Un voyage de 10 minutes à travers l'évolution humaine sur Terre vous offre un aperçu rapide de la manière dont nous, les humains, sommes arrivés à être. Tout a commencé il y a des millions d'années avec nos lointains ancêtres semblables à des singes qui ont progressivement évolué, apprenant à marcher sur deux jambes et à utiliser des outils. Avec le temps, différentes espèces comme Homo habilis et Homo erectus sont apparues, chacune plus intelligente et plus habile que la précédente. Finalement, Homo sapiens—nos ancêtres directs—ont pris l'avantage, développant un langage complexe, une culture et une technologie. Ce court voyage montre comment de petits changements sur des millions d'années se sont accumulés pour créer les humains que nous sommes aujourd'hui. Animation créée par Sympa.
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Nos réseaux sociaux :
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Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres):
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https://www.eastnews.ru
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FunTranscript
00:00There is an extraordinary place in Ethiopia, in the eastern region of Africa, known as Hadar.
00:07This place is a real archaeological treasure, we have discovered an abundance of fossils of ancient animals.
00:13And among these remains is an exceptional discovery.
00:17The fossils of a creature called Australopithecus afarensis.
00:22One of these specimens has been found almost intact.
00:25You may know it today under the name of Lucy, in tribute to an emblematic Beatles song.
00:31Lucy was a small creature, barely measuring the height of a bar stool.
00:35She lived about 3.2 million years ago and became a world celebrity at the time of her discovery.
00:41In 1974, she greatly contributed to our understanding of our most distant ancestors.
00:47Creatures called Australopithecus.
00:50About 10 to 12 million years ago, a group of animals split into two distinct branches.
00:55One evolved towards modern monkeys, while the other led to the appearance of humans.
01:00This divergence occurred because a group chose to remain in the trees,
01:04evolving to become what we now call gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans.
01:10These primates moved using their four limbs and inhabited the forests.
01:15The other group, on the other hand, opted for a terrestrial life and tried to walk on two legs.
01:20As a result, the size of their brains gradually increased over time.
01:25And after millions of years, they became imbecile primates watching videos on YouTube.
01:31Yes, it's about you.
01:34Lucy, like the other Australopithecus, was somewhat different from us.
01:38She still looked like a monkey and lived during a transition period.
01:42She could walk on two legs, but she didn't do it all the time.
01:46Sometimes, she climbed trees, just like a chimpanzee.
01:50She and her companions represented the first steps of human evolution.
01:54Then, a new branch of evolution appeared.
01:57The Homo habilis, or skillful man.
02:00They were the first members of the Homo genus because they were pioneers in the development of stone tools
02:05and in the first manifestations of human creativity.
02:09They probably used these tools to look for and prepare their food.
02:14The first clues of their existence were discovered in the 1960s.
02:18The Homo habilis traveled through East Africa about 3 million years ago.
02:22They were small, measuring about 1.40 meters in height.
02:27They no longer climbed trees and mainly moved on the ground.
02:31The shape of their skulls already resembled ours, unlike the pear-shaped skulls of Australopithecus.
02:37This is explained by the larger size of their brains.
02:40After them, the Homo erectus, or skilled man, appeared.
02:44The latter lived between 2 million and 70,000 years before our era.
02:48The name suggests that it was the first species of hominid to walk on two legs almost permanently.
02:54They were also the first to migrate out of Africa, thus spreading through Asia and Europe.
03:00And this is where we have seen a real advance.
03:04The representatives of Homo erectus had even more developed brains
03:08and learned to create more and more sophisticated tools.
03:11They developed the first axes and other hammers,
03:14using stone splinters as blades and gratings.
03:18They probably exploited various materials,
03:21wood, bark, and even grass to make the first ropes.
03:25With all this, they learned to hunt large animals,
03:29and the most often in groups.
03:31They were also the first to master fire, which transformed our history forever.
03:36Over time, other species of the Homo genus emerged,
03:40including the famous Neanderthal man, known for its European roots.
03:44They distinguished themselves from our common ancestor nearly 400,000 years ago.
03:48Although we shared a common ancestor, we did not evolve from the Neanderthals.
03:53They constituted a distinct branch.
03:56All Neanderthals have disappeared,
03:58but our evolutionary branch has coexisted with theirs for a very long time.
04:02The Neanderthals were ingenious and hunted both terrestrial and marine creatures.
04:07They left behind them thousands of stone tools and even decorated caves with their paint.
04:13They also practiced their own rites and began to bury their dead.
04:18They had to notice that leaving the bodies in the open
04:22favored the propagation of diseases and attracted the carnivores.
04:26However, they also manifested a certain affection through their funeral rituals.
04:32Then, it was the turn of the Archaic Homo Sapiens.
04:36They lived from about 500,000 to 200,000 years ago,
04:40emerging in Africa as well as in Europe.
04:42It was the last step between our ancestors and our modern species,
04:46that of the Homo Sapiens.
04:48The brain did not stop growing.
04:50Also, our ancestors began to exhibit more complex behaviors,
04:55not only burials and stone tools,
04:58but also elaborate hunting tactics and manifest planning efforts.
05:03They probably had a diversified diet, combining hunting and gathering.
05:08And finally, we have reached the Anatomically Modern Homo Sapiens.
05:12Appeared about 200,000 years ago in Africa,
05:15they had a skeletal structure and a brain similar in size to that of contemporary humans.
05:20Their behavior was quite similar to ours.
05:23They had complex social structures and began to think abstractly.
05:29After leaving Africa about 60,000 years ago,
05:32they spread around the world,
05:34finally replacing other dominated species, such as the Neanderthals.
05:38They began to imagine the first languages and form their first words.
05:42These were probably rudimentary, such as
05:45A, to call someone,
05:47or
05:48Ma, to designate a baby.
05:50After evolving towards our final stage,
05:52we have progressed rapidly in our cultural and technological development.
05:56This development has been particularly accelerated over the last 200,000 years.
06:01About 12,000 years ago,
06:03the Neolithic period, also known as the Stone Age, began.
06:08It marked the end of an ice age,
06:11and humans began to live in sedentary villages,
06:14instead of leading a nomadic existence.
06:17This change was made possible by the advent of agriculture,
06:20allowing men to grow plants and raise animals such as goats and sheep.
06:26The first humans also learned to domesticate some animals,
06:29such as shepherd dogs for the herd.
06:32We have also created the first works of art,
06:34leaving famous drawings in many caves,
06:37handprints, representations of animals,
06:40mainly cattle, hunting scenes, and many others.
06:44We have also invented the first form of currency,
06:47clay tokens for transactions.
06:49This marked the beginning of trade and the use of money.
06:53Finally, we started writing,
06:55thus allowing the recording and transmission of events through archives.
06:59This is when their story officially began.
07:03From that moment on, we have witnessed the development of agriculture,
07:07the emergence of complex societies,
07:09the invention of writing and art,
07:12as well as the emergence of great civilizations.
07:15Our tools have become more and more perfected,
07:17languages have emerged,
07:19leading to the diversity of cultures and societies that we observe today.
07:23So, why have we stopped evolving?
07:26The truth is that we have not stopped doing it.
07:29Human evolution is a continuous process,
07:32although it is no longer as spectacular as in the past.
07:35We adapt to various environments,
07:37presenting skin tones,
07:39appearances and different sizes,
07:41as well as genetic mutations capable of influencing characteristics,
07:45such as lactose tolerance or resistance to certain diseases.
07:49However, the world in which we live today is very different from that of our ancestors.
07:54We no longer suffer as much thanks to our technological,
07:57cultural and social structures that we have developed.
08:01Thus, evolution has slowed down,
08:03noting that our current lot suits us very well.
08:06What we are experiencing now is a cultural evolution,
08:09rather than a physical evolution.
08:11In addition, 200,000 years represents a fairly short period on the scale of the universe,
08:16or even of our planet.
08:18We should observe what will happen to us in a few hundred thousand years.
08:22We will no longer be there to see it,
08:24but there are several theories on this subject.
08:27An idea would be that in the future,
08:29humans and machines could merge into a single super-entity.
08:33We call this technological singularity,
08:36a state where we will lead our technologies to such an extent
08:39that we will no longer be able to control their development.
08:42Thus, if artificial intelligence had become so advanced,
08:45it would radically change our way of life.
08:48Despite the current efforts of AI,
08:50we should not be too afraid that it will take control of the world,
08:53at least not over the next few years.
08:56What we have developed so far is only rudimentary artificial intelligence,
09:00simple simulations.
09:02These AI may seem frightening,
09:04but the truth is that they still have a long way to go
09:07before rivaling complexity with the human brain.
09:11Not to mention consciousness.
09:13However, many are those who think
09:15that it is only a matter of time before the AI reaches this level of cognition.
09:20At that point, our world could be forever altered.
09:24There are still other possibilities.
09:27One day, for example, we could reach the stage
09:30where we will merge with our machines
09:32and learn to download our consciousness into the cloud.
09:35In this case, we could become a collective consciousness,
09:39communicating on the Internet with our brains
09:41and no longer forming a single gigantic mind.
09:44Whatever the future outcome, one thing is certain.
09:48Technology evolves rapidly,
09:50and it will eventually affect us sooner or later.