Animal Facts You Won't Believe Your Textbooks Left Out

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Transcript

00:00:00 Bees first appeared on Earth 130 million years ago, and they outlived dinos.

00:00:06 What helped them survive for so long is an incredibly complex structure of their society

00:00:11 and teamwork.

00:00:12 Each bee has its own role and responsibility.

00:00:15 Some of them build and repair their home, some bees protect it, others clean the hive

00:00:19 and get food.

00:00:20 But what if you could sneak into a hive and figure out how this whole system works?

00:00:25 What would you see inside?

00:00:27 For some mysterious reason, it's easy for you to get past the guards.

00:00:31 But if you were a bee from another colony, they wouldn't let you in without a fight.

00:00:36 The guard bees look rather intimidating.

00:00:38 They stand on their back four legs at the hive's entrance, their front legs raised

00:00:42 in the air.

00:00:43 These bees inspect every insect entering the hive with their antennae and front legs.

00:00:48 Each hive has its own odor.

00:00:50 And the guards can understand if a bee belongs to their colony by smelling it.

00:00:55 Only the bees that live in the hive can get inside.

00:00:58 Suddenly, you see something strange.

00:01:00 One of the guard bees has detected an intruder.

00:01:03 An alien bee must have mistakenly tried to enter the wrong hive.

00:01:07 But it's carrying a load of nectar.

00:01:09 And the guard lets it in!

00:01:11 Apparently, they don't mind accepting free gifts of food, even from strangers.

00:01:16 You feel too curious to linger there any longer.

00:01:19 The hive has only one entrance.

00:01:21 You notice that the walls around it look strange.

00:01:23 You take a closer look and understand that it's coated with a thin layer of some substance.

00:01:28 It's propolis, hardened plant resin produced by bees.

00:01:32 It helps fight infections and cures different health problems.

00:01:35 A bit further, you can see countless honeycombs.

00:01:38 They're densely packed hexagonal cells made of beeswax.

00:01:42 Bees use them to store food, pollen, and honey.

00:01:45 That's where they keep eggs, larvae, and pupae.

00:01:48 Honeycombs are fixed to the walls of the hive.

00:01:50 They stretch from top to bottom and are even attached to the sides.

00:01:54 But you spot narrow passageways along the comb edges.

00:01:58 Bees use them to move around the hive.

00:02:00 You might also be able to squeeze through one of these tunnels.

00:02:04 After exploring the place, you figure out that bees store honey in the upper part of

00:02:08 the comb.

00:02:09 Beneath, there are cells that contain pollen.

00:02:12 Then there are cells used for keeping eggs with future worker bees.

00:02:16 And at the very bottom, there are drone eggs.

00:02:19 Of course, your ultimate goal is to see the queen bee.

00:02:22 But it's not that easy to find her.

00:02:24 First, you come across lots of other bees.

00:02:27 Most of them are workers.

00:02:28 They make up the largest part of the hive's population.

00:02:31 And they're all ladies.

00:02:33 Each of them has its own task.

00:02:35 The most common of them is foraging.

00:02:37 You spot a bee leaving a hive and decide to follow it.

00:02:40 The queen can wait a bit.

00:02:42 You want to see how bees provide food for the hive.

00:02:45 The bee is buzzing ahead of you.

00:02:46 After visiting a couple of flowers, it suddenly starts wiggling while hovering in one place.

00:02:51 Ah, that's the famous bee dance.

00:02:54 That's how bees communicate.

00:02:56 Once a forager finds a perfect supply of nectar, it starts to perform a very precise dance.

00:03:01 It consists of a series of straight lines and figure-eights.

00:03:04 Throughout the dance, the bee is also shaking its wings.

00:03:08 How long the dance lasts means how far away from the hive the nectar is.

00:03:13 Every 75 milliseconds is another 330 feet to the distance.

00:03:17 And how intense the dance is depends on the richness of the source of the nectar.

00:03:22 The stronger the waggle is, the more nectar the bee has found.

00:03:25 And there's also the angle of the dance.

00:03:28 It shows the direction of the nectar in relation to the sun.

00:03:31 Your bee must've found tons of nectar.

00:03:34 It's practically vibrating.

00:03:36 Suddenly it starts flying back to the hive.

00:03:38 You follow it.

00:03:39 And there, the bee does a shake dance in front of the other worker bees.

00:03:43 This is how it tells other bees they need to go foraging right away.

00:03:47 You decide to stay behind and just watch what will happen.

00:03:50 Soon, the bees return.

00:03:51 They've brought back a lot of nectar that needs to be ripened in the honey.

00:03:55 Your bee does a tremble dance this time.

00:03:57 It's shaking its legs in a way that makes its body tremble all over.

00:04:02 This little dance makes other workers get down to process the nectar.

00:04:05 It's time for you to resume your search.

00:04:08 You dive back into the hive and begin to squeeze through small passageways.

00:04:13 You come across the cells where worker bees begin their lives as eggs.

00:04:16 It takes a bee 21 days to develop from an egg into a full-grown worker.

00:04:21 The first task of this new worker is to clean the cell where it grew.

00:04:25 The cell then becomes a nursery for a new egg.

00:04:28 And the bee looks after this egg.

00:04:30 Later, it feeds the larva and keeps it warm.

00:04:33 During the next stage of its life, when it's 12 to 20 days old, the bee starts doing chores

00:04:38 around the hive.

00:04:39 It produces wax, stores pollen and nectar, builds the comb, guards the entrance, and

00:04:44 so on.

00:04:45 When the bee turns 20 days old, it becomes a forager.

00:04:49 It looks for and delivers pollen, nectar, and tree resin to make propolis.

00:04:53 The bee also brings water.

00:04:55 Bees need it for drinking and cooling the hive.

00:04:58 At one point, you see something that looks like a hospital room.

00:05:02 There, worker bees look after those that feel unwell.

00:05:06 The "doctors" bring them different types of honey, depending on their infection.

00:05:10 If there's no other way, they remove a sick bee from the hive.

00:05:13 It helps to prevent the entire colony from getting ill.

00:05:17 And then, there are also temperature-control bees.

00:05:20 The temperature in the hive is usually around 95°F. It's crucial to keep it this way

00:05:25 – not hotter, not colder.

00:05:27 Otherwise, the eggs won't hatch.

00:05:30 You see a group of bees and instantly understand their temperature bees.

00:05:34 Apparently, the temperature in the hive has dropped, and now the bees are trying to warm

00:05:38 it up.

00:05:39 They're vibrating in a special way, which raises their body temperature.

00:05:43 And you can feel the air around you become a bit warmer.

00:05:47 And if they needed to cool the hive, they would go and gather some water droplets.

00:05:51 Then they would bring this water on their backs.

00:05:54 Once in the hive, the temperature bees would buzz their wings very fast, making the water

00:05:58 evaporate and lower the temperature.

00:06:01 You move further, and soon come across a bee you haven't seen before.

00:06:05 It has huge eyes, a large body, and no stinger.

00:06:08 It's a drone, the only kind of male bee in the hive.

00:06:12 Drones don't have any foraging tools either.

00:06:15 Their only purpose is to mate with the queen and care for her.

00:06:18 The drone's life isn't too long.

00:06:21 For one thing, if this bee manages to mate with the queen, it never survives the process.

00:06:26 And if there's a food shortage or winter is coming, worker bees usually kick drones

00:06:30 out of the hive and don't let them back in.

00:06:32 Wow that's hard.

00:06:34 You keep going until you finally notice a nursery.

00:06:37 There you spot a bee that is twice the size of a worker bee.

00:06:41 Your quest has come to an end.

00:06:43 That's the queen.

00:06:44 This bee is the most important one for the hive, because it's the only bee that can

00:06:48 lay eggs.

00:06:50 Despite her title, the queen doesn't actually rule, and her brain is smaller than that of

00:06:54 a worker bee.

00:06:55 But she produces special pheromones that influence the mood of the entire hive.

00:07:00 The queen also gives birth to every single bee in the colony.

00:07:04 When the queen is still a larva, worker bees feed her royal jolly.

00:07:08 That's a goop with super high sugar content.

00:07:11 A larger cell, along with such a diet, leads to a bigger body and the future queen's

00:07:16 ability to emit the pheromones.

00:07:18 When the queen has mated with drones, she returns to the hive.

00:07:22 Three days later, she starts laying eggs and never stops.

00:07:25 She works especially hard in the spring, laying one egg every 20 seconds.

00:07:30 No wonder that later in the year, the colony already has a population of 30,000 to 60,000

00:07:36 bees.

00:07:37 But wait, something strange is happening here.

00:07:40 A group of worker bees, in fact, lots of them, might be half the colony, leave the hive with

00:07:45 the queen leading them.

00:07:47 It means the colony has become too big.

00:07:49 The queen goes outside for the first time since mating, and the whole swarm sets off

00:07:54 in search of a new home.

00:07:56 Back in the hive, a new queen hatches from an egg 8 days later.

00:08:03 - And they're off!

00:08:04 The Nile crocodile easily outswims the hippo.

00:08:07 They're swimming upstream against a heavy current.

00:08:10 But the croc's body is built for swimming through rough water.

00:08:13 It weighs as much as two refrigerator freezers and is thought to be the heaviest reptile

00:08:18 on Earth.

00:08:19 It can swim up to 22 miles per hour.

00:08:21 - The hippo can't swim.

00:08:23 Not really.

00:08:24 It walks on the bottom of the river and pushes off from any big rocket ponds.

00:08:28 It can close its nostrils whenever it wants, to be able to glide a bit through the water,

00:08:33 but it's no match for the croc.

00:08:36 The croc reaches the shore and starts running through a field.

00:08:39 But better make way, the hippo's catching up!

00:08:42 It's speeding across the flat terrain.

00:08:44 Even though it's huge, the hippo can out-sprint a human.

00:08:48 The croc was miles ahead, but the hippo's faster on foot.

00:08:51 The hippo breaks through the ribbon.

00:08:53 It's all over!

00:08:54 Beep beep!

00:08:55 Hey there, roadrunner!

00:08:56 Whatcha running from?

00:08:57 Wait, hold everything.

00:08:58 That coyote is catching up fast.

00:08:59 He's right on your tail.

00:09:00 The greater roadrunner can run up to 20 miles per hour, even faster when it's really hungry.

00:09:09 Despite what you see in cartoons, a coyote is actually twice as fast as a roadrunner.

00:09:14 But the cartoon version is way funnier.

00:09:17 In lane 1, from the dense jungles of South America, the ever-slow sloth.

00:09:23 And right underneath him, in lane 2, we have a typical garden snail.

00:09:28 And the race is on.

00:09:33 For the slowest animal on Earth.

00:09:35 With the sloth's top speed clocking in at 0.2 miles per hour, it's no wonder they call

00:09:41 it a giant moving pillow.

00:09:43 Well, I call them that.

00:09:45 The snail's off to a good start.

00:09:47 It can cover a small neighborhood in about an hour.

00:09:50 This boneless creature has only one foot, which is covered in protective slime.

00:09:55 It's too blurry to see, but I think the sloth is…still in the same spot.

00:10:00 And now it's asleep.

00:10:01 It'll probably be asleep through the whole race.

00:10:04 A sloth can snooze it up for 15 hours a day.

00:10:07 It's asleep for more than half of its life.

00:10:10 And look, the snail got out of that sunny patch.

00:10:13 Next stop, a shady patch.

00:10:15 Ooh, it's too close to call.

00:10:17 We'll have to wait till the sloth wakes up to get back to this race.

00:10:21 A grizzly bear can easily outrun a human.

00:10:24 If you're at a picnic and you cook up something a little too yummy, better leave your lunch

00:10:29 behind.

00:10:30 The fastest a human can sprint is 28 miles per hour, set, of course, by Usain Bolt.

00:10:35 So he'd probably be able to run away in time.

00:10:38 If you're slower than him, which you are, then you're in trouble.

00:10:42 In a one-on-one sprint between a human and a grizzly bear, you're gonna be the bear's

00:10:47 lunch every time.

00:10:48 But out of all the bears, which one's the fastest?

00:10:52 Polar bears, grizzly bears, brown bears, sun bears, and the cute cuddly panda bear.

00:10:57 On your marks, get set, go!

00:11:00 The tension is palpable.

00:11:02 The grizzly and the brown bear are claw to claw.

00:11:05 A brown bear can easily run as fast as a grizzly.

00:11:08 The sun bear is the smallest bear in the race.

00:11:10 It's about 6 feet long, or tall, or whatever.

00:11:14 It just can't keep up.

00:11:15 The polar bear got off to a great start, but it just doesn't have the speed of the grizzly

00:11:20 or brown bear.

00:11:21 Grizzly takes the lead.

00:11:22 No, it's the brown bear!

00:11:24 Now grizzly!

00:11:25 Wait, where's panda?

00:11:26 What's it doing?

00:11:27 I don't think it knows it's a race.

00:11:30 But isn't it cute?

00:11:32 It just finished its third bamboo stick.

00:11:34 A panda bear can eat up to 28 pounds of bamboo a day.

00:11:38 That's like… a lot.

00:11:40 But it's off.

00:11:41 It found its shortcut and is rolling down that hill.

00:11:44 It zooms past the grizzly and the brown bear.

00:11:46 It's all over!

00:11:48 Panda wins!

00:11:49 Sorry, bears.

00:11:50 We all know that the panda isn't exactly fast.

00:11:53 It's actually one of the slowest bears.

00:11:55 Still, if you see a panda rolling down the hill in your direction, run!

00:12:00 A Boeing 747 has a top speed of around 620 mph.

00:12:05 The fastest bird is the grey-headed albatross.

00:12:09 It can fly up to 80 mph and stay up there for 10 hours without landing.

00:12:14 The peregrine falcon is faster, but only when it's diving straight down to grab some takeout.

00:12:19 Watch out, pigeon!

00:12:21 Wow!

00:12:22 Big planes take a long time to get up in the air, but the albatross?

00:12:25 It's up and off in a few seconds.

00:12:28 It's in the lead!

00:12:29 But a few minutes later…

00:12:32 Back to Slow-Mo-Ville.

00:12:33 The sloth's awake, that's good.

00:12:35 But so far it's only managed to lift its arm to reach that tree branch.

00:12:40 The garden snail's still trying to get past that big rock.

00:12:44 Gardens spend a lot of their time as motionless as possible, so that they don't become someone

00:12:48 else's breakfast.

00:12:50 Not great training for a race.

00:12:52 But hold on!

00:12:54 Player 3 has entered the race.

00:12:56 It's the Galapagos tortoise.

00:12:58 Its powerful front legs carry this tank of an animal.

00:13:01 It's a whopping 4 times faster than a garden snail!

00:13:04 This just got interesting.

00:13:06 We got ourselves the race that'll last a century!

00:13:10 The tortoise is running and dodging every obstacle.

00:13:13 No one can stop it.

00:13:14 Hey, no cheating, sloth!

00:13:16 Don't be dropping tree branches from up there!

00:13:19 Deep underground, a mole's busy burrowing around.

00:13:22 A mole can eat as many earthworms as his own body weight, and can dig around 15 feet per

00:13:27 hour.

00:13:28 The American badger is the fastest digging animal in the world, and is surprisingly fast

00:13:33 on land.

00:13:34 It can almost match the speed of a human on a good day.

00:13:38 Head to head, the American badger wins the tunnel race pretty easily.

00:13:42 Too bad the mole can't see where it's going.

00:13:45 Moles aren't really blind, they just have terrible eyesight, and they're colorblind,

00:13:50 and they can't wear glasses down there.

00:13:52 Ah, the proud cheetah.

00:13:54 It's sprinting across the savannah at warp speed.

00:13:57 I've been the fastest land mammal for millions of years, I've got this!

00:14:02 The fastest cheetah on record was a sprinter named Sarah.

00:14:06 When she was 11, she ran the 100 meters in under 6 seconds.

00:14:10 A cheetah can run up to 80 miles per hour if it sees something tasty.

00:14:14 Sarah was raised in an American zoo, and was one of the first cheetahs to have a puppy

00:14:19 buddy when she was growing up.

00:14:20 Alexa and Sarah, friends forever!

00:14:24 But soaring above Sarah is a humble little bat.

00:14:27 And that bat is making Sarah look slow.

00:14:30 The Brazilian free-tailed bat can hit 100 miles per hour.

00:14:33 It's the fastest mammal on the planet!

00:14:36 Now time for some shrinking!

00:14:38 Next to the blocks is the Australian tiger beetle.

00:14:41 It charges forward at 6 miles per hour.

00:14:44 It may not seem like much, but relative to its size, it's lightning fast.

00:14:48 That's like a human running alongside a high-speed train!

00:14:52 Running in the inside lane is the Saharan silver ant.

00:14:56 Ants are team players and are strongest when they're working together.

00:15:00 But even one ant can be amazingly strong.

00:15:03 An ant can lift hundreds of times its own weight and can sprint like there's no tomorrow.

00:15:08 Usain Bolt can hit 4 strides per second.

00:15:11 This silver ant does 50!

00:15:14 Scientists even discovered that these little ants like to gallop once they reach their

00:15:17 top speed.

00:15:19 Our last contender, the fastest animal on Earth!

00:15:22 It's none other than this tiny mite.

00:15:25 It's only the size of a sesame seed.

00:15:28 If we go by body lengths per second, this microscopic animal outruns everything else

00:15:33 on the planet.

00:15:34 It's believed to run almost twice as fast as the tiger beetle.

00:15:37 And if it were human-sized, it would run faster than the speed of sound.

00:15:42 Um, let's get back to the crawlers.

00:15:44 They finished yet?

00:15:46 The tortoise is in the lead.

00:15:47 The snail finally got past that large rock, and the sloth is on its way to branch number

00:15:52 2.

00:15:53 The tortoise is 3 feet away from the finish line.

00:15:56 Wow, I just can't take much more of this excitement.

00:16:00 I think I have time for a latte.

00:16:03 Leopard seals look so cute, don't they?

00:16:06 You wouldn't expect a creature with such lovely eyes to harm you, especially since,

00:16:10 on TV, seals were always represented as playful animals who like to goof around with humans.

00:16:16 But leopard seals are apex predators you shouldn't trust that much.

00:16:20 After all, they got the name after a black spotted coat, similar to the one a big cat

00:16:25 has.

00:16:26 That means they're at the top of the food chain, with rarely any other animal ready

00:16:30 to oppose them.

00:16:32 It's not that common, but there are known cases where they attack humans.

00:16:36 They're generally more aggressive than other seals.

00:16:39 And they're not animals that play well with others.

00:16:41 Generally, they prefer to spend time by themselves.

00:16:44 The ends of their mouths are permanently curled upward, which looks like they always smile.

00:16:50 Since they're solitary animals, finding a partner is harder, so they vocalize to attract

00:16:54 it.

00:16:57 They even sometimes sing underwater.

00:17:00 Dingoes.

00:17:02 When you see one, you might think you're looking at an average street dog.

00:17:05 But be careful!

00:17:07 Dingoes are more closely related to wolves than dogs.

00:17:10 They're the biggest land predator in Australia and apex predators.

00:17:14 They go after their prey in packs.

00:17:17 When they get together, they can confront even bigger animals like the red kangaroo.

00:17:22 They generally avoid humans, but when in significant numbers, you should avoid them.

00:17:28 Who doesn't love pandas?

00:17:30 Because they look so adorable and innocent, they've become a symbol of kindness and peace.

00:17:34 Also, they're very lazy, since they spend most of their time resting and eating bamboo.

00:17:40 Sounds peaceful, but you better not mess with them.

00:17:43 If you accidentally cross a panda's territory, or the animal senses you're a danger, it can

00:17:48 hurt you.

00:17:50 They have strong jaws and claws, and in most cases, they're way stronger than humans.

00:17:56 They rarely attack humans, but you're safer knowing that pandas are one of those animals

00:18:00 you should leave to enjoy their own peace.

00:18:05 Slow loris.

00:18:06 These animals are so slow that even when something dangerous is approaching, they just stop moving.

00:18:12 And don't let their big wide eyes and tiny nose get you.

00:18:15 This creature may be adorable, but its bite is venomous and can get you into a lot of

00:18:20 trouble.

00:18:21 Scientists say slow loris tends to mimic a cobra.

00:18:25 It's one of the few venomous mammals in the animal kingdom.

00:18:28 And they don't secrete the venom in their mouth like a majority of other animals.

00:18:32 Their secret lies in a sweat gland on their arms.

00:18:36 So when you think about it, it's not a cute teddy bear, but more like a real little monster.

00:18:42 The same goes with koalas.

00:18:44 They look so calm, but they'll also attack you if they see you as a threat.

00:18:48 It's not that they're typically dangerous animals.

00:18:50 They spend most of their time high in eucalyptus trees since they sleep 22 hours a day.

00:18:56 And if you came across a koala in the wild, the animal would probably just climb higher

00:19:00 so it could avoid you.

00:19:02 But if it felt threatened, it would most likely use its teeth and claws as a defense.

00:19:09 A swan does not only look delicate and graceful, but romantic too.

00:19:13 Many associate swans with true love.

00:19:16 But in their case, love hurts because these animals could really harm you.

00:19:20 If they see you as a potential danger, they'll do whatever it takes to protect themselves

00:19:25 and especially their young.

00:19:27 First they will start hissing like a cat and then flap their giant wings.

00:19:31 You should already be running at this point because they can use their strong beaks to

00:19:35 pull, bite, and hit with their powerful wings.

00:19:39 Platypus, this one looks a bit like a mythical creature and a combination of different animals.

00:19:46 Take a look at its webbed feet and the snout.

00:19:48 Definitely a duck, right?

00:19:50 It has the fur of an otter and a paddle tail like a beaver.

00:19:54 And they look so graceful when you see them swimming underwater using their webbed front

00:19:57 feet.

00:19:58 But they're not so elegant while walking on land.

00:20:01 You see their nails come out so they can walk better.

00:20:04 Also, the nails are venomous.

00:20:06 You can see sharp stingers on the heels of their rear feet.

00:20:09 And remember, they'll use them for self-defense.

00:20:13 Poison dart frog, a toad looks way more dangerous than this small charming one that looks surprisingly

00:20:19 beautiful, considering it's a frog.

00:20:21 But in reality, a toad is just not that good looking.

00:20:25 It won't harm you, unlike a poison dart frog.

00:20:28 There are over a hundred poison dart frog species and they all have different toxicity

00:20:33 levels.

00:20:34 The golden one is the most dangerous that can take down ten humans if they only touch

00:20:39 it.

00:20:40 A hedgehog has a special place in most people's hearts, looking at this cute creature curling

00:20:46 up like a little ball and running so innocently.

00:20:50 But it's still a prickly animal that uses the spikes when it feels it needs to defend

00:20:54 itself from something dangerous.

00:20:56 Its quills can puncture your skin and well, that hurts.

00:21:01 The anteater, with their warm benign eyes, anteaters look so harmless, they don't even

00:21:06 have teeth to defend themselves and hurt us.

00:21:09 But they do have claws.

00:21:12 They mostly use them to get food, but they won't hesitate to use them when they believe

00:21:16 you could harm them.

00:21:18 Also, did you know their tongues are covered in spikes?

00:21:21 Yup, that's their main tool for collecting food.

00:21:25 And their tongue can be up to two feet long.

00:21:27 It's long and narrow, so anteaters can easily maneuver it down into some pretty narrow spaces

00:21:32 to look for termites and ants for lunch.

00:21:37 Owls are not even that adorable, but they look so shy and clever.

00:21:41 Plus, you'd never say they even pay any attention to you.

00:21:45 But what can really make them mad is if you come closer and interfere with their nests.

00:21:50 They have big, sharp claws, so it's not an animal you want to mess with.

00:21:55 They can rotate their heads 270 degrees, so even if you're coming from their back, don't

00:22:01 think they won't see you.

00:22:04 Kangaroos aren't generally those animals that go around looking for trouble.

00:22:08 But if you face them, they're not afraid to stand up for themselves and show you who's

00:22:12 in charge.

00:22:13 They can go after a human as if it's another kangaroo.

00:22:16 Their arms are very strong, and they're even able to grapple with you with their forepaws.

00:22:22 But it's way worse when they kick out with their hind legs.

00:22:27 Deer look like they came from an idyllic fairy tale, but be careful.

00:22:31 Males have antlers, and it can be tricky if you come too close and they perceive you as

00:22:35 a potential threat.

00:22:37 They also have a habit of trampling private gardens and eating what they find.

00:22:42 They can be dangerous for some domestic animals people have in their backyards, especially

00:22:46 dogs.

00:22:49 Red foxes can't harm us looking like that, right?

00:22:52 They can carry the rabies virus, so it's better not to interact with them too much, even though

00:22:57 they generally avoid humans.

00:22:59 They can be aggressive towards them and some small animals.

00:23:03 They're pretty unpredictable, so be careful.

00:23:07 Raccoons look friendly and cute, and it seems that the only trouble they can bring is turning

00:23:11 over your trash can, but not quite.

00:23:15 These little fellas are definitely not afraid to show their teeth when they sense something

00:23:18 dangerous, even though it's just you going out to see what's making that noise in your

00:23:22 trash can.

00:23:24 And their little paws might be cute at first, but they're hiding sharp claws you wouldn't

00:23:28 want to mess with.

00:23:30 Tarsiers are among the tiniest and most adorable primates in the world.

00:23:34 Although the first thing you'd want to do when you see one is to give them a hug, you

00:23:38 better think twice.

00:23:40 They're not outright dangerous, but they're not fans of humans trying to touch them, so

00:23:44 they can react pretty neurotically if that happens.

00:23:47 Better admire them from a distance.

00:23:49 Ah yes, driving through the countryside.

00:23:52 Windows down, music, nice and loud, just another road trip.

00:23:57 You see a bunch of cows out the window.

00:23:59 One of them really stands out.

00:24:02 Literally.

00:24:03 The other cows look like black and white hamsters.

00:24:06 The Guinness World Record for tallest cow ever goes to this cow named Blossom.

00:24:12 This big grass guzzler was 6'4".

00:24:15 Somebody better buy that cow some basketball shoes.

00:24:18 The average cow's only 4'5".

00:24:21 Blossom must have felt like a giant.

00:24:23 When you're that tall, you don't just hang around in a field eating grass.

00:24:27 Blossom was the official greeter for a local resort.

00:24:32 Big Jake.

00:24:33 And believe me, "big" is an understatement.

00:24:36 This guy got famous for being the world's tallest horse.

00:24:40 Checking in at a whopping 6'11", we're gonna need a whole lot of basketball shoes.

00:24:46 What a stud.

00:24:47 Which, actually pretty much just means male horse, so...

00:24:51 Now what about this little cutie?

00:24:53 The world's shortest female horse.

00:24:56 Her name is Thumbelina.

00:24:58 What a perfect name.

00:24:59 And she's only about 1'5".

00:25:01 That didn't stop her from going viral though.

00:25:04 Oh, and the shortest male horse is called Bombal.

00:25:07 It means "bubble" in Polish.

00:25:10 He's only 2' tall, but his heart is larger than life.

00:25:14 So so cute, and shorter than a greyhound.

00:25:18 Now I'm a full-out dog person.

00:25:21 Well, regular-sized dog person.

00:25:23 Zeus, a Great Dane, was officially the world's tallest dog.

00:25:28 Being 3'8" on all fours made you think you were looking at a small horse.

00:25:33 Imagine that face waking you up in the morning.

00:25:36 And what about taking him out for a walk?

00:25:38 You'd have needed a pretty strong leash.

00:25:41 According to his owners, he was a gentle giant and was usually laid back, luckily.

00:25:47 And Zeus had a really important job.

00:25:50 He was a certified therapy dog, spreading his love and joy to all in need.

00:25:55 Imagine a dog like that.

00:25:58 You wouldn't need to put out a water bowl every day.

00:26:00 He could just drink straight out of the tap.

00:26:02 Hugging would be on a whole different level too.

00:26:05 How much do you think that guy ate?

00:26:08 Would he have even fit on your bed?

00:26:10 So many questions.

00:26:12 Now what if you're a cat person?

00:26:15 You'd better purr-pare yourself.

00:26:16 Ha!

00:26:17 Get it?

00:26:18 Anyway, this cool cat over here has been called the world's longest domesticated cat.

00:26:24 His name's Baravelle, which means clown, and he comes from a small town in Italy.

00:26:29 He's a gentle giant too, which is good, because he's longer than a baseball bat.

00:26:34 When they see a photo, people usually think he's been photoshopped.

00:26:39 He enjoys basking in the sun by the window, staring out into the backyard.

00:26:44 Hunting mice must feel like chasing ants to him.

00:26:48 The previous title holders were called Ludo and Stewie, the same breed as Baravelle.

00:26:54 That's a lot of cat fur on my mom's new sofa.

00:26:57 Sheesh.

00:26:59 Hopping up next is a rabbit named Darius.

00:27:02 His long ears and cute button nose aren't why he's special.

00:27:06 A regular rabbit's about 14 inches, but Darius here?

00:27:10 Just over 50.

00:27:11 That's basically a rabbit... dog.

00:27:15 Darius grew up on a farm in England, and living out in an open field gave him a super chill

00:27:20 personality.

00:27:21 Feeding him must be tough, though.

00:27:24 Darius must be a carrot-eating machine.

00:27:26 I don't want to go down that rabbit hole.

00:27:29 Enough of the cute stuff, time for some more exotic animals.

00:27:33 Maybe even mythical ones.

00:27:35 Myths are just how people explain crazy things.

00:27:38 Like the legend of the white-lipped man.

00:27:41 That turned out to be just me eating cheesecake.

00:27:46 Quick and shifty under the water, able to bring down an entire ship, the Kraken was

00:27:51 famous for disappearing ships.

00:27:54 That's what the legends say.

00:27:56 Probably just a sailor's tale told to scare the new recruits.

00:28:00 But researchers may have found its baby brother.

00:28:03 The largest ever recorded squid was almost 60 feet long, but the researchers forgot to

00:28:08 video it.

00:28:09 No!

00:28:10 The largest squid ever caught on camera was about 25 feet.

00:28:15 That's like an RV.

00:28:16 Scientists think there might be larger ones out there, but they're kind of camera shy.

00:28:23 The great white shark, frightening ocean animals left and right, she's called the queen of

00:28:28 the ocean.

00:28:29 She's not one of those kind and gentle queens.

00:28:32 Oh no.

00:28:33 Scientists were able to tag her to study her more.

00:28:36 This queen weighs about 3,500 pounds.

00:28:39 That's like six motorbikes.

00:28:41 Or 14,000 hot dogs.

00:28:44 She was caught in the waters off Nova Scotia by a team of terrified researchers.

00:28:49 Good thing sharks only chill in the ocean.

00:28:51 Unless... what about an episode of Shark Ninja Warriors?

00:28:56 That was the biggest.

00:28:57 Now, the longest.

00:29:00 Good guess, but nope.

00:29:01 Definitely not a snake.

00:29:03 But it is as long as half a football field.

00:29:06 This animal was discovered in the deep waters off Australia.

00:29:10 They found it there, glowing.

00:29:12 And get this, scientists say it isn't even a single creature.

00:29:16 It just acts like one.

00:29:18 It's actually a whole colony, cloning and multiplying until it gets... even bigger?

00:29:25 Its technical name...

00:29:26 Ummm...

00:29:30 This next animal can move on land and water.

00:29:33 Don't be fooled by its short, scrawny legs.

00:29:35 A crocodile can run as fast as a human on land.

00:29:39 So if you're running a lap against these sprinters, try to climb up a tree as high as you can.

00:29:44 Crocs can't climb trees.

00:29:46 But you'd better believe they'll be waiting for you when you get down.

00:29:50 They're also the heaviest reptiles in the world.

00:29:53 An adult can weigh about the same as two small cars.

00:29:57 The largest one in captivity was a saltwater croc in the Philippines.

00:30:02 Lolong was his name, and he was 20 feet long.

00:30:05 That's like two ping pong tables end to end, with a whole bunch of teeth.

00:30:10 Slithering up next, another reptile.

00:30:13 A beast of a serpent from Malaysia.

00:30:16 Some workers were on break at a construction site on a hot day.

00:30:19 They noticed something.

00:30:21 Was it a large pipe?

00:30:22 Well, this time, it was a snake.

00:30:25 They pulled out the longest python ever captured.

00:30:29 It took more than five men to carry it out of the construction site without harming it

00:30:33 or themselves.

00:30:35 The beast was 26 feet long and weighed around 550 pounds.

00:30:40 That's only a bit shorter than a light post.

00:30:43 The previous record for the longest snake in captivity was the famous medusa, also a

00:30:49 python.

00:30:50 That kind of snake can eat its whole weight for lunch.

00:30:53 That's like me eating 280 burgers.

00:30:56 I definitely don't want fries with that.

00:31:00 Back to the water.

00:31:01 Behold!

00:31:02 The heaviest blue catfish ever caught!

00:31:05 The Andersons bagged this guy in Virginia back in 2011, and they've been bragging about

00:31:10 it ever since.

00:31:12 Weighing in at a whopping 143 pounds, that's like fishing a washing machine out of the

00:31:17 lake while standing on a small boat.

00:31:20 That's why it took both father and son to drag it on deck.

00:31:25 Honorable mention goes to the largest living cat in the world.

00:31:28 Nope, it's not a lion or a tiger, but a little bit of both.

00:31:32 It's a liger.

00:31:35 Ligers don't exist out in nature, since lions and tigers live in totally different parts

00:31:40 of the world.

00:31:41 But in wildlife parks, it's been done.

00:31:44 Hercules holds this particular record.

00:31:47 At over 900 pounds, he's the biggest carnivore mammal in the whole world.

00:31:52 He's got his length from his mom, a tiger, and his weight from his dad, a lion called

00:31:57 Arthur.

00:32:01 Wanna know what it's called when the mom is a lion and the dad's a tiger?

00:32:05 A tigin!

00:32:06 They're way less common than ligers, but they're just as bizarre.

00:32:11 That sort of sounds like the ancient Greek mythical creature, the chimera.

00:32:15 It was part lion, part goat, part snake, and some stories say it even had bat wings.

00:32:21 Oh, and it breathed fire too.

00:32:24 Alright, you're scuba diving in the ocean, watching corals and colorful fish flitting

00:32:31 by, when suddenly an enormous shadow appears above you.

00:32:36 You look up and see a massive creature approaching you, its mouth a gaping abyss.

00:32:42 Relax, just stay still and you'll be fine.

00:32:45 This leviathan is a basking shark, one of the scary sea monsters that isn't really

00:32:50 capable of doing harm to anyone.

00:32:53 Basking sharks are filter feeders, just like baleen whales.

00:32:57 They open their large mouths to swallow plankton, and don't even have teeth.

00:33:02 It's late night in the Central American jungle.

00:33:06 You're out in the wild to watch birds, and you hear flapping of wings.

00:33:10 Excited, you look intently into your night vision goggles, only to see a face out of

00:33:15 your worst nightmares.

00:33:17 Don't scream, you'll scare it away!

00:33:20 It's a perfectly harmless wrinkle-faced bat, and it isn't interested in you.

00:33:25 These are fruit bats, and wrinkles on their faces allow them to collect fruit pieces and

00:33:30 juice for later snacks.

00:33:32 By the way, their Latin name, Centurocenex, was given to them for their semblance to 100-year-old

00:33:39 humans.

00:33:40 Walking around a Nepali national park and deciding to wash your face in the river nearby,

00:33:46 you freeze in terror.

00:33:48 A crocodile is looking straight at you from no more than a few feet's distance.

00:33:53 Then it raises its snout above the water, and you exhale in relief.

00:33:58 It's a gharial.

00:34:00 These reptiles have long and narrow snouts that allow them to efficiently catch fish

00:34:05 and at the same time prohibiting them from hunting any other prey.

00:34:10 While still carnivores, gharials are pretty shy and will slither away at the sight of

00:34:15 humans.

00:34:16 Right now, there are no more than a thousand of these crocodilians in the whole world,

00:34:21 so let it go.

00:34:22 Especially if it's a girl gharial.

00:34:27 You dig your garden in the backyard and notice something moving on your shovel.

00:34:32 You take a closer look and drop the tool in horror!

00:34:35 A small creature looking like a hostile alien is scurrying away into some burrow in the

00:34:40 ground.

00:34:41 Eh, no worries, it's just a star-nosed mole.

00:34:45 These critters have peculiar snouts that look like they've been blown up from within.

00:34:50 Their eyes are small and weak, so the star on their nose helps them a lot to move around

00:34:55 and seek food.

00:34:57 It's always on the move, touching everything it can reach as if the tendrils were tiny

00:35:02 fingers.

00:35:03 Oh, you're bathing in the ocean again.

00:35:05 Well, look to your right, there's a real toothed shark going right at you!

00:35:10 Nah, don't panic, it's just a sand tiger shark.

00:35:14 Neither a sand nor a tiger one, it's a vulnerable fish-eating shark that slowly swims in the

00:35:20 seas and chases its prey from time to time.

00:35:23 There have been no reports of it ever attacking humans.

00:35:27 But it still has rows of sharp teeth, so don't try to touch it just in case.

00:35:32 It may seem placid, but you don't want it to get a bite out of you, do you?

00:35:38 From ocean to desert, you're in Australia and longing for some water.

00:35:44 You see a likely spot and start digging the ground only to stumble upon a creature straight

00:35:49 from the depths of neither, all covered in thorns.

00:35:53 It eyes you suspiciously and slinks away because it's just a thorny devil.

00:35:59 Despite its ominous name, this lizard is harmless to humans.

00:36:03 Horn-like bumps on its skin are for protection from predators and birds of prey.

00:36:08 The thorns are hard, but as long as you don't touch them, you're fine.

00:36:13 If you have arachnophobia, it won't calm you down.

00:36:17 But tailless whip scorpions you might meet in North and South America, as well as Asia

00:36:22 and Africa, are more afraid of you than you are of them.

00:36:26 Tell yourself that.

00:36:28 These nightmarish creatures don't have stingers and won't even bite when threatened.

00:36:33 The worst they could do, and only if you corner them, why would you do that, is prick you

00:36:38 with their front legs, leaving tiny puncture marks on your finger.

00:36:42 Many people even keep them as pets, and they're quite affectionate toward their owners.

00:36:49 If you ever stumble upon a burrow from which a hairless, big-toothed creature is peeking

00:36:53 at you, just don't mind it and let it be.

00:36:57 Naked mole rats are the sphinx cats among rodents.

00:37:01 They're close relatives of mole rats, but, well, naked.

00:37:05 And they're fascinating in their own right, too, thanks to living entirely underground.

00:37:10 They're almost totally cold-blooded, but can conform to any temperature outside.

00:37:16 And their flappy, wrinkled skin doesn't feel any pain at all.

00:37:20 So pins and prickles, as well as sharp teeth, don't scare naked mole rats.

00:37:25 You're once again lost in the jungle, this time on Madagascar.

00:37:30 Poor you.

00:37:31 The night has fallen, and you seek shelter.

00:37:33 But when you think you've found a suitable tree to build a lean-to, you freeze in terror.

00:37:39 A black, long-fingered hand appears on a tree branch right above you, and two huge yellow

00:37:46 eyes are staring you down.

00:37:49 Then you see a shaggy face and realize it's just a lemur.

00:37:53 An aye-aye, more precisely.

00:37:55 This creature is native to Madagascar and only goes out at night, so you're lucky to

00:38:00 see it.

00:38:01 It fulfills the role of a woodpecker in tropical forests.

00:38:05 It knocks on tree trunks to find bugs and uses its long, wizened fingers to reach inside.

00:38:11 Tired of being scared, you seek your way home, but your horrors aren't over yet.

00:38:17 There's a big red and white snake across your path.

00:38:20 It hisses and lies in wait for you to move.

00:38:24 You know it's a coral snake, a really dangerous venomous kind.

00:38:28 You stop in your tracks, and only when it finally slithers away, you realize it was

00:38:34 actually a milk snake.

00:38:36 They often mimic venomous ones, not only coral snakes, to protect themselves from predators.

00:38:42 Still, if you're not a snake expert, it's always best to stay away.

00:38:48 This creature will infest your darkest dreams.

00:38:51 A giant African millipede.

00:38:54 It's big, it's glossy black, and it has hundreds of tiny, crawly legs.

00:38:59 And yet, if it had googly eyes, it could even be cute.

00:39:02 Perhaps that's why so many people keep them as pets.

00:39:06 But and because they commonly live up to 10 years.

00:39:09 Giant millipedes can't really bite.

00:39:11 Their only defense is curling into a tight ball and secreting irritating liquid from

00:39:17 the pores of its skin.

00:39:18 If you dare touch it, don't rub your eyes or nose afterwards.

00:39:22 It's quite unpleasant.

00:39:25 Goliath birdeater is another popular pet creepy crawler.

00:39:29 It isn't dangerous for humans, despite it looking like your worst nightmare.

00:39:34 This is one of the largest spiders in the world, and as its name implies, it sometimes

00:39:39 hunts small birds for food.

00:39:42 But they aren't part of its regular diet.

00:39:44 The spider prefers worms and amphibians.

00:39:47 Make sure you don't frighten it, though.

00:39:49 It can still bite or release hairs in self-defense.

00:39:52 The bite is similar to a wasp sting, and hairs can cause severe irritation on your skin.

00:39:58 Mostly, this gentle giant is just shy, and will crawl away at the sight of you.

00:40:04 Oh dear, there's another snake approaching you.

00:40:07 And fast!

00:40:08 You're about to turn and run when you see a hulking eight-legged form cutting into the

00:40:13 snake's path and leaping on it.

00:40:15 It's another arachnid, and it looks even more terrifying than the snake.

00:40:19 It's a camel spider.

00:40:22 Not really a spider, nor a scorpion.

00:40:24 These creatures belong to a separate family.

00:40:27 They became the stuff of many urban legends, but in fact, they don't even have any venom.

00:40:32 Sure, they can bite, and their jaws are pretty powerful, but camel spiders can't do much

00:40:37 more to a human than just bite.

00:40:40 They hide in the sand and burrow to leap on unsuspecting lizards, invertebrates, and yes,

00:40:46 even snakes.

00:40:48 And now, picture a pill bug.

00:40:51 Not exactly a beauty, but since it's small, it's okay.

00:40:55 But what if it were 10 times as large?

00:40:58 Nope, definitely not okay.

00:41:00 Still, such a creature exists, and it's a giant isopod.

00:41:04 Thankfully, it lurks in deep, dark, and cold waters, so it won't ever come up in your backyard.

00:41:11 Giant isopods grow to such enormous size because of something called deep-sea gigantism.

00:41:17 Deep-dwelling creatures have to endure great pressure of water, extreme cold temperatures,

00:41:23 and scarce food.

00:41:24 So their metabolism slows down.

00:41:27 Isopods don't move much, and more often than not, just lie in wait until some poor

00:41:32 small bug or crustacean crawls within their reach and they can munch on it.

00:41:38 And though it looks like a many-legged chaos from below, a giant isopod can hurt you, even

00:41:44 if it wanted to.

00:41:45 Just pet it already!

00:41:50 Looking for something slimy?

00:41:52 Many people tend to believe that snails are just slugs with shells, but even though they

00:41:57 look so similar, they're completely different species.

00:42:00 Slugs don't need any protective shells, as all their internal organs are, well, internal

00:42:06 inside their slimy bodies.

00:42:08 They can squish themselves and get into hard-to-reach places, which is why slugs can often be found

00:42:14 in the most unlikely spaces, like under tree bark, or inside tiny crevices, or at the library

00:42:20 pretending to study for exams.

00:42:23 Snails, on the other hand, are tightly connected with their shells and can't survive without

00:42:28 one.

00:42:29 Unlike hermit crabs, which replace their shells as they grow, snails are born with a shell

00:42:34 on their back.

00:42:35 Baby snails look adorable with those fragile translucent bubbles that calcify and become

00:42:40 bigger and tougher with age.

00:42:42 Cute?

00:42:43 Well, you be the judge.

00:42:45 Many of the snail's internal organs are inside the shell too, meaning that if it gets

00:42:49 crushed or damaged, well, the animal would probably not survive.

00:42:53 Still, a snail can repair small scratches and cracks in the shell with the help of proteins

00:42:58 and calcium secreted by its mantle.

00:43:02 Turtles are very close to snails in this regard, by the way, because, contrary to common myth,

00:43:07 they can't leave their shell at a whim either.

00:43:10 A turtle's shell is an integral part of its body, and despite the reptile being able

00:43:15 to hide its head and paws inside to protect itself from predators, its skeleton is fused

00:43:20 with the hard shell.

00:43:22 And just like any other animal's skeleton, it grows with the turtle itself.

00:43:27 Koalas do only eat eucalyptus leaves, but there are over 600 different kinds of those.

00:43:33 And koalas only munch on 30, or just 5% of what's available on the menu.

00:43:39 So it has to be a very specific eucalyptus tree to make a good meal for a picky koala.

00:43:44 These adorable creatures also have something in common with domestic cats – they sleep

00:43:49 for 18 to 20 hours a day!

00:43:53 Polar bears aren't at all white.

00:43:55 Their skin is black under the fur.

00:43:57 They need the white color to disguise themselves while on the hunt.

00:44:00 The color black absorbs the sun better than any other, while white fur doesn't stop

00:44:05 sunlight.

00:44:06 Rays pass right through it.

00:44:08 In a sense, a polar bear has transparent fur.

00:44:12 There's a myth that dogs and cats see the world in black and white.

00:44:16 In reality, they just can't distinguish some colors.

00:44:20 Nobody knows how exactly dogs see.

00:44:22 Some think they only distinguish two colors.

00:44:25 Could be blue and yellow, for all we know.

00:44:27 But they can see shades of other colors better than people.

00:44:31 And cats have wonderful night vision.

00:44:33 They need about 7 times less light than a human to see in the dark.

00:44:38 Now giraffes were thought to be mute, but recently it's been found that they make

00:44:42 low-frequency sounds at night to communicate with each other.

00:44:46 During the day, they don't say a word and warn each other of danger in a very unusual

00:44:51 way, by moving their well-developed eyebrows.

00:44:54 It's likely that at night, it's difficult to see the eyebrows, so they start talking

00:45:00 for real.

00:45:02 While we're on the topic of giraffes, these animals sleep much more than 30 minutes a

00:45:06 day, but probably not as much as you do.

00:45:09 Their sleeping pattern is quite typical.

00:45:11 After researchers monitored a herd of giraffes, they found out they slept at night and took

00:45:16 short naps in the afternoon.

00:45:18 In total, each giraffe had around 5 hours of sleep every day.

00:45:22 Oh, and by the way, a herd of these guys is actually known as a "tower of giraffes."

00:45:28 Makes sense with the long necks.

00:45:30 Seagulls can drink seawater.

00:45:32 There are salt-secreting glands near their eyes.

00:45:35 These glands purify seawater very quickly, and the salty residue comes out through the

00:45:39 nostrils.

00:45:40 Yep, you guessed it, salty snot.

00:45:44 The Adelie penguins are real romantics.

00:45:47 They only have one partner for life.

00:45:49 The male must give a smooth stone to the female to create a family.

00:45:53 You could say that's kind of an engagement ring.

00:45:56 Like humans, though, a female penguin may refuse and not accept the ring.

00:46:01 Speaking of animal love, foxes are romantic too.

00:46:05 Male foxes are good fathers and husbands.

00:46:07 They're devoted to their loved ones for life.

00:46:10 They look after the females and even pick fleas from their fur.

00:46:14 Aww.

00:46:15 Male foxes improve their whole houses and take an active part in their babies' upbringing.

00:46:21 Dolphins can sleep with one eye closed and the other one open.

00:46:24 Half of the brain dreams and rests, and the second half closely monitors the environment

00:46:29 for signs of danger.

00:46:30 The perfect brain for sleeping during boring classes and meetings.

00:46:34 Hey, I didn't say that.

00:46:36 Besides, dolphins manually control their breathing.

00:46:39 They can simply drown if their whole brain is sleeping.

00:46:42 Sea otters are the cutest sleepers among all animals.

00:46:46 In the summer, because of the heat, sea otters spend all the time in water.

00:46:50 They swim on their backs and sleep in that position.

00:46:53 The babies are sleeping on their mother's stomach, and two adults hold each other by

00:46:57 the paws so that they're not carried apart by water currents.

00:47:02 Ostriches don't stick their heads in the sand when threatened.

00:47:05 In fact, these guys don't bury their heads at all.

00:47:07 This myth has spread thanks to that famous idiom "to hide one's head in the sand."

00:47:12 In real life, ostriches have to dig holes in the sand for their eggs because they're

00:47:17 flightless birds.

00:47:18 To make sure they're evenly heated, ostriches put their heads in there to rotate the eggs

00:47:23 from time to time.

00:47:24 But ostriches still have some escaping mentality.

00:47:27 When they face some threat, they can flop to the sand and stay perfectly still, pretending

00:47:33 they aren't alive.

00:47:34 Now, according to a popular misbelief, sharks can breathe only while moving because swimming

00:47:40 helps them push water over their gills.

00:47:43 Although many kinds of sharks are designed this way, many others, like bottom-dwelling

00:47:47 nurse sharks, don't need swimming to pump oxygen-rich water over their gills.

00:47:52 Meanwhile, all sharks do lack swim bladders, so if they stop swimming, they'll probably

00:47:58 sink to the bottom.

00:48:00 But luckily, a shark's body can't be compressed.

00:48:03 That's why rapid descents or ascents are safe for them.

00:48:08 Scientists from Japan played audio recordings for cats to prove they're truly dismissive.

00:48:14 In those recordings, the owners of the cats called them by their names.

00:48:18 Cats' pupils dilated, the animals moved their tails, legs, or ears.

00:48:23 Cats heard people but rarely responded.

00:48:25 It's all about evolution.

00:48:27 Cats came to people because they were attracted by mice that ate grains.

00:48:32 They lived close to people but were never tame.

00:48:35 And yet, we keep feeding them.

00:48:38 Birds are actually the only surviving dinosaurs.

00:48:41 They evolved from theropods, the dinosaurs that ran on two legs.

00:48:45 Yep, T. rex is a distant relative of chickens, ostriches, and even hummingbirds.

00:48:51 In reality, flamingos are white.

00:48:54 The bird turns pink due to beta-carotene.

00:48:57 This pigment is found in the algae and the shrimp that it feeds on.

00:49:00 You can change your color too.

00:49:02 If you eat a lot of carrots, your skin will turn slightly orange.

00:49:06 This will happen because of the high beta-carotene content in the vegetable.

00:49:11 Researchers from all over the world talked about the giant squid they met on their voyages.

00:49:16 For many years, scientists considered monsters with long tentacles to be a myth.

00:49:21 But in 2004, the first photo of a giant squid was taken.

00:49:25 They actually exist.

00:49:28 Scientists have registered an animal that has grown to 43 feet!

00:49:32 Mosquitoes actually bite some people more than others.

00:49:35 The most delicious humans are those with type O blood.

00:49:38 Also, these insects have really good eyesight.

00:49:41 They're attracted by green, black, and red colors.

00:49:44 So, check the color of your clothes before you go camping.

00:49:48 You can actually put a shark in a trance for 15 minutes.

00:49:52 To do this, you need to stroke the nose of a dangerous animal with your hand.

00:49:57 This sort of hypnosis is called tonic immobility that happens thanks to the receptors in the

00:50:02 shark's nose.

00:50:04 When stroked, the receptors send a lot of signals, and the shark's brain is unable

00:50:08 to process them all.

00:50:10 What it doesn't say here is exactly how you get close enough to a shark to rub its

00:50:14 nose.

00:50:15 I'd say that's important information, don't you think?

00:50:19 Elephants aren't afraid of mice, per se.

00:50:21 But these massive animals have bad vision.

00:50:24 They also move fairly slowly.

00:50:26 That's why they can get startled by a bird or a small creature, like a mouse, darting

00:50:31 past them.

00:50:32 Just the element of surprise, nothing more.

00:50:35 The chameleon can change its color, but this creature doesn't do it to camouflage itself.

00:50:41 The color change helps the animal regulate its temperature and communicate with peers.

00:50:46 With most dogs' pant, their tongues hang out of their mouths.

00:50:50 That's why many people think that's how they sweat.

00:50:53 In reality, dogs' sweat glands are located on their paw pads.

00:50:57 Plus, there are other sweat glands all over their bodies.

00:51:01 Dogs pant to evaporate moisture from their nasal passages, tongues, and the lining of

00:51:05 their lungs.

00:51:07 This also helps to cool them down.

00:51:09 You might leave wasps alone, but don't be so sure they'll do the same.

00:51:14 Bees do respect human boundaries, and if you don't bother them, they won't hurt you.

00:51:19 But wasps are so bad-tempered, they can sting you even if you're just walking by their

00:51:24 nest.

00:51:25 Well, phooey on them!

00:51:29 So you have a new puppy, but the longer you're around him, the more you begin to wonder,

00:51:34 "Is my dog weird?"

00:51:37 From licking the sofa to sniffing other dogs back there, your pet's behavior can leave

00:51:42 you feeling a little confused.

00:51:45 Let's look at some of the strangest things dogs do, and figure out why they do them,

00:51:50 and if any of it is cause for concern.

00:51:54 Why does my dog lick the furniture?

00:51:57 And flop back down on the couch to watch a movie, and find yourself sitting in a wet

00:52:02 spot?

00:52:03 No, Fido didn't have an accident.

00:52:05 He's just been licking that exact spot for the last 20 minutes.

00:52:09 The American Kennel Association says that in most cases, this isn't something to worry

00:52:14 about.

00:52:15 Often, a dog will lick furniture out of boredom.

00:52:18 It's simply a way to pass the time when there's nothing else going on.

00:52:22 The trick is to make sure your pet has plenty of toys and attention from you to keep it

00:52:27 occupied.

00:52:28 On the other hand, it might be licking furniture because of anxiety or stress.

00:52:33 If there has been any significant change in its environment or routine, this can cause

00:52:37 the animal to feel nervous and unsettled.

00:52:40 Maybe your work schedule is different now, or someone new has moved into the house.

00:52:45 The repetitive act of licking can be calming for a dog.

00:52:48 As it adjusts, this should happen less often.

00:52:52 If the licking is constant, aggressive, and hard to stop, a visit to the vet is in order.

00:52:58 This may indicate a more serious issue.

00:53:00 A professional can determine if there are any underlying health issues causing the behavior.

00:53:06 The same is true when your dog constantly licks its paws.

00:53:10 If it's a random occurrence, then there's little to worry about.

00:53:14 But if it happens a lot, it may indicate pain or discomfort in that spot.

00:53:18 Even if your pooch is otherwise healthy, too much licking can cause redness and soreness

00:53:23 in the area.

00:53:26 Why does my dog scratch the ground after going to the bathroom?

00:53:30 Known as ground scratching, it's a very common thing to do for most canines.

00:53:35 In fact, wolves and coyotes do it too.

00:53:38 It helps to mark a dog's territory, letting others know that "woof woof woof" which is

00:53:44 dog for "I was here."

00:53:46 The scratching not only helps create a visual mark on the ground, but also releases pheromones

00:53:51 from the special glands in its paws.

00:53:54 Other dogs can smell and decipher these pheromones.

00:53:58 And for you non-dog owners, those signs you put up to stop pooches from using your lawn

00:54:02 as a bathroom?

00:54:03 They don't work.

00:54:05 Dogs can't read!

00:54:07 My dog takes food from its bowl and eats it several feet away.

00:54:11 That's not normal.

00:54:12 Actually, it is.

00:54:14 This is simply instinct kicking in.

00:54:17 In the wild, dogs lived with other dogs in a group, or pack.

00:54:21 When there was food, less dominant animals had to work a lot harder to claim something

00:54:26 to eat.

00:54:27 It often meant grabbing some meat and quickly moving to a safer spot to finish their meal

00:54:31 in peace.

00:54:33 Your dog is just repeating the behavior of its canine ancestors.

00:54:37 The other possibility is noise.

00:54:39 Some dogs can be simply scared of the clanging of their collar against a metal bowl, for

00:54:44 example.

00:54:45 Try changing the bowl to a plastic one to see if it makes a difference.

00:54:49 But my dog also eats grass.

00:54:51 Is it not feeling well?

00:54:54 This is a more complicated situation.

00:54:56 First, don't panic.

00:54:58 Lots of dogs do it.

00:54:59 Some of them eat grass for the same reason you add fiber to your diet.

00:55:03 It provides additional roughage to the digestive system, which helps it function properly.

00:55:09 Like licking furniture, it can also be a way to fight boredom.

00:55:13 If a dog has nothing else to do, grabbing and pulling at those green pokey things may

00:55:17 be the only way to distract itself.

00:55:20 But eating grass, even if normal, is problematic.

00:55:23 You don't know what's on that grass.

00:55:25 It can be anything, for example, herbicides and pesticides.

00:55:29 They can be very bad for your dog's health.

00:55:32 Distract your pooch when it tries to munch on grass with a verbal cue and a treat for

00:55:36 reinforcement.

00:55:38 The other strange thing my pooch does is roll in stinky piles on the ground.

00:55:42 It's gross!

00:55:43 Well, it might be icky to you, but it's natural for your dog.

00:55:48 One possibility is that dogs, and wolves and coyotes, do this to conceal their natural

00:55:54 scent.

00:55:55 They're covering themselves in an odor that can hide them from rivals or a potential meal.

00:56:00 It's also possible that they do it to bring the scent back to their pack to communicate

00:56:04 something that they found.

00:56:06 It's like sharing your day with your friends, but through smell instead of words.

00:56:11 What are zoomies?

00:56:13 According to veterinarian Sarah Wooten, zoomies are defined as short periods of hyperactivity.

00:56:20 You know, when your dog literally zooms around like crazy for a bit, then calms down and

00:56:25 gets back to normal.

00:56:27 The official term for this behavior is "frap" - frenetic random activity periods.

00:56:33 But "zoomies" is a lot more fun to say.

00:56:36 Dogs do this because of pent-up energy that just needs to come out.

00:56:40 Maybe they've been alone all day or just had a bath.

00:56:43 Now free, they want to celebrate!

00:56:46 It's often a sign of a very happy pet.

00:56:48 The only concern about zoomies is that Fido might bang into someone or something and get

00:56:54 hurt.

00:56:55 You can redirect him to a safer area if needed.

00:56:58 Also, increasing the amount of exercise and mental stimulation your pooch gets throughout

00:57:02 the day can reduce these moments of wild abandon.

00:57:06 Okay, but why do dogs sniff each other back there?

00:57:12 This is probably the behavior we're most familiar with.

00:57:15 It seems strange when dogs do it with other dogs and embarrassing when they do it to your

00:57:19 mother-in-law.

00:57:21 But every dog does it.

00:57:22 These animals can gather a lot of information through their nose.

00:57:26 In fact, their sense of smell can be nearly 100,000 times better than ours because dogs

00:57:31 have 150 million olfactory receptors in their nose.

00:57:36 We only have 5 million, and 30% of a dog's brain is specifically dedicated to processing

00:57:42 odors.

00:57:43 Based on the smell, the dog can quickly determine everything from gender to mood to friendliness

00:57:49 to health.

00:57:50 It's almost like a superpower!

00:57:53 I always let a strange dog sniff my hand first.

00:57:57 Dog training company Eureka Dog Services says this is a terrible thing to do.

00:58:03 It can actually make some dogs feel threatened.

00:58:05 And no wonder!

00:58:06 You just tower over them and shove your hand into their face.

00:58:10 First, ask the owner for permission.

00:58:13 If you get the okay, angle your body and face away from the animal at a 45-degree angle

00:58:19 and smile.

00:58:20 Then, give the animal time to approach you.

00:58:22 The dog may lean forward, keeping its back paws permanently planted.

00:58:27 This is just in case you're dangerous.

00:58:29 This way, it can quickly pull away from you if needed.

00:58:33 My dog must like people.

00:58:35 It's always asking for belly rubs.

00:58:38 Although your dog might love getting scratches on his tum-tum, this behavior says more than

00:58:43 you realize.

00:58:44 When Fido does it for you, his owner, he's putting himself into a very vulnerable position.

00:58:50 By doing so, he's saying he trusts you.

00:58:53 But when a pooch does it to a stranger or an unfamiliar dog, it's an act of submission.

00:58:58 It's basically saying that it isn't going to be a threat.

00:59:01 This way, a dog is trying to avoid confrontation.

00:59:05 As a pet owner, you'll be able to understand your dog's body language.

00:59:09 This will help you determine if it is safe for a stranger to approach or if your dog

00:59:14 would rather be left alone.

00:59:15 One telltale sign is your dog's, well, tail.

00:59:19 If your pet holds its tail in a natural position, such as loosely down by its legs, the animal

00:59:24 is relaxed.

00:59:26 If the tail is lifted and wagging, it's not necessarily a sign of happiness.

00:59:30 It really means your dog is excited about something.

00:59:34 A wagging tail that is held a little further back indicates a cautious curiosity.

00:59:39 The dog is interested in something but not yet sure if it's safe.

00:59:44 And a tail tight between its legs?

00:59:46 This is often a sign that your dog is scared or nervous.

00:59:50 It's best to remove your pet from a potentially bad situation so it doesn't feel threatened.

00:59:55 A big wag, often combined with a body wiggle, is when you really know you have a happy pet.

01:00:01 My dog sometimes moves and barks in its sleep.

01:00:04 Do dogs dream?

01:00:06 Just like humans, dogs do enter a phase of sleep called REM or rapid eye movement.

01:00:13 This is the time when it's believed people dream.

01:00:15 During REM, your mind is processing the day's events.

01:00:19 It's likely the same for your pet.

01:00:21 So when you see your dog's legs kicking as if it's running, that's probably what it's

01:00:25 doing in its dream.

01:00:27 And since you're such a big part of its life, it's probably even dreaming about you.

01:00:34 Well, it's that time of year again, spring cleaning.

01:00:42 Making your way outside, you grab the duster and broom to get rid of all those cobwebs

01:00:46 on your windows.

01:00:48 They don't stand a chance this time.

01:00:51 Cleaning one cobweb after the other, you suddenly notice some weird-shaped mud stuck under the

01:00:56 eaves and porch.

01:00:58 What's this?

01:00:59 It suddenly dawns on you.

01:01:01 These have to be mud dauber wasp nests.

01:01:04 You're probably thinking there's a swarm of them around with so many nests being side

01:01:09 by side.

01:01:10 Luckily, mud dauber wasps are solitary insects.

01:01:15 All those little mud huts are filled with paralyzed spiders.

01:01:19 Sometimes even up to 500 spiders can be trapped in these lockers, just waiting for the wasp

01:01:24 young to hatch.

01:01:26 If the nest has holes, it may indicate the nest is inactive or old, as mud dauber wasps

01:01:32 create holes when they leave the nest.

01:01:35 If you're not going to remove them, it's best to wait till nighttime when they're

01:01:39 not as active.

01:01:40 While they're pretty placid, if they feel threatened, they won't hesitate to stay.

01:01:48 Feeling like someone got halfway through building one insect and forgot what part came next,

01:01:53 the mole cricket is one insect that really looks out of this world.

01:01:58 With claws like a mole, a body of a cricket, and the head of a shrimp, this critter is

01:02:04 like the platypus of the insect world.

01:02:07 They're not venomous and will only bite if you trap them inside your hand.

01:02:12 And if you really annoy it, it's got something else up its sleeve – the wings.

01:02:17 They can spit a foul-smelling brown liquid from their body, just like a skunk.

01:02:22 So just let them leave your home and there will be nothing to clean up.

01:02:28 Rock pools are teeming with all sorts of plant and animal life.

01:02:32 Sea creatures such as starfish, seagrass, hermit crabs, tiny fish, and all types of

01:02:38 octopuses.

01:02:39 If you come across this tiny blue-ringed octopus, it's best to leave it alone.

01:02:45 It's flashing neon blue at you for a reason.

01:02:48 This miniature octopus has a venomous bite that's a thousand times stronger than cyanide,

01:02:54 with no antidote available.

01:02:56 Don't poke it with a stick or try to pick one up – it's not worth the trip to the

01:03:00 hospital.

01:03:02 Or the morgue.

01:03:04 Snakes on land are scary, but sea snakes are on an entirely different level.

01:03:10 Found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, there are about 50 different species of sea snakes,

01:03:16 and they're beautiful as much as they're dangerous.

01:03:19 Luckily, they don't seem to worry about us too much.

01:03:22 The Dubois sea snake is arguably the most venomous snake in the ocean, with the big

01:03:27 sea snake not far behind.

01:03:30 Their venom makes a cobra's bite seem like a walk in the park.

01:03:34 The venom of both these snakes is extremely dangerous.

01:03:38 Good thing for us that their venom can take hours to cause any symptoms in humans.

01:03:43 If they can bite through your wetsuit, that is.

01:03:47 If this fly lands on your arm outside, you might just scream a little.

01:03:51 Hey, I wouldn't blame you.

01:03:53 The scorpion fly, as its name suggests, has a curved tail that looks just like a scorpion

01:03:59 stinger.

01:04:00 But you can breathe a sigh of relief – this is only used for mating.

01:04:04 It also has a long beak-like head that's used to feed after stealing insects from spiders'

01:04:10 webs.

01:04:11 To find the perfect partner, they love to give the equivalent of a box of chocolates

01:04:16 and flowers, except theirs is saliva.

01:04:19 Mmm, how romantic!

01:04:22 If you happen to be in Africa, you might just miss this large bird if you're not paying

01:04:27 attention.

01:04:28 The shoebill will just casually stand still as you walk right on by.

01:04:34 Standing up to 5 feet tall with an 8-foot wingspan, the shoebill sounds like an apex

01:04:39 predator, though it's anything but.

01:04:42 Known as one of the most slow-moving birds, almost statue-like, the shoebill just eats

01:04:48 fish near the surface of the water, without a care in the world.

01:04:53 This bird isn't afraid of humans at all.

01:04:55 While they won't naturally come over to talk about the weather, they'll allow us

01:04:59 to get close enough for some photos.

01:05:03 If you hear a small squeaking sound while you're in the garden, it could be a mouse,

01:05:08 a squirrel, or…

01:05:10 A rhinoceros beetle is letting you know that you are too close.

01:05:14 They love to make a racket when bothered.

01:05:17 With a giant scary horn on top of their head, they might seem like they're able to defend

01:05:22 themselves with it, but that's not possible at all.

01:05:26 That's only to move leaves and sticks out of their way, and to stop other males from

01:05:31 coming into the female beetle's area.

01:05:34 Not only have they got a horn on their head, but they've also got Herculean strength,

01:05:39 able to lift 850 times their own weight.

01:05:43 It's like you or me lifting 65 tons or 11 elephants.

01:05:47 Hey, let's try it!

01:05:51 Found mainly in China, the small tufted deer looks adorable with its tuft of hair.

01:05:56 That is, until it turns around.

01:05:58 Oh no, it's a vampire deer!

01:06:02 Luckily this animal doesn't want to taste your blood or wear a cape.

01:06:07 Only males grow these during the mating season, rather than antlers, to fight over territories

01:06:12 and female tufted deer.

01:06:15 These fangs are more like elephant tusks than sharp teeth.

01:06:19 Not only do they have fangs, but they're also known to bark like a dog and flee like

01:06:23 a cat when they're scared.

01:06:27 Red sky at night – sailor's delight.

01:06:30 Red sky in the morning – sailor's warning.

01:06:33 No one said anything about a red tide, though.

01:06:37 The red tide is a toxic algal bloom that rises up from the sea floor after particularly bad

01:06:43 storms.

01:06:44 This algae looks a lot like spilled ketchup or rust in the water, but it's much worse

01:06:49 for the life around it.

01:06:51 Fish and marine life will try to escape once exposed to the toxic algae in their water.

01:06:56 It's not particularly harmful to humans who are exposed to it.

01:07:00 But if you eat seafood contaminated with its toxins, things can become a bit more serious.

01:07:07 So if the sea is red, just stay out of the water.

01:07:12 Some spiders love to show off with bright colors to show they're dangerous.

01:07:17 Not the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia.

01:07:21 This glossy black spider doesn't need theatrics to prove it's tough.

01:07:26 These bad-tempered crawlers cause serious alarm when they decide to bite us.

01:07:30 They can shut down our entire nervous system in as little as 30 minutes.

01:07:36 Making their web in any shelter, like old logs, shoes, or even garden gnomes, the funnel-web

01:07:42 spiders like to live close to our surroundings for easy food.

01:07:48 When they get tired of an area, they just leave their web behind and wander off to find

01:07:52 somewhere new.

01:07:53 Perfect!

01:07:56 Some say honey badgers don't care, and I think they might be right.

01:08:01 When you're brave enough to take food away from a jaguar, lion, or hyena, what do you

01:08:06 got to fear?

01:08:08 These tough relatives of the weasel aren't just ferocious, they're super smart.

01:08:13 Known to even use tools to escape from enclosures.

01:08:17 Objects like rakes, stones, and mud just become things to climb for freedom.

01:08:22 Aside from their physical similarities to the skunk, the honey badger also boasts a

01:08:27 dangerous gland in its tail containing a powerful stink machine.

01:08:32 So they're tough, stinky, have extremely stretchy and strong skin, and to top it all

01:08:38 off, they've got a strong immunity to scorpions and snakes.

01:08:42 The best thing to do if you walk into a honey badger is to leave it alone.

01:08:47 What chance do we have?

01:08:51 Ever heard of the fungus strawberries and cream?

01:08:53 No?

01:08:54 What about its other name, the bleeding tooth fungus?

01:08:58 This fungus isn't toxic, but tastes so bitter that you might think twice about trying some!

01:09:05 When young and growing, this white mushroom appears to have red jelly coming out of its

01:09:09 pores.

01:09:11 This sticky liquid is sap that's pushed up from taking on too much water.

01:09:16 The adult mushroom is just a boring beige compared to this.

01:09:20 Underneath the mushroom cap, where its spores are produced, it has a tooth-like structure

01:09:25 just to make it even weirder.

01:09:28 Tasmanian devils have a reputation for being bad-tempered when threatened by a predator,

01:09:34 fighting other males, or getting a place at the table for dinner.

01:09:38 They're dubbed devils because of the teeth-baring, lunging, and one of the scariest shrieks you'll

01:09:44 ever hear in the middle of the night.

01:09:46 They'll also eat pretty much anything they can get a hold of too.

01:09:50 They don't habitually go for people, although they will defend themselves if they're cornered.

01:09:56 With such a powerful bite, you wouldn't want to be on the receiving end.

01:10:00 Good thing the tassie devils would much rather escape as well.

01:10:07 So we all know that Mother Nature is wise.

01:10:10 If she blesses some creature with a particular body part, it should make perfect sense, right?

01:10:16 Well, yeah, but still, some wildlife shots make you wonder if evolution has gone the

01:10:21 wrong way.

01:10:23 Snakes' natural design allows them to swallow a whole mouse.

01:10:27 But in some cases, this cruel ability can turn against them.

01:10:31 Yes, snakes can actually swallow themselves.

01:10:35 Scientists believe that they mostly do this because of stress, captivity, temperature

01:10:39 regulation, hunger, or illness.

01:10:42 The snake is pretty helpless in this situation, you can tell.

01:10:45 If it doesn't get help in time, digestive juices may begin to corrode the swallowed

01:10:50 tail.

01:10:51 So if you ever catch your pet snake doing this, try to stop it.

01:10:55 Or take it to the vet.

01:10:57 Okay, but what about the fangs, I hear you ask?

01:11:00 Does a venomous snake have immunity to its own venom?

01:11:04 Well, if the snake digests it, it will be okay.

01:11:07 It's because protein is a primary component in venom.

01:11:11 And besides, the venom is excreted by the gland in the snake's mouth.

01:11:15 So no matter whom the snake bites, chances are that it's gonna drink a bit.

01:11:20 So the only way a snake can actually suffer from its own venom is by biting itself straight

01:11:26 into the blood vessel.

01:11:27 In this case, it'll experience the same reaction as any other animal.

01:11:33 Now think you're having a bad hair day?

01:11:35 Hey, check this guy out.

01:11:37 Chris was an Australian Merino ram who became a celebrity in 2015 after being discovered

01:11:43 in the wild.

01:11:44 Farmers shorn him and gained nearly 90 pounds of wool.

01:11:48 When the animal was found, he carried over 5 years' worth of fleece on his body.

01:11:53 But Chris belonged to the domestic sheep breed that needs to be shorn regularly.

01:11:57 Otherwise, the animal is at great risk of injury and infection.

01:12:02 So the lives of these cuties depend directly on going to the hairdresser.

01:12:07 Shall we talk about horns?

01:12:08 Cattle, goats, and many other species proudly wear this fancy headdress not only for fashion

01:12:15 but also as a weapon for brutal battles.

01:12:18 If you ask this bighorn sheep ram directly how old he is, you'll probably hear something

01:12:23 like "Bah!"

01:12:24 But if you want to get a more precise answer, you can count the number of rings on his horns.

01:12:30 The biggest and the darkest ring usually marks the 4th birthday, when the ram matures enough

01:12:35 for mating.

01:12:36 Although animal horns may look very tough, in fact, most of them are made of keratin.

01:12:41 It's the same protein that builds human hair and nails.

01:12:45 Horns never stop growing as the animal ages, just like our own hair.

01:12:50 And eventually, they can curl into really extravagant shapes, making these weapons turn

01:12:55 against their owners.

01:12:57 This is what a Wilshire sheep horn looks like when it's young.

01:13:00 But as the years go by, the horns typically curl in front of its face.

01:13:05 And while most grow out harmlessly, the inward-growing horns can end up dangerously close to the

01:13:11 sheep's head.

01:13:12 Like this ram who's having bad luck, to say the least.

01:13:15 Its horn has slowly grown into its own skull and eventually, well, it didn't end well

01:13:21 for the sheep.

01:13:22 Of course, this would hardly have happened on a farm because people would've made a

01:13:26 preventive horn cut.

01:13:28 But unfortunately, in the wild, animals cannot use hairdresser services.

01:13:33 That's why they use rocks and branches to rub and grind away at their horns to keep

01:13:38 them safe, just like humans trim their nails.

01:13:41 Faulty genetics is not the only reason for the horn distortion.

01:13:45 You see, when males of this species want to fight for dominance, they begin to butt heads

01:13:50 to show each other who's the alpha male here.

01:13:54 These battles can break horn plates, making them grow at weird and dangerous angles.

01:13:59 The fancier the original shape of the horns is, the more problems their fracture may cause.

01:14:05 This poor African kudu is a bright example.

01:14:08 Fortunately, in some cases, unlimited body part growth can be good for the animal.

01:14:14 Just take a look at these adorable smiles.

01:14:16 If you happen to break off your own molar tooth, your dentist would probably say it's

01:14:21 irreversible and offer a replacement.

01:14:24 But if an alpaca breaks its front teeth, all it has to do is wait a bit.

01:14:30 Although these animals don't have upper teeth, their lower teeth constantly grow throughout

01:14:34 their lifetime, and they might look pretty creepy when they get too long.

01:14:39 That's why some farmers prefer trimming them from time to time, just like pet owners cut

01:14:44 the nails of their cats or dogs.

01:14:47 Now llamas look so similar to alpacas that many people confuse these two species.

01:14:53 But the significant difference between them is that llamas' front teeth are encased

01:14:57 in enamel.

01:14:58 That's why, unlike alpacas, they don't possess the superpower of limited growth.

01:15:04 Too bad.

01:15:05 Unlike the keratin horns, deer antlers are made entirely of bone.

01:15:10 Typically, only male deer, called stags, grow antlers.

01:15:14 Very rarely, females can grow them too due to a serious hormone imbalance.

01:15:19 This is a deer equivalent of a beard on a human female that sometimes can appear due

01:15:24 to various diseases.

01:15:26 Adult deers grow and shed their antlers annually, which coincides with the breeding season.

01:15:32 At first, their antlers are covered in velvet, a protective skin with blood vessels.

01:15:37 But once the antler is fully developed, the deer gets rid of the velvet, just like snakes

01:15:42 shed their skin.

01:15:44 Although this process doesn't harm the deer, it may look pretty spooky.

01:15:49 Once the brand new antlers are ready, stags begin to fight with other males over the ladies'

01:15:55 attention.

01:15:56 Usually, stags barely eat or sleep during this competition.

01:15:59 And if you ever question whether the antlers of two deers can get locked together, the

01:16:04 answer is yes.

01:16:06 Every stag is risking ending up stuck with his own rival instead of having a romantic

01:16:10 night out with a female deer.

01:16:13 Bummer.

01:16:14 Moreover, all the traumas that the deer gets during the mating season can influence further

01:16:19 antler growth if specific nerves get damaged.

01:16:22 Just like horns, antlers can develop at distorted angles because of genetic failures.

01:16:28 Some mutations can even make them grow monstrously large.

01:16:32 This unlucky deer can barely move his head without losing balance.

01:16:36 Also, if a deer breaks one of its legs, its body can speed up the healing by sacrificing

01:16:41 the bone and blood material from one of the antlers.

01:16:45 And thus, this antler will get thinner and weaker.

01:16:48 And speaking of facial extensions, we cannot skip the tusks.

01:16:52 Please meet Babirusa from Indonesia.

01:16:55 This ancient boar first emerged over 35,000 years ago.

01:16:59 It's easy to confuse these big tusks with horns, but they are actually upper canines.

01:17:05 They tend to pierce through the skin of the boar's face as it matures.

01:17:09 Scientists believe that these intimidating tusks have evolved as a tool to protect eyes

01:17:13 and throat while fighting with other males during mating season.

01:17:17 But this design doesn't seem very thoughtful.

01:17:20 If a male boar doesn't grind his tusks regularly, they can end up curling back into his own

01:17:25 skull, which can blind him or even worse.

01:17:29 Now, what if I told you that hoofs can grow out of control just like horns and antlers?

01:17:35 It took evolution millions of years to turn the middle toe of the animal's foot bone

01:17:39 into the hoof.

01:17:41 And just like toenails, they tend to grow and curl into creepy shapes if they aren't

01:17:46 cut regularly.

01:17:47 When donkeys or horses don't have a chance to wear down their hooves naturally by walking

01:17:52 on hard surfaces, they tend to overgrow.

01:17:56 This makes the animals walk on the balls of their feet and overstretch the tendons, which

01:18:00 may result in pain and bone loss.

01:18:03 And eventually, they can lose the ability to walk at all.

01:18:07 So if you ever come across a horse with curly hooves, consider calling the experts to give

01:18:12 it an emergency manicure.

01:18:14 Perhaps one of the most obvious questions regarding the undersea world is "Can a fish

01:18:19 drown in the water?"

01:18:21 Yup, it can.

01:18:23 Although gills are an amazing gift of nature, there are still many factors that may deprive

01:18:28 a fish of healthy breathing.

01:18:30 When the oxygen level in the water is too low, fish begin to suffocate.

01:18:35 But it happens very rarely in the wild.

01:18:38 Oxygen deficit usually appears in aquariums that are not washed and replenished often

01:18:43 enough.

01:18:44 Also, parasites, diseases, and an overall imbalance in water components can cause the

01:18:49 fish to drown.

01:18:51 And on that note, I need to hoof it on out of here.

01:18:55 See you next time!

01:18:58 One of the most common animal myths is that mice love cheese.

01:19:02 It popped out a long time ago, probably as early as when people started storing food.

01:19:08 Since mice are regular visitors to human homes, they were constantly looking for food they

01:19:12 could eat.

01:19:13 People used to store grains in glass jars.

01:19:16 They also kept their meat hanging up high.

01:19:18 And they'd lay the cheese on the shelf, which was an easy target for all the unwelcome

01:19:23 pantry visitors like mice.

01:19:25 So they ate it because they couldn't reach anything better.

01:19:29 But a mouse will definitely more likely go after chocolate or some other sweet thing

01:19:33 than the cheese.

01:19:35 Who can blame them?

01:19:37 Flamingos don't really stand in the water on one leg so they wouldn't get cold.

01:19:41 This is just a simple way for them to spare the effort.

01:19:44 It's exhausting for us humans to stand on one leg, but for them, this is the most

01:19:48 stable position possible considering their peculiar anatomy.

01:19:53 This pose doesn't require any muscular work.

01:19:55 Now I'm jealous.

01:20:00 One of the most widespread and oldest myths out there is that ostriches hide their heads

01:20:05 in the ground every time they're scared.

01:20:07 A long time ago, researchers thought ostriches weren't very smart because they bury their

01:20:12 heads in the ground without being aware the rest of their large bodies are still out there,

01:20:16 where everyone can see them.

01:20:18 In fact, ostriches do it when they want to swallow sand and pebbles to boost their digestion

01:20:23 or just turn over the eggs they lay in their nests.

01:20:27 And even then, they technically don't bury their head but put it near the ground.

01:20:31 Otherwise, with its head in the sand, the poor thing wouldn't be able to breathe.

01:20:36 No reason to think of an ostrich as a frightened bird.

01:20:39 Like some other animals, it will flee if it senses there's a danger coming.

01:20:43 And in some situations, it'll fight back and defend itself.

01:20:46 And that's one angry bird!

01:20:50 What do you think is the largest thing a blue whale can swallow?

01:20:53 Well, we're talking about the biggest animal ever known to have lived on our planet.

01:20:58 It can grow up to 100 ft long with a weight of 200 tons.

01:21:02 Its heart is as big as a car, and its tongue can weigh as much as an average elephant.

01:21:06 It's easy to imagine a blue whale swallowing cars, people, and even small ships, perhaps.

01:21:12 But it's all wrong!

01:21:14 The largest thing it can actually swallow is a grapefruit.

01:21:18 Its throat can take the size of a small salad plate.

01:21:21 Whales feed on small fish, plankton, and marine crustaceans, so they don't need a bigger

01:21:26 throat.

01:21:27 But we wouldn't be able to survive the juices inside a blue whale's stomach anyway.

01:21:32 It would finish us within 15 seconds, similar to how long we'd last in space without a

01:21:36 spacesuit.

01:21:37 So, don't try this.

01:21:41 Camels don't store water in their humps.

01:21:43 We're talking about animals with extraordinary resistance to some pretty extreme conditions.

01:21:48 They can survive even when drinking water only every 8-10 days.

01:21:53 But not because they have a secret stash on their back.

01:21:55 It's because, when they have a chance to drink, they will swallow 50 gallons of water

01:22:00 at one sitting.

01:22:02 They mostly use it to replenish 30% of their total body weight, an amount they can lose

01:22:06 by dehydration.

01:22:08 So they lose a lot of water but quickly regain it.

01:22:11 Their humps are where they deposit fat.

01:22:13 But it's not for producing water.

01:22:15 The oxygen camels would need to inhale would cause them to lose too much water because

01:22:20 it would evaporate through their lungs.

01:22:21 That's why they use fat as a nutritional source for energy.

01:22:25 This helps them survive in arid regions and times of scarcity.

01:22:29 It's a myth that anteaters vacuum ants using their noses.

01:22:34 They don't go around looking for ants and hoovering them through their long snouts.

01:22:39 Anteaters have very long tongues.

01:22:41 Giant anteaters have tongues that go up to 2 feet long.

01:22:44 It's the shape of a strand of spaghetti and covered in spiny hooks and sticky saliva

01:22:49 that traps ants.

01:22:50 Up to 160 times in a minute.

01:22:53 Which means they eat up to 20,000 insects in a single day.

01:22:57 That's a lot of bugs.

01:22:59 They open ant hills using their claws and then do the rest of the work with the tongue.

01:23:03 They don't have teeth, so they only swallow all the insects they catch.

01:23:08 These might have given you a false sense of security when it comes to dinos.

01:23:13 Nope, standing very, very still couldn't save you from a raging T-Rex coming after

01:23:17 you.

01:23:18 It's a myth the Dino King had bad vision.

01:23:22 These beasts may have seen better than modern-day raptors.

01:23:25 They had excellent death perception, something present in today's animals such as eagles

01:23:30 and hawks.

01:23:31 Even if, by some miracle, the Dino King can't see you or thinks you're just a small tree

01:23:36 or some other object because you're standing so still.

01:23:39 They had a pretty good sense of smell, so the better option would be to run because

01:23:45 the T-Rex is not as fast as scientists used to think – up to 33 mph.

01:23:50 Considering their anatomy, they could move at a speed of 12 mph.

01:23:54 Anything faster than that would've caused serious bone damage.

01:23:57 But this didn't stop them from ruling the animal world because there were plenty of

01:24:01 dinosaurs way slower than them, so they didn't have to worry about food.

01:24:07 Another misconception states that owls can spin their heads, neither more nor less than

01:24:12 360 degrees.

01:24:14 Their head-spinning does have its limit – 270 degrees in one direction.

01:24:18 Since they can turn 270 degrees to the left and right, owls have a 540-degree range of

01:24:25 motion.

01:24:26 Don't worry, if you touch a butterfly's wings, the animal won't lose its ability

01:24:31 to fly.

01:24:32 It will survive, despite the common myth that says the opposite.

01:24:37 Butterfly wings have scales.

01:24:38 When you touch them, some scales might shed off.

01:24:41 But it's not a bad thing because they shed off naturally too.

01:24:45 Because of sheddable scales, they can escape more easily if they get stuck and trapped

01:24:49 in spider webs.

01:24:52 The next myth has inspired many movies, books, and TV series scenarios, but no, wolves don't

01:24:58 howl at the moon.

01:24:59 They typically howl at night, true, but because that's the period of time when they're

01:25:04 most active.

01:25:05 They'll also look up while howling since this helps the sound travel.

01:25:09 That way, other wolves will hear them from around 6-7 miles away.

01:25:14 And that's why they howl in the first place – to communicate with each other.

01:25:17 They make specific sounds for a certain situation.

01:25:20 For example, to help a wolf that lost its pack find its way home.

01:25:25 The moon just happened to accidentally be there while wolves were communicating.

01:25:30 Okay, giraffes only need 30 minutes of sleep a day.

01:25:34 That's another myth.

01:25:36 They sleep about 4.5 hours daily.

01:25:38 It's not that unusual for animal species that are most active during daylight.

01:25:43 Studies also show giraffes usually lay down to sleep for less than 11 minutes at a time.

01:25:50 Many people believe moles are blind.

01:25:52 These small, burrowing mammals actually can see.

01:25:55 It's just their vision is really poor and only adapted to recognize light.

01:26:00 They're also colorblind.

01:26:02 When they're searching for food and navigating the dark underground, these creatures mostly

01:26:06 rely on their touch and sense of smell.

01:26:09 Now their sense of touch is sharp, which is why moles can feel nearby vibrations of activity.

01:26:15 This helps them avoid danger or find their next meal more easily, like millipedes, worms,

01:26:20 centipedes, and other invertebrates.

01:26:22 Yum!

01:26:23 They're really fast at digging and can dig a couple of inches per minute.

01:26:28 In the winter, animals hibernate not because it's too cold for them to be outside, but

01:26:33 because there isn't enough food during that period.

01:26:36 When an animal is in hibernation, its heart rate, body temperature, breathing, and other

01:26:41 metabolic activities slow down significantly.

01:26:44 That's how they conserve energy.

01:26:46 Chipmunks, bats, turtles, snakes – they all hibernate during the winter, which saves

01:26:52 them energy for other seasons when they get more active and are capable of getting more

01:26:56 food.

01:26:57 I'd say bears too, but they're not the true hibernators.

01:27:01 If you try waking one up during the winter when you believe the animal is sleeping, you

01:27:05 might end up having a bad time.

01:27:08 Now they do slow down, which means they sleep for extended periods of time.

01:27:12 They're still not asleep for the entire winter season, and you can easily wake them

01:27:16 during their sleep, so let's not.

01:27:20 Don't believe myths – earwigs won't lay eggs in your ears.

01:27:24 Yep, despite their name, they're not that interested in your ears.

01:27:28 Well, at least, there's no evidence they'd want to go there.

01:27:32 They prefer to spend their time in dark, moist places, such as under tree bark or in soil.

01:27:37 So your ears are off the hook.

01:27:39 Now, sloths can hold their breath longer than dolphins.

01:27:46 Yep, incredible but true.

01:27:49 They slow their heart rate so much, they can stay under the surface for up to 40 minutes!

01:27:54 Unlike fish, dolphins and whales are aquatic mammals, which means they can't breathe

01:27:59 underwater.

01:28:00 When it comes to breathing, they're more similar to us than the fish.

01:28:04 Both of them have lungs, and they breathe air through something we know as a blowhole.

01:28:09 When they're under the surface, they hold their breath until they come up for some air

01:28:13 again.

01:28:14 Dolphins can stay under the water for 10 minutes.

01:28:17 A sperm whale can hold its breath for 90 minutes, while an elephant seal holds the record when

01:28:22 it comes to aquatic mammals and can stay under the water for 2 hours without having to go

01:28:27 up.

01:28:28 There's a wasp so tiny, much tinier than its name, it's smaller than an amoeba, even

01:28:34 though amoebas are made of one cell only.

01:28:37 You can see this wasp has the same body parts as the rest of the bugs – wings, brain,

01:28:42 eyes, and the rest – but it's really a tiny version of an insect since it's only

01:28:47 8 thousandths of an inch long.

01:28:50 And the smallest adult insect we know of is a parasitic wasp with a big name, also known

01:28:56 as the fairy fly.

01:28:58 Their males don't have wings, they're blind, and only 5 thousandths of an inch long.

01:29:03 It's no coincidence each animal species has different colors and patterns.

01:29:08 One of the reasons for that is to help them stand out when looking for their potential

01:29:12 mating partners or to send a warning to predators they're poisonous and hope they get the

01:29:18 message right.

01:29:19 Then there are ambush predators, such as tigers.

01:29:22 It's very important for them to remain invisible because the difference is huge.

01:29:27 If their prey sees them before they get there, no dinner that night.

01:29:32 But why exactly are tigers orange?

01:29:35 For us, orange is a color used for things that need to be ultra-visible.

01:29:39 For example, items such as safety vests or traffic cones.

01:29:44 To the human eye, orange will mostly stand out in the environment.

01:29:47 So if there's a tiger coming for you, you'll spot it relatively easily.

01:29:52 But humans have so-called trichromatic color vision.

01:29:56 When light from your surroundings enters your eye, it hits the retina, a thin layer located

01:30:01 in the back.

01:30:02 To process that light, the retina uses two kinds of light receptors – rods and cones.

01:30:08 Rods can only distinguish differences in light and darkness.

01:30:11 They can't sense color.

01:30:13 Our eyes will mostly rely on rods in dim light.

01:30:17 Cones are in charge of color perception.

01:30:20 Humans mostly have three types – cones for green, blue, and red.

01:30:24 That's exactly why we call our vision trichromatic.

01:30:27 Most humans see three primary colors, together with their colorful combinations.

01:30:33 Apes and some monkeys also have such a style of vision.

01:30:37 But most mammals that live on land, including cats, horses, deer, and dogs, have dichromatic

01:30:43 color vision.

01:30:44 Retinas in their eyes have cones for two colors only – green and blue.

01:30:49 When humans get information from their green and blue cones only, they're considered

01:30:53 colorblind since they can't, for example, tell the difference between green and red

01:30:58 shades.

01:30:59 This is similar with mammals that live on land.

01:31:02 Deer are surely tigers' prey way more than humans.

01:31:06 And deer don't see tigers as orange, but green.

01:31:10 Green tigers would surely be more difficult to spot, which would mean more dinner for

01:31:15 tigers.

01:31:16 But evolution still decided to go with orange because it's simply easier to produce such

01:31:20 a color.

01:31:21 The only green mammal is a sloth, but its fur is not naturally green.

01:31:26 It's because of the algae that grows in it.

01:31:29 And they can hold their breath for 40 minutes.

01:31:32 The water around the poles can get very cold during certain periods of the year.

01:31:36 There's plenty of fish that live there, but when that happens, they need to swim away

01:31:41 to survive.

01:31:42 But there's a special group of fish native to the Southern Ocean near Antarctica.

01:31:48 The temperatures there are from 28 to 39 degrees Fahrenheit.

01:31:52 Technically, that's below freezing, but all those dissolved salts in the seawater

01:31:56 don't allow it to freeze over.

01:31:59 And these fish can survive because they have a special feature called glycoprotein.

01:32:04 It helps them stay in their home because it acts as sort of a natural antifreeze.

01:32:09 It's a protein that prevents all those ice crystals from forming in their blood and helps

01:32:14 it continue to flow normally.

01:32:16 Have you ever wondered how tiny animals like ants breathe?

01:32:20 Try to open your mouth and throat, but at the same time, hold your chest and diaphragm

01:32:25 still.

01:32:26 The diaphragm is a muscular structure that separates the chest and abdominal cavities

01:32:31 in all mammals.

01:32:33 It expands as you breathe.

01:32:35 If you can't do this, you can't hold your breath, because oxygen will still find its

01:32:39 way into your lungs.

01:32:41 At least, enough of it to keep up with your body's demands.

01:32:45 But generally, when you breathe, diaphragm is actively pumping air in and out of your

01:32:50 body.

01:32:51 To survive without the diaphragm doing so, you'd need more than one throat and a way

01:32:56 smaller body.

01:32:57 Now, ants have 9 or 10 pairs of openings along the sides of their tiny bodies.

01:33:03 They're called spiracles, and each is connected to a branching series of tubes.

01:33:08 It's a system similar to human lungs.

01:33:11 Their blood doesn't carry oxygen from those tubes to the rest of the body.

01:33:14 Instead, the tubes spread this oxygen.

01:33:17 The endings of these branches directly touch the membranes of their cells.

01:33:22 This can only work in really small animals.

01:33:25 When the body is bigger than 8/10 of an inch, these tubes are too long, so they can't

01:33:30 diffuse air fast enough.

01:33:33 There are a couple of reasons why giraffes have long necks, which, by the way, can grow

01:33:38 up to be 6.5 feet long.

01:33:41 From first glance, it seems evolution gave them those to reach the sweetest topmost leaves

01:33:46 of the trees.

01:33:47 It's exclusive access other animals can only dream of, so giraffes don't have to

01:33:52 compete for the best bites.

01:33:55 But over time, researchers realized it's not the only reason.

01:33:59 They also think the neck could be a good factor when male giraffes go into combat.

01:34:05 The same as male antelopes will use their prongs or when a stag uses its antlers.

01:34:11 The thicker the neck, the bigger the chances to win the combat.

01:34:15 Some insects play possum when there's a predator nearby.

01:34:19 For instance, in one research, scientists have observed an antlion larva insect.

01:34:25 It played possum for 61 minutes.

01:34:27 How does this even help?

01:34:29 Well, let's say you're in a garden where you see a bunch of identical bushes with soft

01:34:33 fruit.

01:34:34 You go to the first bush and start collecting and eating fruits.

01:34:37 Mmm, yummy, it's so simple!

01:34:40 And you're doing it relatively fast.

01:34:43 But as you strip that bush, it's getting harder for you to find more fruits.

01:34:47 Plus it's kind of irritating because it takes way more time now than at the beginning.

01:34:52 So now you need to decide whether to stay there and try to find more, or simply switch

01:34:57 to another bush to have it all easy and fast once again.

01:35:02 Assuming you are the predator, and predators are greedy, you'll just look for ways to

01:35:06 eat as much fruit as possible in the shortest period of time.

01:35:10 This means you'll go on and start collecting fruits from another bush, and the next one,

01:35:15 and so on.

01:35:17 Researchers use the same logic when it comes to bird and antlion larva.

01:35:21 It appears that insects waste the predator's time when playing possum, which has a significant

01:35:27 impact on how things go later.

01:35:29 That way, they encourage the predator to look for food elsewhere, because the predator doesn't

01:35:34 have that much time to waste.

01:35:36 So pretending to be not alive is actually a good way to stay alive.

01:35:42 Depending on the species, young birds spend from 10 to 30 days in their eggs.

01:35:46 There's no air inside, but Mother Nature created a perfect mechanism for them to still

01:35:52 be able to breathe.

01:35:53 As a young chick is developing inside the egg, it grows some kind of hollow sac-like

01:35:59 structure from the gut.

01:36:01 It's like a tiny pouch that fuses with a second membrane that goes around the chick

01:36:05 and its yolk.

01:36:07 So one end is attached to the chick, while the other is close to the inner surface of

01:36:12 the egg shell.

01:36:13 That way, this special membrane acts like lung tissue and connects the outside world

01:36:18 with the chick's circulatory system.

01:36:21 Most animals have two eyes, but some species need more.

01:36:25 For example, some reptiles, amphibians, and fish have a third eye on top of the head.

01:36:31 It's not something that improves their vision that much, but it simply helps them navigate

01:36:36 via the sunlight and regulate their body temperature.

01:36:40 Many invertebrates have more than two eyes.

01:36:43 Most spiders have 8 of them because that way, they can spot their prey easier.

01:36:49 Despite their cold-blooded nature, crocodiles and alligators are some of the most caring

01:36:54 and gentle parents in the animal world.

01:36:56 Come on, really?

01:36:58 Yeah!

01:36:59 Females of these frightening animals lay from 10 to 60 eggs at a time and then bury their

01:37:04 eggs in riverside nests.

01:37:06 They build the nests out of plants they break off with their teeth and push together using

01:37:10 back legs.

01:37:12 Then croc moms patiently wait up to 3 months, protecting their future babies from any danger.

01:37:18 Although crocodiles themselves are very strong and frightening animals, they don't hesitate

01:37:23 to hire special babysitters to protect their nests – the water thicknees.

01:37:27 It might seem like a risky deal, but these birds have formed a win-win alliance with

01:37:32 crocs.

01:37:33 They place their eggs nearby, and together, they scare away big reptiles like Nile monitors

01:37:38 and other predators.

01:37:40 Crocodiles have an excellent sense of hearing.

01:37:42 Bird cries alert the mother about all uninvited guests, and the mama croc goes out of the

01:37:47 water to protect her babies and bird nests along the way.

01:37:53 When baby crocodiles are born, they're of a size of a large banana, and it takes years

01:37:58 for them to reach maturity – from 4 to 15 years, depending on the species.

01:38:03 In some cases, a female crocodile helps her babies to hatch by putting the eggs in her

01:38:07 mouth and rolling them.

01:38:09 Then she what, spits out a kid?

01:38:12 Apparently so.

01:38:13 Baby crocs tend to stay together close to their mommy during the first 1 to 3 years

01:38:17 of life.

01:38:18 The mother assists her children in digging out of the nest and carries them to the water

01:38:22 in her mouth.

01:38:24 A female crocodile can place up to 15 babies in her mouth at once, and instincts prevent

01:38:29 her from closing her jaws.

01:38:31 So newly-hatched babies feel safe in the crocodile's mouth as if it were a cradle… with teeth.

01:38:39 Although the croc teaches her babies to hunt and provides protection from predators, only

01:38:44 about 1% of the hatchlings survive to adulthood due to predators and weather conditions.

01:38:50 Sad news for any parent, but crocs are cold-blooded reptiles after all.

01:38:54 The only reason they cry is physiological rather than emotional.

01:38:59 When crocs spend enough time out of the water, their eyes get so dry that they cry to keep

01:39:04 them lubricated.

01:39:05 If a baby crocodile manages to survive its childhood, it gets the chance to live a very

01:39:11 long life.

01:39:12 Just like some other reptiles, turtles, and whales, crocodiles exhibit the so-called negligible

01:39:17 senescence, or in simple words, a lack of normal aging.

01:39:21 It means they don't actually get older, just bigger and badder.

01:39:25 They're only afraid of getting sick or being attacked by other predators.

01:39:30 Although the average lifespan of crocodiles varies from 50 to 70 years, some of them reach

01:39:35 over 100 years.

01:39:37 So in theory, someone may meet a 500-year-old crocodile as huge as an airplane somewhere

01:39:42 deep in the tropics.

01:39:44 But the chances to survive and tell the tale of this meeting are slim, because the crocodile's

01:39:49 appetite grows in proportion to its body.

01:39:52 Mr. Freshie, who passed away at the age of 140 years, was the oldest documented crocodile

01:39:58 that was in captivity.

01:40:00 It was caught in the Moorhead River in 1970 and resided at the Australian Zoo.

01:40:05 Mr. Freshie was called after its kind, Freshwater Crocodile, the breed that has never been witnessed

01:40:11 doing any harm to humans.

01:40:13 At the age of 10, when crocodiles reach the body length of about 5 to 10 feet, they become

01:40:18 mature enough to give birth to their own babies.

01:40:22 The mating dance involves several steps.

01:40:25 Males produce a special low-frequency sound which humans can't perceive.

01:40:30 But for crocodile females, it sounds like an invitation to become a mother and continue

01:40:34 the gentle parenting tradition.

01:40:36 Hey, could we call this the Crocodile Rock?

01:40:39 Hey, I like that song!

01:40:42 Of course, crocodiles are not the only animals that demonstrate surprisingly high family

01:40:46 values and dedication.

01:40:48 Polar bears, for example, are very attentive and take time to teach their cubs all necessary

01:40:53 survival skills in the cold climate.

01:40:56 While the babies are still in their mother's belly, polar bears construct a special space

01:41:00 by digging into deep snow drips.

01:41:03 This space serves as a home for the future cubs.

01:41:06 They spend the first months of their life getting milk and heat from their mother.

01:41:10 Polar bears usually give birth in a period between November and January, and don't

01:41:14 allow the cubs to get out until spring.

01:41:18 The newborn's fur is very fine, and they're not yet ready to face severe colds.

01:41:23 Once the cubs emerge from the den, the mother bear begins to teach them how to survive in

01:41:27 the outside world.

01:41:29 Babies mimic her every move, learning how to swim, hunt, build dens, and migrate.

01:41:35 Mother will fight off predators and larger polar bears and hide her cubs from any threat.

01:41:40 After 2-3 years together, babies learn everything they need to know and leave her.

01:41:46 But they'll still be able to recognize their mother throughout their life, which lasts

01:41:49 up to 30 years.

01:41:51 Another example of caring motherhood can be found among our close relatives, primates.

01:41:56 Gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos, a cousin of the chimp, embrace and kiss their newborns

01:42:02 just like humans.

01:42:03 While feeding their little ones, primate females release special hormones associated with motherhood

01:42:08 feelings and gentleness.

01:42:10 When it comes to breastfeeding, orangutans are the champions.

01:42:14 This process may continue for up to 8 years.

01:42:17 In the wild, orangutan mothers nurse their offspring for up to 7 years, which is longer

01:42:22 than any other primate.

01:42:24 During this period, mothers teach their infants to find food and build sleeping nests on their

01:42:28 own.

01:42:30 The bond between female orangutans and their mothers is stronger than that of males.

01:42:35 Daughters may continue living with mothers until they reach the childbearing age that

01:42:39 equals 15 or 16 years.

01:42:41 Yeah, they just won't move out.

01:42:44 Just like humans, apes may have mother issues that impact their social life.

01:42:49 Maternal support helps young primates to gain dominance and mating success when they grow

01:42:53 up.

01:42:54 On the other hand, apes who didn't get enough nurturing in their childhood tend to have

01:42:58 fewer children when they reach maturity.

01:43:01 Meanwhile, males of African elephants don't fight for dominance because all important

01:43:06 issues are resolved by females.

01:43:09 And every calf in the herd is cared for by everyone equally.

01:43:12 A young elephant mother gets the assistance of her sisters and older aunts while giving

01:43:17 birth and raising her child.

01:43:19 That's why elephants are considered some of the most protective moms on the planet.

01:43:25 Herds of female elephants and children tend to travel together in a special circle.

01:43:29 They put the youngest members of the group inside the circle to protect them from predators.

01:43:33 Also, older elephants will adjust the pace of the herd so the calves don't get tired

01:43:38 and lag behind.

01:43:40 Females in the social group will communicate with babies using affectionate gestures and

01:43:45 teach them how to find food.

01:43:47 And everyone packs their own trunk.

01:43:50 By the way, girl elephants are very attached to their mothers and will typically remain

01:43:55 together until the mother passes away from old age.

01:43:58 And the average lifespan of elephants is around 65 years or even more.

01:44:03 Mothers bear the cubs for 2 years of that time, so no surprise they're so attached

01:44:08 to each other.

01:44:10 Giraffe females also have a long pregnancy period – 15 months.

01:44:15 It makes sense because the giraffe calf is already on its feet very soon after birth.

01:44:20 Mother nurses giraffe babies for about 9-12 months.

01:44:24 When she needs to go find some food, she will hide her babies or ask other giraffes to look

01:44:29 after them.

01:44:30 Like humans, giraffe moms need to stay awake.

01:44:33 They can afford to sleep from 30 minutes to a couple of hours a day.

01:44:36 And even that in extremely short periods, like 5-10 minutes at a time.

01:44:41 The remaining time is dedicated to guarding and protecting her babies.

01:44:45 Emperor penguin mothers are not afraid of difficulties either.

01:44:49 After laying an egg, the female leaves it with a male who protects it from any threat.

01:44:53 Meanwhile, the mother takes a long journey of up to 50 miles to reach the ocean shore

01:44:58 and catch some fish.

01:45:00 When the fishing is over, she returns to the hatch site to feed the fish to her newly hatched

01:45:04 babies.

01:45:05 Mmm, seafood!

01:45:07 Using the warmth of her own body, the penguin female keeps the younger generation safe and

01:45:12 warm.

01:45:13 And they're off!

01:45:16 In the ultimate test of speed vs. endurance, the cheetah immediately takes the lead!

01:45:22 Reaching highway speeds in only 3 seconds, it's the fastest animal on this planet!

01:45:27 But just after 20 seconds, covering a distance of 7 football fields in that time, the cheetah

01:45:33 can't keep going.

01:45:34 And the pronghorn takes the lead!

01:45:37 The speediest animals in North America, they leave their natural enemies, coyotes and bobcats,

01:45:42 in the dust.

01:45:43 Now, that's what I call fast food!

01:45:46 But it's slowing down as well.

01:45:48 At a lower speed, they can keep it up for miles.

01:45:51 Close behind, look out!

01:45:53 It's a blue wildebeest!

01:45:54 Max speed aside, these animals travel over vast distances, trekking more than 1,000 miles

01:46:00 during their yearly migrations.

01:46:02 It would take you 20 hours to drive that!

01:46:05 Up next, the king of the jungle himself!

01:46:07 Like the cheetah, lions are built for short bursts of speed.

01:46:11 They hunt by sprinting to their prey and pouncing on it with leaps of up to 36 feet, almost

01:46:16 as long as a semi.

01:46:18 More than a few seconds though, and their muscles tire out.

01:46:22 Down they go, one after the other.

01:46:25 Cats, rabbits, bears, oh my!

01:46:27 Nearly all the sprinters are tuckering out in under a minute.

01:46:31 Now we find out who can endure the longest!

01:46:34 The fastest two-legged animal and the largest bird on the planet can't compete well enough

01:46:39 with the sprinters.

01:46:40 The tendons in an ostrich's legs are like springs, propelling the animal forward without

01:46:45 expending too much energy.

01:46:47 But after 45 minutes with its speed continuously falling, the ostrich is finally calling it

01:46:53 quits.

01:46:54 And there goes the pronghorn along with it.

01:46:57 Fun fact, it gets its name from that unique split on each horn, like prongs in a fork.

01:47:03 It's the only animal that sheds its horns each year.

01:47:07 Usually only antlers fall off yearly.

01:47:10 At the one-hour mark, the camel taps out.

01:47:13 It can easily transport large loads over 25 miles a day, but not while running.

01:47:19 For windy days in the sand, camels have three eyelids protected by two rows of long thick

01:47:25 lashes.

01:47:26 They can also close their nostrils completely.

01:47:28 Boy, that would be handy!

01:47:30 The sled dogs are still going strong.

01:47:33 They have plenty of energy to keep up the stamina.

01:47:36 Sled dogs eat five times more calories than your typical domestic pooch, taking in up

01:47:41 to 10,000 a day.

01:47:43 But uh-oh, at one hour and 20 minutes, the fluffy canines are done.

01:47:49 The zebras are still hanging in there.

01:47:51 As long as they can avoid a lion's quick bounce, they can easily outrun their predators thanks

01:47:56 to their stamina.

01:47:57 In fact, the lion doesn't get the zebra about 80% of the time.

01:48:02 Their equine cousins keep galloping at a steady 10 miles per hour, even though horses can

01:48:07 do more than five times that.

01:48:09 A racehorse is built and bred to endure as its spleen pumps out more red blood cells

01:48:14 to keep those muscles oxygenated.

01:48:17 But at the two-and-a-half-hour mark, the horse is out of the race.

01:48:21 And with that, the human takes the lead.

01:48:24 Blown in the dust at the start of the race, the fastest our species has ever done is 27.8

01:48:31 miles per hour, and that was for a fraction of a second by Olympic sprinter Usain Bolt.

01:48:37 Not your average Joe.

01:48:39 Speed is for the animal kingdom.

01:48:41 Humans were built for long-distance running, and we top them all.

01:48:45 The best we've got in that department is a man named Dean Karnazes, who jogged 350 miles

01:48:50 across Northern California without stopping for 80 hours and 44 minutes.

01:48:56 That's over three days of nonstop running.

01:48:59 Really? He didn't even stop for... wow.

01:49:03 Our species evolved for endurance running.

01:49:06 We have a body covered not in fur, but two to five million sweat glands.

01:49:11 We're aerodynamic and can cool off more efficiently than animals that pant instead of sweat.

01:49:17 Our large, strong glute muscles keep us upright.

01:49:20 This minimizes our center of gravity and the surface area being hit by the sun.

01:49:25 We save energy, maintain balance, and don't get too overheated.

01:49:29 Unlike the prey our early ancestors would hunt for, it took persistence, not speed.

01:49:35 But any average Joe who's ever tried to run after the bus will know humans need to train

01:49:41 to run super long distances.

01:49:43 And the wear and tear on our muscles and joints is no joke.

01:49:47 Regular marathon runners need weeks, even months, of prep before and rest after a competition.

01:49:54 The racers have slowed down to a walking pace, and now the animal kingdom can finally impress

01:50:00 with its endurance.

01:50:02 The Arctic lemming spends most of its day trotting around looking for grub.

01:50:06 The tiny 3-ounce creature travels 10 miles a day, just like you walking the distance

01:50:12 of 40 Grand Canyons in 24 hours.

01:50:15 A polar bear usually covers 20 miles a day, but some have been tracked traveling 50 or

01:50:21 even hundreds of miles.

01:50:23 Polar bears are actually considered marine mammals since they spend their lives on the

01:50:27 sea ice and depend on the ocean for food.

01:50:31 Packs of wolves travel up to 30 miles a day in search of food.

01:50:35 Loners looking for a new pack or a mate can travel much further, up to 500 miles.

01:50:41 That'd be like going up and down Mount Everest 50 times.

01:50:45 And why would you want to do that?

01:50:47 During their yearly migrations, caribou can cover over 3,000 miles -- more than the distance

01:50:53 from San Francisco to New York.

01:50:56 The eye color of Arctic caribou changes from gold to blue in the winter.

01:51:01 It makes their vision more light-sensitive during these months of little sunlight.

01:51:05 But what's this?

01:51:06 Up in the sky, it's the endurance flyers!

01:51:10 Grab your binoculars and have a look at that ruby-throated hummingbird.

01:51:15 Weighing not much more than a penny, some of them cross the Gulf of Mexico -- a distance

01:51:19 of 500 miles -- in about 22 hours of non-stop flight.

01:51:24 Not bad for the smallest bird on our planet!

01:51:27 Whoa, watch out little guy!

01:51:29 It's a peregrine falcon, zooming by at 125 miles per hour.

01:51:34 These birds can travel up to 800 miles a day and reach speeds of close to 190 miles an

01:51:40 hour when diving.

01:51:41 It's the fastest endurance flight among birds and technically the fastest animal on Earth.

01:51:47 Ooh, a looming shadow covers the peregrine falcon from above.

01:51:53 Here comes the biggest flying bird in the world!

01:51:56 With its mighty 11-foot wingspan, the wandering albatross can travel 10,000 miles -- almost

01:52:02 halfway around the world in a single journey.

01:52:06 They spend most of their time in flight, coming to land only when it's time to breed.

01:52:11 Ah, here we have a globe-trotting dragonfly that recently dethroned the monarch butterfly

01:52:17 for the number one spot among massive insect migrations.

01:52:21 Monarchs make an annual 3,000-mile trip from Canada to Mexico, but the globe-skimmer dragonfly

01:52:27 crosses oceans and flies up to 11,000 miles!

01:52:32 If you're looking to set a world record for the longest walk in the world, you'd need

01:52:35 to start on the most southern tip of Africa and trek to the furthest northeastern tip

01:52:40 of Russia.

01:52:41 It's 14,000 miles -- more than half the circumference of the Earth.

01:52:46 The Arctic Turn covers about 18,500 miles -- that's three-quarters of the Earth's

01:52:51 circumference -- in three-week-long flights.

01:52:55 If you tried to hike that, it would take you four years to complete such a trip.

01:52:59 Still, nothing compared to the bird that can fly non-stop for 200 days in a row.

01:53:05 Some swifts can be airborne for 10 months at a time, which means they cover the distance

01:53:10 to the Moon and back several times in their life.

01:53:14 Like many migratory birds escaping winter, they eat and sleep while flying.

01:53:19 Switching to X-ray mode, you'll see these birds switch off half their brain for rest,

01:53:24 while the other half keeps the flight going.

01:53:26 Now, don't be so impressed -- humans can do that too!

01:53:30 Well, sort of.

01:53:31 That's why you sleep so lightly in unfamiliar places -- half your brain is on alert and

01:53:37 not entirely sleeping.

01:53:40 Humpback whales swim over 6,000 miles every year during the migration season.

01:53:44 They hold the record for the longest migration among marine creatures.

01:53:49 Fun fact -- each humpback's whale tail is as unique to it as a fingerprint.

01:53:54 There's even a picture catalog of all the known ones.

01:53:58 Many sharks would sit back and laugh at all of them -- if sharks could laugh.

01:54:03 Species like great whites and makos -- contemporary relatives of the megalodon, by the way -- don't

01:54:09 stop swimming their entire lives.

01:54:12 If they stop, they won't be able to breathe.

01:54:15 Continuous movement allows water to flow through their gills, and that's how they get oxygen.

01:54:21 But most of their muscles don't need oxygen to function -- that's their white muscle tissue.

01:54:26 It's for long-distance endurance swimming.

01:54:28 Red muscle tissue, which needs oxygen from the blood, is only used during short bursts

01:54:34 of speed.

01:54:35 Psst, Ron, really, it's not safe out there.

01:54:41 There's a Saber-2 tiger lurking around.

01:54:44 You better be careful.

01:54:45 What are you doing?

01:54:46 Don't peek.

01:54:47 Ok, just one little peek.

01:54:49 How's this possible, you ask?

01:54:51 That's because you're in virtual reality, of course.

01:54:54 These cool but very dangerous-looking big cats were alive during the last Ice Age.

01:54:59 What if they decided to show up at your doorstep out of nowhere?

01:55:03 Knock knock, a Saber-2 tiger is waiting for you to buy its cookies!

01:55:08 Meanwhile, the coelacanth, this massive-looking fish, comes from a lineage that's been around

01:55:14 for over 300 million years.

01:55:17 We thought they didn't exist anymore until 1938, that is, when a live coelacanth was

01:55:22 found again.

01:55:23 Since then, they've been roaming the waters of the east coast of Africa, and the waters

01:55:28 of Sulawesi, Indonesia.

01:55:30 Man, I would want to go for a swim and meet one of these fellas face to face!

01:55:34 Their jaw has an intercranial joint, which means their mouth opens up by a lot.

01:55:40 This is so they can eat large prey, like me.

01:55:43 Not good.

01:55:44 They're huge, too.

01:55:46 Imagine a fish that's as long as you're tall and weighing as much as an average human.

01:55:53 The Takahe, a flightless bird, was thought to be gone in the year 1898.

01:55:57 They're very cute, small, and multicolored, usually not taller than your knee.

01:56:03 But picture this.

01:56:04 You're out for a hike in the Merkison Mountains, looking around, you spot the bird you thought

01:56:09 was extinct.

01:56:11 But there they are, as happy as ever, surviving and chilling.

01:56:15 A whole colonies of Takahes was indeed found just 50 years after they were pronounced extinct.

01:56:22 Good job, tiny little birds!

01:56:26 A singing dog.

01:56:27 Ever heard of those?

01:56:29 Riley does sing sometimes when he's bored or hungry, but these are real performers.

01:56:34 New Guinea singing dogs.

01:56:36 They've been only recently discovered again in the wild for the first time in 50 years.

01:56:41 Still, they were never completely extinct to begin with.

01:56:44 New Guineans made sure they were safe next to them.

01:56:48 But in the wild?

01:56:49 Very rare and hard to catch a sight of.

01:56:52 But look, there goes one!

01:56:54 The New Guinea singing dogs are called so because of their famous high-pitched singing.

01:56:59 They sometimes sing together too.

01:57:00 A dog choir of sorts, where they all howl together.

01:57:04 I bet they sing better than I do in the shower!

01:57:09 Not going far from this area, we have bats.

01:57:12 But these ones are sort of different.

01:57:14 You see, their ears are enormous.

01:57:16 I guess that's why they're called the New Guinea big-eared bats.

01:57:20 Clever.

01:57:21 The species was found again when one of them was accidentally caught in a bat trap.

01:57:26 Until then, I guess they were playing hide-and-seek with us because up till 1890, they had been

01:57:32 thought to be gone.

01:57:33 They're still not out of the danger zone because of habitat loss.

01:57:40 Imagine you discover a fossil of a species you thought had been extinct for a long time,

01:57:45 yet two years later, a whole living group of said species is found.

01:57:50 Well, this is exactly what happened in 1977 with a Majorcan midwife toad.

01:57:56 It's sort of brownish in color with darker brown that makes up its skin spots.

01:58:01 Other than that, it's just a small toad with googly eyes.

01:58:05 The group of live toads was found close to where the fossil was, on the island of Majorca.

01:58:10 There aren't many of them left.

01:58:12 About 500 in fact, and as of right now, they're declared vulnerable by the International Union

01:58:18 for Conservation of Nature.

01:58:22 Are you a fan of tortoises?

01:58:24 You will be when you take a look at this huge beauty.

01:58:27 It's called the Ferdinand Island Galapagos tortoise.

01:58:31 It hasn't been seen since 1906, but on February 17, 2019, we were finally able to look at

01:58:38 one of these beautiful creatures.

01:58:40 It's probably out there with a few of its mates right now, but they also don't allow

01:58:44 themselves to be seen.

01:58:46 We only know they exist because there's a few tracks and scents.

01:58:52 With yet another frog, we have the horned marsupial frog.

01:58:56 They're out and about in Ecuador, in the Chaco forest to be more specific.

01:59:01 They're called this way because of their distinctive horns directly on top of their

01:59:05 eyes.

01:59:06 You know the pouch kangaroos use to carry their offspring?

01:59:09 Well, the female horned marsupial frog also has that, except it's on the back, so it

01:59:16 acts as sort of a backpack.

01:59:18 They develop their embryos there, and when they're ready to come out, they hatch as

01:59:22 complete infants, unlike regular frogs where they start out as tadpoles.

01:59:29 One more toad, the starry night toad or harlequin toad.

01:59:33 They're black and covered with loads of white spots all over them.

01:59:38 Lost for 30 years, it was discovered back in 2019.

01:59:42 Picture them as big bodyguards, water bodyguards to be exact.

01:59:46 Ooh, that's a very big toad on your screen!

01:59:51 For the Oroco people, that's exactly what they are – guardians of water.

01:59:56 They also have their own name for them – Guna.

01:59:59 Sounds like a cheese.

02:00:01 When scientists found them yet again, they came across 30 of these little creatures,

02:00:05 but initially, they were expecting only one.

02:00:09 What a nice surprise!

02:00:13 Here's a tiger for you, although it doesn't quite look like your typical tiger.

02:00:17 It's called the Tasmanian tiger, and it seemingly disappeared since 1936.

02:00:23 But then, out of nowhere, people started seeing them out there in the wild just 5 years ago

02:00:28 in 2016.

02:00:30 They sort of resemble dogs more than tigers, or a fox maybe.

02:00:34 Just take a look at its muzzle.

02:00:36 Maybe even a mix of both.

02:00:38 Then a few others started popping up too.

02:00:41 And if you happen to think you're seeing one right in front of you, but you're not

02:00:44 quite sure, check if they've got stripes on their back.

02:00:48 They're definitely out there, but still technically marked as extinct by the IUCN.

02:00:54 Okay, picture a horse that looks straight out of a movie scene.

02:00:59 Tiny, gorgeous fur, very well-behaved.

02:01:02 It's tiny, but it's not a pony.

02:01:05 It's a Caspian horse.

02:01:09 They have an interesting backstory to them.

02:01:11 They were discovered by Louise Leyland, who got married to an aristocrat in 1957.

02:01:17 Having moved to Tehran, Iran, she didn't quite like how the horses behaved there, so

02:01:22 she took matters into her own hands.

02:01:25 She took a few people with her, and off they went to the Caspian Sea Mountain.

02:01:29 And in there, they found three of these beautiful tiny little horses.

02:01:33 That's how the story goes.

02:01:38 Coming up next – a possum that was found in an unexpected place.

02:01:42 Guess where?

02:01:43 You have three options to pick from – hiding in a ski resort, in the Australian outback,

02:01:49 or in someone's apartment in the bathroom.

02:01:52 Which one do you choose?

02:01:53 You have 3 seconds.

02:01:58 The right answer is…

02:01:59 A ski resort.

02:02:02 Yes, this possum is called the Mountain Pygmy Possum, and it's originating from Australia.

02:02:09 So far, there are three different living populations of this tiny possum, but it was believed to

02:02:14 be extinct until just 1966.

02:02:18 There are fewer than 100 of them, so the IUCN has marked them as critically endangered.

02:02:26 Also from Australia is the Night Parrot, an absolute delight to birdwatchers.

02:02:31 Very beautiful, yet mysterious, these little fellas live in very remote areas.

02:02:36 You can probably count on the fingers of your hand how many times these birds have been

02:02:40 seen since they were found again in 1979.

02:02:45 That's how rare they are.

02:02:49 Have you ever seen a pygmy tarsier?

02:02:51 Neither have I.

02:02:52 It was only in 2008 that three of them were caught.

02:02:56 Scientists don't really want to lose track of their movements again, so what they did

02:03:00 was gift them with tiny little collars.

02:03:03 This way they can live their life as happy as ever and we'll know they're safe.

02:03:10 The last one I want to tell you about is the Tree Lobster, but as the name might mistakenly

02:03:15 tell you, they're not really lobsters.

02:03:17 They're just big black bugs with huge legs.

02:03:21 Their extinction story is a sad one.

02:03:23 In 1920, a cargo ship got stuck on Lord Howe Island, and it had rats aboard.

02:03:30 These rats fled the ship and ran straight to land.

02:03:35 Even though tree lobsters are bigger than most insects, they're still relatively small

02:03:40 compared to rats.

02:03:41 The poor things never stood a chance.

02:03:43 Still, in 2004, life shone again for these distinct critters.

02:03:48 A pair of Australian scientists were out and about on the island and came across 24 of

02:03:54 them.

02:03:55 All of them were living beneath one single shrub.

02:03:57 Hey, if there's enough space for everyone, it's not small, it's cozy.

02:04:02 Bottom line?

02:04:03 It's better to be distinct than extinct.

02:04:06 Don't you agree?

02:04:09 That's it for today!

02:04:10 So, hey, if you pacified your curiosity, then give the video a like and share it with your

02:04:14 friends!

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