Avez-vous entendu parler des dernières découvertes dans les Tombes de Saqqara en Égypte ? Les archéologues viennent de trouver une momie vieille de 4 300 ans nommée Hekashepes, recouverte de feuilles d'or, enterrée dans un sarcophage de pierre scellé au fond d'un puits de 10 mètres. C'est une découverte passionnante dans l'ancienne capitale égyptienne de Memphis ! Plongeons dans cette découverte et discutons de toutes les choses fascinantes que nous avons découvertes dans les momies jusqu'à présent. Des pratiques d'enterrement complexes aux trésors cachés, ces restes anciens ont tant d'histoires à raconter ! Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00Egyptian archaeologists have recently made an extraordinary discovery near Cairo.
00:05Drum roll please.
00:07The oldest and most complete mummy ever discovered in the country.
00:12This mummy, 4,300 years old,
00:15was found in a set of tombs near the pyramid at the level of Geyser,
00:19dating from the ancient Egyptian empire.
00:21It was covered with a layer of gold.
00:23The team also discovered several other tombs,
00:27including one belonging to an Egyptian dignitary
00:29and another to a guardian of secrets who presided over the ceremony.
00:33Another interesting tomb was that of Inscribe,
00:36which contained the largest statues ever discovered in the region.
00:39This vast funerary site also houses more than a dozen pyramids and burial sites.
00:44One of the most famous mummies in the world is probably that of Hatshepsut.
00:48It ruled Egypt for about 20 years,
00:51erected many impressive buildings and created new commercial routes.
00:55However, when archaeologist Howard Carter discovered his tomb in the Valley of Kings,
01:00his sarcophagus was empty.
01:02Carter nevertheless found two coffins in another tomb,
01:05one of which belonged to the nurse Hatshepsut and the other to an unknown woman.
01:10In 2006, a team of specialists decided to investigate
01:13to determine whether this mysterious woman was the queen in person.
01:17They discovered a molar in a wooden box called Hatshepsut,
01:21and when they compared it to the jaw of the mummy, it corresponded perfectly.
01:25Ramses II was one of the most remarkable rulers,
01:28but it was his mummy, even more so than his accomplishments,
01:31that ultimately marked history.
01:33Ramses is considered the most powerful pharaoh in all of Egypt,
01:37having reigned for no less than six decades.
01:39He also lived until the canonical age of 90,
01:42which was quite remarkable given the time he lived in.
01:47Ramses II would have had more than 100 descendants,
01:49speaking of a large family.
01:51At his death, his body was initially buried in the Valley of Kings,
01:55but pillagers attempted to rob the treasures of his tomb.
01:58His successors, unable to tolerate such acts,
02:01therefore moved his body to a secret place to protect it.
02:05Fast progress until the 19th century,
02:08when Ramses II's mummy was discovered with that of other sovereigns and dignitaries.
02:13However, it was not in very good condition.
02:16Archaeologists therefore decided to send it to Paris for appropriate care.
02:20The problem was that it simply could not be shipped to another country.
02:25The only solution was to give Ramses II a passport.
02:28His profession was indicated as a king, and the document even contained his photo.
02:33Most mummies are not necessarily famous for having a very hydrated skin,
02:37but that of a woman from China and nicknamed Lady Dai proves otherwise.
02:42No, we are not talking about this Lady Dai,
02:45but of a marquise dating back to the Han dynasty,
02:48discovered in a tomb richly decorated in 1971.
02:51Thanks to the special conditions of her grave, humidity and lack of oxygen,
02:56her body was almost perfectly preserved.
02:59Her skin was soft, her hair impeccable, and she was still flexible.
03:03The museum that now exhibits her mummy
03:06also shows a multitude of luxurious objects buried with her,
03:09such as dishes and musical instruments.
03:12Archaeologists, by examining the mummy more closely,
03:15will discover that she died of a heart attack at the age of 50.
03:19Although she has left this world for more than 2,000 years,
03:22Lady Dai continues to fascinate.
03:24Ötzi's mummy, the Ice Man, was discovered in the Alps in 1991.
03:29The Austrian authorities first thought it was a modern alpinist,
03:33as long as it was well preserved.
03:35It turned out that it actually came from the age of copper.
03:38Thanks to the study of her mummy,
03:40found in a mountain pass at more than 3,000 meters above sea level,
03:44we have learned a lot about life in Europe during the Colitis period.
03:48For example, we know that he was originally from Central Europe
03:52and that he regularly consumed meat.
03:54He also suffered from arthritis,
03:56a shrinking of the arteries and intestinal disorders.
03:59But he probably used acupuncture and medicinal herbs
04:03to treat his ailments.
04:05Apparently, he was also very skilled with his tools.
04:08He had sharpened them just a few days before his premature death.
04:12Perhaps he was anticipating trouble
04:14or was he simply preparing for a routine task?
04:17The King Tutankhamun and his story
04:19are among the most famous of all the mummies in Egypt.
04:23This pharaoh died at the early age of 19,
04:26more than three millennia ago,
04:28but his mummy remains one of the most emblematic in the world.
04:32When his tomb was opened in 1922,
04:35the excitement was at its peak
04:37because it was still intact,
04:39unlike many other royal tombs.
04:41It contained sumptuously ornate sarcophagi,
04:44one of them in massive gold.
04:46Not only the tomb of Tutankhamun
04:48gave us a glimpse of the history of ancient Egypt,
04:51but his mummy also taught us a lot
04:53about the era in which he lived.
04:55The analysis of his DNA allowed us to identify his parents
04:58and revealed that the pharaoh suffered from a rare bone disease
05:01that could have made him invalid.
05:03Ginger is probably one of the most fascinating mummies
05:06you will ever hear of.
05:08He looks like a time traveler from 5,000 years ago,
05:12still with his golden hair and perfectly preserved nails.
05:16Ginger was discovered in Egypt
05:18and is considered the oldest mummified body ever discovered.
05:23Before the Egyptians mastered the art of mummification,
05:26they placed all the bodies in shallow graves
05:29in hot and dry sand.
05:31As the latter absorbed all the water,
05:33bacteria could not reproduce
05:36and the body was thus naturally preserved.
05:39Today, scientists are not sure
05:42that the preservation of Ginger was intentional,
05:45but since his grave was made of pottery,
05:49it is likely that those who buried him
05:51knew advanced preservation techniques.
05:54If you want to meet Ginger in person,
05:57he is currently exhibited at the British Museum.
06:00A Dutch art collector acquired a Buddha statue in China
06:04and made a surprising discovery.
06:07It contained a mummy hidden inside.
06:10Alas, the body was too fragile to be moved,
06:13so it had to be left there.
06:16The most impressive part is that this mummy is over 1,000 years old
06:19and that it had been exhibited for 200 years
06:22before being buried in this statue.
06:24When they made the tomography,
06:26scientists discovered that the mummy
06:28was filled with pieces of paper covered with writing.
06:32Experts think that he would have practiced self-mummification,
06:35a radical process involving a particular diet
06:39and a tea that makes the body less susceptible to bacteria.
06:43Only a few people could perform this ritual
06:46and those who succeeded were deeply respected.
06:49Few Egyptian queens have intrigued scientists and historians
06:52as much as the sublime Nefertiti.
06:55If you believe her effigies,
06:57she was renowned for her arched neck,
06:59her big eyes and her shining cheeks.
07:02Her name translates as
07:04the Beauty is here,
07:06if that is not predestination.
07:09Although she was not a pharaoh herself,
07:11Nefertiti still managed to leave a lasting mark.
07:14Archives suggest that as a royal wife,
07:17she was extremely influential.
07:19Because of her power,
07:21she was certainly admired,
07:23but she had also made many enemies throughout her life.
07:26She was also linked to Tutankhamun,
07:28but not by blood.
07:30It was her mother.
07:32Until now, her mummy has still not been identified,
07:35but this could soon change.
07:37An Egyptologist who searched tombs in the Valley of Kings
07:40discovered two mummies
07:42that he thinks are those of Nefertiti and his daughter.
07:45According to specialists,
07:47we could soon get a definitive answer
07:49as to the identity of these two remains.
07:51If one of them turns out to be Nefertiti,
07:54we could be in the presence of a major discovery.
07:57DNA analysis and tomography of the mummy
08:00could offer us the most complete and precise image
08:03of the queen we have ever seen.
08:05It is incredible to think that we have only
08:07blurred the surface of what is hidden
08:09below modern Egypt.
08:11Nefertiti reigned over Egypt
08:13during a period of great power and prosperity,
08:16but unfortunately died during a period of turmoil
08:19that led to the loss of her funerary site.
08:22Who can really predict where she is today?