En 2019, des chercheurs en Zambie ont fait une incroyable découverte archéologique aux chutes de Colombo : un bois vieux de près d'un demi-million d'années qui montrait des signes de manipulation humaine. Cette découverte suggère que le bois pourrait faire partie de la structure connue la plus ancienne au monde. C'est stupéfiant de penser que les humains anciens construisaient des choses il y a si longtemps. La trouvaille nous offre un aperçu fascinant de l'ingéniosité humaine primitive. Qui aurait cru que quelque chose d'aussi simple que du vieux bois pourrait réécrire une partie de notre histoire ? Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00A team of archaeologists working in the far north of Zambia
00:04discovered something that could revolutionize our understanding of the first humans.
00:09Was it a Walkman? Not really.
00:11It is a wooden structure built about 1.5 million years ago,
00:16the oldest of this type on Earth.
00:18This frame is made of two roundings that have been shaped to fit.
00:22A bit like the Lincoln Logs, these children's construction toys.
00:26It is inconceivable that two roundings simply drifted along the river
00:31and were naturally assembled in this way.
00:34They were carved with sharp tools
00:37even before the appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa.
00:40Researchers do not know which species of ancient humans
00:44could have accomplished such a feat,
00:47but they must have been quite competent in terms of planning
00:50and perhaps mastered a certain language
00:52in order to discuss their construction projects.
00:55This also suggests that the individuals of the Stone Age
00:58were not simply wandering nomads.
01:00They could have been more sedentary than we thought,
01:04with enough resources to stay in the same place.
01:07Discovering objects made of wood dating from the Stone Age
01:10brings us back to looking for a needle in a haystack,
01:13because it decomposes over time, just like Beethoven.
01:16But this one was discovered near the Calambo Falls,
01:19on the border between Zambia and Tanzania.
01:22This construction could have been a passage,
01:25a storage place for wood for heating or food,
01:28or even the base of a shelter.
01:30It was very well preserved in these sediments
01:33saturated with water and deprived of oxygen,
01:35which allowed it to remain in this state.
01:37The discovery presents traces left by tools used
01:40to assemble the two pieces.
01:42Archaeologists have also discovered four old wooden tools on the site.
01:47A bevel, a planter, a carved log
01:50and a branch with a notch,
01:52all dating back more than 300,000 years.
01:55Scientists have analyzed the minerals present in the sand
01:58surrounding these objects,
02:00and have used a technique called
02:02luminescence dating,
02:04to determine the age of their discovery.
02:06Experts believe they should explore more submerged sites,
02:10because they could contain other examples of ancient woodwork.
02:14Archaeologists must manipulate these discoveries
02:17with infinite caution to avoid damaging them,
02:20so they use plastic tools.
02:22The team that discovered this structure
02:24had to maintain the wet wood
02:26to preserve the traces of human activity
02:28and prevent it from breaking.
02:30It was brought back to the United Kingdom
02:32to be studied in special reservoirs
02:34designed for underwater photography.
02:36There, we were able to generate
02:38three-dimensional models of this wood.
02:40The oldest wooden artifact discovered so far
02:43is a piece of polished board
02:45from Haute-Galilée,
02:47dating back to more than 780,000 years.
02:50There are also 400,000-year-old
02:52pickaxe tools,
02:54but none of these discoveries
02:56are as advanced as the structure found in Africa.
02:59Scientists have also discovered
03:01cotton fibers from the ancient Jordan Valley,
03:04dating back 7,000 years,
03:06the oldest of their kind.
03:08The site of their discovery
03:10is a real time capsule,
03:13containing all kinds of ancient treasures
03:15and giving a glimpse of life at the time.
03:17We have already discovered traces of ancient feasts
03:20with storage spaces for food.
03:22Usually, objects from such an era
03:24disintegrate quickly,
03:26but thanks to high-tech microscopes,
03:28experts can examine in detail
03:30the sediments collected on site
03:32and discover all kinds of organic remains,
03:35starting with these cotton fibers.
03:38In the past, we thought that the textiles
03:40found here were made from local plants,
03:43but it seems that this cotton
03:45may have traveled from the Andean region
03:47in present-day Pakistan.
03:49It is therefore possible that the ancient site
03:51of Tel Saf was more connected
03:53than we thought,
03:55by integrating into a vast commercial network.
03:57Other evidence supports this idea,
03:59such as pearls from Anatolia,
04:01Romania and Egypt,
04:03as well as pottery from other regions.
04:05The oldest leather shoe,
04:07dating back to 5,500 years,
04:09was discovered in a cave
04:11in present-day Armenia.
04:13A British archaeologist found
04:15this treasure under a pot broken
04:17at the bottom of a well.
04:19Next to the shoe was a deer's shoulder,
04:21wild goat horns,
04:23a fish vertebra
04:25and some scattered pieces of pottery.
04:27The shoe itself is quite rudimentary,
04:29made from a single piece of cow leather,
04:31enveloping the right foot
04:33and held by a lace
04:35passing through eyelets.
04:37To preserve its shape,
04:39grass had been ploughed inside.
04:41Researchers do not know
04:43to whom this shoe belonged,
04:45but dating to radiocarbon
04:47allowed them to determine its age,
04:49as well as that of the ploughing grass.
04:51These shoes are very similar
04:53to those still worn today
04:55by the inhabitants of the Aran Islands in Ireland.
04:57The manufacturing technique
04:59of these shoes lasted in Europe
05:01until the middle of the 20th century.
05:03Near Leipzig,
05:05sculptors created a tomb
05:07dating from around 2,500 years
05:09BC,
05:11filled with more than 100 dog teeth,
05:13all properly aligned.
05:15These teeth could have made
05:17an elegant flap for a handbag.
05:19The leather or the fabric
05:21that held them together
05:23probably decomposed over the centuries.
05:25If this hypothesis is correct,
05:27it would be the oldest handbag in the world,
05:29dating back to the Stone Age.
05:31At that time,
05:33the use of capillaries and necklaces
05:35was widespread,
05:37both for women and men.
05:39The owner of this bag
05:41must have enjoyed a certain social status,
05:43given the amount of material
05:45used for its manufacture.
05:47Not to mention the many dog teeth.
05:53The oldest musical instruments
05:55ever made by man
05:57seem to be old flutes
05:59made of bird bones and mammoth ivory.
06:01They were discovered in a cave
06:03in southern Germany,
06:05a place that witnessed the first signs
06:07of the establishment of modern humans in Europe.
06:09Thanks to carbon dating,
06:11scientists estimated the age of these flutes
06:13to be around 42,000 years.
06:15According to archaeologists,
06:17these instruments could have been used
06:19for entertainment or religious ceremonies.
06:21Some believe that music
06:23could have helped to forge social bonds
06:25and extend our territory
06:27more efficiently than the Neanderthals,
06:29who disappeared around 30,000 years ago.
06:31In 2020,
06:33a team of scientists discovered
06:35a 6-millimeter-long string fragment
06:37in France.
06:39Archaeologists found this piece of string
06:41next to a stone tool,
06:43and these twisted fibers
06:45could have been used for various purposes,
06:47from clothing to fishing nets.
06:49During prehistory,
06:51this technique was considered
06:53a technological advance,
06:55and the Neanderthals
06:57mastered it.
06:59The researchers already knew
07:01that these first humans made
07:03cotton from work bark
07:05and produced pearl shells.
07:07There are even vestiges
07:09of Neanderthal art.
07:11The discovery of this string
07:13and similar artifacts
07:15shows that our ancestors
07:17from thousands of years ago
07:19were not as primitive
07:21as we tend to imagine.
07:23In the 19th century,
07:25a French Egyptologist
07:27discovered this piece of string.
07:29It contained a text in three writings,
07:31in Ancient Greek,
07:33in Egyptian hieroglyphs,
07:35and in Demotic.
07:37Jean-François Champollion
07:39was thus the first
07:41to unravel the secret of this code.
07:43He managed to match
07:45the Greek letters
07:47to the Egyptian alphabet,
07:49finally allowing us
07:51to read the hieroglyphs.
07:53In the early 20th century,
07:55the British archaeologist
07:57Sir Arthur Evans
07:59excavated a vast palatial complex
08:01in Knossos, on the island of Crete.
08:03This site was the center
08:05of Minoan culture.
08:07The palace contained
08:09more than a thousand pieces
08:11decorated with colored paintings
08:13depicting dolphins,
08:15griffins, and bulls.
08:17However, the most significant
08:19discovery was first neglected.
08:21Thousands of clay tablets
08:23were cooked.
08:25The fire that devastated the palace
08:27contributed to their preservation.
08:29No one could read these tablets
08:31because they were written in an unknown language.
08:33The scientific community
08:35had to wait another half century
08:37before Michael Ventris,
08:39an English architect and cryptographer,
08:41could decipher them.
08:43Ventris, who studied Greek and Latin,
08:45discovered that writing
08:47was an archaic form of Greek,
08:49known as Linear B,
08:51the oldest deciphered language in Europe.
08:53The civilization that used
08:55this writing disappeared
08:57at the end of the Late Bronze Age.