How Fiber Optics Cable Works? Optical Fiber Working Explained with 3D Animation

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00:00Charles K. Kao, the father of optical fiber, is amazing.

00:03He solved the problem of long-distance transmission of information

00:07and led to a revolution in the field of communications.

00:11So how did he use light to transmit signals in fibers?

00:15First, let's look at an experiment.

00:17When light enters from one medium to another, refraction occurs.

00:22We have learned this in elementary school,

00:24and when light enters a low refractive index medium from a high refractive index medium,

00:29it will bend toward the interface.

00:31What if we can use some dopants to increase the refractive index of the glass in real time?

00:37You will see that as the refractive index continues to increase,

00:41the angle at which light is refracted will become larger and larger.

00:45But when the refractive index reaches a certain value,

00:48the light will suddenly return to the medium in the form of pure reflection.

00:53This phenomenon is called total internal reflection.

00:57If the refractive index of the medium is fixed, we can also increase the incident angle,

01:02and we can also achieve total internal reflection

01:05to realize the transmission of light in the cable.

01:08An optical fiber is very thin, generally about 40 microns in diameter,

01:13and is made of cylindrical glass with high refractive index.

01:19When the light hits the inner wall of the cylindrical glass

01:22at an angle greater than the critical angle,

01:24the light is totally reflected inside the glass.

01:28In this way, the light is confined in the optical fiber over a long distance.

01:33But this total internal reflection can only occur

01:36between high refractive index glass and low refractive index air.

01:42However, optical fibers require a protective coating.

01:46If a protective layer is added directly, total internal reflection may not occur.

01:52So what should we do?

01:54In fact, it is not difficult.

01:56We just need to wrap a high refractive glass fiber with a layer of low refractive glass,

02:02and then add a protective layer on the outside.

02:05However, there will be loss when light propagates through the medium,

02:09because absorption and scattering cause the attenuation of the optical signal,

02:14so the average signal transmission will not exceed 10 kilometers.

02:18Therefore, you need to amplify the signal through a signal amplifier at a certain distance

02:23to achieve long-distance transmission of the signal.

02:27Then, you can modulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization characteristics of the light

02:32to convert it into a 7-bit binary number for transmission.

02:36Have you learned something new? Like, comment, share, and follow.

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