The Black Death
Lucy Worsley Investigates - The Black Death: How did the Black Death change Britain? Lucy Worsley examines the latest science and explores how the huge death toll affected religious beliefs, class structure, work and women.
https://hdclump.com/lucy-worsley-investigates-the-witch-hunts/
https://hdclump.com/lucy-worsley-investigates-the-witch-hunts/
Transcript
00:04In 1348, the Black Death
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undefined:undefinedthree million were left alive.
00:30Why did this disease claim so many,
00:33and how did the awful death
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undefined:undefinedlosing their lives.
00:54Bam, bam, bam.
00:56These stories are part of our
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undefined:undefinedwe have new ways to unlock
01:14their secrets, using scientific
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undefined:undefinedand follow new clues
01:33to get closer to the truth.
01:36It is one of the great
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undefined:undefinedthe great mortality.
02:09There's lots of different names
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undefined:undefinedand the worst outbreak in 1348,
02:31when something like half of the
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undefined:undefinedwhat the Black Death was,
02:57and why the outbreak in 1348
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undefined:undefinedof someone buried in a mass grave
03:23at the height of the plague,
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undefined:undefinedaren't they?
03:43Osteologist, Jelena Bekvalac,
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undefined:undefinedthe teeth of these skeletons
04:02confirmed what had actually
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undefined:undefinedrecreating and reconstructing
04:19an ancient genome.
04:20And by doing that, they were
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undefined:undefinedto us because we, as a population
04:39at that time, had never been exposed
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undefined:undefinedof the Black Death that we know
04:56killed so many people, there were
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undefined:undefinedinto the plague pit to be buried,
05:16I imagine that he would have had big
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undefined:undefinedinside them?
05:31Well, there'd be nasty dead
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undefined:undefinedbacterium come from?
05:51Well, they believe that it probably
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undefined:undefinedof movement of people.
06:04So it probably started from there.
06:09Emerging global trade routes
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undefined:undefinedspread so aggressively
06:32and kill so many people?
06:36There were some images of life
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undefined:undefinedin a horrible attic
06:57infested with rats.
06:59Here they all are,
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undefined:undefinedscientific or historical evidence.
07:19I'm going to have to do better
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undefined:undefinedinfecting people
07:42as they bit into their flesh.
07:44One of the researchers was
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undefined:undefinedhuman being?
08:12Yes, infestation of lice and fleas
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undefined:undefinedthe handing down of clothes,
08:39that was a real thing.
08:41And we think that this is how
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undefined:undefinedpeople wouldn't
08:54have known, would they?
08:55They wouldn't have known that this
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undefined:undefinedinfectious droplets...
09:12Sorry, sorry, sorry, Fabienne,
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undefined:undefinedwho has a plague infection,
09:30when these people cough,
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undefined:undefinedand rapidly progressing disease.
09:44So it spreads, it can also spread
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undefined:undefinedclose contact.
09:58So it's usually people within the
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undefined:undefinedcompassion.
10:13Yeah, that's indeed horrible.
10:15And if someone had pneumonic
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undefined:undefinedplague was about 100%.
10:29100%?
10:31Yeah.
10:37So much new information here.
10:39I hadn't realised that there
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undefined:undefineddifferent vectors of transmission.
11:00We've got the rats and the fleas,
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undefined:undefinedlevels of medieval society.
11:24Now, what I do know about medieval
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undefined:undefinedguys - the peasants.
11:56And most of them aren't free.
11:59They're tied to the land from which
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undefined:undefinedpreaches to his parishioners
12:18that this is the way the world is.
12:20This is God's grand design.
12:28How did the Black Death transform
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undefined:undefinedof how they lived can be misleading.
12:46According to these images,
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undefined:undefinedthe Luttrell Psalter.
13:10It's a really fantastic illuminated
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undefined:undefinedthese images are
13:26as a guide to everyday life.
13:37First hand accounts of 14th century
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undefined:undefinedlived 700 years ago,
13:58you follow the money.
14:03In 14th-century England,
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undefined:undefinedof peasant life.
14:20Fines were paid for disobedience
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undefined:undefinedpaid a death tax
14:36to inherit the lease
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undefined:undefinedof a small Suffolk village
14:57called Walsham le Willows.
15:01I do know my way to the Suffolk
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undefined:undefinedin 1348.
15:19What can they tell me about
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undefined:undefinedExcel spreadsheet quality to it.
15:47But I know that buried
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undefined:undefinedin the same village,
16:09and you don't normally get that...
16:13..that sort of longitudinal view
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undefined:undefinedin medieval Latin.
16:36Fortunately for me, there's
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undefined:undefinedin June 1349.
17:03The court session for that month
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undefined:undefinedwith the business of 103 deaths.
17:30It's extraordinary.
17:31And you can see that the clerk
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undefined:undefinedwhat he cares about
17:47is that there's business to be done
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undefined:undefinedyou have to give the landlord
18:19one of your animals.
18:24But these 103 deaths listed
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undefined:undefinedrelevant to the records.
18:44Factor them in, and the deaths must
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undefined:undefinedinteresting family
19:08who are marked out with a cross
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undefined:undefineda tenement and...
19:38..he's died and he has to pay
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undefined:undefinedand the heriot has to be paid.
19:57But this time they haven't got any
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undefined:undefinedof what happened to them.
20:14It wasn't just one generation
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undefined:undefinedpeasant family.
20:38I want to investigate their life
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undefined:undefinedis Walsham le Willows.
20:5520 miles inland from the Suffolk
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undefined:undefinedto wind the clock back to the years
21:15just before the Black Death.
21:18What was pre-pandemic life
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undefined:undefinedcalled Frances Jenner.
21:41She's the chairperson of
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undefined:undefinedthe court rolls of Walsham,
22:04and she's been studying
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undefined:undefinedstill a very rural community.
22:17So where are you bringing
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undefined:undefinedin this very field, then?
22:40We're totally in their neck
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undefined:undefinedcombing through the court rolls,
22:52have you developed in your mind,
22:54the character of this
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undefined:undefinedsheep on the verges
23:14and all sorts of things.
23:16And I just get the impression that
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undefined:undefineddo you think the lives
23:30of the Cranmers were, living here?
23:33Prior to the Black Death,
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undefined:undefinedthat we know today,
23:53it was really tall.
23:54So storms would basically
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undefined:undefinedthe taxes to the lord of the manor.
24:10So they were being squeezed
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedpretty miserable.
24:31In these years of pre-pandemic
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undefined:undefinedon a neighbour
24:45when THEY broke the rules.
24:47William might have a few acres
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undefined:undefined409
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undefined:undefinedlist numerous villagers
25:06in the same situation.
25:08While they struggle, they're also
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undefined:undefinedthe court rolls,
25:22I come across another strain
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undefined:undefinedthe grandfather of the family.
25:50Her name's Olivia.
25:52And the reason that she comes
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undefined:undefinedin medieval society was condemned
26:21by the church,
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undefined:undefined436
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undefined:undefinedwith his own land-holdings.
26:46Was Robert the father?
26:48Was this a forced marriage?
26:50The rolls make no mention.
26:54Now that I've learnt more about the
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undefined:undefinedfrom the coast into the countryside.
27:31Now Walsham might feel like it's
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undefined:undefinedLondon, but crucially,
27:49it's only 26 miles, or a day's walk,
27:53from the international port
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undefined:undefined456
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undefined:undefinedwere utterly apocalyptic.
28:14And this sounds frankly implausible.
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undefined:undefined460
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhe talks about the plague
28:31travelling via Genoese ships
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undefined:undefinedfrom this pub.
28:51You can imagine people here
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undefined:undefinedstruck Walsham.
29:14But is there evidence in the court
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undefined:undefined475
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand here we've got...
29:28..how many men? I think it's...
29:30Yes, it's 11 men in total
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undefined:undefineddoing instead?
29:44Well, this might be my imagination,
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undefined:undefined11 men thought,
30:00right, the plague is coming,
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undefined:undefinedthat doomsday was approaching.
30:22How did those in power try
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undefined:undefined495
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undefined:undefinedto be guided in all things,
30:46both on Earth and spiritually,
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undefined:undefinedin the autumn of 1348.
31:01The king, Edward III, tells the
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undefined:undefinedthis letter after its first word,
31:18which is, "Terribilis..."
31:22..terrible.
31:27This was a mass communication,
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undefined:undefined510
undefined:undefined511
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedkingdom is to be oppressed
31:54"by the pestilence and wretched
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedTen Commandments was a sin.
32:21But the medieval church was
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undefined:undefinedplague on immoral women
32:45and their choice of dress.
32:47OK, here we've got some very
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undefined:undefined530
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undefined:undefinedhas got great big holes,
33:03enormous armholes in it, so you can
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedprayer could quell God's wrath
33:28and stop the pestilence.
33:30But no amount of praying
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
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undefined:undefined540
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand broken out in York.
33:53Everywhere, communities
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undefined:undefined545
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineddepictions, it's from 1349,
34:21of a plague pit,
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undefined:undefined549
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undefined:undefinedall over Britain,
34:42all over Europe,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand sudden change in this society.
35:05With people surrounded
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undefined:undefinedspecialises in the impact
35:22of the Black Death on faith
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undefined:undefinedWhy is that?
35:38So in the 14th century,
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undefined:undefinedlessen the amount of time
35:53they're going to spend there,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthen, how's the church
36:10going to respond,
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedclose contact.
36:25They're leaning in to listen
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undefined:undefinedto extreme shortages.
36:39So there's a big problem
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undefined:undefined588
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhe can recruit more priests.
36:56And it says, "Because of
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undefined:undefinedof novices who are currently
37:12being pushed through the
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undefined:undefinednew priests.
37:25One chronicler even says quite
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undefined:undefinedpossibly more than before.
37:40So we have lots of people
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undefined:undefinedreligious faith,
37:54it strengthened it.
38:01Pilgrimage, especially,
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undefined:undefinedof all was the awe-inspiring
38:22Canterbury Cathedral.
38:27It's utterly overwhelming in here.
38:29It's a...
38:31..it's a splendid visual feast,
38:35even for a 21st-century person!
38:39Imagine what it would have been like
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhave seen this stained glass window.
39:09The peasant classes might have been
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undefined:undefined632
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbecause it comes from Canterbury,
39:34but it's also supposed to contain
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undefined:undefined638
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedyour dead son back to life."
39:55A booming trade grew around
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undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedor ampoules, as they're called,
40:14is housed in the local museum.
40:20This is the most fabulous
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undefined:undefinedinside your tiny flask.
40:38You'd stopper it up and you'd take
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined652
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat would keep them safe?"
40:52But to a 14th-century person,
40:55desperately frightened
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined657
undefined:undefined658
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineda clear risk
41:17with so many people mixing
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined662
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwith pilgrims staying here,
41:53it would have been really grim.
41:55It would not have been a nice stay,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined675
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof people into your...
42:09Yeah, there probably would
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined680
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof creepy crawlies and bugs.
42:29The pilgrims sleeping in here
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined684
undefined:undefined685
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthere's a terrible,
42:45horrible irony here,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined689
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedlice, and the rats.
43:01And then, you know, they were all
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined693
undefined:undefined694
undefined:undefined695
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas prorogued -
43:23it was shut down.
43:25For a moment, no-one, it seems,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined700
undefined:undefined701
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwere horrendous.
43:44Every day, it was getting
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined705
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand her brother.
44:12Three generations of Cranmers,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined710
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedRobert also succumbs.
44:37But I can find no mention
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined714
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhow it spread.
45:06But in any case,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined722
undefined:undefined723
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedif you'd live or die.
45:27By Autumn 1349,
45:30the Black Death was raging
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined728
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedplague back to Scotland with them,
45:45where the disease flared up
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined732
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwas like in the immediate aftermath
46:15of plague, are scant.
46:17Those that survive are mainly
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined738
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand he's writing in 1350.
46:39So only just after the Black Death,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined743
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefineda shortage of servants,
47:01"craftsmen and workmen, and of
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined748
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedI want to find out what effect
47:23that had on society
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined752
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwhen, potentially, nearly half
47:43the population of a country dies?
47:45Well, it's a very special
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined758
undefined:undefined759
undefined:undefined760
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedpeasantry, demanding far more
48:12in pay, but also they're demanding
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined764
undefined:undefined765
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedWhy is that?
48:32If you compare it with modern times,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined770
undefined:undefined771
undefined:undefined772
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedtheir own land.
48:50You haven't got huge supply lines
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined776
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe situation is very direct.
49:07And what evidence is there
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined780
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthat they want.
49:25And there's a splendid description
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined786
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto him as a bribe
49:42to stay and work, to keep working.
49:45Wow! So if I were at the peasant
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined792
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe property of your family.
50:01Sometimes a large number of family
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined797
undefined:undefined798
undefined:undefined799
undefined:undefined800
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedit didn't by rushing
50:29through a new national statute,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined804
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedus what it's all about.
50:47It says, "The King and the nobles
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined811
undefined:undefined812
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto get imprisoned.
51:09Hmm, it also says that you're not
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined817
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedif you live in Staffordshire,
51:23Lancashire, Derbyshire,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined821
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedopportunities for a new life,
51:40what does this mean for farming
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined826
undefined:undefined827
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedand tax from the Cranmer lands,
52:10so a radical decision is made.
52:13Olivia is listed as heir...
52:16..and granted tenancy
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined834
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedout of Black Death."
52:39But have a look at this.
52:42You go through the court rolls,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined842
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthey're economically relevant.
53:10And I'm wondering if this is
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined846
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedin the wake of the Black Death?
53:30Professor Caroline Barron
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined850
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedis that women are emerging,
53:48holding down jobs, being apprenticed
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined854
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedowner had died,
54:05his wife might sort of be forced,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined858
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedhis business.
54:20And in fact, they actually made
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined862
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedbeen able to research?
54:34Well, in the immediate aftermath
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined867
undefined:undefined868
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe business from him.
54:51We find her running his workshop,
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined872
undefined:undefined873
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedrecognised this position
55:06that she's achieved, so it shows you
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined877
undefined:undefined878
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedof Seaford, near Lewes.
55:22And she's apprenticing herself
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined882
undefined:undefined883
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedto be a tentmaker?
55:37She's going to learn the craft
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined887
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedthe apprentice.
55:49Was this a bit like during the world
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined891
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedSecond World War in America.
56:03It's all to do with the shortage
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined895
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedfreedom and empowerment.
56:27And despite efforts to return things
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined900
undefined:undefined901
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedOlivia of Cranmer,
56:54and it looks like she may have lived
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined908
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedpopulation to get back
57:19to pre-pandemic levels.
57:21And the psychological impact of
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined914
undefined:undefined915
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedafter the Black Death of 1348.
57:46I think it shows the lasting
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined919
undefined:undefined920
undefined:undefined921
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedwhile you can.
58:11The princes in the Tower.
58:13How did a power struggle
undefined:undefined00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,200
undefined:undefined926
undefined:undefined
undefined:undefinedusing violence, or you're toast.