Lucy Worsley Investigates: The Black Death

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How did the Black Death change Britain? Lucy Worsley examines the latest science and explores how the huge death toll affected religious beliefs, class structure, work and women.

Transcript

00:04In 1348, the Black Death

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undefined:undefinedthree million were left alive.

00:30Why did this disease claim so many,

00:33and how did the awful death

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undefined:undefinedlosing their lives.

00:54Bam, bam, bam.

00:56These stories are part of our

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undefined:undefinedwe have new ways to unlock

01:14their secrets, using scientific

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undefined:undefinedand follow new clues

01:33to get closer to the truth.

01:36It is one of the great

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undefined:undefinedthe great mortality.

02:09There's lots of different names

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undefined:undefinedand the worst outbreak in 1348,

02:31when something like half of the

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undefined:undefinedwhat the Black Death was,

02:57and why the outbreak in 1348

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undefined:undefinedof someone buried in a mass grave

03:23at the height of the plague,

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undefined:undefinedaren't they?

03:43Osteologist, Jelena Bekvalac,

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undefined:undefinedthe teeth of these skeletons

04:02confirmed what had actually

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undefined:undefinedrecreating and reconstructing

04:19an ancient genome.

04:20And by doing that, they were

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undefined:undefinedto us because we, as a population

04:39at that time, had never been exposed

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undefined:undefinedof the Black Death that we know

04:56killed so many people, there were

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undefined:undefinedinto the plague pit to be buried,

05:16I imagine that he would have had big

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undefined:undefinedinside them?

05:31Well, there'd be nasty dead

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undefined:undefinedbacterium come from?

05:51Well, they believe that it probably

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undefined:undefinedof movement of people.

06:04So it probably started from there.

06:09Emerging global trade routes

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undefined:undefinedspread so aggressively

06:32and kill so many people?

06:36There were some images of life

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undefined:undefinedin a horrible attic

06:57infested with rats.

06:59Here they all are,

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undefined:undefinedscientific or historical evidence.

07:19I'm going to have to do better

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undefined:undefinedinfecting people

07:42as they bit into their flesh.

07:44One of the researchers was

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undefined:undefinedhuman being?

08:12Yes, infestation of lice and fleas

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undefined:undefinedthe handing down of clothes,

08:39that was a real thing.

08:41And we think that this is how

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undefined:undefinedpeople wouldn't

08:54have known, would they?

08:55They wouldn't have known that this

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undefined:undefinedinfectious droplets...

09:12Sorry, sorry, sorry, Fabienne,

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undefined:undefinedwho has a plague infection,

09:30when these people cough,

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undefined:undefinedand rapidly progressing disease.

09:44So it spreads, it can also spread

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undefined:undefinedclose contact.

09:58So it's usually people within the

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undefined:undefinedcompassion.

10:13Yeah, that's indeed horrible.

10:15And if someone had pneumonic

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undefined:undefinedplague was about 100%.

10:29100%?

10:31Yeah.

10:37So much new information here.

10:39I hadn't realised that there

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undefined:undefineddifferent vectors of transmission.

11:00We've got the rats and the fleas,

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undefined:undefinedlevels of medieval society.

11:24Now, what I do know about medieval

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undefined:undefinedguys - the peasants.

11:56And most of them aren't free.

11:59They're tied to the land from which

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undefined:undefinedpreaches to his parishioners

12:18that this is the way the world is.

12:20This is God's grand design.

12:28How did the Black Death transform

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undefined:undefinedof how they lived can be misleading.

12:46According to these images,

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undefined:undefinedthe Luttrell Psalter.

13:10It's a really fantastic illuminated

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undefined:undefinedthese images are

13:26as a guide to everyday life.

13:37First hand accounts of 14th century

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undefined:undefinedlived 700 years ago,

13:58you follow the money.

14:03In 14th-century England,

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undefined:undefinedof peasant life.

14:20Fines were paid for disobedience

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undefined:undefinedpaid a death tax

14:36to inherit the lease

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undefined:undefinedof a small Suffolk village

14:57called Walsham le Willows.

15:01I do know my way to the Suffolk

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undefined:undefinedin 1348.

15:19What can they tell me about

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undefined:undefinedExcel spreadsheet quality to it.

15:47But I know that buried

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undefined:undefinedin the same village,

16:09and you don't normally get that...

16:13..that sort of longitudinal view

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undefined:undefinedin medieval Latin.

16:36Fortunately for me, there's

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undefined:undefinedin June 1349.

17:03The court session for that month

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undefined:undefinedwith the business of 103 deaths.

17:30It's extraordinary.

17:31And you can see that the clerk

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undefined:undefinedwhat he cares about

17:47is that there's business to be done

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undefined:undefinedyou have to give the landlord

18:19one of your animals.

18:24But these 103 deaths listed

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undefined:undefinedrelevant to the records.

18:44Factor them in, and the deaths must

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undefined:undefinedinteresting family

19:08who are marked out with a cross

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undefined:undefineda tenement and...

19:38..he's died and he has to pay

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undefined:undefinedand the heriot has to be paid.

19:57But this time they haven't got any

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undefined:undefinedof what happened to them.

20:14It wasn't just one generation

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undefined:undefinedpeasant family.

20:38I want to investigate their life

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undefined:undefinedis Walsham le Willows.

20:5520 miles inland from the Suffolk

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undefined:undefinedto wind the clock back to the years

21:15just before the Black Death.

21:18What was pre-pandemic life

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undefined:undefinedcalled Frances Jenner.

21:41She's the chairperson of

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undefined:undefinedthe court rolls of Walsham,

22:04and she's been studying

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undefined:undefinedstill a very rural community.

22:17So where are you bringing

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undefined:undefinedin this very field, then?

22:40We're totally in their neck

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undefined:undefinedcombing through the court rolls,

22:52have you developed in your mind,

22:54the character of this

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undefined:undefinedsheep on the verges

23:14and all sorts of things.

23:16And I just get the impression that

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undefined:undefineddo you think the lives

23:30of the Cranmers were, living here?

23:33Prior to the Black Death,

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undefined:undefinedthat we know today,

23:53it was really tall.

23:54So storms would basically

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undefined:undefinedthe taxes to the lord of the manor.

24:10So they were being squeezed

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undefined:undefinedpretty miserable.

24:31In these years of pre-pandemic

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undefined:undefinedon a neighbour

24:45when THEY broke the rules.

24:47William might have a few acres

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undefined:undefinedlist numerous villagers

25:06in the same situation.

25:08While they struggle, they're also

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undefined:undefinedthe court rolls,

25:22I come across another strain

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undefined:undefinedthe grandfather of the family.

25:50Her name's Olivia.

25:52And the reason that she comes

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undefined:undefinedin medieval society was condemned

26:21by the church,

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undefined:undefinedwith his own land-holdings.

26:46Was Robert the father?

26:48Was this a forced marriage?

26:50The rolls make no mention.

26:54Now that I've learnt more about the

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undefined:undefinedfrom the coast into the countryside.

27:31Now Walsham might feel like it's

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undefined:undefinedLondon, but crucially,

27:49it's only 26 miles, or a day's walk,

27:53from the international port

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undefined:undefined456

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undefined:undefinedwere utterly apocalyptic.

28:14And this sounds frankly implausible.

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undefined:undefinedhe talks about the plague

28:31travelling via Genoese ships

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undefined:undefinedfrom this pub.

28:51You can imagine people here

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undefined:undefinedstruck Walsham.

29:14But is there evidence in the court

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undefined:undefinedand here we've got...

29:28..how many men? I think it's...

29:30Yes, it's 11 men in total

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undefined:undefineddoing instead?

29:44Well, this might be my imagination,

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undefined:undefined11 men thought,

30:00right, the plague is coming,

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undefined:undefinedthat doomsday was approaching.

30:22How did those in power try

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undefined:undefinedto be guided in all things,

30:46both on Earth and spiritually,

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undefined:undefinedin the autumn of 1348.

31:01The king, Edward III, tells the

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undefined:undefinedthis letter after its first word,

31:18which is, "Terribilis..."

31:22..terrible.

31:27This was a mass communication,

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undefined:undefined510

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undefined:undefinedkingdom is to be oppressed

31:54"by the pestilence and wretched

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undefined:undefinedTen Commandments was a sin.

32:21But the medieval church was

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undefined:undefinedplague on immoral women

32:45and their choice of dress.

32:47OK, here we've got some very

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undefined:undefinedhas got great big holes,

33:03enormous armholes in it, so you can

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undefined:undefinedprayer could quell God's wrath

33:28and stop the pestilence.

33:30But no amount of praying

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undefined:undefinedand broken out in York.

33:53Everywhere, communities

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undefined:undefineddepictions, it's from 1349,

34:21of a plague pit,

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undefined:undefinedall over Britain,

34:42all over Europe,

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undefined:undefinedand sudden change in this society.

35:05With people surrounded

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undefined:undefinedspecialises in the impact

35:22of the Black Death on faith

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undefined:undefinedWhy is that?

35:38So in the 14th century,

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undefined:undefinedlessen the amount of time

35:53they're going to spend there,

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undefined:undefinedthen, how's the church

36:10going to respond,

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undefined:undefinedclose contact.

36:25They're leaning in to listen

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undefined:undefinedto extreme shortages.

36:39So there's a big problem

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undefined:undefinedhe can recruit more priests.

36:56And it says, "Because of

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undefined:undefinedof novices who are currently

37:12being pushed through the

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undefined:undefinednew priests.

37:25One chronicler even says quite

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undefined:undefinedpossibly more than before.

37:40So we have lots of people

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undefined:undefinedreligious faith,

37:54it strengthened it.

38:01Pilgrimage, especially,

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undefined:undefinedof all was the awe-inspiring

38:22Canterbury Cathedral.

38:27It's utterly overwhelming in here.

38:29It's a...

38:31..it's a splendid visual feast,

38:35even for a 21st-century person!

38:39Imagine what it would have been like

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undefined:undefinedhave seen this stained glass window.

39:09The peasant classes might have been

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undefined:undefinedbecause it comes from Canterbury,

39:34but it's also supposed to contain

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undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedyour dead son back to life."

39:55A booming trade grew around

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undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedor ampoules, as they're called,

40:14is housed in the local museum.

40:20This is the most fabulous

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undefined:undefinedinside your tiny flask.

40:38You'd stopper it up and you'd take

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undefined:undefinedthat would keep them safe?"

40:52But to a 14th-century person,

40:55desperately frightened

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undefined:undefineda clear risk

41:17with so many people mixing

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undefined:undefinedwith pilgrims staying here,

41:53it would have been really grim.

41:55It would not have been a nice stay,

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undefined:undefined675

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undefined:undefinedof people into your...

42:09Yeah, there probably would

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undefined:undefinedof creepy crawlies and bugs.

42:29The pilgrims sleeping in here

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undefined:undefinedthere's a terrible,

42:45horrible irony here,

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undefined:undefinedlice, and the rats.

43:01And then, you know, they were all

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undefined:undefinedwas prorogued -

43:23it was shut down.

43:25For a moment, no-one, it seems,

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undefined:undefinedwere horrendous.

43:44Every day, it was getting

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undefined:undefinedand her brother.

44:12Three generations of Cranmers,

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undefined:undefinedRobert also succumbs.

44:37But I can find no mention

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undefined:undefinedhow it spread.

45:06But in any case,

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undefined:undefinedif you'd live or die.

45:27By Autumn 1349,

45:30the Black Death was raging

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undefined:undefined728

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedplague back to Scotland with them,

45:45where the disease flared up

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undefined:undefined732

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undefined:undefinedwas like in the immediate aftermath

46:15of plague, are scant.

46:17Those that survive are mainly

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undefined:undefinedand he's writing in 1350.

46:39So only just after the Black Death,

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undefined:undefineda shortage of servants,

47:01"craftsmen and workmen, and of

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undefined:undefinedI want to find out what effect

47:23that had on society

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undefined:undefined752

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undefined:undefinedwhen, potentially, nearly half

47:43the population of a country dies?

47:45Well, it's a very special

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined758

undefined:undefined759

undefined:undefined760

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedpeasantry, demanding far more

48:12in pay, but also they're demanding

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined764

undefined:undefined765

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedWhy is that?

48:32If you compare it with modern times,

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined770

undefined:undefined771

undefined:undefined772

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedtheir own land.

48:50You haven't got huge supply lines

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined776

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedthe situation is very direct.

49:07And what evidence is there

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined780

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedthat they want.

49:25And there's a splendid description

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined786

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedto him as a bribe

49:42to stay and work, to keep working.

49:45Wow! So if I were at the peasant

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined792

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedthe property of your family.

50:01Sometimes a large number of family

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined797

undefined:undefined798

undefined:undefined799

undefined:undefined800

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedit didn't by rushing

50:29through a new national statute,

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined804

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedus what it's all about.

50:47It says, "The King and the nobles

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined811

undefined:undefined812

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedto get imprisoned.

51:09Hmm, it also says that you're not

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined817

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedif you live in Staffordshire,

51:23Lancashire, Derbyshire,

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined821

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedopportunities for a new life,

51:40what does this mean for farming

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined826

undefined:undefined827

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedand tax from the Cranmer lands,

52:10so a radical decision is made.

52:13Olivia is listed as heir...

52:16..and granted tenancy

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined834

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedout of Black Death."

52:39But have a look at this.

52:42You go through the court rolls,

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined842

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedthey're economically relevant.

53:10And I'm wondering if this is

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined846

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedin the wake of the Black Death?

53:30Professor Caroline Barron

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined850

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedis that women are emerging,

53:48holding down jobs, being apprenticed

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined854

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedowner had died,

54:05his wife might sort of be forced,

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined858

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedhis business.

54:20And in fact, they actually made

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined862

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedbeen able to research?

54:34Well, in the immediate aftermath

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined867

undefined:undefined868

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedthe business from him.

54:51We find her running his workshop,

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined872

undefined:undefined873

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedrecognised this position

55:06that she's achieved, so it shows you

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined877

undefined:undefined878

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedof Seaford, near Lewes.

55:22And she's apprenticing herself

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined882

undefined:undefined883

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedto be a tentmaker?

55:37She's going to learn the craft

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined887

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedthe apprentice.

55:49Was this a bit like during the world

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined891

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedSecond World War in America.

56:03It's all to do with the shortage

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined895

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedfreedom and empowerment.

56:27And despite efforts to return things

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined900

undefined:undefined901

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedOlivia of Cranmer,

56:54and it looks like she may have lived

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined908

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedpopulation to get back

57:19to pre-pandemic levels.

57:21And the psychological impact of

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined914

undefined:undefined915

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedafter the Black Death of 1348.

57:46I think it shows the lasting

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined919

undefined:undefined920

undefined:undefined921

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedwhile you can.

58:11The princes in the Tower.

58:13How did a power struggle

undefined:undefined00:00:09,919 --> 00:00:12,199

undefined:undefined926

undefined:undefined

undefined:undefinedusing violence, or you're toast.

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