驚くべき高度な古代船
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00:00Before the invention of the aircraft in the 20th century, the only way to travel fast distances around the world was by boat.
00:07And throughout history, the design of ships has continually improved.
00:11From advanced war boats to sophisticated treasure carriers, it's time to take a look at the 15 most advanced ancient ships.
00:24First launched from the shipyard in 1765,
00:27HMS Victory was, at the time, one of the most advanced warships in the world and would play an instrumental role in Britain's naval strength.
00:35Classified as a first-rate vessel, which is the equivalent to the super dreadnoughts of recent times,
00:42it took 6,000 trees to build the main structure and the efforts of 150 workers over seven years to complete.
00:49Now docked as a museum ship in Portsmouth, England, HMS Victory is the oldest naval ship that's still in commission,
00:56with an impressive 243-year service record.
01:00Measuring 227 feet and 6 inches long, she's a fully rigged sailing ship that has a maximum speed of up to 11 knots.
01:07Designed to change the face of any battle she was involved in,
01:11she was armed with 102 cannons of various sizes and had a crew complement of 850.
01:17After being involved in several battles for the first 35 years,
01:21HMS Victory established its place in history by acting as Lord Nelson's flagship during the Battle of Trafalgar in 1803.
01:28It led the British Navy to one of their most famous victories against the French.
01:33Despite being severely damaged, there was public outcry at the suggestion of her being scuttled,
01:38so she was instead repaired and used as a harbor ship and a museum ship.
01:42Once more powerful vessels took the waves later that century.
01:51The Vikings were once a much feared warrior civilization that controlled regions across Scandinavia
01:57and ventured further down into coastal regions around Europe,
02:00and based on recent evidence were able to travel as far as North America.
02:04This wasn't just possible because of their sheer determination to plunder enemies, however.
02:09They relied on their ships and were far ahead of everyone else's in the region at the time.
02:14The long ships that they used had their origins as long ago as the 4th century BC
02:19and continued to be improved with each one that was built.
02:22In fact, every long ship was different to the next,
02:25with features depending on the particular designer and shipyard that built it.
02:29The wood used, for example, was what was locally available,
02:32so the long ships constructed in Norway and Sweden were made of pine, and those from Denmark were oak.
02:38There were five main designs that are considered to be long ships,
02:42each of which have the trademark long and wide design,
02:46were built from wood, had cloth sails, and had their hulls decorated with elaborate carvings.
02:51They were stable, light, fast, and nimble,
02:54and there were simply no other ships at the time that could compete against them in any way.
02:59By using oars and sails for propulsion, they were effective in virtually any conditions that they experienced,
03:05and stories from the time often mentioned vicious enemies arriving under the cover of storms
03:10before vanishing back into the sea at night.
03:13Long ships were so efficient and advanced that many of the techniques and design philosophies
03:18are still used in shipbuilding around the world to this day,
03:21and without them, there's no way the Vikings would have been anywhere near as successful as they were.
03:31Archimedes is generally regarded as being the greatest mathematician of antiquity,
03:35and one of the best scientists, too.
03:38Living in the city-state of Syracuse,
03:40he was renowned for developing a number of inventions that helped defend his home from invasions,
03:45but in 240 BC, he was asked to design something a little different.
03:49The city's leader at the time, Hiram II,
03:52wanted a vessel that could be used to transport huge loads throughout the Mediterranean,
03:57and the result was the Syracusea.
03:59Believed by researchers to have been the largest ship to have been built in ancient times,
04:04details of the exact design aren't known,
04:07but records suggest that it measured 180 feet long and 46 feet wide,
04:12supposedly having the capacity to carry up to 1,800 tons of cargo,
04:17along with almost 2,000 passengers.
04:20It would have been an incredible sight to see at the time,
04:23and said to have so much interior space that it featured an indoor garden,
04:27a bathroom with hot water, and stunning decorations made from ivory and marble.
04:32There were mosaics throughout, and even a gym, a library, and a temple dedicated to Aphrodite.
04:38The size of the Syracusea did, however, come with a downside.
04:42It was apparently far too big to fit into any port in Sicily,
04:46and so only actually completed one voyage when it traveled from Syracuse to Alexandria in Egypt,
04:51where it was given to Pharaoh Ptolemy III as a gift.
04:56Number 12. The Flying Cloud
04:59Designed and built by Donald McKay in Boston, Massachusetts,
05:03the Flying Cloud was first launched in 1851,
05:06and would go on to set one of the longest-lasting sailing records of all time.
05:11It was a clipper ship, which is a type of vessel specifically designed to carry cargo at fast speeds,
05:17and measured 225 feet long and 41 feet wide.
05:21These were the early days of the California Gold Rush,
05:24and one of the problems the prospectors faced was how long it took for them to transport their valuable product elsewhere in the country.
05:31It took a standard vessel around 200 days to make the more than 16,000-mile journey from New York to San Francisco,
05:39around Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America.
05:42But within six weeks of being completed, the Flying Cloud managed to do this in just under 90 days.
05:48Three years later, she managed to beat her own time by doing it 13 hours quicker,
05:53and this became a record that would stand for 135 years until it was beaten in 1989.
05:59Of course, the construction of the Panama Canal that opened in 1914 meant that the route around the Cape was no longer used in a commercial way,
06:07but the fact that it held this speed record for so long was a phenomenal achievement.
06:13Number 11. Conquerims
06:17First designed on behalf of Dionysius I, the ruler of Syracuse during the 4th century BC,
06:22as a naval upgrade for their war against the Carthaginians,
06:26Conquerims would become the most powerful and heaviest types of warship over the next few centuries,
06:31used not only by the Greeks but also by the Romans and the Carthaginians too.
06:35Known as fives, they were warships that were rowed by oarsmen who were arranged in groups of five.
06:41It's believed that they usually had the oars in banks of three, whereby the top two were pulled by teams of two men,
06:47while the lower ones were pulled by just one person.
06:50And because of their superior size compared to the triremes and quadraremes that were more commonly used,
06:55they were able to carry far more troops, weapons, and boarding bridges that made it much easier to capture enemy ships.
07:02During the First Punic War between the Romans and Carthage, Rome at the time had a relatively small navy.
07:08After discovering a quinquareme shipwreck, however, they replicated the design and soon had built a hundred of them.
07:14According to records from the time, the Roman version was around 150 feet long and had a crew complement of 420,
07:21of whom 300 were oarsmen, and they became the backbone of their fleet and were crucial to Rome's military might.
07:29Number 10. Chinese Treasure Ship
07:33In the 13th century during China's Ming Dynasty between 1405 and 1433,
07:39Admiral Zheng He led seven missions around the world as far away as East Africa and the Middle East,
07:45which would become known as the Treasure Voyages.
07:48Rather than plundering destinations for valuable items,
07:51the idea behind these voyages was that the Chinese would take vast riches to coastal states
07:56to project Chinese wealth and power, and in return these communities would pledge their allegiance to China.
08:04To do this, a series of enormous treasure ships were built to carry the valuables,
08:08and although no direct evidence remains, it's believed that they were up to 440 feet long and 180 feet wide.
08:16During the first voyage, 63 of these ships were said to have set sail with almost 28,000 crew members.
08:23They were accompanied by a further 200 warships and support ships,
08:27which makes this one of the largest ancient fleets to have ever taken the seas.
08:31As well as serving as gifts to foreign kings who often sent ambassadors back in return,
08:36the seven treasure voyages were also credited with destroying the Chenzui pirate fleet at Palembang in 1407,
08:43for capturing the Sinhalese Kote Kingdom in 1411, and for destroying a number of other harbor kingdoms.
08:49It was a huge display of power and wealth, and as a result of the advanced shipbuilding,
08:54brought countless countries under the influence of the Chinese Empire.
09:03Egypt is one of the most archaeologically interesting countries in the world,
09:06thanks to the burial practices of the ancient Egyptian Empire,
09:09and in 1954 a researcher made an astonishing discovery at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
09:15in the Giza Pyramid Complex.
09:17Within a pit that had been carved in the bedrock around 4,500 years ago,
09:22there were a series of wooden planks and parts that were the pieces of an Egyptian solar barge.
09:27After extensive work, all the pieces were put back together again,
09:31and the result was the best preserved ship from antiquity that you'll find anywhere in the world.
09:36Measuring 142 feet long and 19 feet wide,
09:40it's in such good condition that experts are sure that it would still be able to float
09:44if it were put into a river or lake today.
09:46Based on the designs of the boats that ancient Egyptians believed the sun god Ra
09:51used to travel through the sky and provide light to the world,
09:54this one was probably used by Khufu to visit holy places,
09:58or that was used to carry his body along the Nile to its final resting place.
10:06While he most certainly wasn't the first person to set foot in the Americas,
10:10nor was he the first to travel to the continent from Europe,
10:13but there's no denying the fact that Columbus' voyage to the New World in 1492
10:18was an important historical event.
10:21His flagship for the majority of this journey, the Santa Maria, is somewhat legendary,
10:26but perhaps the most surprising thing about it was how small it actually was,
10:31and how advanced it had to be for its time for the adventure to be possible.
10:36The largest of the three ships used for the first voyage, the Santa Maria,
10:40was just 62 feet long and 18 feet wide.
10:43It was purchased second-hand to be part of the fleet,
10:46and wasn't at all designed for exploration, instead being a merchant ship.
10:50Still, after being retrofitted for Columbus' needs,
10:53the ship was the perfect blend of strong and sturdy and light and nimble
10:57that it was able to traverse the Atlantic Ocean with two smaller ships in tow.
11:01Of course, the Santa Maria would never actually make it to America
11:04after running aground off the coast of the island of Hispaniola,
11:07near to modern-day Haiti,
11:09and while most of its wood was repurposed to build a temporary fort,
11:13wreck hunters to this day are still trying to find
11:16what remains of one of the world's most famous ships' hull.
11:24This unusual-looking vessel was used by the Royal Korean Navy
11:28between the 15th and 19th centuries,
11:30and because of the almost fully covered deck, was known as a turtle ship.
11:34The overall designs of the ships changed over the centuries,
11:38but on average they were around 100 feet long and about 30 feet wide.
11:42With 80 oarsmen used to propel it through the water in addition to the sails,
11:46there was also a room on board for 50 soldiers,
11:48and the ship was equipped with 26 cannons,
11:51iron spike launchers, and a sulfur gas thrower.
11:55Known by the Koreans as Wison,
11:57they were most famously used for the war with the Japanese Navy in the late 16th century
12:01during the attempted invasion of the Korean Peninsula.
12:04The Koreans, however, won every single one of the battles,
12:07thanks in part to the turtle ships.
12:09What was effective about their design was the dragon-shaped head at the bow
12:13that was able to launch cannonballs or release flames from the mouth,
12:17and the booby-trapped covered deck that protected the oarsmen from arrows,
12:21musket shots, and incendiary weapons,
12:24while at the same time preventing the enemies from trying to board.
12:31The Roman Emperor Caligula was the third leader of the empire from the year 37 to 41,
12:37and was mainly remembered as a cruel tyrant with curious passions and interests of his own.
12:43Notorious for pursuing anything that would improve his own enjoyment of his position,
12:48no matter the cost, he was responsible for commissioning the construction of two vessels,
12:53known as the Nemi ships, that are still a complete mystery to this day,
12:57with no clear reason for why they were built.
13:00The remains of the ships were first found in the bed of Lake Nemi in Italy in 1929,
13:06but were unfortunately completely destroyed by fire during the Second World War.
13:10The lake itself covers an area of just 0.6 square miles,
13:14but the two ships were so large there was no way they could have been transported to any other region of water.
13:20Both were built by the Roman Vitruvian method,
13:23which involved first creating a shell, then building the rest of the ship on top of that.
13:28The first one that was discovered was 230 feet long,
13:31and the second was slightly larger at 240 feet long.
13:35Adorned with marble, mosaics, and gilded copper roof tiles,
13:39studies also found that they were built with three layers of lead sheeting,
13:43something that was done to prevent shipworms from ruining the timbers,
13:46but was a completely unnecessary and hugely costly design choice,
13:51considering there are no worms like that in fresh water.
13:54With such vast expense put towards these vessels,
13:57there seems to be only one logical purpose for them,
13:59and that's that they were floating palaces or pleasure barges.
14:03Also featuring heating and plumbing, with baths, a temple, and large rooms,
14:07they were packed with technology that wasn't thought to have been developed until many decades later.
14:17Launched in 1820, the HMS Beagle was a Cherokee-class brig-sloop of the British Royal Navy,
14:23one of a hundred that would eventually be constructed with this design.
14:27Believed to have taken part in the coronation celebrations for King George IV,
14:32there was no need for the ship, so it remained moored without masts or rigging for several years
14:37until it was repurposed for survey missions.
14:40It's the second of these voyages that the Beagle would become best known,
14:44as it was the ship that Charles Darwin used to travel to South America,
14:48and was instrumental in him gathering enough data to prove his theory of evolution.
14:52Measuring just 93 feet long and about 24.5 feet wide,
14:56there was space on board for 74 crew members during longer voyages,
15:00and it was fitted with seven guns for protection.
15:03While most ships being built at the time were capable of transatlantic crossings and traveling great distances,
15:09it was a testament to the design of the Beagle that it was not only able to set sail as far as the Galapagos Islands from England,
15:16but on other expeditions, it also went to Australia and to Patagonia.
15:21It was nimble, able to capture even the slightest of winds, and hardy against torrential weather,
15:27and there are many ships even to this day that are built and wouldn't be able to even attempt what the Beagle was able to accomplish then.
15:38The Trireme was one of the most common types of vessels used by civilizations around the Mediterranean during ancient times,
15:45and made up a large part of the navies of the Romans, the ancient Greeks, and the Phoenicians.
15:50Translating to mean three banks of oars, because of the layout on the ships, whereby there'd be one rower responsible for each oar.
15:58They were the main type of warship in use between the 7th and 4th centuries BC,
16:03and were particularly fast and agile, which gave navies the edge over their enemies.
16:08While no original Trireme still exists, there is a perfect replica called the Olympias, which is based on an Athenian design.
16:16Built in the 1980s, it's just over 121 feet long, and it's 18 feet wide, and has a maximum speed of 2.5 miles per hour.
16:24While historians thought they knew how advanced Triremes were from records, the Olympias showed for the first time just how impressive they were.
16:33As a fast attack and low displacement vessel, special ropes were fitted along the length of the hull,
16:38to increase its rigidity in a process known as pretensioning, which is a technique that's still used on long ships today.
16:46Number 3. USS Constitution
16:49First launched in 1797, and now moored at the Charleston Navy Yard in Boston,
16:55the USS Constitution is the oldest ship of any type in the world that's still afloat.
17:00It's a three-masted frigate that was built with a wooden hull, and her name was chosen by President George Washington.
17:08Measuring 304 feet long and 43 feet wide, she was able to reach a top speed of 15 miles per hour, despite carrying eight smaller boats and 52 guns.
17:19Designed mainly to act as a defense ship, the Constitution was effective during the War of 1812,
17:25when she destroyed five British warships, captured countless merchant vessels,
17:29and it was her skirmish and eventual defeat of HMS Guerriere that would define her place in the history books.
17:36Following that war, she was the flagship of the United States Navy, and went on to lead fleets in the Mediterranean and Africa,
17:43as well as completing a circumnavigation of the world in the 1840s.
17:47After an illustrious career, she was only finally decommissioned in 1881,
17:52and because of her historical importance, she was designated as a museum ship in 1907.
17:57In a show of how well-constructed the Constitution was,
18:00she sailed under her own power for her 200th anniversary of her first setting sail, in 1997,
18:06and again in 2012, and remains one of the standout sights in Boston Harbor.
18:16During the early 1700s in particular, piracy was rife in the Caribbean and along the eastern coast of the United States,
18:23despite there being hundreds of vessels and many more notorious pirates,
18:27there was none as famous as Edward Teach, also known as Blackbeard,
18:32and his notoriety came not just because of his ruthless acts and plans,
18:36but because of his ship, the Queen Anne's Revenge.
18:39The origins of the vessel aren't entirely clear,
18:43but it's believed that it was built for use as a merchant vessel in Bristol, England, and was launched in 1710.
18:49Soon after, she was captured by French privateers, who renamed her La Concorde,
18:54and became a naval frigate and slave trading ship for the French Navy.
18:58That was until 1717, when in a daring raid, Blackbeard and his crew managed to capture it for themselves,
19:04and the rest was history.
19:06Measuring 103 feet long and 24.5 feet wide,
19:10the Queen Anne's Revenge was armed with 40 cannons and had up to 300 crew members at a time.
19:15Highly maneuverable and easily able to outpace any British or French attempts to sink her,
19:20she was only used by Blackbeard for less than a year,
19:23but enabled him to score some of his most valuable prizes.
19:27In May 1718, in order to escape capture,
19:30Blackbeard was forced to run the ship aground at Beaufort Inlet in North Carolina,
19:34and the remains were only recently discovered,
19:36and have now been added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
19:42Number 1. Cutty Sark
19:44Built in Dumberton, Scotland in 1869,
19:47the Cutty Sark was one of the last tea clippers to ever be constructed,
19:51with the new age of steamships about to begin.
19:54She was therefore considered to be the pinnacle of design for these types of vessels,
19:58and would go on to set a number of records,
20:00including the fastest journey between Australia and the U.K.
20:04Measuring 212.5 feet long and 36 feet wide,
20:08she was able to reach a maximum speed of around 20 miles per hour.
20:12The designers had taken the best attributes from other ships,
20:15such as a squarer stern that increased its buoyancy,
20:18and allowed it to ride over larger waves,
20:20and reduce the chance of them breaking over the helmsman at the wheel,
20:24or a rounder bow that helped break waves more reliably,
20:27and had also made things in a way that the ship only needed a crew complement of around 30.
20:32Now a museum ship that's docked in Greenwich, England,
20:35the Cutty Sark represents one of the most efficient designs of a sailing ship that was ever created,
20:40and is now certainly one of the very few that remain that you can actually see anywhere around the world.
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