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LifestyleTranscript
00:00 Can you guess how many theories of the Titanic's sinking exist?
00:03 Right, loads!
00:05 Including a theory of my own, which I'm going to share with you today.
00:08 And then, you can decide which one seems most likely to you.
00:13 One Piece Theory
00:16 The very first version of the events was the One Piece Theory.
00:20 It's very simple and basically claims that the sinking happened without any breakups.
00:25 2.15am, the ship collides with an iceberg.
00:29 2.18am, the lights go out.
00:32 The ship reaches an angle of 45 degrees
00:34 and then quickly begins its final plunge into the ocean depths.
00:39 2.20am, only about three minutes later,
00:42 the RMS Titanic disappears under the surface of the ocean for good.
00:47 The liner doesn't break. It just goes down as a whole piece.
00:51 Of course, this can't be true.
00:53 In April 1912, the Titanic was not only the largest ship in the world,
00:58 but also the largest ship ever built.
01:00 It's hard to believe that such a heavy vessel could have gone down without breaking.
01:05 That's just impossible.
01:07 Well, I mean, you can't blame the theorists.
01:10 Before we found the wreckage, there were no other theories.
01:13 Wait a minute, or were there?
01:16 The day after the disaster, the survivors gave their interviews.
01:20 They talked about what had happened,
01:22 and some of them claimed that the ship had actually broken in two when it had been flooded.
01:27 For example, Jack Thayer, a 17-year-old boy, outlined the sinking as he remembered it.
01:33 And L.D. Skidmon drew a sketch based on his description.
01:38 The picture clearly showed the ship breaking in half.
01:41 But no one believed Jack or other witnesses.
01:44 There was no evidence, so their claims were received with a grain of salt.
01:49 But in 1985, things changed.
01:53 First breakup theory.
01:56 That's when Robert Ballard found the wreckage of the Titanic in the depths of the ocean.
02:01 When people saw the wreckage, it became clear that Jack and the other survivors had been right.
02:06 The Titanic did indeed break in two when it sank.
02:10 So it's time for a new theory.
02:13 2.15 a.m. The keel breaks, the starboard list eases, and the hull continues to bow and crumble.
02:21 2.17 a.m. The galley sections break off. The towers immediately drop under their own weight.
02:28 The lights go out. The stern is pulled into the air.
02:32 The bow breaks off and starts sinking.
02:35 The aft is barely hanging on to the starboard side of the stern section superstructure.
02:39 The stern section slowly lists over to port as it begins sinking again.
02:44 It rises up one last time and pivots in a semicircle as it sinks.
02:50 It all sounds pretty convincing, right?
02:53 But people began to find plot holes in this theory.
02:56 For example, the Titanic couldn't have held together until it reached such a high angle.
03:01 The breakup would have had to begin much earlier.
03:05 This only meant there was still a vast field for research and speculations.
03:10 So people started to come up with their own possible scenarios.
03:13 How about we look first at the ones no one likes?
03:17 V-Break and Aaron 1912 V-Break
03:22 According to the first breakup theory, the Titanic reached a high angle,
03:26 and the weight of its unsupported stern caused it to crack from the top down.
03:30 But it's physically impossible. So are there any other ideas?
03:36 In 2006, Roger Long, a naval architect, decided to research a so-called V-Theory.
03:44 At 2.17am, the breakup begins at a shallow angle, perhaps as little as 11 degrees.
03:51 The upper structure fails and starts to crack.
03:54 At this moment, only its double bottom is holding the Titanic together.
03:59 But it starts to bend under the strain too, failing the ship.
04:03 Water is pouring through the crack.
04:06 It increases the weight in between the two sections, bending the Titanic the other way
04:11 and pulling it into shape somewhat resemblant to the letter B.
04:15 The upper decks get mangled and bent together.
04:18 The bow heads for the bottom, and the stern is the last to sink.
04:23 This theory has since been disproven many times though.
04:27 Roger Long believed it because the broken edges of the upper decks
04:30 in the Titanic's bow section were all mangled and crushed.
04:34 However, we have learned that it happened because of the so-called hydraulic downburst,
04:39 the force of the water crashing into the deck as the Titanic hit the ocean floor.
04:45 Another V-Break theory states that the bow had risen out of the water after the break.
04:51 This theory was mainly peddled by one former Titanic enthusiast.
04:55 But not only has this theory been proved to be physically impossible,
04:59 due to the bow's incredible mass, it was also inspired by incorrect information.
05:05 Remember Jack Thayer?
05:07 Well, it was based on his sketch and the words of a couple of passengers.
05:11 But the truth is, none of them had ever seen the Titanic break down like this.
05:16 Jack himself even stated in an interview that the sketch was completely out of context
05:21 to what he had actually seen.
05:23 It was drawn by a passenger on the Carpathia,
05:26 the ship that received the Titanic's distress signal and came to its aid.
05:30 It couldn't be used as evidence.
05:33 Now that we know this, let's move on to the theories that most people believe in.
05:39 James Cameron's Banana Peel Theory
05:43 Who hasn't seen the legendary movie about the Titanic, right?
05:47 It became the leader of the 70th Academy Awards ceremony
05:50 in the number of nominations and awards, and deservedly so.
05:56 But did you know that James Cameron had been interested in the Titanic for many years
06:01 and studied the ship's history?
06:03 His books and research are very detailed,
06:06 and he even came up with his own version of the events.
06:09 It's called the Banana Split Theory,
06:11 and this is actually what you could see in the movie.
06:15 Here's how it goes.
06:16 The Titanic reaches a 23-degree angle and fractures down to the keel.
06:21 The double bottom acts as a hinge as the stern falls down.
06:25 When the double bottom fails, the bow and the stern separate.
06:29 The stern lifts to port, standing vertically, and then begins to go underwater.
06:36 This theory is the most scientifically accurate one,
06:40 along with Roy Mengot's theory.
06:42 Wait, who's Roy Mengot?
06:45 Mengot Theory
06:48 Roy Mengot was an engineer who came up with the most plausible theory for the time being.
06:54 2.17 a.m. The lights go out on the Titanic.
06:57 At this moment, the ship is at an angle of 20 to 23 degrees.
07:02 Suddenly, the vessel snaps in two just around the third funnel.
07:06 It causes the stern to settle into the water.
07:09 The keel fails first.
07:11 The draft and lower hull are crushed and break apart.
07:15 Water surges into the bow and stern of the ship through the huge cracks,
07:20 causing the bow section to sink beneath the waves.
07:23 The stern rises up to the angle of 70 to 90 degrees,
07:27 and then it sinks too.
07:30 This theory seems to make the most sense, but it's quite controversial.
07:35 The survivors who saw the breakup stated that the stern had settled back
07:39 with the bow completely missing.
07:41 Mengot's theory, however, contradicts that statement,
07:45 while James Cameron's scenario takes this into account.
07:48 Are you thinking what I'm thinking?
07:50 The truth must be somewhere in the middle.
07:54 My version.
07:56 Now, as promised, I'll provide you with my version of the events.
08:00 Well, it's not really my theory.
08:02 More like a combination of Roy Mengot's and James Cameron's ones.
08:07 I believe that James Cameron was right about the breakup.
08:11 2.17 a.m.
08:13 The ship is at a high angle.
08:15 The lights go out.
08:16 Then it snaps into two pieces.
08:19 The bow starts sinking.
08:20 The double bottom is still attached to the stern for a minute or so.
08:24 Once the double bottom fails, the two parts separate, and the bow goes down.
08:30 Then, as Mengot said, the stern rises up at a high angle,
08:35 and then it begins to sink vertically.
08:38 It might have actually happened because the survivors stated
08:41 that they had seen a clean break.
08:43 This means it couldn't be hidden.
08:45 And they had also seen the stern staying vertically in the air
08:48 for a long enough time, probably a few minutes before disappearing.
08:54 Anyways, all of these are just speculations.
08:57 Regardless of how the Titanic broke apart and sank, it was a great tragedy.
09:02 It's already been 110 years since the Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank.
09:07 Did you know that in 2022, the Blue Star Line company is completing
09:12 the construction of an exact replica of the Titanic?
09:16 Called the Titanic Two Liner, the ship will be sent sailing along the same route
09:21 with 2,400 people on board.
09:23 Let's hope that everything goes well for them.
09:27 April 14, 1912.
09:30 The dark night was filled with horrible sounds of a giant metal vessel
09:34 breaking into two.
09:36 The largest ship of that time collided with an iceberg that was on its way.
09:41 The Titanic, one of the biggest stories of the 20th century
09:44 that people still talk about.
09:46 The starboard side of the giant vessel brushed up against the iceberg.
09:53 It was 11.40 p.m. when things started going wrong.
09:57 This iceberg caused enough damage for at least five watertight compartments
10:01 in the hull to start filling with water.
10:04 The crew immediately began a brief investigation to see if they could do
10:10 anything and fix things.
10:12 They had no one to rely on, all alone in the darkness of the cold night,
10:16 far away from the land.
10:18 The North Atlantic Ocean, around 400 miles south of Newfoundland, Canada.
10:23 They needed time to figure out how to bring people to safety.
10:27 They had some time, true, but not enough.
10:32 If you watched the movie, you know the ship didn't plunge immediately
10:36 after the icy doom had happened.
10:38 The whole process lasted a good 2 hours and 40 minutes.
10:42 But the situation was hard.
10:44 There were 2,200 people to take care of, including crew and passengers.
10:49 And things happening on the ship were chaotic.
10:52 The chief designer, Thomas Andrews, soon realized they wouldn't be able
10:59 to stay afloat.
11:00 By midnight, the entire crew had begun preparing the lifeboats for launch.
11:04 They had 20 boats with space for only 1,178 people,
11:09 which was just a bit more than 50% of the people on board.
11:13 The order was to get women and children to safety first.
11:17 Crewmen were there to row and guide the boats.
11:20 The scene over the next 2 hours gradually started escalating.
11:26 The crew members had a task to wake up passengers and warn them
11:30 something bad was happening.
11:31 They wanted to place them into a fleet of lifeboats as soon as possible.
11:35 At 12.15am, some crew members sent out a distress signal.
11:41 A steamship called Frankfurt was among the first ones that received
11:45 the message and responded, but they were about 170 nautical miles away.
11:50 Some other ships also got the message and offered their assistance,
11:54 but sadly, they were too far away as well.
11:57 At 12.20am, the canard liner Carpathia got a distress signal from the Titanic
12:05 and changed its course right away.
12:07 They were 58 miles away at the time, and it would take them more than 3 hours to get there.
12:13 20 minutes later, the crew was lowering the first lifeboat.
12:19 It was carrying only 27 passengers, although it had room for 65.
12:24 Many of the lifeboats that were launched first were well below capacity.
12:29 Crew members were worried, thinking the Davids wouldn't be able to hold
12:36 a fully loaded lifeboat.
12:38 And in the beginning, many passengers were just too afraid to leave the ship.
12:43 They still thought Titanic was unsinkable and couldn't imagine the scenario
12:47 that was going to happen 1-2 hours later.
12:50 The crew was firing the first of 8 distress rockets.
12:55 Unsuccessful. No one was close enough to help.
12:59 By 1.20am, they lowered 10 lifeboats.
13:04 Number 8 had only 28 people in it.
13:07 One of the passengers on the number 10 was 9-week-old Melvina Dean.
13:12 She would later become the last survivor who lived until 2009 and turned 97.
13:18 It was 2am already.
13:21 3 of the collapsible boats were the only lifeboats that remained on the ship.
13:26 The bow of the vessel had sunk low and had tipped far under the surface.
13:30 People around it could now clearly see stern propellers above the water.
13:35 Crew members were lowering collapsible lifeboat D
13:40 from the roof of the officers' quarters with over 20 passengers in it.
13:44 As the ship's bow went under, the water was washing collapsible A from the deck.
13:49 Those 20 people were struggling because their boat was partly filled with water.
13:56 As crew members were trying to release collapsible B, it fell.
14:00 Before they righted it, the water swept it off the ship.
14:03 30 passengers still managed to find safety on the overturned lifeboat.
14:08 At 2.17am, the ship's wireless operator decided to transmit one last distress call.
14:16 A minute later, the light on the ship finally went out.
14:20 Titanic and all left on board plunged into darkness.
14:24 The bow continued to sink, and the stern was rising higher above the surface,
14:28 which placed great strain on the midsection.
14:31 Horrible sounds were filling the night.
14:35 Titanic, this massive legendary ship so many people placed their hopes in and were excited about,
14:42 broke into two between the third and fourth funnels.
14:46 Reports would speculate it took about 6 minutes for the bow section to reach the ocean bottom.
14:53 The stern settled back in the water before it rose again into a vertical position.
14:58 It remained in this situation until it finally disappeared into the ocean.
15:03 At 2.20am, the stern apparently retained air inside, and water pressure crushed it as it went down.
15:12 The stern landed about 2,000 feet away from the bow.
15:16 People considered the Titanic the fastest ship in the world.
15:21 They thought it was unsinkable because four of its compartments could be flooded,
15:26 and that still wouldn't cause a critical loss of buoyancy.
15:29 Its life was problematic since its beginning.
15:33 While the ship was leaving port, it moved within a couple of feet of the steamer New York.
15:40 It managed to safely pass by, which was a huge relief for all those worried passengers massed on the ship's decks.
15:50 Titanic sailed off on the 10th of April.
15:53 Its first journey was across the highly competitive Atlantic route.
15:57 On the launch day, the Titanic became the biggest movable object in the history of humankind.
16:03 882 feet long, 92 feet wide.
16:07 Not that big if you compare it with today's ships.
16:12 The biggest cruise ship in the world today is Royal Caribbean's Symphony of the Seas,
16:17 which is roughly five times the size of Titanic.
16:21 If you put that ship in a vertical position, it would be nearly as tall as the Empire State Building,
16:27 which is 1,250 feet without antennas.
16:30 But Titanic was a huge attraction back in its time.
16:36 At one moment of their journey, they stopped in France, after which they made another stop in Ireland.
16:42 Once the final passengers boarded, the massive ship set out at full speed for their final destination, New York City.
16:50 Four days after the beginning of its journey, Titanic failed to divert its course from a huge iceberg, the story we all know about.
17:00 Only 700 people survived, and most of them were women and children.
17:06 The night was extremely cold. One hour and 20 minutes after Titanic had gone down to the bottom of the ocean,
17:13 survivors weren't even sure someone was coming to save them.
17:17 Finally, they saw the light.
17:19 It was Carpathia coming towards them.
17:24 They came for the people in the lifeboats.
17:26 The crew brought them aboard and pulled a handful of other passengers out of the water.
17:31 Many ships tried to contact Titanic a few hours after it sank.
17:35 Their messages were never returned.
17:38 Later, when there was an investigation of what really happened,
17:44 they discovered the Leyland liner, California, had been less than 20 miles away when Titanic was sinking.
17:51 But the crew didn't hear the distress signals coming from Titanic because their radio operator was off-duty.
18:00 Countries from both sides of the Atlantic were shocked and horrified when they heard details of what happened to Titanic.
18:07 They decided to make changes to ship operations, rules that would help avoid such events in the future.
18:14 They held the first International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea,
18:20 where they adopted rules for every ship to have lifeboat space for each passenger on board.
18:26 Also, lifeboat drills became mandatory.
18:30 They also decided to establish an International Ice Patrol.
18:35 Its main role was to monitor icebergs in the North Atlantic shipping lanes.
18:39 Ships also needed to maintain a 24-hour radio watch.
18:44 Titanic wasn't built alone.
18:48 Because of the size of this magnificent ship and all the new equipment it required,
18:53 it would've been too expensive as a one-off.
18:56 So the team built the Titanic alongside two sister ships, and both of them had eventful lifetimes.
19:03 RMS Olympic came first.
19:08 It was launched in 1910 and for a whole year was the biggest liner in the world.
19:13 The Britannic was another sister ship that sailed for a while before it too ended down on the ocean bottom.
19:23 But only Titanic became a legend and one of the most fascinating stories of modern history.