a branch, light it and start waving it for
00:59:20the ship to see you. It looks like it will miss you, but then someone on the ship notices
00:59:28you. They drop down an emergency boat to pick you up and rescue you. It's safe to say that
00:59:35duct tape has truly saved your life. Ready for this? You will not be able to leave the
00:59:41confines of a bath of any type for an entire month, and you will be provided with food
00:59:46and drink that your friends will take turns to deliver. You'll be able to constantly adjust
00:59:52the water temperature whenever you like so that the water won't get too cold. You're
00:59:56getting excited and you're confident that you'll earn quite a bundle of cash, equating
01:00:01to several hundred dollars, when you last the entire month. It's the bet you made with
01:00:07your friends only a short time ago from within your simple fishing village where you were
01:00:11sitting with your friends at a bar. Little did you know that it would lead to this from
01:00:15a simple conversation. You had been discussing the evolution of mankind, and the conversation
01:00:20mainly focused on the potential that humans could have moved towards evolving to water-based
01:00:25mammals, potentially becoming merpeople. The facts are all in evolution, you tried stating
01:00:31to your friends. Your friends weren't convinced, even with your example regarding getting wrinkly
01:00:36fingers from being in the water for too long, an evolutionary trait we humans adapted to
01:00:41ensure we have grip whilst fishing with our hands in water. Of course, your friends don't
01:00:47see how this could relate to the possible evolution towards becoming a merperson. You
01:00:52felt the need to prove them all wrong. As your friends sat around enjoying themselves,
01:00:57moving on from the conversation of aquatic evolution, you thought hard, how can I prove
01:01:02them wrong? Then it came to you. You stood up, finger pointing to the sky, and said,
01:01:08I bet I can stay in a bathtub for an entire month. And here you are now, following the
01:01:14arrangements you seem to have doubts about. Knowing about particular human evolution reignites
01:01:20confidence and understanding in you that there have been some instances in human history
01:01:25where people have adapted naturally to live with their sea-based lives. So this feels
01:01:30like a safe bet. For example, the sea nomads in Southeast Asia have been fishing for 1,000
01:01:36years in their unique way. Diving deep into the water to catch their fish, armed with
01:01:41just a spear, these sea nomads have adapted to grow larger over the centuries. It allowed
01:01:47more oxygen cells to be pumped through vital organs, and more oxygen to be stored for their
01:01:52deep water dives. This understanding gives you confidence as you await the first day
01:01:57of the bet. During the first few hours, you seem fine. In fact, you find it to be easy
01:02:03and joke throughout the first day, bragging how this will be the easiest money you'd win
01:02:08and what you plan to buy with it all. You sleep well through the first night, but little
01:02:13do you know that your skin absorbs the water in the bathtub as you sleep. With each passing
01:02:19hour, more water enters your skin. Between the two layers, water bubbles form, creating
01:02:24visible lumps on the outer layer of your skin. As you awake the following day, you're
01:02:31slightly alarmed to see the transformation of your skin. You look over your hands. They
01:02:36are all white, with the skin crumbling away, and your arms are covered with large lumps
01:02:41of liquid. It's not a pretty sight. You hear someone coming into the bathroom, and you
01:02:47try to calm yourself down. It's only the first day, after all. You just need to toughen up.
01:02:52You need to win this bet, not only for the money, but also for argument's sake. Your
01:02:57friend enters the bathroom with a tray of food, and your friend's facial expression
01:03:01soon turns pale as they see the lumps on your arms. Concerned, they ask if you're okay,
01:03:06and surprisingly, you do feel just fine, and respond that you're just a bit itchy. You're
01:03:12pretty curious how there's no pain, given the sight of your arms. Without thinking,
01:03:17you begin to scratch the large bubbles on your arms. You continue to rub your arm to
01:03:21see the skin's reaction. You now have a freeing feeling, as your arms are exposed, as though
01:03:27you have removed unnecessary weight. You find yourself with a new layer of scales in place
01:03:33of skin. Your friend requests that the bet must end, given the sudden change to your
01:03:38appearance. You argue that you're okay, and that you want to continue. There's just too
01:03:43much at stake, and you want to win this bet desperately. As your friend accepts this and
01:03:48leaves, you request an upgrade to a jacuzzi. You're soon upgraded to the jacuzzi, and by
01:03:54now not only do your friends come to visit you, but members of the village visit curiously,
01:03:59as events like this don't stay secret long in such a small, simple village. As days go
01:04:04by, more scales appear in place of your skin, covering your legs, arms, and your lower back.
01:04:10Your skin is still visible throughout most of your body, but the scales are spreading
01:04:14quickly, similar to a rash. It doesn't take long before you get tired of the jacuzzi,
01:04:20and your friends are happy to support an upgrade to the village's swimming pool, next to the
01:04:24seaside. You're now in the final week of the bet, and by now, the entire village knows
01:04:29about you, the Merman. What you find to be incredible, though, is that as the people
01:04:36visit you in the pool, there's no fear or judgment. The people are just overjoyed and
01:04:41intrigued at the spectacle of it all. The pool is large, but it isn't heated. A teenager
01:04:46asks you whether you're warm enough, but you don't notice the cold at all, and feel pretty
01:04:51comfortable. Your diet has now changed significantly. You prefer primarily fish. Webbing has grown
01:04:59between your fingers and toes, and small slits on both sides of your ribs have opened, forming
01:05:05gills to allow you to breathe underwater. As you continue to evolve, you keep trying
01:05:10to reassure yourself that it's just a little longer, and that winning this bet was all
01:05:14that mattered. You think back to almost a month ago, when you and your friends placed
01:05:18down your bets, thinking of the cash. Oh, several hundred dollars. It'll all be worth
01:05:23it soon. And besides, you could always devolve back to normal. This will only be temporary,
01:05:30surely. The final day of the bet finally arrives. A great party has been arranged to celebrate
01:05:36your victory. The entire village attends the celebration. There's a band, and a great
01:05:41feast for all to eat. You enjoy yourself with the villagers, preferring to stay in the pool,
01:05:46of course. Teenagers throw fish to you, and you catch the fish in your mouth, laughing
01:05:51at your own expense. You jump into the air, performing tricks to the villagers, who applaud
01:05:56with every trick. As the party goes on, you slowly break away from the celebration, watching
01:06:02on by yourself in your pool. You feel yourself growing tired of the festivities and the attention.
01:06:07You look on as the villagers laugh and party. You think you're somewhat out of place swimming
01:06:12alone within this simple village. You feel a sudden urge to leave, and you no longer
01:06:17care about the celebration. You have no interest in the money from the bet. You're not bothered
01:06:23that you proved everyone wrong. You only feel the desire to be free. You swim to the edge
01:06:29of the pool. It's dark, so no one can see your attempt to escape. As you pull yourself
01:06:34out, the weight of your body out of the water is so heavy, and your legs and arms are so
01:06:39weak that you collapse and have to crawl very slowly towards the beach. Eventually, you
01:06:45make it to the edge of the shallows, and you collapse as you make it to the water, out
01:06:50of breath. The small saltwater waves you feel splashing on your face reinvigorate you after
01:06:56your exhausting journey. Once you've gathered enough energy, you begin to swim towards deeper
01:07:01water. And like a fish to water, you swim with ease. The feeling you have now, swimming
01:07:06in the sea, is like you had been in a cage all of your life. Now you're finally free.
01:07:12The exhilarating feeling of the water with unlimited space seems like heaven to you.
01:07:18As you swim further into the sea, you stop suddenly to look back at the village for just
01:07:22a moment. You pause and watch the town that was once all you knew, and you listen to the
01:07:27muffled sounds in the distance, reflecting on the life you had within the village. You
01:07:32feel no emotions as you look back, with no regrets or remorse. And then you dive underwater,
01:07:39ready to begin your new life under the sea.
01:07:43You can turn ordinary matches into waterproof ones. Apply a thin coat of nail polish to
01:07:48the matches and let it dry. Once they're ready, they'll stay dry enough to start
01:07:53a fire, even if you drop the matches in the water. If you get lost somewhere during the
01:07:58winter and need a drink, then don't eat snow. It has much more air than water, so
01:08:03you won't even feel much more hydrated. Your body also wastes a lot of energy trying
01:08:08to eat it. Even worse, you might lower your body temperature and could even get sick.
01:08:13If you find yourself face-to-face with a coyote or a wolf, don't turn your back.
01:08:18Slowly retreat while facing the animal. This might only work for a single animal, though.
01:08:24If you meet a pack, then the most important thing is to make sure that they don't surround
01:08:28you. Back away towards a tree and pressure back against it. Then choose the right moment
01:08:33and climb it as quickly as possible. Several layers of clothing will warm you better
01:08:39than one warm fur coat or down jacket. Air will be trapped between the clothing layers,
01:08:44insulating you and keeping your body warm. If you get lost in the woods, always try to
01:08:49sleep a little above the ground. You can lay on a layer of branches and leaves as a makeshift
01:08:54bed or stretch a hammock out between some trees. At night, the temperature drops and
01:09:00the ground becomes cold. Even if you build a fire, it could go out while you sleep, and
01:09:05the ground will be sapping your body heat. You're in a boat in the middle of the sea,
01:09:10no food, no fishing net, and you're hungry. It was supposed to be only a 3-hour tour.
01:09:16Well, guess what? You can catch fish with the help of shoelaces and any object – phone,
01:09:21watch, or keys! The shadow cast by the boat in the sea can attract fish, and a reflective
01:09:27object can work as bait. Tie your keys to your shoelaces and use them as a fishing rod.
01:09:33Even if a fish doesn't bite, activities like this are a good way to maintain a healthy
01:09:37mind on the open sea. A short meditation can save you from a panic
01:09:43attack. You need to focus on your breathing and try to slow it down. Your brain will quickly
01:09:49calm down and turn its focus away from the panic. Oxygen masks and airplanes work on
01:09:55the same principle. When you control your breathing, your attention is redirected away
01:09:59from whatever bad thing is happening. You can make a torch out of a log. Put a small
01:10:06log vertically, make a deep star-shaped cut on the top. Put dry grass, leaves, and sticks
01:10:12inside. Once you're done, set fire to the log and watch it burn for up to 3 hours. This
01:10:17should work the same, regardless of the size and type of wood.
01:10:22If you meet an angry grizzly bear, never try to run away because the bear can easily outrun
01:10:27you. Instead, lie down and don't move. Grizzlies only usually attack when they see
01:10:33a threat, so they'll often leave you alone if you show them that you won't cause them
01:10:38any problems. This only works with grizzly bears, though. If a confrontation is unavoidable,
01:10:44back away slowly and use bear spray. If you don't have any, pepper spray will work similarly
01:10:50and should disorient the bear and scare it away. Or not.
01:10:55Don't eat berries or mushrooms in the forest if you don't know exactly what they are.
01:11:00They could be poisonous. If you have no other option, eat the inner
01:11:04bark of maples, birches, and pines to fill your stomach. Use a knife to cut away the
01:11:09rough outer bark and get to the softer white stuff. You can boil it to make it even softer,
01:11:15or cook it over an open fire to make a crunchy snack. And if you're really starving, you
01:11:20can look for ants. They might not be the most appetizing, but they're pretty nutritious.
01:11:26If you don't have a watch, you can use your fingers to find out how much time is left
01:11:30until sunset. Raise your hand so the inside of your palm is facing you. Your fingers should
01:11:36be between the sun and the horizon line. See how many fingers can fit in this space. The
01:11:42thickness of one finger equals about 15 minutes, so you can calculate the time left before
01:11:48sunset. If you're lost and need to build a fire
01:11:51to attract attention, throw in a lot of pine, cedar branches, cones, and any unnecessary
01:11:57rubber objects. Your fire will emit more black smoke, which makes it visible from afar.
01:12:04If you have no water in the desert but have some food, try to avoid eating for as long
01:12:09as you can. The more you eat, the more thirsty you'll get. The body needs liquid to digest
01:12:14food so it'll use up what little you have. A person can live much longer without food
01:12:20than without water, so don't be afraid to stay hungry.
01:12:24Hey, you've found a huge puddle of dirty water in the forest. If you're desperate
01:12:29for a drink, you can fill your bottle and filter it into drinking water. To clean it,
01:12:34make a rope of gauze or clothing. Put one end into the dirty bottle and the other one
01:12:39into the empty one. Before long, the clean water will flow into the empty bottle through
01:12:44the rope while the impurities are left behind. Before hiking, replace your regular shoelaces
01:12:51with paracord shoelaces. If you don't have enough rope, these laces can give you a few
01:12:56extra feet in a pinch. If you're lost in the forest and have nothing
01:13:01to warm you, then take dry leaves and grass from the ground and put it between two layers
01:13:06of clothing. This will help you stay warm for a long time.
01:13:11When you're lost in the desert, try to move as little as possible during the day. Find
01:13:15a shadow or create it from improvised materials and sit in the shade until dark. At night,
01:13:22you'll spend much less energy and use up less fluid while you walk. This will help
01:13:26you to avoid the risk of a heat stroke. If you fall through some ice, don't try to
01:13:32get out like you would in a pool. If you put your hands on the ice and try to push
01:13:36yourself out with your arms, it could crack and make you fall back into the water. You
01:13:41need to stretch your arms parallel to the ice surface and stretch your legs way back
01:13:46so they float in the water. In this horizontal position, start waving
01:13:50your legs as if you're swimming, move your arms carefully without putting too much weight
01:13:55on the ice, and you should be able to escape. If you need to build a fire while it's too
01:14:00windy, here's what to do. Dig two holes next to each other and create a small underground
01:14:06tunnel between them. Make a fire in one of the pits. The wind can't extinguish it and
01:14:12the fire gets its air through the second pit. This method is also useful if you need to
01:14:17build a fire without drawing attention. In the dark, this kind of fire won't be visible.
01:14:23Don't throw away or pop bubble wrap. Take it on a hike with you. It will protect you
01:14:27from the cold better than even a thick blanket would. Those tiny air bubbles are perfect
01:14:33insulation. Just put it in between layers of clothing, and it'll stop any warmth from
01:14:38escaping. The plastic it's made of is also waterproof, so it can stop you from getting
01:14:43wet too. Swimming in the sea not far from the shore,
01:14:48you can easily get swept up in rip currents. If this happens, the most important thing
01:14:53to remember is not to swim against the current. This will only waste your strength and sap
01:14:59your energy, and you're unlikely to ever overpower an ocean current. Instead, try to
01:15:04swim sideways along the shore. Sooner or later, you should get out of the current, and then
01:15:10you can safely swim to the beach. If you're stuck in a falling elevator, don't
01:15:17try to jump at the moment of collision. Don't take a sitting position or stand either. You
01:15:22need to lie on the floor, facing the ceiling. Spread your legs as wide as possible, cover
01:15:28your face with one hand, and put the other hand behind your head for protection. You
01:15:32reduce the pressure on your body in this position when you fall.
01:15:36Boom, you're lost! A rescue helicopter flies over the forest, but you don't have a flare
01:15:42and don't have time to build a fire. Use a small mirror or phone screen to reflect
01:15:47the sunlight. Aim the light beam towards the helicopter. Rescuers should notice the glare
01:15:52and fly over to save you. If you're falling from a great height, try
01:15:58to copy a skydiver's position. Your head and chest should face down. Spread your arms
01:16:04and legs, and bend them at a 90-degree angle. If possible, choose a place to land. Bushes
01:16:10or haystacks can cushion your fall. Water surface is only safe if you fall from a height
01:16:15of no more than 150 feet. Before landing, try to position your body
01:16:20vertically. Remember that it's always better to fall forward than backward. Protect your
01:16:25head and neck with your arms locked together. Actually, none of this will save you, but
01:16:30it will give you something to do before they name the crater after you.
01:16:34Now, if you're plummeting from a cliff, do your best to break your fall down into
01:16:39several parts. The shorter they are, the better. Each of these parts will absorb some impact
01:16:45of the fall. This way, you'll have much higher chances of surviving. Try to grab onto
01:16:50a sturdy object, like a bush or a rock, on your way to the bottom. It'll slow you down.
01:16:55If you see a piece of wood or a plank, snatch it too. It might help to soften your fall
01:17:00when you hit the ground. Most importantly, don't hold your body
01:17:04stiff. This is likely to harm your internal organs. Cover your head and try to land on
01:17:09your feet with your knees slightly bent. In fact, once you hit, everything about you will
01:17:15be slightly bent. But hey, you gotta try! If a building you're in collapsed and you
01:17:21ended up under a pile of debris and rubble, try to keep your panic at bay. Yeah.
01:17:26Your main task now is to protect your breathing organs and make your air supply last as long
01:17:32as possible. If there's enough space, take off your shirt
01:17:35or T-shirt and tie its bottom in a knot. Then put it back on your head through the neck
01:17:40hole so that the knot is on top of your head. You'll get a makeshift hood that will protect
01:17:45your face from dust, sand, and debris. It will also provide you with a bit of oxygen
01:17:51while you're trying to get back to the surface. If you're stuck in a falling elevator, lie
01:17:56down on your back and try to occupy as much space as possible. Your body fat and muscles
01:18:01are compressible. They'll absorb some of the impact force. If you can't lie down,
01:18:06sit on the floor. It's still better than standing. Your backside will act like an airbag
01:18:11in a car. But whatever position you choose, cover your head. The best way to do it is
01:18:17to put one arm in front of your face and the other on the back of your neck.
01:18:22If you get stuck in the wilderness, first of all, find some water. Check low-lying areas.
01:18:27If there are mountains, look for water at the foot of the cliffs. If you manage to find
01:18:32some rainwater, don't let it stay in the container too long. It may go bad.
01:18:38Pay attention to ants climbing trees. They're likely to be traveling toward a source of
01:18:42moisture inside a tree. A bottle of water can help you start a fire if you keep it under
01:18:47direct sunlight long enough. The bottle will act as a lens, gathering all the heat in one
01:18:53spot. Use fire and smoke to signal for help. Cover the flames with a big branch or with
01:18:59a pan for 3-4 seconds. This will gather enough smoke. Then let this puff of smoke go.
01:19:06If you've fallen through the ice, try to get back to its edge. Don't pull yourself
01:19:10out by grabbing it. The edge will keep breaking, and this will wear you down in no time. Kick
01:19:15your legs until your body is positioned horizontally in the water. After that, get out of the water
01:19:21and onto the ice. Once you've made it there, don't stand up. Your weight should be distributed
01:19:27over a larger area. Then the ice will be less likely to break. Start rolling toward
01:19:32the shore like seals do. If you have a muscle cramp while swimming,
01:19:37try to turn on your back and float this way. Massage the bottom of your foot or the part
01:19:42of your leg that feels tight. If you have a cramp in the back of your leg, bend it at
01:19:47the knee and pull it toward your chest. You should be still floating on your back. Try
01:19:52to relieve the cramp by pulling your toes inward. If you get caught in an indoor fire,
01:19:58stay low and crawl toward the nearest exit. The smoke usually rises toward the ceiling.
01:20:04That's why crouching might keep you from inhaling it. If you have a piece of cloth
01:20:08or a handkerchief, put it against your mouth. It'll act like a filter against the smoke.
01:20:14Fall to the ground and roll back and forth if your clothes have caught fire. If you do
01:20:18have a fire extinguisher, aim it at the base of the flames. It's much more effective. And keep
01:20:24in mind that if you break a window, you'll let in more oxygen, and this will feed the fire.
01:20:29And here's what you should do to stay safe during a natural disaster.
01:20:33If you see the area getting flooded while you're outside, run away from any streams,
01:20:38storm drains, or rivers. Try to get to higher ground. If you're stuck at home,
01:20:43move to the roof if you think it's safe enough. If a tornado is moving toward you,
01:20:48and you don't have time to escape, find a ditch or some low place.
01:20:52Lie down and cover your head with your hands or clothes. If a tornado happens while you're inside,
01:20:58and there's no basement in your house, hide in a bathtub. Use a pillow to protect your head
01:21:03from any kind of debris that may fall down. The plumbing in the bathroom walls adds structural
01:21:08strength to the place. But if your bathroom has windows or an exterior-facing wall,
01:21:14pick a more secure place, for example, a closet. The more walls separate you from the tornado,
01:21:20the better. If you're outside during a storm, and you suddenly feel your hair stand on end,
01:21:25it's your cue lightning is about to strike. Your skin might start tingling, and you're likely to
01:21:31hear some clicking or buzzing sounds. Immediately crouch down and place your head between your
01:21:37knees. But even though you should be as low as possible, do not lie down. The only thing
01:21:43touching the ground should be the balls of your feet. Keep your heels together. This way,
01:21:48instead of running through your entire body, electricity is likely to go in one foot and
01:21:53out the other. You can also cover your ears with your hands to prevent hearing loss.
01:21:58If you're lost in the desert, travel during the early morning hours. This way, you'll be able to
01:22:03avoid most of the heat. If you see a hill or some other high ground, climb it and look around.
01:22:10You might spot some greenery, buildings, or a road. You won't have such an opportunity at night.
01:22:16Many desert animals also hunt after the sunset. And here's how you should act around wild animals.
01:22:23If a bull is charging at you, stand still until it comes close. Then throw a piece of clothing
01:22:29in the opposite direction. Bulls react to movements, and throwing a hat or a shirt away from
01:22:34you will distract the animal. It'll chase the moving object. If a shark is moving towards you,
01:22:41don't swim away in panic. You'll look like something the animal will want to eat. Wait
01:22:46until the shark gets closer and start hitting it with your fists. Aim at its eyes, nose, and gills.
01:22:52These are the only vulnerable areas on the animal's body. If you meet a pack of unfriendly
01:22:57dogs, distract them and move away quietly. If one of the dogs still lunges at you, place some
01:23:03object between yourself and the animal's jaws. Let's say you've accidentally disturbed a swarm
01:23:10of bees, and now they're coming after you. Run in a straight line as fast as possible until they
01:23:16stop chasing you. An even better alternative is to find some shelter. It can be your car, a house,
01:23:22or even a public bathroom, and hide inside. If you accidentally meet a bear, introduce yourself.
01:23:30No, wait. Actually, everything will depend on what species it is. If it's a larger brown bear,
01:23:36fall down and pretend you've passed away. Shouldn't be hard. But if it's a smaller black
01:23:42bear, which rarely attacks people, shouting and making yourself look bigger may help.
01:23:47You may also try to scare the bear away by pretending to lunge at it.
01:23:52If you encounter a snake, try to be as quiet as possible. If there's an opportunity to walk away,
01:23:58go for it. But if you can avoid the reptile, raising your voice, banging two sticks together,
01:24:04or stomping your feet might make it retreat. Even though snakes don't have visible ears,
01:24:09they're sensitive to vibrations. And if all of these things happen to you on the same day,
01:24:15call the Guinness people. I think you've set some records.
01:24:19Going to the beach in winter seems like a good plan. You can have a bonfire, build a sandcastle,
01:24:25search for shells, or swim in the ocean. The vibe might make you overlook the dangers ahead of you.
01:24:32Do you really think through the potential risks of paying a visit to the beach in the winter?
01:24:38The number one risk is waves. You might think it's okay to admire the view on the beach a few
01:24:44steps back from the ocean. Now let me introduce you to sneakers. Not the chocolate bar, sneaker,
01:24:50or with another name, sleeper waves. These are oversized coastal waves. They catch people off
01:24:57guard because they occur without warning or trace. These waves are particularly seen in Oregon,
01:25:03United States. People have been injured and at least 17 people have been swept up into the ocean
01:25:09since 2000. It got more media attention in 2011 when a memorial statue was built honoring the two
01:25:16teens faced with sneaker waves in Oregon. So how come these waves are so dangerous? It's about their
01:25:24nature. They come out of the blue. With big waves, you see them coming or growing big. Plus, they form
01:25:31in the ocean and come towards the beach. These waves appear near the shore. It leaves less time
01:25:37for you to run to a safer spot. Okay, most of the time they're not huge, as would be seen in apocalyptic
01:25:44movies. Yet, you can never know what nature holds. Maybe you remember this example from Mavericks.
01:25:51In 2010, a crowd was watching the surfing competition. Suddenly, two large waves struck the people on the
01:25:57beach. It broke the seawall and injured more than 10 people. Sneaker waves don't look particularly
01:26:04larger than other waves until they break and quickly reach the beach. They form in a period
01:26:10of 10 to 20 minutes in between soft and regular sized waves. They can surge more than 150 feet
01:26:17beyond the foam line. Then, they reach the land with high power. Plus, they carry lots of sand and gravel
01:26:25with them. Sleeper waves are more commonly seen along steep coastlines compared to beaches with
01:26:31wider and softly sloped areas. People named these waves, not scientists. They observed what waves do.
01:26:39They washed up in a sneaky way. I mean, scientists didn't classify this phenomenon as a distinct sort
01:26:45of wave like they did with tsunamis or rogue waves. There's little scientific research made
01:26:50about them. Researchers say that sneaker waves form in offshore storms. These storms transfer
01:26:57the wind energy to the water's surface. The waves carry this energy and then arrive at the beach
01:27:03during times of calm weather. The larger amount of energy they obtain compared to the regular waves
01:27:09that preceded them causes them to go higher up the coast. Imagine you go for a walk on the beach with
01:27:16your dog. The waves gently reach the beach. You play the throw and catch game. You don't know
01:27:22about sneaky waves, so you turn into an unwary beachgoer. What's the risk? Being washed into the
01:27:28water trapped against rocks. Since it's winter, you tend to wear heavier clothes. The sand that
01:27:34sneaker waves carry can quickly fill clothing and shoes and that weighs you down. How can people
01:27:41enjoy the beach safely? First off, keep your distance if you're on the beach for storm watching,
01:27:46for instance. It might be mesmerizing to see how waves roll in over miles of ocean. The storms hit
01:27:53the shore and you look at those extreme turbulent swells transform into strong 30-foot long waves.
01:28:00Finding a higher spot that sees the ocean and waves might be best. Be the eagle, not the crab.
01:28:07Did Confucius say that? The second tip is if you're determined to storm watch, never turn
01:28:13your back to the ocean. Yes, eyes on the water. Lastly, be mindful of which part of the beach
01:28:19you're walking on. Stay away from the logs because they hold water. The water increases their weight.
01:28:26In the worst case scenario, the ocean is powerful enough to roll the logs onto you.
01:28:33Let's assume you're hiking near the ocean. Use the designated trails because park authorities
01:28:38determine them as the safest roads possible. Going off route can sound charming, but it can be
01:28:44dangerous for you and harmful to the ecosystem in the surrounding area. Now that you know where to
01:28:50walk, you can keep your eyes open about the geological stuff. Like the rocks can be slippery,
01:28:56erosion can rip them off. Yeah, it's better to avoid walking near bases of cliffs and bluffs.
01:29:03You'll never know when a natural phenomenon will occur. It might sound a little extreme,
01:29:09but you may want to check the tsunami evacuation routes of the area you're visiting.
01:29:14Tsunamis are hard to predict, but tides aren't. Tide tables are available online. This natural
01:29:21phenomenon looks harmless, yet it can isolate rocks from headlands and the shore. You probably
01:29:27don't want to find yourself with soaked wet clothes in the ocean for no reason. Climbing up onto the
01:29:34logs might not be the best idea either. Sure, they look heavy and sturdy when you're climbing, but even
01:29:40the smallest wave can take you like a leaf flying in the air. Not just logs, but also jetties are
01:29:46tricky. Sudden waves can make you lose your balance and you can collapse. Let's return to the scenario
01:29:54where you and your dog are walking on the beach. This time your pet sees shore birds and chases
01:29:59them. Birds could be there for foraging or roosting. Your dog could interrupt their chill zone.
01:30:05They can lose their energy reserves. Can you bump into creatures hiding under the sand?
01:30:11Some sorts of creatures can be dangerous for you. Better not to poke someone's home.
01:30:16Take a look at this one. It's a horseshoe crab. This one looks scary, yeah, but it's safe as long
01:30:22as you don't step on its spines. So it depends on the type of creature you see, but generally it's
01:30:28okay to explore the sand with caution. Until now, we look at scenarios where you were on the beach
01:30:35when they caught up to sneaker waves. You could be in the water too. You could be surfing, just like
01:30:41the contestant in the Mavericks surf competition, or swimming if swimming is the new case. Consider
01:30:47these. The temperature is lower, the waves are crazier, and there are probably no lifeguards
01:30:54there watching you in the winter. Swimming with friends is a safe option. Bonus, it's more fun.
01:31:02You should choose your swimming location carefully. Are there dangerous rocky areas?
01:31:06Can you easily go out if there's some sort of emergency? Know your spot. For that, you should
01:31:12check the weather too. Planning has a key role in winter water safety. A quick weather forecast and
01:31:19sea conditions check would do. You can consider buying a tow float if you're an adventurous open
01:31:25water swimmer. It's a flotation device designed to increase the swimmer's visibility in the water.
01:31:31They are lightweight and have fluorescent colors. Alternatively, you can wear a brightly colored
01:31:37swimming cap. We can talk more about the gear. Wearing a wetsuit is wise, as well as wetsuit
01:31:44gloves and boots. You can put your phone in a waterproof pouch or bag. Staying warm is essential
01:31:51in the winter. Don't just jump into the water at once. This can result in cold water shock. It's
01:31:57vital to enter the water slowly. In that way, your body can get used to the temperature.
01:32:04Once you take all the necessary precautions, you can enjoy the beach and explore its offers.
01:32:10What sort of gems can you find on the beach? A mermaid's purse? Maybe. No, it's not the purse
01:32:15of Ariel from Disney's Little Mermaid. That's actually an egg case belonging to sharks and rays.
01:32:21It's made out of keratin, kind of similar to your hair and fingernails. These purses are the place
01:32:28where the embryo grows. The egg hatches and the cases are carried away with the water to the beach.
01:32:34If you want to find one, you can look at the area near the seaweed. Have fun while searching for it!
01:32:40Now, I'm ending this video with a quick joke that's suitable for the cold weather of winter.
01:32:45What did the ocean say to the beach? Nothing, it just waved.
01:32:51Ah, a purple sunset. You must have seen one of those at least once in your life. Normally,
01:32:57it's nothing ominous and has to do with the way light travels. The light that the sun produces
01:33:03is white. When it goes through a prism, you see light waves of different colors, from red and
01:33:08orange to blue, green, and indigo. Light normally travels in a straight line if there's no obstacle
01:33:15in its way. The shorter light waves, including blues and purples, are scattered easier when they
01:33:21meet with those obstacles, like molecules and aerosols in the atmosphere. Because the sun is
01:33:26low on the horizon at sunset and sunrise, its light has to pass through more molecules that
01:33:32scatter the violet and blue light. The colors that your eyes pick up, then, are yellow, orange,
01:33:37and red. But with the right conditions, you can see the gorgeous purple sky. Sometimes,
01:33:44purple sky appears for much scarier reasons. It can be caused by hurricanes, wildfires,
01:33:49or dust storms. The concentration of vapor in the air increases, and the light scatters more than
01:33:55usual. Dust, a setting sun, and low cloud cover all contribute to this natural show, too.
01:34:02The sky turns orange and red at dusk if there's still enough light. Then, it gives off pink hues,
01:34:08which mix up with the dark blue sky above. Now, do you remember what happens when you mix pink and
01:34:14blue? You get the color purple. Not every hurricane makes the sky turn purple, and trying to predict
01:34:21if it's going to happen is like trying to forecast a rainbow. Still, people reported several major
01:34:27hurricanes made the skies turn purple. Green skies might look just as spectacular as purple ones,
01:34:34but they actually also scream danger. They're usually there to tell you a thunderstorm,
01:34:40hailstorm, or tornado is somewhere nearby. The unique color is a result of yellow sunrays
01:34:47getting mixed with the blue light coming from storm clouds.
01:34:51So, you're enjoying a nice day by the ocean with a fresh breeze in your hair,
01:34:56when suddenly, you notice the water starts retreating from the beach at a huge speed.
01:35:01This is a sign for you to start running as fast and far away from the beach as you can.
01:35:06This most likely means that a tsunami is on the way. A quick reaction maximizes your chances of
01:35:13survival. Now, if you notice the sea level is rising, but it doesn't seem too extreme,
01:35:19it could be another sign of an approaching tsunami. It happens in 40% of cases, and the
01:35:25incoming water is the first tsunami wave. The next one, way larger and more dangerous, usually
01:35:32follows in about 10 minutes. Another thing about tsunamis is that they like to arrive with some
01:35:37loud sounds. People describe them as thunder, the sound of a locomotive, a helicopter, or just a loud
01:35:44boom. Do you see a channel of choppy water on the beach? It's in your best interest to stay away
01:35:50from the water. There might be a rip current under the surface that can be extremely dangerous.
01:35:56Sometimes, waves hit the shore in a weird way, which forms these rip currents. You might see
01:36:02a strange break in the waves, or an area with a different color than the rest of the water.
01:36:07Random bits of seaweed going in all directions is another rip current warning sign. If you happen to
01:36:14find yourself caught in a rip current, try to stay afloat, but don't try to go against the current.
01:36:20You'll only waste precious energy. Scream for help and try to float your way along the beach.
01:36:26Once you break out of the current, swim diagonally to the shore.
01:36:30The next time you spot conically shaped clouds in the sky,
01:36:34remember it's a good time to start looking for some shelter. If it just stays like that,
01:36:39a severe storm is on the way. But if a cloud of that shape starts spinning around,
01:36:44it means it's about to transform into a tornado. If you have bees nearby, they can save you from
01:36:52big trouble one day. These hard-working little guys get more active than usual when they feel
01:36:58like a storm is on the way. They speed up to collect more nectar before it hits them,
01:37:02and once they're done with it, they'll always come back to the hive 10 to 15 minutes before
01:37:07heavy rain, even when there are no obvious signs of it coming. Their secret is super
01:37:13sensitive hairs on the back that can pick up electrostatic buildups from storm clouds.
01:37:19For centuries, people have noticed that animals act weirdly a couple of days before big seismic
01:37:24events. Dogs can't start barking, cows halt their milk, and toads, rats, and snakes leave their
01:37:31homes. It looks like animals can feel smaller initial shock waves that humans don't even notice.
01:37:38Scientists have tried to find some legit explanation for it and run endless tests
01:37:43and experiments. But so far, they're still on their way to explaining this mystery.
01:37:48Can you smell ozone in the air? When a thunderstorm is on the way, it's the most distinct and pungent
01:37:54smell you can pick up. An electrical charge of lightning sets it free from higher altitudes.
01:38:00The other, more pleasant smell of rain is petrichor. Rainwater wakes up molecules on plants,
01:38:06trees, concrete, and asphalt. Their aroma spreads all over the place. You can even feel that smell
01:38:13in your own mouth. All those positive ions in the air that a lightning bolt sets free
01:38:19gets mixed with ozone and your saliva, and that's how you get that bitter metallic taste.
01:38:25When lightning is about to strike, you might hear bizarre crackling, buzzing, or vibrating sounds
01:38:31coming from metal objects nearby. Your palms may begin to sweat, and then you can feel your hair
01:38:37stand on end. That's a clear call for action, and that action is to run for your life. Positive
01:38:44charges are going through your body, trying to reach toward the negatively charged part of the
01:38:48storm. Trust me, you don't want these charges to meet. If you see no shelter that you can reach
01:38:55fast, try to make yourself smaller than the objects around you. Drop down your umbrella
01:39:00and stay away from wire fences, metal pipes, rails, and other metallic objects. And don't
01:39:06lie flat on the ground – it's likely wet, which means it's a great conductor of electricity.
01:39:12If you suddenly notice crevices in the asphalt next to your house,
01:39:16it could be a sinkhole warning sign. Inspect your house on the inside. Does that door begin to jam?
01:39:23Or maybe there's a gap where the walls meet the ceiling. Uneven kitchen cabinets and drawers,
01:39:29slanted floors, stairs that begin to slope, water leaking after every rain,
01:39:34and displaced moldings are all signs that a sinkhole is about to open.
01:39:40To find out if it's definitely a sinkhole and how dangerous it is,
01:39:44you gotta consult with an engineering company. If you find a sinkhole that's already there,
01:39:49you gotta stay away from the sinkhole area. Fence or rope it off to make it less dangerous for
01:39:54others. You'll need professional help to fix it. Some volcanoes scream when they're about to erupt.
01:40:02Small earthquakes, which often happen before, produce a hum. It's mostly non-audible to human
01:40:08ears, but sometimes it reaches a frequency that lets you hear it as a strange rumbling or hissing
01:40:14sound coming from the ground. This noise is known as a harmonic tremor. With some volcanoes,
01:40:21it's the sound of magma bubbles vibrating when they're going through crevices in the crust of
01:40:25the Earth. But it's not always like this. If scientists managed to understand what exactly
01:40:31causes these volcanic screams, they could create a limited early warning system for volcanic
01:40:37eruptions. If you're out in the wild, pay attention to the water in creeks, streams, and rivers.
01:40:43If its level is quickly falling, even if it's raining, this might be a sign of a nearing
01:40:49landslide. And if you hear a faint rumbling noise or unusual sounds, like boulders knocking together,
01:40:56it could mean debris is on its way to you. It's a sign to head to safety immediately, like right now.
01:41:02You're up to your neck in cold water. There's ice all around you. You've got to get out!
01:41:11When you're swimming in freezing cold water, your body can get a bit of a shock.
01:41:16Your reflexes might make you want to gasp, but don't. Just do your best to keep your head above
01:41:21water. Throw off any heavy objects like boots, jackets, or backpacks. When you reach some ice,
01:41:28don't just try and jump out. It's not exactly a swimming pool. Try to get into a horizontal
01:41:32position and use your strong legs to swim onto the ice. Use your hands to pull you out.
01:41:38Once you're on the surface, roll away from the edge, then crawl, then walk.
01:41:46If you're venturing into the wild, you may want to get some stuff ready beforehand.
01:41:50Make your own fire starter at home. Heat up some water in a pan, put a Pyrex container in there,
01:41:56and melt some paraffin wax inside it. Then take an egg carton and put some dryer lint in each
01:42:02section. Fill them with paraffin, wait till it's all solid, and cut out each little section.
01:42:09Just one of these little guys will make starting a fire way easier.
01:42:15Dental floss can be super handy for surviving in the wild. You can use it as fishing line with a
01:42:20canned tab as a hook, or you can use it as a clothesline. Just stretch it between two trees.
01:42:26It looks kind of flimsy, but a single strand can hold up to five pounds. It's also quite flammable,
01:42:32so if you're having trouble starting a fire, you can use a few feet of floss to start it up.
01:42:38You can make a seriously strong rope using a simple plastic bottle, if you have a good pair
01:42:43of scissors. Cut off the neck of the bottle so it looks like a tall and narrow cup. Then start
01:42:49cutting it like some people peel an orange, round and round in a spiral. Try to keep it the same
01:42:54thickness the whole time. It'll be a lot longer and stronger than you're expecting.
01:42:59You can use it to tie sticks together to make a hut,
01:43:02or you can wrap it around your backpack in case it rips or something.
01:43:09Sugar might be damaging for your teeth, but it's got a pretty sweet superpower.
01:43:14Just pour some on a piece of cloth and use it like a band-aid. Oh, delicious!
01:43:20Mosquitoes can be a real pain, and there are loads of them around. You can make your own
01:43:25DIY repellent to keep those little guys away. All you need is an orange, a lemon,
01:43:30or any other citrus fruit. They're full of essential oils that mosquitoes can't stand.
01:43:37Peel an orange and rub the peel directly on your skin. Just make sure to crumple it a bit
01:43:42beforehand to help those precious essential oils come out. Another good way to keep the
01:43:48mosquitoes at bay is to add a bit of orange peel to your campfire. That releases the essential oils
01:43:54into the air. You're getting hungry, but you don't have anything to start a fire with.
01:44:01Empty your pockets. There might be something in there that you can use as a makeshift fire
01:44:05starter. If you have a battery and a metal chewing gum wrapper, you're in business.
01:44:11Cut a thin strip of the wrapper long enough to connect the two sides of the battery.
01:44:15The middle of the strip should be thinner than the ends. Grab some dry grass, twigs,
01:44:20or even some paper, whatever you're going to use to start your fire.
01:44:24The foil strip should ignite right away, so make sure you're ready.
01:44:29A human can go surprisingly long without food, but not water. Depends where you are,
01:44:35but a lot of the time, it might not be safe to drink.
01:44:38You can make a DIY water filter. Start with a fire. Boiling the water may not be enough,
01:44:44so as soon as those ashes are cool, grind them into a powder. Don't just use any ash you randomly
01:44:50found in the forest. It might have some melted plastic on it or something. Then, you need a
01:44:55plastic bottle. Cut off the bottom and poke a small hole in the cap. Turn it upside down,
01:45:02put about 3 inches of charcoal in, and pour the boiled water in nice and slowly. The drips are
01:45:10ready to drink. If you're getting bits of ash in the water, wrap a piece of clean cloth around
01:45:15the cap for some extra filtration. A char cloth can come in handy if you're lost in the wild.
01:45:21To make it, you're going to need a metal container with a cover. Put a piece of cloth inside it and
01:45:27put the container into a fire for a few minutes. The cloth should end up getting a bit black around
01:45:32the edges, but still be intact. A char cloth catches fire super fast, even with an old school
01:45:38flint. If you're ever hiking in an anaconda's backyard, listen up. Stay away from shallow
01:45:47rivers because these giant snakes love to hang out there. If an anaconda decides to give you a
01:45:52little squeeze, don't exhale. Every time you do, the snake's gonna squeeze you a little bit tighter.
01:45:59Anacondas do have a weak spot, though. They don't like their tail to be bitten.
01:46:04It's not exactly delicious, but it'll get the job done.
01:46:13Avalanches are pretty powerful, so remember these tips next time you're out on the slopes
01:46:18if things get a bit hairy. First off, cover your mouth. Use a scarf or some other piece of cloth,
01:46:24and don't let the snow in. Keep one arm straight above your head, and don't forget to dig out a
01:46:30little pocket in front of your face. That'll let you breathe for about a half hour. Get rid of
01:46:36anything heavy you're carrying, even if it's expensive, but make sure you hold onto your
01:46:41backpack. It's an extra layer of protection. And grab onto a tree if you see any. To get back to
01:46:47the surface, move like you're swimming straight up. Snow's just water anyway.
01:46:55If you ever somehow get trapped in a sinking car,
01:46:59don't panic, and don't try to open the door. The water pressure from the outside will be
01:47:04too strong. You'll just waste valuable energy, and that door just won't open.
01:47:09The best way to escape is through the windows. Roll them down and swim away.
01:47:14If you're not a great swimmer, you can try to create your own makeshift flotation device,
01:47:19like a plastic bag with air trapped inside. Tie a knot in it, and make sure it's tight.
01:47:24A plastic bottle would work great, but one probably won't be enough. You can also use
01:47:30a raincoat or a pair of those waterproof pants. You can even use an upside-down trash can.
01:47:37If you have some car trouble at night, out in the woods for example,
01:47:41you need light to see what you're doing. All you need is a bottle of water or a jug,
01:47:47or even a pickle jar filled with water. Just strap it on a headlight, and voila! The water
01:47:52will spread the light so you can see better. Perfect for setting up an emergency tent,
01:47:57or finding wood for a fire. Mason jars, those pickle ones, are really handy when it comes to
01:48:04storing matches. If you're camping in a forest, it's really important to hide those matches away,
01:48:10somewhere dry and safe. To make it even more convenient, make a strikable lid. Cut off the
01:48:16strips on the side of your matchboxes, and glue them to the lid of your mason jar.
01:48:21Before your next big outdoor adventure, make sure you're all stocked up on dark chocolate.
01:48:27Chocolate is probably the most delicious survival food, but it's also one of the best. It's loaded
01:48:33with calories, and helps keep your mood up. Plus, you don't need a fork, plate, or fire to prepare
01:48:39it. Last one for today, people. Still having trouble lighting that fire? Look no further than
01:48:45that bag of chips you secretly hid from your fellow campers. Corn-based chips are everywhere
01:48:50these days, and apart from tasting delicious and turning your fingers a weird color, they have one
01:48:56more trick up their sleeve. You can use them to start a fire. These kind of chips are flammable,
01:49:02so make a little mound of chips and keep that dry wood handy. They'll light in seconds.
01:49:15Now, when you need help in public, don't ask a group of people. Instead, approach individuals.
01:49:21Because of something called the bystander's effect, the group of people may not help you.
01:49:26This social psychology theory states that people are less likely to help you when others are around
01:49:31them. They assume someone else from the group will run to your rescue. If you're driving in the
01:49:37city or another area with a grid-like design and think you're being followed, turn right or left
01:49:43four times. You'll end up at the same place you were before, and if the car behind you does too,
01:49:49you're probably being followed. Don't go home and try to lose them.
01:49:54If you're outdoors while a storm is approaching and your hair stands up,
01:49:59find shelter immediately. Static in your hair means positive charges are rising through your
01:50:04body, reaching toward the storm's negative charges. You're likely to be struck by lightning.
01:50:10If a shelter isn't available, squat low on the ground on the balls of your feet,
01:50:15put your hands on your knees, and your head between them. Making yourself as small as
01:50:20possible will minimize the contact with the ground and the damage from the lightning.
01:50:25Always carry a small mirror with you while traveling in isolated areas.
01:50:30It'll come in handy if you get lost. If you're stranded in the desert and a plane flies overhead,
01:50:36point the mirror toward it to reflect the light. If you don't have a mirror, signal planes overhead
01:50:42by waving both your arms up and down. If you're stranded somewhere in your car, don't abandon it.
01:50:48It's more challenging for rescuers to spot you without your vehicle.
01:50:52Unlike what's shown on TV, when someone's about to drown, they won't wave or cry out.
01:50:58They'll have their head tilted back, submerged in water. They'll attempt to keep their mouth
01:51:03above the surface by using their arms. When you see someone looking like they're floating or
01:51:07bobbing, trying to get their head out of the water by trying to climb onto the surface of the water,
01:51:13they need help. If you can't swim and you've fallen in deep water, don't panic. Hold your
01:51:19breath and let yourself bob up to the surface. Keep your back and legs straight. Try performing
01:51:25little kicks to bring your body back to the surface. If you're trying to save someone who
01:51:31can't swim, never approach them directly. They'll likely bring you down in their panic.
01:51:37Sneak up on them from behind, slip your arm across their chest, and make sure their hands
01:51:42aren't facing you. If they grab you, they can pull you under. Try to swim below them, come back a bit
01:51:48further away, and try to help them again. If you come across a grizzly bear, it's not your
01:51:55day. Now, don't run and don't make eye contact. Slowly walk away if it isn't close to you. But
01:52:02if it's charging, stand still, you can't outrun it. Speak in a clear, monotone voice and don't
01:52:08scream. Now, prior to this, you might want to research to see if there are grizzly bears where
01:52:13you're traveling and take pepper or bear spray with you. If a bear is within 25 feet of you,
01:52:19then use the spray. If it attacks you, curl up in a ball and lie on the ground. Stay quiet,
01:52:25don't move or panic till it goes away. Now, if a polar bear is chasing, but it's far away,
01:52:32start dropping clothing items – a hat, scarf, or a shirt – and run away. Polar bears have
01:52:38short attention spans, and they may stop to sniff your clothing. This will give you time to head to
01:52:44safety. By the way, if both of these bear encounters happen to you, then please remind me not to go on
01:52:50vacation with you. Moving on, if someone is choking, but they're coughing, don't intervene.
01:52:57Coughing means air can get both in and out, and they've got a partial obstruction in their airway.
01:53:04By helping, you could cause a backflow of air, which could either force out the hazard or
01:53:09dislodge the blockage and cause a full block. Just let them cough it out. Only help when they can't
01:53:15breathe or cough. When caught in a strong rip current, never swim against it. You'll tire
01:53:22yourself, and it won't end well. Swim parallel to the shore fast, but stay calm and comfortable.
01:53:29Even if you get further out, you'll eventually escape the current and can head back to shore.
01:53:35Thumbs are the weakest part of someone's grip. If someone pulls you by the wrist,
01:53:40don't twist your arms in their hand. Try to push away, starting right where their thumbs are.
01:53:46Notify your State Department if you're going abroad. In the U.S. and some other western
01:53:51countries, you can tell the Department of State that you're going overseas. In the event of a
01:53:56natural disaster or a political conflict, they'll know that you need to be evacuated.
01:54:01They'll also update you on things that happened in the country you're visiting
01:54:05to protect you from trouble. If you find yourself in a stampede of people,
01:54:10you're in trouble as soon as you fall. Don't curl up in a ball and wait for it to be over.
01:54:15This can cause more damage. Try to grab someone's leg as they run past you to help yourself up and
01:54:21keep going. Sometimes, camping trips end with people lost. If you're in such a situation and
01:54:29trying to walk out of the camping site, take burned coal or wood sticks with you. Use them
01:54:34to draw messages on trees, rocks, or logs. The markings will stay there for weeks, and it'll
01:54:40be easier for the rescue party to trace you. Always carry a needle in your first aid kit.
01:54:46If you're lost, you can make a compass with one. You first need to magnetize the needle by rubbing
01:54:51the eye against hair, fur, or silk around 100 times. Fill a container with water, place a leaf
01:54:58on the water's surface, and rest your needle on the leaf. It should start pointing north to south.
01:55:05When calling emergency services, first tell them your exact location and then the problem. Even if
01:55:11you get cut off, they'll know where to send the police or an ambulance. If you have a fishy smell
01:55:17in your home, call a licensed electrician immediately. It can come from overheated plastic
01:55:23and electrical components that can cause an electrical fire. It might be from an outlet,
01:55:28a switch, an electrical breaker, or something else. Like the fish you're baking in the oven.
01:55:35If a snake bites you, there are a few ways to tell if it was venomous. You can ask,
01:55:40it probably won't tell you. Venomous snakes usually have multiple colors and cat-like pupils.
01:55:46Look at the bite area. If there are two deep puncture wounds, you were most likely attacked
01:55:51by a venomous snake. If the bite mark has tiny sharp teeth and a U-shape, it was probably
01:55:57non-venomous. Whatever the case, call emergency services and snap a picture of the snake if you
01:56:03can. Using your mouth to pull the venom out is even more dangerous. You've got more chances of
01:56:09getting poisoned than removing the toxin from your body. If you're traveling and exposed to
01:56:14freezing temperatures, you're at risk for frostbite. At first, a part of your body will
01:56:20become hard and pale. Then you'll experience aching, stinging, and numbness. To avoid frostbite,
01:56:27apply petroleum jelly on your nose, ears, and the tips of your fingers and toes.
01:56:32You did remember to bring some, didn't you? This brings up a reminder. If you're shivering
01:56:37while in the cold, you're safe. Your body is trying to warm you up by contracting your muscles.
01:56:43But once you stop shivering, and if you grow tired and want to sleep, then find a warm place
01:56:48immediately. You're at risk for hypothermia. You'll need a warm compress on your chest,
01:56:54neck, or lower tummy. Never apply a warm compress to your hands or legs. The sudden temperature
01:57:00change could force cold blood back into your heart, lungs, or brain, causing your core body
01:57:05temperature to drop. If you're lost and you need to drink water from a stagnant source,
01:57:11always boil it to purify it. Untreated water has bacteria or other oils and chemicals that can be
01:57:17harmful to you. The exact temperature and time you need to boil the water depend on the altitude.
01:57:23To be on the safe side, try to boil the water for 3 minutes.
01:57:28When cooking oils start to boil, they'll smoke and then catch fire. If that happens,
01:57:33turn off the heat and don't remove the cooking pot, cover it with a metal lid. Fire won't
01:57:39survive without an oxygen source. Use baking soda to extinguish small grease fires. You'll
01:57:45need a ton of it to do the job. And only use this tip when the fire is small. Never use water,
01:57:51it'll cause the oil to splash and spread the fire. You got all that? Good!
01:58:00Endless hot deserts seem lifeless at first glance. But among these sands, you can meet
01:58:07dangerous and sometimes creepy creatures. Some of them can only cause health problems,
01:58:14but some can stay in your memory forever. Let's get to know them, starting with dangerous ones
01:58:21and finishing with real nightmares. So, you're walking through a desert and see a big teddy
01:58:27bear with open hands. You understand that it's probably a mirage, but still, you come closer.
01:58:34You were right. It's not a plush toy, but a giant cactus. There's something strange about it.
01:58:41Thanks to some strange fluff, the branches resemble the arms of a teddy bear. However,
01:58:47this is not fluff, but thousands of thin needles. And they are the reason you shouldn't come closer.
01:58:54The cactus is called the jumping cholla or teddy bear cholla. It grows in the desert areas of
01:59:01Arizona and in the northern part of Mexico. Don't worry, this cactus won't attack you,
01:59:06but it will cling to your skin or clothes if you touch it. Such a fur coat protects the cactus
01:59:14from animals, creates shade, and saves it from heat. The lateral branches are the most important
01:59:20parts of the plant as they carry out photosynthesis and accumulate a large amount of moisture inside.
01:59:26So, despite all the danger, the cactus can be helpful for desert wanderers.
01:59:31And the danger here is needles. If you look closer at them, you will see they have the
01:59:36shape of hooks. One touch and hundreds of thorns are already in your finger.
01:59:42It's pretty difficult to get rid of them and the needles cause unpleasant painful sensations.
01:59:48But the coolest thing about this cactus is the way it reproduces.
01:59:52The plant clones itself in a new place. When animals and people pass the jumping cholla and
01:59:59touch it, the cactus gives them a small piece of itself along with the needles. As soon as you
02:00:05throw this piece to the ground, it takes root and starts growing. The degree of danger is rising.
02:00:13The next monster from the desert is running toward us and that is an ostrich. Many think
02:00:19these animals are cowards hiding their heads in the sand. You will most likely change your mind
02:00:25if you're unlucky enough to meet one. Usually, ostriches are not aggressive, but you should
02:00:31run if you come closer to their nest. On the other hand, you won't be able to do that because
02:00:36ostriches move at a speed of 43 miles per hour. You need a car to get away from them. They run
02:00:44and hit their enemy with their chests. There have been cases when ostriches attacked vans
02:00:49and caused significant damage to them. But the main danger these birds present is their
02:00:55powerful legs with sharp claws. They can deliver strong blows with them and even beat a prone
02:01:01opponent. So yes, if you see an ostrich in the distance, go the other way. This small spotted
02:01:09lizard lives underground almost all the time in the arid deserts of the southwestern U.S. and
02:01:14northwestern Mexico. Sometimes it goes outside to find lunch. It only seems cute, but in fact,
02:01:22it's a dangerous gila monster. Its thick skin protects the reptile from hawks, coyotes,
02:01:28and other predators. But its main protection is its venom. Snakes and spiders inject their toxins
02:01:37using long needle-like fangs. The gila monster clamps down and chews the prey to spread the venom.
02:01:44And when it bites a person, it can keep its jaws closed for a long time. Getting rid of the animal
02:01:52is a tricky feat. People who have experienced the effects of the venom say it feels as if hot
02:01:57magma passes through the veins. Despite this, the lizard turned out to be useful for science.
02:02:04Doctors used its venom to create medicines for diabetes and obesity.
02:02:09The time has come. Now you're about to meet one of the creepiest creatures living in the desert.
02:02:16Be quiet and listen to the silence. Stand still. There's no one around. Suddenly,
02:02:23you hear some hissing coming from below. You lower your head and see it. A big yellow spider
02:02:29the size of a human palm with strong jaws and long legs hides in the shadow of your body. In horror,
02:02:37you run away from this monster, but it goes after you. It isn't easy to do it in this situation,
02:02:44but try to calm down. The creature isn't interested in you. It wants only your shadow to
02:02:51hide from the scorching sun. Anyway, it's better not to touch it. The powerful jaws of the camel
02:02:57spider can cause unpleasant sensations, to put it mildly. And by the way, this creature isn't
02:03:05really a spider. Yeah, it belongs to the class of arachnids, but it's a separate species.
02:03:14It likes to bite. It's fearless and pretty aggressive. The spider preys on insects,
02:03:20lizards, rodents, and small birds. It can also move at a speed of 10 miles per hour.
02:03:26For their small size, this is very fast. You need to be a professional athlete to run away from it.
02:03:33Most often, you can find camel spiders in the deserts of the Middle East,
02:03:37but they also live in Mexico and the southwestern U.S. These runners are nocturnal and try to avoid
02:03:44the sun during the day, so they are always hunting your shadow. By the way, they got their name
02:03:50because they often hide in the shadows of camels. You won't hide from them during the day, but they
02:03:56will also want to come after you at night, especially if you make a fire. Salpyugids
02:04:01always run to the light in the hope of eating something. Some species of these spiders make
02:04:06a hissing sound to scare their enemies away. Now, let's calm down for a second and leave the hot
02:04:13desert. We're going into the humid tropics of Tanzania. Under tree bark, fallen leaves,
02:04:19and in dark caves, you can meet one of the most terrifying creatures on Earth,
02:04:24a tailless whip scorpion. Imagine a big scorpion without a tail with a flat body that looks like
02:04:31it has been pressed by something. It's similar to spiders but has no venom glands and can't spin
02:04:37a web. This monster is silent and fast, but the scariest thing is its two front claws,
02:04:44twice as long as the creature itself. Any prey it catches will never escape.
02:04:50Life in a dark cave has spoiled its eyesight, so the whip scorpion tries to avoid sunlight.
02:04:57During molting, it climbs up to the ceiling and slowly comes out of its old skin.
02:05:03Imagine directing your flashlight there and seeing small cocoons out of which pale spiders
02:05:08with excessively long legs crawl. If you really meet it, be calm and slowly go away as far as
02:05:17possible. Be careful, the flat scorpion can crawl under your clothes in a second and bite you in the
02:05:24stomach. And that's not the worst part. Okay, this is a joke. This pretty guy is one of the
02:05:31shyest and most harmless creatures among spiders and scorpions. It's afraid of you and will never
02:05:36attack. Many consider it beautiful and keep whip scorpions in glass terrariums. If you want such a
02:05:43pet, carefully watch it so that it doesn't run away from its house. If it happens, it will be
02:05:49pretty challenging to catch it again. In a matter of moments, it can get under your bed or go through
02:05:55gaps in the floor. Then it'll go to your neighbor's apartment through a ventilation system and scare
02:06:00people there. Okay, how about one more scorpion? It's not as creepy as the other creatures in this
02:06:08video, but it's the most venomous scorpion in the USA. This is the Arizona bark scorpion.
02:06:16The problem is that you can see it in the desert, in your home, or in the yard. These dangerous
02:06:21venomous beasts crawl into rooms and often sting people. One time is enough to cause pain, similar
02:06:27to a bee sting. But someone with an allergy may experience paralysis, breathing problems, and other
02:06:33health issues. That's it for today. So hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like
02:06:41and share it with your friends. Or if you want more, just click on these videos and stay on the bright side!

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