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00:01August 6, 1945. The first mission of its kind.
00:07The last person to have his hands on that weapon was me.
00:12A devastating new weapon is unleashed on the city of Hiroshima.
00:17Within weeks, the US government mobilizes teams of scientists and soldiers to assess the damage.
00:24Directly from the pages of their report,
00:27the science of the first atomic bomb,
00:30as told by the men who analyzed the effects of the explosion
00:33and the survivors who experienced them firsthand.
00:37All of us sound, bam! Flash in the sky.
00:41Now, what happened in the 24 hours after the world's first atomic attack?
00:57On August 6, 1945, I was 23 years old.
01:07I was on board the Enola Gay B-29 flying to Japan.
01:141945, August 6. I was 13 years old.
01:25August 6, 1945.
01:29I was standing against the window looking outside.
01:33August 6, 1945.
01:37I was eight months old, baby.
01:39And this is the dress I was wearing that day.
01:48A day earlier, at a military base on Tinian Island in the Pacific,
01:53the world's first combat atomic bomb is brought out on the tarmac in preparation for delivery.
02:00The weapon's code name is Little Boy.
02:04Its conception is the most covert operation ever undertaken by the U.S. military.
02:12Some say it holds the power of the sun, the stars, the cosmos.
02:18But to the crew, the bomb looks like something much less cosmic.
02:23Little Boy was 10 feet long, weighing more than the biggest pickup truck you can buy.
02:31Maurice Jepsen is one of 12 Enola Gay crew members whose mission is to drop Little Boy on a yet-to-be-identified Japanese city.
02:41At 2.45 a.m., almost 12 hours after loading the four-and-a-half-ton cargo, the mission officially begins.
02:56The Enola Gay takes off and heads west toward Japan.
03:00First time I saw Little Boy was when I climbed into the bomb bay.
03:19Within this cylinder of armored steel is 140 pounds of highly enriched uranium.
03:24Its uranium is divided into a projectile and a target.
03:32The bomb works like a big gun.
03:35Bags of gunpowder ignite, creating the pressure to send the projectile flying forward,
03:42smashing it into the target.
03:47Within seconds, critical mass creates a nuclear chain reaction,
03:51releasing a colossal amount of destructive energy.
03:59But because B-29s are known to crash on takeoff,
04:03the gunpowder is not yet inside the bomb.
04:09Now that they're safely off the ground,
04:12Jepsen and Captain Deke Parsons can put the explosives into place.
04:16It takes Parsons only 15 minutes to place the four bags of cordite gunpowder inside the bomb's tail.
04:30But Little Boy's detonation system is not yet fully armed.
04:35How did you do it, Lieutenant?
04:36How did you do it, Lieutenant?
04:38That's Morris Jepsen's job.
04:42These are the actual plugs he used that day to arm the Little Boy bomb.
04:51The weapon has three green plugs that work like a safety lock on a gun, preventing it from activating.
04:59Jepsen must remove the green plugs and swap them out.
05:05The red plugs complete the weapon's electrical circuitry,
05:10so that sparks can ignite the gunpowder.
05:15I had to handle, touch, lean on the Little Boy bomb,
05:20so the last person to have his hands on that weapon was me.
05:28With the last red plug in place, the bomb is now alive.
05:37There are less than two hours before they reach Japan,
05:41yet no one's completely sure that Little Boy will actually work.
05:45The Hiroshima bomb was an experimental weapon, and it was the first test.
05:54Three Japanese cities had been chosen as potential targets for the attack.
06:00The primary is the port city of Hiroshima, located on the delta of the Ota River.
06:07A city of considerable military importance,
06:10it houses a communication center and an assembly area for troops.
06:18But it's far from just a military target.
06:2280% of the people here are civilians.
06:27Since the previous March of 1945,
06:31almost every major city in Japan has been firebombed.
06:35Yet Hiroshima remains untouched.
06:39The people of the city worried about that.
06:42Were they being chosen for something especially terrible?
06:46But as the Enola Gay reaches Japan,
06:52Hiroshima's fate is still not final.
06:56It all depends on the weather.
06:58One of the requirements for the target is that it has to be visible from the air.
07:05Weather planes fly ahead to check the conditions over the three selected cities.
07:11As it happens, it is a clear morning at Hiroshima.
07:16The city's fate is now sealed.
07:25Thirteen-year-old Shigeko Sosamore can feel the sun burning down on her on this hot, cloudless morning.
07:33She runs to join schoolmates in their assignment to clear the streets for fire breaks in case of attack.
07:40I look up the sky.
07:45I saw the beautiful survey uplink and a white long tail and blue sky.
07:54It looks beautiful.
07:56And at the same time I saw something drop.
08:00Shigeko is less than a mile from the Enola Gay's target.
08:06The distinctive T-shaped Ayoi Bridge.
08:10Running across the river in the center of downtown, it can be spotted easily, even at 32,000 feet.
08:17Ninety seconds before release, the bombardier sets his sights on the target about two miles below and makes careful, last-minute maneuvers.
08:32Will they hit the target?
08:35And will it explode at the preset altitude of 1,900 feet over the city?
08:40There are hydraulic actuated doors, big long doors, 12, 15 feet long.
08:48They don't just slowly open, they fly open like that.
08:51Jepson and fellow crew members had done the math and expect the bomb to detonate at 42 seconds.
09:09That 43 seconds, I was nervous.
09:16I was monitoring the test box, thinking and counting in my head.
09:24The crew of the Enola Gay are not the only ones counting down at 8.15 on August 6th.
09:31Eight-year-old Takashi Tanamori left home at 8 a.m. to get to his school.
09:40He's looking forward to playing with his friends.
09:44I was excited this particular morning for the hide-and-seek because I was chosen as it.
09:52So I was standing against the window looking outside.
09:56While Takashi counts, thousands of others are outside, en route to work and school.
10:05As the lone Enola Gay flies overhead, there's little alarm.
10:11It looks nothing like the bombing squadron most people fear.
10:18People assumed it was a weather plane.
10:21And instead of doing what the scientists had assumed would happen, which is that they would run into bomb shelters and be safe from the effects of the blast, people came outdoors to look.
10:32All of a sudden, BAM!
10:45Flash in the sky.
10:47Pure white.
10:49I saw the bones on my fingers as though I was looking at X-ray.
10:55So intense.
10:56Tense.
11:01This is the only footage ever taken of this atomic explosion.
11:07Scant documentation of an event that changes the course of history.
11:15Within moments, the mushroom cloud is ten miles high.
11:18It spreads three miles over the city, and it's more than 350,000 inhabitants.
11:31On the day of the attack, the United States has been in the war for four years, and has lost over 100,000 men on the Pacific Front alone.
11:41Despite losing over a million men, the Japanese continue to fight fiercely.
11:48Some fear that if the war goes on, millions more will be lost on both sides.
11:54We thus saw the atomic bomb as a potential way to shock them into surrendering.
12:00This radically new bomb reduces the living, breathing downtown of Hiroshima to a wasteland.
12:1570,000 human beings are dead instantly.
12:19Another 70,000 injured.
12:25It's the highest death toll ever caused by a single weapon.
12:31Yet Japan continues to fight.
12:38Three days later, on August 9th, the United States drops a second atomic bomb.
12:44This time, on the city of Nagasaki.
12:50Another 40,000 die.
12:56Japan formally surrenders three weeks later.
13:01The world's bloodiest war is finally over.
13:14Just weeks after Japan's surrender, President Truman orders a report on the physical and medical damage inflicted by this new weapon.
13:28Hundreds of scientists, engineers, and military personnel are recruited for the job.
13:34Alongside occupation forces, special investigative teams arrive in Hiroshima.
13:44Working with Japanese scientists, they'll spend 10 weeks amidst the ruins, gathering intelligence.
13:55To comprehend the bomb's devastating power, the analysts break down the three major effects of the atomic explosion.
14:02Upon detonation, an explosion of energy is released into a small volume of air.
14:13This creates a searing, white-hot fireball that flashes hotter than the surface of the sun.
14:21Gamma rays and neutrons from the breakup of uranium shoot outward as deadly, invisible radiation.
14:32As the fireball stops expanding, a wall of pressure, or blast wave, races out at more than 700 miles per hour.
14:41In their report, the scientists describe the effects of the first stage of the explosion, a thermal flash.
14:58It generates temperatures up to 7,200 degrees Fahrenheit, twice the melting point of steel.
15:11In their report, the explosion of air.
15:15Because there's so little film footage of the explosion in Hiroshima, scientists look to atomic tests to help them measure the intensity of the heat.
15:24When the weapon detonates, an enormous amount of energy is released in a very short period of time, and a very large amount of energy is released simply in the form of light and heat.
15:37The temperatures get extremely high, perhaps tens of millions of degrees.
15:44It's as if somebody could reach down into the center of the sun and place it in the atmosphere and let it release its energy.
15:54This energy is instantly lethal when released upon human beings.
15:58If your skin gets illuminated, it will simply be turned into carbon.
16:04And in the case of people who were close enough to get that much light and heat on their bodies,
16:09they simply cease to exist as living entities, without them probably even being aware that anything had happened.
16:15It's impossible to know exactly how many citizens are turned into simple piles of carbon during those first few seconds.
16:34The U.S. military maps the casualties.
16:38Within a radius of 800 feet from ground zero, almost no one survives.
16:43Some exposed directly to the rays of the fireballs seem to vanish completely.
16:52What remains are now called atomic shadows.
16:58These imprints of both people and objects can be found all over Hiroshima.
17:04What happened was that the light from the fireball shined on the ground and it caused the concrete to actually darken.
17:17The light from the fireball was intercepted by this railing here and so this bright area was not exposed to the extreme light of the fireball.
17:25These atomic shadows give scientists a tool to analyze the location of the explosion.
17:38And this allowed people to measure the direction and the height of burst of the nuclear weapon because they could form a plumb line and from many different directions you can actually get the location of the nuclear explosion.
17:53From their calculations, the scientists discover the Enola Gay hit incredibly close to the target.
18:03Just 550 feet, less than two football fields away from the T-shaped bridge.
18:11More than 50% of those killed within a half mile of ground zero died of severe burns.
18:25Those who survive at that distance are barely alive.
18:31This man is suffering from the type of burns that plague Shigeko Sasamori.
18:36The flash burns over two-thirds of her body.
18:42The little girl who left the house that morning is unrecognizable to her mother when she finds Shigeko five days after the blast.
18:51When she's heard my voice but doesn't look like me because my face and hair was like a big black football all round and where's the nose, where's the eyes?
19:08Couldn't tell, all black.
19:11Clothing ignited.
19:12Thatched roofs of houses caught fire.
19:15The flash heat was intense enough to cause fires despite the distance.
19:18Anything exposed to the heat of the flash, a child's notebook, newspapers, the traditional paper shoji screen ignites instantly.
19:36Temperatures higher than 3200 degrees Fahrenheit fuse even roof tiles into unrecognizable shapes.
19:44This intense flash of light burned granite, burned steel, burned iron and glass.
20:00Whether you lived or died depended on how far away you were from ground zero.
20:03Didn't matter if you were Japanese or Martian, this was not an ideological bomb.
20:11This was a weapon of mass destruction, a weapon of terror.
20:18Less than a mile from ground zero is the three-story school building where Takashi is playing hide and seek.
20:24The bomb's shock wave is about to hit.
20:25Now I do not know exactly how it happened, but the school building, the collapse.
20:36The blast seems to the left side of the face.
20:42I do not know how long under the debris is.
20:48Pitch dark.
20:49You cannot see anything, even my hands.
20:53From my nose, I could not see it.
20:58Takashi is not alone.
21:00There are thousands trapped beneath the rubble that was once downtown Hiroshima.
21:05The blast wave created by the little boy atomic bomb flattens the city in less than 10 seconds.
21:17Over 60,000 buildings were destroyed or severely damaged by the atomic bomb.
21:23This represents over 67% of the city's structures.
21:26A full minute after detonation, the force of the shock wave jolts the crew of the Enola Gay nine miles away, 29,000 feet in the air.
21:40There was a slapping effect on the airplane.
21:44It was the passage of a shock wave.
21:48And okay, that's expected.
21:50And then a few seconds and another smaller slap.
21:57And I don't think anybody on the airplane knew what that was.
22:02That second hit means the bomb has exploded as planned,
22:071,900 feet above the city.
22:13To understand the dynamic forces of shock waves,
22:16blast simulations are captured with high-speed photography.
22:23Upon explosion, a superheated bubble of air violently pushes outward, creating a shock wave.
22:31Now this shock wave, as it expands outward, will reach the ground and reflect off the ground,
22:38creating a combination of a reflected shock and a primary shock.
22:42And so on the ground, you will do much more damage than would otherwise be the case from the individual shocks.
22:49And this is why the attackers of Hiroshima and Nagasaki chose to detonate a weapon a couple of thousand feet off the ground,
22:57basically to maximize the destruction to the target.
23:00If Little Boy had been dropped on the ground, the Earth would have absorbed most of its energy.
23:11But detonation in the air forces the shock wave out, flattening just about everything in its path.
23:18There is heavy damage for three miles in every direction.
23:30More than half a century later, the once devastated city of Hiroshima is completely rebuilt.
23:37Few visible scars remain from the bombing.
23:40But there is one building that stood almost directly under the bomb's detonation.
23:47And it is still here today as a symbol of peace.
23:51Once an exhibits building for local business and government, everyone inside was killed instantly.
23:58But the building still stands.
24:05The dome was built of copper, and copper melts at a low temperature.
24:10Light from the fireball was so intense that it basically melted the copper before the shockwave arrived.
24:18The shockwave came down vertically, blew through this opening,
24:23and just knocked each floor down as it propagated through.
24:26So this building is standing because of the peculiar accident that it was almost directly under Ground Zero.
24:35Windows and flying debris become shrapnel as far as 12 miles away from the blast.
24:43The damage from the explosion is well documented after U.S. troops arrive.
24:49But on August 6th, the violence of the moment is captured only in the survivors' memories.
24:59Many of Hiroshima's survivors have painted those first hours.
25:03Years later, Takashi Tanamori also wrote about them.
25:14Beneath the heap, I lay buried on my back.
25:20Unable to move.
25:22Unable to move.
25:26Trapped less than a mile from Ground Zero, Takashi can no longer hear the cries of help from his classmates.
25:36A young soldier digs him out from beneath the rubble, but he's not out of danger yet.
25:41The soldier carrying me weaved in out of thrones of people who were screaming in agony.
25:51Child, dead or just barely alive, creeping, stumbling, dragging their feet, looking for any escape from a blazing inferno.
26:05The military analysts studying the destruction report the beginning of a rare phenomenon.
26:19In Hiroshima, fire sprang up simultaneously all over the wide, flat, central area of the city.
26:27People don't seem to understand about this bomb that its main effect is fire.
26:32It's not as if a bomb started a fire in one corner of a street and the fire slowly worked its way up to the other corner.
26:41Everything was lit instantaneously.
26:47These small flames represent the many fires burning in Hiroshima.
26:52Fires that were set not only by the initial flash, but also by the collapse of gas lines and broken cooking stoves.
26:59The fires could be seen by the Enola Gay's crew from almost 30,000 feet above the city.
27:08What they saw really rather horrified them.
27:14Down on the ground was a spreading mass of flickering lights, which had to be flames of things burning.
27:22There were fires everywhere.
27:26And one of the crew said, I looked for a while and counted for a while and then I stopped counting.
27:31And now the comprehension of what was going on down there was settling on people's minds, including mine, that there was bad destruction and loss of life down below.
27:44And the hope in everyone's mind was that explosion was of a magnitude that it might affect the end of the war.
27:59Which it did.
28:00The flaming points of light below the Enola Gay are about to turn into something much worse.
28:11To see what happens when many small fires are set off simultaneously,
28:16Hughes Associates, a group of fire protection engineers, designed a simulation.
28:21First the fire will be very small and then eventually we'll start to see an effect develop as what happened at Hiroshima.
28:27You think of it rather being cylinders as being, you know, city blocks of burning buildings.
28:34In the city you have uneven terrain, you have hills, you have buildings of different sizes, so you would have uneven air flow.
28:40So we set up these sheets of drywall with gaps in them to sort of represent this idea of having uneven terrain,
28:45which is going to, you know, introduce a bit of a swirl into the flow, feeding the fire.
28:50The heat of the flames sucks in air from the ground.
28:54This creates gale force winds of up to 50 miles per hour.
28:59At a point in time over the city you would have had fire whirls, these tornadoes of flame,
29:04which will appear and disappear as the air is entrained into the fire and forms these vortexes,
29:09much like a dust devil on a hot summer day.
29:10Whether flames from candles, canisters or city blocks, the fires merge as the heat and winds become more intense.
29:21In Hiroshima the mass fire burns for six hours and consumes four and a half square miles.
29:29What remains is what survivors call a city of death.
29:35Hiroshima city was red ocean, red ocean, fire burning, all entire city is burning.
29:50The rivers of Hiroshima are one of the only safe havens for survivors seeking safety from the heat and flames.
29:57Despite her serious burns, young Shigeko Sasamori makes it to a riverbank, only to be surrounded by death and suffering.
30:10I heard a baby screaming.
30:11I still remember very clearly the mother was bleeding all over and tried to nurse baby and baby was sore.
30:28When I remember that problem, I just can't take it.
30:32The river is choked with floating corpses.
30:44Many of those still alive are barely recognizable.
30:48People themselves, just horrible looking.
30:55The hair with ashes and king crab.
30:59And someone's skin hanging all.
31:03Just dead people walking like a ghost.
31:08Eyewitnesses will talk about a lot of the survivors walking out with their hands in front of them.
31:17Apparently it dulled the pain of skin that was actually falling off.
31:21But it also made people look like walking ghosts.
31:25I remember one woman described seeing a man walking down the road holding his eyeball in his hand.
31:31It's hard for us to imagine how Dante-esque the world was that was created by the explosion of this beautiful invention in physics.
31:43If there is hell, that will help.
31:48Thousands in desperate need of help have nowhere to turn and no one to treat them.
31:55Medical facilities, crowded into the heart of the city, were crippled or wiped out by the explosion.
32:09The impact of the atomic bomb...
32:10The normal fabric of life in Hiroshima is shattered.
32:15Before the attack, there are more than 200 doctors in the city.
32:19Ninety percent are killed or injured that day.
32:23The scale of destruction was so enormous.
32:27It's not just the tens of thousands of dead and incinerated bodies.
32:32There are hardly any hospitals functioning.
32:35Hardly any doctors functioning.
32:37You have thousands of people dying gravely ill with very little infrastructure to help them.
32:44Of the area's 45 hospitals, only three were usable.
32:48But more than the city's infrastructure is wiped out.
32:55When you destroy a city, you're destroying an intricate web of social and personal connections.
33:02One of the horrors for the survivors was that their world had been burned away.
33:12And they were left with their burns trying to decide where the world was.
33:17People who had managed to survive the attack are suddenly struck down with a mysterious illness, some called Disease X.
33:28Thousands of survivors report vomiting, purple sores, and hair loss in the days and weeks after the blast.
33:36The U.S. government knows its radiation poisoning, but they don't fully understand it.
33:46The only studies that had been done prior to that time had been done on rabbits.
33:50There was almost no literature about whole body exposure of human beings.
33:59Two years after the bomb was dropped, the U.S. government creates the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, the ABCC.
34:07Their mission is not to treat the survivors, but to observe and study them, to see what radiation exposure would do to their health and mortality.
34:23Koko Tanemoto Kondo was one of their subjects.
34:30Less than a mile from ground zero, Koko was an eight-month-old baby in her mother's arms when the bomb exploded.
34:38This is the area where our house was located.
34:43Now it's a new building, it's kind of difficult to tell, but yes, this is the place.
34:488.15, I was with my mother, the house was destroyed.
35:00Although Koko survived the blast and the fire, what was not known was the effect radiation would have on her body.
35:11In the first milliseconds of little boy's detonation,
35:13electromagnetic energy in the form of gamma rays, neutrons and X-rays sprays up to two miles in every direction.
35:22The waves and tiny particles, invisible and odorless, bombard anyone exposed with cell-damaging energy.
35:32For almost all within a half mile, the rays are deadly.
35:36Many of the survivors carry around with them the fear that the radiation is like a sort of time bomb in their bodies.
35:44They've lived with the constant fear that they would come down with leukemia or cancer,
35:49that they would give birth to children with birth defects and so on.
35:51Several years after her house collapsed around her, Koko became part of the ABCC's study.
36:04The whole world wanted to know how the radiation affected the human body.
36:10Best way is to check the children.
36:12For a decade, Koko spends one day of every year being examined.
36:20Thousands of survivors are still participating in what is now one of the longest running medical studies in the world.
36:28The ABCC, now the Radiation Effects Research Foundation, has collected data from over 120,000 atomic bomb survivors.
36:40Today, with the collaboration of the Japanese government, their information continues to shed light on how radiation affects the human body.
36:53The reason we as mammals die from radiation exposure is simply because cells have DNA damage, chromosome damage, and they stop dividing.
37:04When cells stop dividing, the immune system fails.
37:09Internal organs shut down.
37:11Fetuses stop developing.
37:14The process of life ends.
37:19But this understanding comes at a cost for survivors like Koko.
37:23As she hits puberty, the examinations at the ABCC become difficult.
37:33At 14, Koko is ushered from her private exam room to an auditorium.
37:39The doctor told me to go up the stage.
37:43But the spotlight was so strong, so I could not see how many people inside, but I could hear the different languages.
37:52So I could guess, oh, this must be the doctor's meeting.
37:55The doctor said, please take off your gown.
37:56Yeah, I'd like to see her put on a form of policies.
37:57Yeah.
37:58Puberty age.
37:59Your body changed from childhood that doubted woman.
38:00I was just so furious.
38:01Yes, August 6th, 1945, I was in Hiroshima, but I didn't start a war.
38:10Why do I have to show almost naked body to the people?
38:14I was just so furious.
38:19Yes, August 6, 1945, I was in Hiroshima.
38:23But I didn't start that war.
38:25Why do I have to show almost naked body to the people?
38:33And so I cannot tell that to my father or my mother or my friends.
38:38Something deep inside for a long time.
38:44It's quite reasonable that they might feel they were being treated like guinea pigs.
38:56But because they have been so faithful and loyal and contributing,
39:00their legacy is that their information is going to benefit all of mankind.
39:06Coco has never been able to have children, a possible result of radiation exposure.
39:15But her participation in the study is part of a different sort of legacy.
39:20The ABCC data is used to help treat others exposed to radiation, like the victims of Chernobyl.
39:30When I heard that, I was pleased that my data is useful for others.
39:43Today, scientific details about radiation studies are freely shared internationally.
39:53But there are other aspects of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima that are not easy to uncover.
39:59Secrecy has always enshrouded the world of atomic science, from the conception of the bombs, even to today.
40:10For years, the U.S. government confiscated and suppressed nearly all images and first-person accounts of the bombing of Hiroshima and its immediate aftermath.
40:20It wasn't until 1952, seven years after the bomb fell, that these images, the only photos taken on the day of the bombing, were made public.
40:42Military censors were aware that public opinion back home could turn to some degree against the bombing
40:49if they were exposed to images that are very painful to see of what exactly the atomic bomb had done to human bodies on a large scale.
41:01While the military didn't want to share details of the aftermath with the public,
41:06they did want to understand the power of these new weapons.
41:10And they used film footage of later atomic tests to do it.
41:15Five, four, three, two, one, go!
41:21The footage showed not only effects of the heat ray and shock wave on different materials and structures,
41:49but by studying the explosion itself, analysts could measure a weapon's distance and yield.
41:59Many of these films were placed under lock and key and to this day remain classified.
42:04The military analysts who witnessed the enormous scale and chilling effects of atomic weapons
42:18closed their report with a grim observation.
42:22There is no more forceful argument for peace than the site of the devastation of Hiroshima.
42:28These weapons, they are so indiscriminate, they are so murderous,
42:38you have to ultimately conclude that these are weapons of mass genocide.
42:46By the mid-1950s, the U.S. military was in a global nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union
42:53and was testing nuclear weapons up to 1,000 times more powerful than those used on Japan.
42:59We're balanced on a knife edge.
43:15And until we get rid of all the nuclear weapons in the world and keep it that way,
43:19we're always going to be balanced on that.
43:21In fact, even without nuclear weapons, we're always going to be balanced on the knife edge
43:25because we know how to make them.
43:27Today, it's difficult to see evidence of the once devastated Hiroshima.
43:36The museums and monuments of Peace Park are a reminder of what happened on August 6, 1945.
43:47Inside this mound are the remains of thousands,
43:52bodies not recognizable and never claimed.
43:57But the most powerful reminders come from those who survived,
44:01the only ones who can tell us what it's like to live through an atomic attack.
44:08Only one part will change the whole thing.
44:13We have to learn.
44:17We cannot make the same mistake.
44:19No.
44:20The greatest way to avenge your enemy is by learning to forgive.
44:29I hope I'm able to give my children a better word than I receive
44:35by telling the story, the lessons that we have learned.
44:41So that's my desire.
44:44So that's my desire.
44:52This is the next...