Imaginez un volcan qui ne se contente pas d'émettre de la lave, mais qui recrache de l'or véritable ! En Indonésie, le volcan Kawah Ijen libère des gaz si riches en soufre que des particules minuscules d'or pur se forment à l'intérieur. Les scientifiques estiment que ce volcan produit environ 6 000 dollars d'or chaque jour, bien que la plupart soient impossibles à collecter. La chaleur extrême et les émanations toxiques rendent trop dangereuse la proximité pour les chasseurs de trésors. Néanmoins, l'idée d'un "volcan crachant de l'or" semble tout droit sortie d'un film de pirates ! Qui aurait pensé que la nature avait sa propre usine d'or cachée ? Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00Make your suitcases and go to Antarctica.
00:04It rains gold, and not just a little.
00:066,000 dollars per day.
00:08Well, it doesn't really fall from the sky,
00:10but from the crater erupting from a huge volcano.
00:13This gigantic mountain is called Erebus.
00:16It stands above the frozen deserts of Antarctica,
00:19on the island of Ross.
00:21It shares this territory with three other mountains.
00:24Mount Terror, Mount Bird and Mount Terra Nova.
00:28But Erebus dominates the place with its 3,810 meters high,
00:33the equivalent of 8 Empire State Buildings.
00:36It is much smaller than Everest,
00:38but it remains the most active volcano in the south of the planet.
00:42And even if it is in the middle of nowhere,
00:45Erebus is far from being calm.
00:47In fact, it has a very bad character.
00:49Erebus blows and roars constantly,
00:52releasing gases and pieces of melting rocks
00:55during crazy anger crises,
00:57which are called strombolian eruptions.
00:59It spits, among other things,
01:01tiny and precious gold flakes.
01:03But it's not just a few small fragments here and there.
01:06This fountain works all the time
01:08and spits nearly 100 grams of gold per day.
01:11As we mentioned, it represents more than 6,000 dollars.
01:14This also equates to an incredible total of 30 kilos of gold per year,
01:18or more than 2 million dollars.
01:20But before you, treasure hunters,
01:22rush to the site,
01:24you must know that we are talking about gold particles here.
01:27They often measure less than 60 micrometers
01:30and spread everywhere,
01:32which makes them impossible to gather.
01:35And when we say, spread everywhere,
01:38it's not a way of speaking.
01:40Some of these particles have been found
01:42up to a thousand kilometers from the volcano,
01:45transported in the middle of nowhere by Antarctic winds.
01:48Erebus is not a very welcoming place,
01:51its eruptions are wild and unpredictable.
01:54Scientists have therefore acquired most of their knowledge
01:57on this mountain thanks to the satellites
01:59that monitor its activity from space.
02:01In terms of knowledge,
02:03this place is also a gold mine.
02:05Erebus is the only volcano capable of doing what it does.
02:09This happens when magma,
02:11a semi-melted and burning rock
02:13located under the surface of the earth,
02:15goes up to the volcanoes.
02:17This magma carries liquid gold.
02:20As soon as it comes in contact with the Antarctic ice age,
02:23the gold crystallizes.
02:25And here it is, 2 million dollars a year.
02:28Erebus is a very strange and very rare volcano.
02:31Its burning heart has been burning for more than a million years.
02:35During this period, it was built layer by layer.
02:38Its base is made up of a very old lava
02:41and the upper layers are more recent.
02:43And for many years, it has been very active.
02:47There is a lava lake boiling in its crater.
02:50This lava lake is exactly what it looks like.
02:54A sea of burning rocks in perpetual motion.
02:58It is an incredibly rare spectacle
03:01because there are only a few lakes of this type in the world.
03:04And it's not just a sea of rocks,
03:06it's a window on the soul of the volcano.
03:09In Erebus, the lava is made of faunolith.
03:12Faunolith is a very cold rock.
03:14Its name comes from the Greek words meaning sound and stone.
03:18Do you know why?
03:20Because it's a rock that makes a bell sound when you hit it.
03:23Only a few volcanoes can produce it.
03:26But there are other very strange volcanoes on our planet.
03:29The Ol Doenyo Lengai,
03:31a volcano in the East African Rift,
03:33in northern Tanzania, is even more mysterious.
03:36It spits what is called carbonated natural lava.
03:40Most volcanoes generate incandescent rivers of melting rocks.
03:44But this one is black lava that escapes.
03:48It flows very quickly,
03:50like water forming thin rivers that move at full speed.
03:54This gives it almost the appearance of a black mud or even oil.
03:58And what is even more surprising
04:01is that as soon as it comes in contact with the air,
04:04it reacts very quickly and becomes white in just a few hours.
04:08Like magic, black lava turns into something
04:12that looks like white dust or snow.
04:15And on top of that, it shines slightly at night.
04:18It is not very hot either,
04:20well, a little bit,
04:22between 480 and 540 degrees Celsius.
04:26But in general, the temperature of the lava
04:29oscillates between 700 and 1200 degrees Celsius.
04:32So it is rather cold, according to volcanic standards.
04:36Indeed, this lava is rich in nirerite and gregorite,
04:40strange materials,
04:42similar to soot and salt,
04:44and incredibly rare.
04:46Nirerite is generally incolor and shiny,
04:49it looks like small transparent crystals.
04:52Gregorite is most often quite turbulent.
04:55These minerals are a geochemical mystery.
04:57At the bottom of the Ol Duanyo Lengai,
04:59there are two magma basins.
05:01These rare minerals probably appeared
05:04after the separation of the rich carbon parts of the magma,
05:07which formed these two basins.
05:09These minerals are fascinating.
05:11And then there are tons of them in this volcano,
05:13but they are also completely useless.
05:16They are so rare and fragile
05:18that it is impossible to use them for anything,
05:21even to make jewelry.
05:23However, even astronomers find this curious.
05:26If there are planets rich in carbon and not in oxygen,
05:29these minerals should be very popular.
05:32This volcano also emits a lot of gas.
05:35Yes, a lot.
05:36It emits carbon dioxide at a speed of about 80 kg per second.
05:40Imagine,
05:41about 5 tons of carbon dioxide per minute.
05:44Every minute,
05:45it is as if the weight of several cars
05:47was thrown into our atmosphere.
05:50Fortunately, our planet is used to these emissions,
05:53which are therefore not so dangerous for us.
05:55Right now, in the central Andes,
05:58far from any human presence,
06:00the Lastaria volcano is in full eruption.
06:04It is also one of the most extraordinary
06:06and most isolated volcanoes in the world.
06:08It is even higher than Mount Erebus,
06:10culminating at nearly 5,700 meters,
06:13and it is surrounded by an arid and supernatural landscape.
06:16There is literally no human being
06:19within a radius of 145 km,
06:21except for a few volcanologists.
06:23The Lastaria is absolutely wild.
06:26It constantly exhales hot gases
06:28and also steam.
06:30The air seems almost alive there,
06:32sparkling with panache
06:34that escapes cracks in the ground.
06:36These vents, called fumaroles,
06:39are more than hot steam.
06:41They are real chemical laboratories.
06:43They spit out different tons of gas
06:46that all react with the air and surrounding rocks.
06:49There, it's a bit like someone
06:51had overthrown the palette of painters.
06:53Everything is bright yellow,
06:55flamboyant orange and rusty red.
06:57But the most impressive
06:59are the rivers of sulfur in fusion.
07:01Yellow liquid streams boil
07:03and flow on the sides of the volcano.
07:05Some of this liquid darkens as it burns,
07:08and everything looks like a strange biscuit
07:10like guimauve and chocolate.
07:12Because sulfur, heated to its melting point
07:14by the intense heat that reigns underneath,
07:17turns into a thick and incandescent fluid.
07:21It then starts to flow,
07:23then to cool and harden.
07:26We don't really know if we should be fascinated
07:28or disgusted by this spectacle.
07:30And if it's not enough to give you the impression
07:32of being on another planet,
07:34the place itself is just as extreme.
07:37The Lastaria is perched on the heights
07:39of the Altiplano,
07:41on the edge of the Atacama Desert,
07:43one of the driest places on the planet.
07:45It practically never rains,
07:47and the temperatures can drop
07:49to 24 degrees Celsius.
07:51But at least some volcanic ashes
07:53come to enrich the ground,
07:55which allows some very resistant plants
07:57to grow here and there.
07:59There is a saline called the Sulfur Lake.
08:02It is fed by its rivers,
08:04its shores are filled with minerals.
08:06In the past, the level of this lake
08:08was much higher,
08:10but it is no longer than the shadow of itself.
08:12Thousands of years ago,
08:14it witnessed a catastrophe
08:16of unimaginable proportions.
08:18The southeast flank of the volcano
08:20collapsed for the most part,
08:22almost in an instant.
08:24Volcanic rocks and ashes
08:26swallowed its slopes.
08:28This landslide occurred
08:30at a terrifying speed,
08:32faster than the most violent storm
08:34and destroyed everything in its path.
08:36It traveled 8 km.
08:38When the dust fell,
08:40there was only a huge scar
08:42about 1 km wide.
08:44We know what happened
08:46thanks to the debris that sank to the ground.
08:48The ashes, the sandstone
08:50and the lapilli
08:52created a huge catastrophe.