The Most Evil Men in History is a full-length documentary that takes you on an in-depth journey through the bowels of hell, revealing the truth - plain and painful as it ever was about our past, looking at the most horrific evils ever committed by some of the most infamous historical figures for various reasons, including despotism, cannibalism, genocide, and too many atrocities to imagine. They are considered some of history's most vile and appalling figures.
From the 1st century AD to the present day, evil is a fact of life. We can see it not only in the reigns of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler but also in everyday crimes like rape and assault, quite apart from the millions of lives brutalized by political or religious oppression, poverty, disease, and starvation.
One factor unites all these infamous figures and the evil acts they committed: they all had unlimited power over the people whose lives they controlled. Their reigns of terror cover a time span of nearly 2,000 years, from the rule of Caligula over the Roman Empire starting in 37 AD to the mass killings of educated Cambodians under Pol Pot during the 1980s. Motivated by power, religion, political belief, or by sadism and lust - sometimes by insanity - they have become bywords for terror.
The most evil men featured in this film:
Ivan the Terrible: Tsar of all the Russians
Pol Pot: Architect of mass murder
Caligula: The schizophrenic emperor
From the 1st century AD to the present day, evil is a fact of life. We can see it not only in the reigns of Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler but also in everyday crimes like rape and assault, quite apart from the millions of lives brutalized by political or religious oppression, poverty, disease, and starvation.
One factor unites all these infamous figures and the evil acts they committed: they all had unlimited power over the people whose lives they controlled. Their reigns of terror cover a time span of nearly 2,000 years, from the rule of Caligula over the Roman Empire starting in 37 AD to the mass killings of educated Cambodians under Pol Pot during the 1980s. Motivated by power, religion, political belief, or by sadism and lust - sometimes by insanity - they have become bywords for terror.
The most evil men featured in this film:
Ivan the Terrible: Tsar of all the Russians
Pol Pot: Architect of mass murder
Caligula: The schizophrenic emperor
Category
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TVTranscript
00:00:01Ivan the Terrible waged a 40-year war on his own country, Russia.
00:00:07Thousands were slaughtered.
00:00:12He devised cruel, sadistic punishments in his personal torture chamber.
00:00:17He watched prisoners flayed, boiled, and even fried.
00:00:24Execution, torture were absolutely routine in 16th century Europe.
00:00:30But somehow with Ivan, it goes a little bit beyond standard routines of a strict, even brutal ruler.
00:00:39Ivan destroyed villages, towns, and an entire city.
00:00:45He stabbed his son to death in a fit of rage.
00:00:51All in the name of God.
00:00:54In 1533, the death of Vasily III plunged the Russian state into chaos.
00:01:21As Grand Duke of Moscow, he'd controlled the country and its rival noble families.
00:01:30Ivan, his son and heir, was just three years old on his father's death.
00:01:36Ivan's mother, Elena, fought a desperate battle to be regent.
00:01:41In five years, she was dead, poisoned by the nobility, the boyars.
00:01:48The young Grand Duke spent his childhood in terror.
00:01:53Armed men stalked the corridors of Ivan's Kremlin palace, as rival factions fought for supremacy.
00:02:00Ivan was an emotional wreck.
00:02:04Ivan was an emotional wreck.
00:02:09One has to imagine an eight-year-old boy who'd lost his father, and then his mother feels that he has been abandoned.
00:02:18And what he sees all around him are the various boyar factions fighting for power.
00:02:25He had been hungry, cold.
00:02:28He had been neglected, humiliated.
00:02:32The main emotion was one of fear, that he could at any moment be murdered.
00:02:38And he must have felt very insecure.
00:02:41And historians have spoken of paranoia.
00:02:45Despite his fears, Ivan escaped unharved.
00:02:57He started to believe that God was saving him.
00:03:06Starved of human contact, he poured over the Old Testament and historical chronicles.
00:03:12Obsessed by the respect and power of past rulers.
00:03:17The Old Testament texts are very bloody.
00:03:19There's a lot of killing and massacring and destroying and so on.
00:03:23And he learned severe king or tsar has to be strong.
00:03:31Like the word Grozny, the Russian word for him is calling he is strong and he is severe and he is brutal.
00:03:38In Christianity, Ivan found identity and purpose.
00:03:45The Russians believed that in the 15th century Russia had become the centre of true Christianity.
00:03:53Orthodoxy was the true faith and the ruler of Russia was the protector of Orthodoxy.
00:04:01In other words, the greatest ruler in the world.
00:04:08Ivan's worship was increasingly obsessive.
00:04:11Banging his head against the floor before religious icons, he developed a callous.
00:04:18It became a lifelong habit.
00:04:27But Ivan was also developing sadistic interests.
00:04:33One of his hobbies was to take dogs, cats, bears and other small creatures to the top of tall buildings and then throw them to the ground below.
00:04:45Fascinated by torture, he tore the feathers from birds and slit their stomachs.
00:04:52Finally, at the age of 13, Ivan lashed out at the boyars.
00:04:57Leading noble families were invited to a Christmas banquet.
00:05:02Ivan turned on them in a furious speech and singled out their leader, Andrei Shuisky.
00:05:09He demanded his immediate execution.
00:05:14Shuisky was dragged out, thrown to hunting dogs and savage to death.
00:05:18The murder of Andrei Shuisky was the beginning of his cruel policy, the policy of physical destruction of his political enemies.
00:05:32And it was the first step on the road to the absolute power, absolute power based on terror.
00:05:41By the age of 16, Ivan was brutalized, paranoid and embittered.
00:05:47Exhilarated by his newly discovered power, now he took steps to boost his authority.
00:05:53In January 1547, Ivan announced his coronation.
00:06:02His father had been called Grand Duke.
00:06:05Ivan demanded to be crowned Tsar, claiming sacred descendancy from the Roman emperors.
00:06:12It placed him above his fellow nobility.
00:06:15This title was not very pleasant for the boyars, because most of them realized that it gave him an additional power, a sacred power.
00:06:27But they were unable to protest, because it was a national dream to have the independent king, to have the Tsar.
00:06:36It was a sort of dream.
00:06:38The boyars accepted, won over by Ivan's next declaration.
00:06:43He would take a Russian bride, chosen in a national virgin contest.
00:06:49Girls over the age of 12 were paraded in front of him.
00:06:54Ivan chose Anastasia Romanov.
00:06:58The marriage was a happy one, for Ivan and for Russia.
00:07:02For a while his new Tsarina would hold Ivan's cruelty in check.
00:07:07Ivan chose Anastasia Romanov.
00:07:09He loved his wife, too.
00:07:12Maybe she was the real partner of his soul, this better half, you say.
00:07:22Within months of his coronation, the new Tsar fell under a second influence.
00:07:27The year had been blighted by a series of fires in Moscow.
00:07:32Thousands died or were left homeless.
00:07:35Ivan saw it as a sign from God.
00:07:38Punishment for neglecting his country.
00:07:42In a packed red square, Ivan prostrated himself before his people.
00:07:50The new Tsar promised to protect them in the name of God.
00:07:56Ivan's sense of spiritual responsibility was very developed.
00:08:02And then he became a grown up king.
00:08:05He had this sense of responsibility, you know.
00:08:09That's why when he failed in most of his projects, it was his personal tragedy.
00:08:17Ivan reformed the state, the church and the army, withdrawing power from the nobility and uniting his country.
00:08:29In the east, he conquered the Muslim city of Kazan, claiming a religious victory.
00:08:34In the west, he opened trading routes with England.
00:08:37Ivan was enjoying a golden age.
00:08:41It was not to last.
00:08:44In August 1560, his beloved Anastasia died in mysterious circumstances.
00:08:51She was 27 years old.
00:08:54Ivan went mad with grief.
00:08:57Convinced she'd been poisoned, just like his mother.
00:09:00Anastasia's death was really a tragedy.
00:09:03A tragedy for Ivan himself and also the tragedy for the nation.
00:09:08Because after her death, there was nobody who was able to stop him in his policy, in his cruel policy.
00:09:17And he decisively changed the course of his policy after her death.
00:09:25Years of repressed anger and hatred erupted.
00:09:28As Ivan's old cruelty resurfaced.
00:09:34In the terrible revenge that followed, whole families were wiped out.
00:09:38From elderly women to 12-year-old boys.
00:09:43Many of the nobility had fought loyally in the Tsar's armies.
00:09:47They were tortured and killed alongside their children.
00:09:53Ivan would marry seven more times, but never again find peace.
00:09:58Despite hours in penance, his relationship with God had changed.
00:10:03If God could take Anastasia, he must be cruel and irrational.
00:10:08Ivan would rule in the same way.
00:10:13Ivan the Terrible had pulled Russia together by the force of his will.
00:10:17Throughout his life, Ivan suffered a progressive bone disease.
00:10:25As his spine shrank, he was in agony.
00:10:28Seeking relief, he turned to mercury.
00:10:31It made him violent and unpredictable.
00:10:33Ivan was a man who couldn't keep his composure.
00:10:38He exploded.
00:10:40In a moment, did evil, was brutal, was violent, was everything that Tsar didn't have to do.
00:10:49And then, a moment later, he was depressive, saw what he has done.
00:10:56Ivan's anger was made more deadly by a long wooden staff with a sharp point to wound or kill.
00:11:03But in 1565, the Tsar's surprise decision to abdicate confused and terrified the nation.
00:11:11He blamed unrest among the boyars and the clergy.
00:11:14Ivan's threat was really just a ploy in order to get what he wanted.
00:11:20I very much doubt whether he really intended to abdicate.
00:11:26He gambled on the fact that for Russians, for both nobles and townspeople and peasants,
00:11:36the idea of the Tsar as ruler of Russia was absolutely central.
00:11:42Despite being feared at every level of society, Ivan was now indispensable.
00:11:48In Russia, we have the choice not between dictatorship and the freedom,
00:11:54but between dictatorship and the chaos.
00:11:57It's a very painful choice.
00:11:59The people saw the chaos in a time of Ivan's childhood.
00:12:04That's why they prefer to have a dictator.
00:12:07After an emergency meeting, senior clergy and nobility begged the Tsar to reconsider.
00:12:13Ivan demanded a terrifying price.
00:12:16The absolute power to purge his nation without judgment or criticism from anyone.
00:12:22Claiming authority above the church, Ivan was now the sole interpreter and executor of the will of God.
00:12:35Now, he created his own elite terror force, the Uprichniki.
00:12:46He divided Russia in two.
00:12:48One part to be run by the boyars.
00:12:50The other, the richest, was terrorized by these men in black.
00:12:55Some people say that there is a sort of resemblance between Uprichniki and a system of political police in Soviet time, I mean a system of KGB.
00:13:11Probably some features are common because Uprichniki were a sort of political police.
00:13:21Everything about the Uprichniki was calculated to create fear.
00:13:24Dressed in black, they rode black horses decked out in dogs' heads, symbols of their mission to hunt down enemies.
00:13:32They carried brooms, symbolizing their intent to sweep them away.
00:13:40Many were criminals, handpicked by Ivan for their cruelty.
00:13:44They were like devils.
00:13:47They killed and they raped and they plundered everything.
00:13:54Ivan selected the most aggressive 300 and installed them in his palace at Alexandrov.
00:14:01With terrible irony, he called it a monastery.
00:14:05The men would be his monks, he would be their abbot.
00:14:09Ivan drew up a strict timetable for the monastery's activities.
00:14:15At three in the morning, the Tsar rang the bell, summoning the brothers to church.
00:14:24Those who missed the service were punished with prison.
00:14:31For four hours, Ivan would sing, pray and prostrate himself.
00:14:35After a meal and short nap, the Tsar visited the dungeons for the afternoon's executions.
00:14:46Here, in his personal torture chamber, Ivan reconstructed hell.
00:14:52He deliberately selected biblical punishment.
00:14:55All the tortures which Ivan carried out, I'm sure in his own mind, had a religious justification.
00:15:05On the other hand, there is, what can one say, purely personal enjoyment of cruelty, of blood, of pain, of suffering.
00:15:18And, and I think it's, it's very difficult sometimes to, to reconcile the two.
00:15:27Sometimes, Ivan would lead the sessions, removing ribs with red hot pencils.
00:15:32A witness described how he left, beaming with contentment.
00:15:42There is a pattern there.
00:15:44A small boy who enjoyed torturing animals.
00:15:46The, the, the teenager who set his hounds upon one of his boys.
00:15:55And, and so on.
00:15:57Um, if you follow through the, these, uh, moments of, of, of excess.
00:16:03Then it's really not too, too surprising to end up with the religious ceremonies.
00:16:09And then the, the, the torture sessions and the, the orgies of Alexandrovsk.
00:16:15Often, in the evenings, his men would bring in peasant girls.
00:16:20There was no religious justification for Ivan's treatment of them.
00:16:24They were whipped, raped, and used for target practice.
00:16:30But the nobility suffered in the greatest numbers.
00:16:33Up to 10,000 died at the hands of Ivan's terror police.
00:16:39Many more were forcibly relocated.
00:16:42Their land seized and settled by the Oprichniki themselves.
00:16:45Few dared to challenge his rule.
00:16:49The head of the Russian Orthodox Church begged for mercy for men unjustly accused of rebellion.
00:16:56He was charged with sorcery, imprisoned and murdered.
00:16:59Ivan was merciless with opposition.
00:17:01Hearing rumours that the city of Novgorod was planning a rebellion.
00:17:03The city of Novgorod was planning a rebellion.
00:17:05The head of the Russian Orthodox Church begged for mercy for men unjustly accused of rebellion.
00:17:10He was charged with sorcery, imprisoned and murdered.
00:17:15Ivan was merciless with opposition.
00:17:21Hearing rumours that the city of Novgorod was planning a rebellion.
00:17:24Ivan decided to punish the entire population.
00:17:34In a five-week orgy of violence, Ivan oversaw the torture of more than 15,000 people.
00:17:42With his 15-year-old son by his side, Ivan devised punishments for those brought before him.
00:17:48Perhaps the most intriguing was the use of giant frying pans in which the victims were slowly fried or in some cases boiled in large pots in order to extract their confession.
00:18:07Because it was incidentally important that people should confess to their sins before they were then murdered.
00:18:14Sometimes the Tsar joined in.
00:18:20A German mercenary wrote of Ivan's behaviour in the city.
00:18:25Mounting a horse and brandishing a spear, he charged and ran people through while his son watched the entertainment.
00:18:33Ivan himself was there, he witnessed the tortures and seemed to delight in them.
00:18:43And so I think one has to say that in the case of the massacre of Novgorod, this is an evil man indulging his sadistic tendencies.
00:18:55Men, women and children were tortured and mutilated.
00:19:02They were tied to slaves and driven into the Volkov River.
00:19:06Moscow did not escape either.
00:19:09Ivan was convinced of a wide scale conspiracy and ordered mass trials.
00:19:13He suspected that a lot of people in Moscow were connected with Novgorod Bayars and Novgorod representatives and condemned his activity in Novgorod.
00:19:33Executions were carried out in Red Square.
00:19:35Beneath the domes of Ivan's brand new cathedral, workmen began preparations.
00:19:42They erected 17 gallows and an enormous cauldron.
00:19:47Terrified Moscovites were rounded up to witness a gruesome bloodbath.
00:19:51300 people were executed in one day. Among them, eminent and famous people of Russian army, Russian state apparatus and so on.
00:20:11All of them were eliminated.
00:20:14One former adviser was hanged by his feet while Ivan and his men took turns to hack off pieces of flesh.
00:20:24And it was a very sombre page in the history of Russia.
00:20:34Even Ivan's family were not safe.
00:20:36In a violent quarrel with his favorite son and heir, Ivan struck out with his staff, piercing the prince's skull.
00:20:47He died several days later.
00:20:51Theodore, the new heir, was both incompetent and childless.
00:20:56Ivan was horrified.
00:20:59His final years were consumed by guilt and grief.
00:21:05By now his paranoia was so intense.
00:21:09He even applied to Elizabeth the first for political asylum.
00:21:13In remorse, he had lists drawn up detailing the names of all those he'd executed.
00:21:19He sent money to monasteries for prayers to be said on their behalf.
00:21:24He was a killer.
00:21:26And he was somebody who was guilty about a thousand, ten thousand deaths of men and women and children.
00:21:35Even children were killed.
00:21:37Finally, as death approached, he had himself rechristened as a monk.
00:21:43Ivan died at the age of 54, collapsing during a game of chess.
00:21:48He was buried in his monk's habit in a final effort to bring forgiveness.
00:21:55Ivan's body was exhumed in 1963.
00:22:00The vertebrae of his spine were fused together.
00:22:04Ivan had destroyed his dynasty and left his administration in chaos.
00:22:12Moscow faced political and economic ruin.
00:22:15Ivan had extended his country but left it weak, divided and afraid.
00:22:22Many wondered whether Russia would survive.
00:22:27And History Night concludes after the break when, through modern technology, we learn how royal illness has wreaked havoc through the ages.
00:22:44No mercy.
00:22:45As ruler of Cambodia, Pol Pot was responsible for killing nearly two million people.
00:22:57That's a quarter of the country's population.
00:22:59In his four-year reign, Pol Pot tortured and starved the Cambodians to death.
00:23:06Men, women, children and babies were often brutally clubbed to death with hammers and buried alive.
00:23:14He turned Cambodia into a killing field.
00:23:17When I first spoke with Pol Pot, he refused to take responsibility for an absolutely cataclysmic, catastrophic destruction of innocent people.
00:23:34As the architect of a brutal social experiment driven by racial and political hatred, Pol Pot's regime left behind a tragic legacy of misery and mass graves.
00:23:46No one, no one, no one had a clue at how many people had been slaughtered and how many people had died. No one.
00:23:58On the 17th of April, 1975, a guerrilla army known as the Khmer Rouge entered the Cambodian capital, Phnom Penh, victors of a five-year war against a government backed by the Americans.
00:24:10The Khmer Rouge leader was a man most Cambodians had never heard of.
00:24:15When it was announced that Pol Pot, a rubber plantation worker, was the new prime minister, no one had ever heard that name.
00:24:22It wasn't until late 1978, when his picture began to appear in communal dining halls, that his own brothers and sisters realized that it was their brother who was in charge of this government.
00:24:36Pol Pot was born in 1925 on a rice farm north of Phnom Penh in a Cambodia ruled by the French.
00:24:45At the age of six, he was sent to the capital to train as a Buddhist monk, but the boy from the village only felt like an outsider in the bustling modern city.
00:24:53He didn't have a sense of the multicultural nature of the Cambodian cities like Phnom Penh, which were mostly ethnic Chinese and Vietnamese.
00:25:04Or if he did have that sense, he resented it.
00:25:08When he visited Saigon, he said he felt like a dark monkey from the mountains.
00:25:12Cambodia's political culture is steeped in resentment towards its neighbors and its racial neighbors.
00:25:24It's steeped in a deep feeling of being a lesser culture.
00:25:30Pol Pot in many ways was a reflection of all of these things.
00:25:34In 1949, Pol Pot went to Paris as a student. There, his innate racism would find expression in extreme communism.
00:25:44The years that Pol Pot was in Paris was probably the most hard-line Stalinist party in Western Europe, a very rigid doctrinaire party.
00:25:52The terrible things that happened under the Khmer Rouge between 1975 and 1979 did indeed have a lot to do with ideology, but more to do with racism, with chauvinism, with nationalism.
00:26:11Those were the driving forces and the driving ideologies behind what many call genocide.
00:26:19Pol Pot returned to a newly independent Cambodia in 1953 and joined the underground Communist Party.
00:26:27Outlawed by King Sihanouk's government, Pol Pot and his comrades fled to the countryside to wage a vicious guerrilla war.
00:26:35Even then, Pol Pot had his sights on ultimate power.
00:26:39Pol Pot was more likely than not responsible for the execution of his predecessor as leader of the Communist Party in 1962.
00:26:46He was a man who was able to hold on to power while eliminating any and all opposition.
00:26:57Pol Pot's ruthless march to power was boosted in 1970 when the Vietnam War spilled over into Cambodia.
00:27:05Pursuing Communist North Vietnamese troops across the border, the United States bombed huge areas of Cambodia, killing thousands of peasants in the process.
00:27:20This only increased support for Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge.
00:27:25There was this terrible mixture of historical events and terrible Cambodian political realities which ended up with an origin of mass murder of which Pol Pot without any question was the architect.
00:27:40By April 1975, Pol Pot's Khmer Rouge were in the capital, Phnom Penh.
00:27:45When they achieved victory in April 1975, they felt they were in a position to put in place and to carry out an extreme, pure, total revolution of a sort that was more extreme, more total, pure than any other revolution in history.
00:28:00When Pol Pot and his army arrived in Phnom Penh, they immediately evacuated the entire population into the countryside.
00:28:10In what would be known as Year Zero, Pol Pot began to destroy and rip up Cambodian society, reducing it to a state of primitive barbarity.
00:28:19It was very frantic, it was very chaotic, very scary, and they just scream and scream at the bullhorn that said we have to leave.
00:28:29Two million Cambodians living in Phnom Penh were evacuated in 72 hours.
00:28:34It's the take the basket and dump it upside down theory.
00:28:42You broke up every organization that anybody ever had.
00:28:46They were cut from their family, they were cut from their friends, they were cut from their professions, everything.
00:28:53Believing the city people to be contaminated by their past lives, Pol Pot would rewrite their histories.
00:29:00Money was banned, the Buddhist religion outlawed, and the country's name changed to Kampuchea.
00:29:06Then he dispersed the city people to peasant villages throughout Cambodia, where they would grow rice and build dams for the revolution.
00:29:15Here, in this idealized peasant state, he would purify them through hard labor and brutality.
00:29:22They did regard the city population as enemies, but mixed with that was a strong ethnic belief that the peasants were the real Cambodians.
00:29:43We were from day one because of our skin color were targeted.
00:29:50Lighter skin meant that you probably came from a more corrupt class.
00:29:55Darker skins were good because it meant you worked in the field.
00:29:58It meant you worked to grow rice to support the revolution.
00:30:02Little more than nameless, faceless slaves, the city people would literally be worked to death.
00:30:09You worked 12 to 16 to 18 hours working in the field, growing rice, harvesting rice, building dams.
00:30:19There's a lot of people do a lot of harsh work.
00:30:26I mean, people work. They work you until you drop dead.
00:30:31The Kimura slogan at that time was to keep you was no gain and to destroy you is no loss.
00:30:37So we knew that human life was cheap and that if we did not produce, we would be killed.
00:30:44Fear and the threat of arbitrary casual death was everywhere.
00:30:49At one point, I remember just working and then they just walk up and just shoot the person in the head.
00:31:00You know, the guy just walk up and go boom.
00:31:04In fact, most of Pol Pot's victims were killed not by bullets, but beaten to death with blunt instruments.
00:31:11We still didn't know who Pol Pot was.
00:31:14We didn't know what kind of a man he was.
00:31:17We didn't know what he looked like.
00:31:20And I remember just hearing all these accolades and praise about this mighty person,
00:31:26this strong person, this person who loved us, this person who wanted to bring our country back to its glory days.
00:31:35In Pol Pot's peasant utopia, starvation claimed most lives.
00:31:40The huge influx of city people into the rural areas meant there was not enough rice to feed them.
00:31:46Even the peasants themselves began to starve.
00:31:50And indeed, rice was withdrawn and exported by the party centre while these people were dying in massive numbers of starvation.
00:32:07Life wasn't even cheap.
00:32:09To Pol Pot, it had no value at all.
00:32:12Cambodia became a macabre network of killing fields.
00:32:15Even today, the exact number of mass graves into which the victims' bodies were thrown is not known.
00:32:22You know, Pol Pot was a remarkable man.
00:32:27He was generous.
00:32:30He was kind.
00:32:31He was loving.
00:32:33Almost grandfatherly.
00:32:35He had all of the characteristics of a great leader.
00:32:40There are a lot of Cambodians who don't believe that what happened under Pol Pot, in fact, was his doing,
00:32:47because he was too good a man.
00:32:49Pol Pot believed that what he did, he did for the good of his country.
00:32:56Few Westerners ever got to meet Pol Pot whilst he was in power.
00:33:01One who did was American journalist Elizabeth Becker, who interviewed him in 1978.
00:33:07What struck me first was that he was much more handsome and a charming smile.
00:33:14There was some charm to the man.
00:33:16And we were told to sit down, put the cameras away, and we were to sit there and listen to Pol Pot.
00:33:22And when the time was up, the time was up, and he said goodbye.
00:33:25With her was another journalist, Dick Dudman, and British academic Malcolm Caldwell.
00:33:31To Caldwell, he was more indulgent.
00:33:34He told Malcolm Caldwell how wonderful the communist experiment was in Cambodia.
00:33:40Two totally different interviews.
00:33:42One was a lecture and the other was an interview.
00:33:45Later that night, back at their hotel, an unremarkable meeting with Pol Pot was about to turn into an unforgettable nightmare.
00:33:53A few hours later, I woke up because I could smell cordite, you know, the smell of a gun being fired.
00:34:02And then I heard shots on the second floor.
00:34:06Lots of shots. I didn't count them, but lots and lots of shots.
00:34:10And so I went upstairs, and Malcolm's body was on the floor, and, you know, white with death.
00:34:20The gunman walked in and murdered Malcolm. Why Malcolm?
00:34:23The friend, the one friend of the regime, and not us.
00:34:29Some documents suggest that it would have been me.
00:34:32Another one suggested that it was Caldwell.
00:34:36Why? It doesn't make any sense, but nothing makes sense there.
00:34:41Needless to say, after all that, I couldn't imagine how Cambodians lived through almost four years of that.
00:34:48I mean, what I went through in two weeks, they lived through four years and saw their whole lives, their whole country, everything destroyed.
00:35:10Within two years of Pol Pot coming to power, hundreds of thousands of Cambodians lay rotting in mass graves.
00:35:17Starvation, overwork, and summary execution had all taken its toll on the city people and the peasants.
00:35:26To prove yourself worthy to be kept alive, you have to be productive in the field.
00:35:31You have to be a productive person.
00:35:36They were monsters, but we didn't see them. I didn't see them as human beings.
00:35:42He never accepted that he was responsible for any of the suffering.
00:35:46He never accepted that any of the people who died were executed for anything but the right reason.
00:35:52And for him to admit the slightest remorse or the slightest responsibility would be intolerable.
00:36:01Compelled by the racism that was so much a part of his agenda, Pol Pot turned his attention to Cambodia's ethnic minorities.
00:36:08The Chinese were probably the largest ethnic minority in Cambodia and half of those perished in the Pol Pot period.
00:36:21The ethnic charms, the ethnic Muslims were the ones who were particularly targeted and just slaughtered.
00:36:34Pol Pot's most extreme persecution was reserved for the Vietnamese who lived in Cambodia.
00:36:39There were reports in the Khmer Rouge period of Cambodian men married to Vietnamese being instructed to kill their Vietnamese wives.
00:36:50Husbands who had been married to Vietnamese were also killed.
00:36:54People who could speak Vietnamese were also killed.
00:36:57People who looked Vietnamese were also killed.
00:36:59There are no confirmed reports of any ethnic Vietnamese surviving the entire Pol Pot period.
00:37:10Yet while Pol Pot's control over Cambodia grew, so did his paranoia.
00:37:16Midway through his reign of terror he began to see enemies everywhere, even amongst his own supporters.
00:37:21There was a huge bloodletting in 1977, purged teams travelling around to other zones, purging the leaderships, killing them, killing their family members, reaching down into the peasantry for their relatives who were suspect and killing them as well.
00:37:42When he took over in 1975, there were 22 members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party.
00:37:48By the end of his reign and power, three years, eight months and 20 days later, 18 of those 22 members of the Central Committee had been executed.
00:38:03Most of the executions took place at an old school called Tool Sling.
00:38:08Known as S-21, it was established by Pol Pot to torture and kill his political enemies.
00:38:18It's a terrible institution that I think epitomizes some of the cruelties and logic of the Pol Pot regime.
00:38:26These people had defied the revolutions, therefore they were off to one side, they were not human beings.
00:38:32People who aren't human should be, or can be, must be gotten rid of.
00:38:35In less than four years, Pol Pot sent between 14 and 20,000 people to S-21.
00:38:46Men, women and children were tagged, photographed, and almost all were tortured into confessing.
00:38:53The whole ideology of the place was that because they were arrested, they were guilty.
00:39:01They must be because the party was never wrong.
00:39:03It never makes mistakes.
00:39:05The word for prisoner in Cambodia means guilty person rather than someone who's being held.
00:39:09And even if some of the people you kill turn out not to have been guilty of the crimes you've charged with, so what?
00:39:15You might find that out later, but at the time it's probably better to get rid of them than to keep them around in case they are guilty.
00:39:25Pol Pot said that he had never heard of tool slaying S-21, the torture chamber of which almost 20,000 people he ordered went through to their deaths after extensive torture.
00:39:39Although the Khmer Rouge tried to destroy the evidence, every torture process and every confession of every prisoner was recorded in detail.
00:39:48The documentation was very important to these people, but I think they were intended partly to convince Pol Pot and his colleagues who saw the documents themselves, or copies of them, that they were on the right track.
00:39:59They knew there'd be no punishment for killing all these people, there'd be punishment for people who were tortured to death, and this did happen in many cases.
00:40:08The interrogators themselves are often pulled in and interrogated because they were betraying the revolution by going too far, by torturing people to death before the confession was complete, before the party had been proved right.
00:40:20Of the thousands who entered S-21, just seven survived, and only one was ever released.
00:40:26The rest were either tortured to death or killed and then buried at S-21's customized killing field, Cheung Ek.
00:40:33This was a systematic, systematic regime doing some systematic cruel things to its own people for reasons that were demented but made sense to them.
00:40:56Appearing to be at the height of his power, Pol Pot's government was in fact imploding.
00:41:08His psychotic and lifelong hatred for the Vietnamese would be his undoing.
00:41:13Pol Pot really believed that Cambodia would disappear off the map unless he was able to dispense with the Vietnamese threat.
00:41:25They thought it required a genocidal way of thinking against Vietnamese generally.
00:41:31Also there's this much more primordial racist feeling that Vietnamese by nature could not exist and co-exist with Cambodians.
00:41:43That there had to be an Armageddon. Every Cambodian should kill 30 Vietnamese.
00:41:49They could lose 2 million Cambodians. The Vietnamese would lose 60 million in this Armageddon and we would still have 6 million left.
00:41:59In response to continuous raids into Vietnamese territory, on the 21st of December 1977, 150,000 Vietnamese troops stormed across the Cambodian border.
00:42:11By January the 6th, 1978, they were on the outskirts of Phnom Penh.
00:42:17With Cambodia, you have a span of 4 years of daily persecutions, humiliations, starvation, pain.
00:42:25So your soul as a human being gets desecrated more and more and more.
00:42:31So by the end of the 4 years, your hate, your anger, your hunger makes you a little less of a human being.
00:42:38Pol Pot and thousands of his Khmer Rouge henchmen fled Phnom Penh to northern Cambodia and Thailand.
00:42:44From here, Pol Pot continued a guerilla war against the new Vietnamese government.
00:42:49It would be another 20 years before he was seen again, but this time he was on trial.
00:42:54The Khmer Rouge were people who no longer had faith in Pol Pot's leadership.
00:43:00They had arrested him, but they had arrested him not for crimes of genocide or crimes against humanity.
00:43:06They had arrested him for essentially being a political enemy.
00:43:09Four months later, Nate Thayer was invited to interview Pol Pot, who was now under house arrest and close to death.
00:43:16When I first spoke with Pol Pot, he came up to me and he put his arm on my shoulder
00:43:22and he said, in this raspy voice, he said,
00:43:28Yom Squalchimo Yuhai, which means, I've known your name for a long, long time.
00:43:35And that was the first thing he said to me.
00:43:37And he gave me this gentle, shy smile and kind of looked at me and looked, gazed down
00:43:44and then took me by the arm and walked me to a little bamboo hut,
00:43:53where he begged me to understand why it was necessary for him to execute little babies.
00:44:06For hours, in a very rational way.
00:44:13And of course, we started off knowing that it might be very short,
00:44:18asking him the fundamental questions of,
00:44:21you are accused of causing the deaths of hundreds of thousands,
00:44:27if not millions of innocent Cambodians, and are you regretful, are you sorry,
00:44:36and will you apologize, which was a direct question repeatedly.
00:44:41And he refused to answer the question.
00:44:44And I did get angry and he threatened to end the interview three times within half an hour,
00:44:52because that was not an acceptable answer to me as a journalist or as a human being.
00:45:01Cambodians deserve better, and they deserved, and the world deserves better,
00:45:07than two journalists interviewing a genocidal maniac in the jungle in a bamboo hut.
00:45:14Two weeks later, in April 1998, Pol Pot died of natural causes.
00:45:20The madness unleashed on Cambodia by Pol Pot and his colleagues will never be forgotten,
00:45:31but so far it has gone unpunished.
00:45:50When Caligula became emperor, there were celebrations in Rome.
00:46:05It was seen as a new golden age, after the dark years of Emperor Tiberius.
00:46:11But Caligula would lead a life of debauchery and brutally murder for fun.
00:46:22He reveled in killing his victims slowly and painfully over days.
00:46:28Caligula forced families to attend their children's executions.
00:46:34His sadism horrified an empire.
00:46:39His whole aim in life as emperor was to explore the extreme limits of what he could do.
00:46:46He seems to have found the exercise of power very intoxicating
00:46:50and the desire to oppress other people very tempting.
00:46:54Caligula was born in 12 AD, the third son of a celebrated commander
00:47:00from the most powerful family in the Roman Empire.
00:47:03His real name, Gaius Julius Caesar, emphasized his imperial lineage.
00:47:09Caligula's father, Germanicus, was a war hero, posted on the empire's northern frontier.
00:47:15Agrippina, Caligula's mother, was the granddaughter of Emperor Augustus.
00:47:26She was outspoken, proud and ambitious.
00:47:30To curry favor with the army, Agrippina dressed her son in miniature military uniform.
00:47:36It was the troops who nicknamed him Caligula, meaning Little Boots.
00:47:42The child grew up amid jealousy and infighting in a family torn apart by rivalry.
00:47:48Germanicus's fame was a threat to his stepfather, the ruling emperor Tiberius.
00:47:55Agrippina and Germanicus are really a very dramatic, charismatic pair whom Tiberius finds very difficult to handle
00:48:05because he is by nature a rather introverted, self-conscious, inhibited kind of person.
00:48:14In May 17 AD, Germanicus was recalled from Germany.
00:48:18It was a glorious return to Rome.
00:48:21Surrounded by prisoners and war booty, Germanicus led a triumphant procession.
00:48:27Riding in his chariot, the boy Caligula lapped up the adulation.
00:48:32But the family had little time to enjoy their glory.
00:48:36Two years later, Germanicus was dead.
00:48:39His painful death had all the symptoms of poisoning.
00:48:43Rumors circulated that Emperor Tiberius was responsible.
00:48:48Egged on by massive public grief, Agrippina blamed Tiberius for her husband's murder.
00:48:54Agrippina was extraordinarily hot-headed.
00:49:00And even on his deathbed, Germanicus is said to have warned her
00:49:04against letting go in front of people who would take it amiss and use it against her.
00:49:10Agrippina's hostility sealed her fate.
00:49:13The young Caligula watched as Tiberius turned on his family.
00:49:17One by one, his mother and two older brothers were arrested.
00:49:23They were condemned as enemies of the state and forced to commit suicide.
00:49:30Agrippina starved herself to death.
00:49:34But Caligula was spared.
00:49:37After his mother's arrest, he lived with his grandmother and great-grandmother, powerful Roman matrons.
00:49:44And at the age of 19, he was summoned unexpectedly to Capri to join Emperor Tiberius.
00:49:54Tiberius invited Caligula when the moment of truth struck him about the succession.
00:49:59That all of the children of Germanicus were being picked off one by one.
00:50:04That if he did this, he would be betraying all the plans of Augustus for the succession.
00:50:09Now in his 70s, Tiberius was hated in Rome and in the Senate.
00:50:14His reign had been overshadowed by a series of treason trials.
00:50:18A method of eliminating rivals who spoke against the emperor.
00:50:22Leaving Rome behind, Tiberius had retired to Capri, far from public scrutiny.
00:50:29The island had grown notorious for debauchery and cruelty.
00:50:35For six years, Caligula lived here, forced to pay his respects to the man he held responsible for his family's deaths.
00:50:42He played the perfect guest.
00:50:48This was a young man who'd seen his brothers go and who'd learnt of all the dangers of talking out of turn.
00:50:55He had to contain his feelings and learn to present a polite and subservient front on any occasion.
00:51:05The strain of keeping up the pretense all the time must have been absolutely appalling.
00:51:10But I don't think it's any sign of irrationality or paranoia on his part.
00:51:17I think he was simply responding rationally to an appalling situation.
00:51:22His whole family was a dysfunctional family.
00:51:25Caligula suppressed his thirst for vengeance.
00:51:29But according to his biographer Suetonius, he found plenty to vent his frustration on.
00:51:35Yet even at that time, he was not able to control his savage and reprehensible nature.
00:51:41Indeed, he showed the keenest interest in witnessing the sufferings and torments of those condemned to be tortured.
00:51:47Caligula made the most of his time on Capri, creating key alliances.
00:51:53He married Junior Claudile, daughter of a distinguished senator.
00:52:00But his most important ally was Macro, head of the Praetorian Guard and a veteran of violence.
00:52:07As Tiberius's right-hand man, Macro had organized the notorious trials and executions of the Emperor's reign.
00:52:15The partnership was so strong that Macro allowed Caligula to sleep with his wife.
00:52:24Tiberius watched the alliance in horror, fearful for the future of his own grandson, Gemellus.
00:52:30But his hands were tied.
00:52:33As the son of Germanicus, Caligula already had the people's support.
00:52:38With Macro behind him, he had the army too.
00:52:43Reluctantly, Tiberius named his joint successors.
00:52:46Caligula and Gemellus were to rule together.
00:52:50It would never happen.
00:52:53Tiberius died in March 37.
00:52:56Guided by Macro, the Senate threw out his will on the grounds of insanity.
00:53:01They handed sole control of the Empire to Caligula.
00:53:06The new Emperor was just 24 years old.
00:53:10Insecure and highly strung, he was tall and spindly, with sunken eyes and thinning hair.
00:53:16Later in his reign, he was to order men with thicker hair to shave their heads.
00:53:22For now, Rome was elated.
00:53:25The crowds that greeted him were quite extraordinary.
00:53:29And he was greeted in the same way by the Senate.
00:53:31Everything went absolutely smoothly.
00:53:33They were falling over themselves to welcome him.
00:53:37Since the days of Augustus, the Roman Emperor was first among equals.
00:53:42In their enthusiasm, the Senate handed Caligula absolute power.
00:53:47Caligula found himself as a leader of the Roman world.
00:53:52And as a man with power of life over death, over all of his subjects.
00:53:56And perhaps what makes him different from his predecessors, Augustus and Tiberius,
00:54:01is that here we have the naked display of an autocrat.
00:54:06Caligula and Macro capitalized on the mood of celebration.
00:54:10The Praetorian Guard were handed a cash bonus.
00:54:13The Roman people were treated to theater and games.
00:54:19The Senate were reassured that Tiberius' hated treason trials would stop.
00:54:24And to their relief, Caligula publicly destroyed papers listing his family's accusers.
00:54:31He promised there would be no prosecutions.
00:54:34No one knew there were copies.
00:54:37The first six months of Caligula's reign were a period of euphoria.
00:54:43They came at a price.
00:54:46In just twelve months, Caligula ran through 2.7 billion sesterces.
00:54:52Enough to pay the army for eight years.
00:54:57But the golden days of fun had taken a greater toll on his health.
00:55:02Before the summer was over, he suffered a physical and mental breakdown.
00:55:09Caligula's condition sent shockwaves through Rome.
00:55:13Desperate for his recovery, one high-ranking Roman offered to fight gladiators if the emperor survived.
00:55:19Caligula did, but he was a changed man.
00:55:25For the rest of his life, Caligula suffered headaches and sleepless nights, pacing his palace till daylight.
00:55:32But it was Rome that suffered most.
00:55:35Caligula demanded a terrifying show of loyalty.
00:55:38The man who had promised he would fight as a gladiator, he obliged to fulfill his vow,
00:55:44looking on as he struggled in combat and not letting him off until he had won his fight and pleaded repeatedly for delivery.
00:55:55When he was at death's door, he would have come to realize that he was not indispensable.
00:56:00And when he began to recover, he would have realized that people were taking measures that would cover the situation in case he didn't get better.
00:56:13In other words, he saw people preparing for the after Caligula situation, and this was intolerable to him.
00:56:22Caligula lashed out at close relatives and friends as he regained his strength.
00:56:29Gemellus, Tiberius' grandson, was accused of hoping for the emperor's death.
00:56:35The 18-year-old was shown how to kill himself.
00:56:38Caligula turned on his father-in-law, Salenus.
00:56:42The old man was accused of treason.
00:56:45Even Macro fell foul of the emperor's anger and mistrust.
00:56:49Caligula had grown resentful of his mentor's advice.
00:56:53He charged Macro with prostituting his wife.
00:56:56Both committed suicide.
00:56:59Enya had been Caligula's mistress.
00:57:02Now Macro had gone, no one would hold Caligula back.
00:57:07At the age of 24, Caligula had been handed the reins of power.
00:57:14He had removed immediate threats to his position and thrown himself into an orgy of pleasure.
00:57:20He spent vast amounts on sports and games.
00:57:23Caligula came to believe that he could use his power to indulge his own pleasures and his own whims and that he could do anything to anybody.
00:57:32He didn't realize that if you want to stay in power, you actually have to control your emotions and your desires.
00:57:41Caligula built his own racing track and poisoned his rival's horses.
00:57:47He joked he would appoint his favorite horse to the senate, since it was as clever as any senator.
00:57:55This was an intelligent man and a witty one, very well able to deal with words.
00:58:02The stories about him are sometimes quite amusing if they didn't have victims.
00:58:09Caligula also had a passion for gladiators.
00:58:14He ordered more bloodthirsty spectacles.
00:58:17And to the horror of the senate, he even joined in.
00:58:20Killing a gladiator in a mock fight.
00:58:23Once, when he and a murmillo from the gladiatorial school had been having a fight with wooden swords and the latter deliberately fell to the ground, he ran the man through with a real dagger.
00:58:36One year into his reign, Caligula was showing a mania for self-indulgence.
00:58:43Guests to his dinner parties were presented with food made of gold, while the emperor drank pearls dissolved in vinegar.
00:58:52His sexual appetite has gained lasting notoriety.
00:58:56Caligula demanded sex from prisoners, senators and members of his family.
00:59:04He habitually indulged in incestuous relations with all his sisters.
00:59:09And at a crowded banquet, he would make them take turns in lying beneath him, while his wife lay above.
00:59:15When Drusilla, his favorite sister, died in 38 AD, Caligula declared her a goddess.
00:59:21He placed her statue in the temple of Venus, goddess of love.
00:59:26Caligula was obsessed by women he could not have.
00:59:30We don't know whether it was really particularly highly sexed.
00:59:35But what we do know is that he liked summoning women away from their husbands, debauching them and then returning them.
00:59:42This is clearly a power thing.
00:59:45After his first wife died in childbirth, Caligula snatched his second wife at her wedding to another man.
00:59:52He divorced her within weeks.
00:59:54His third wife was married too.
00:59:57The emperor forced her husband to give her away.
01:00:00But in his fourth wife, Caesonia, Caligula found his soulmate.
01:00:05She was promiscuous and extravagant.
01:00:08Caligula was delighted, parading her naked in front of his friends.
01:00:13But even she was not safe.
01:00:17When Caligula kissed her neck, he told her he could cut it whenever he wanted.
01:00:22She bore him his only child, Drusilla, named after his sister.
01:00:31Less than two years after his ecstatic reception, the emperor's behavior was causing alarm in the Senate.
01:00:38By early AD 39, there were stirrings of resistance.
01:00:43Caligula's response was to unleash terror.
01:00:47Marching into the Senate, he branded them hypocrites, who'd turned against Tiberius and would turn against him.
01:00:54Now he revealed he'd kept copies of lists of his family's enemies, despite his promise.
01:01:02There was panic as he accused everyone of involvement in his family's deaths.
01:01:07Caligula's attitude towards the Senate was one of complete contempt.
01:01:11Now the gloves are completely off.
01:01:14The facade of a Roman emperor who takes advice and listens to his Senate is well and truly over.
01:01:21Terrified, the Senate agreed to a resumption of the treason trials.
01:01:26It's a stage in his deterioration, a very, very marked stage, and I think a fatal one,
01:01:32because you couldn't do without the Senate.
01:01:35He might kill X number of senators, and his successor killed a number of senators too.
01:01:40But you can't do without the Senate as a whole, and he alienated them.
01:01:45Caligula's purge was indiscriminate.
01:01:49Throughout his reign, the emperor took a keen interest in inflicting death.
01:01:54He issued precise instructions.
01:01:57Prisoners should be killed slowly by a series of small cuts.
01:02:01Executioners were told victims must feel their deaths.
01:02:06Caligula's evil shows in his desire to make people suffer.
01:02:10We're told that he was torturing a man for so long that his brains began to putrefy and to smell.
01:02:19Another victim claimed he was innocent.
01:02:21The execution was stopped.
01:02:23Caligula ordered soldiers to cut out his tongue.
01:02:26Then they killed him.
01:02:28The emperor was often present, even dining during the ordeal.
01:02:33He also insisted the victims' families join him.
01:02:38One father pleaded that he was too ill to attend.
01:02:42Caligula sent a litter to his house to collect him.
01:02:46As Caligula indulged his sadism to the hilt, members of the Senate even found themselves ordered into the gladiator's ring.
01:02:53The arena was a perfect place for Caligula to humiliate his Senate,
01:02:59because all of the citizen body would be there, watching and being watched.
01:03:04Caligula was very much a sadist.
01:03:06He enjoyed, at the lightest, teasing people, and at the worst, actually torturing them.
01:03:12And this is a society which itself is extremely stistic.
01:03:17A society which loved gladiatorial shows, wild beast hunts, the massacre of prisoners.
01:03:24And yet they were shocked by this man's behaviour.
01:03:28Partly, I suppose, because he was exercising his sadism on his fellow citizens.
01:03:33But it was itself, the ingenuity of it, was shocking to them.
01:03:39As Caligula's abuse of the Senate continued, shock turned to public unrest.
01:03:44Furious, he ordered the awnings of the theatre drawn back to punish the angry crowd.
01:03:50They roasted in the midday sun.
01:03:53As opposition escalated, so did the violence.
01:03:58Even close relatives came under attack.
01:04:02Claiming to have uncovered a conspiracy, Caligula exiled his surviving sisters,
01:04:07and had his brother-in-law put to death.
01:04:12In the first three years, Caligula's impact was confined to Rome.
01:04:18By late 39 AD, he had raised his sights.
01:04:23Caligula needed military success.
01:04:27He'd been brought up in the camp, but he'd never seen an army.
01:04:31And one of the most important functions of a Roman emperor was to be a general.
01:04:36That's what the word emperor ultimately means.
01:04:39And he had to live up to that.
01:04:41Unlike his father, Germanicus, Caligula was no soldier.
01:04:46But he believed he could exceed Germanicus's reputation and extend the empire into Britain.
01:04:52Caligula marched in comfort, accompanied by his troops and gladiators,
01:04:58crossing the German border early in 40 AD.
01:05:01After minor skirmishes, he fled in panic from an enemy attack.
01:05:06Now he switched his attention to Britain.
01:05:14What happened next defies military logic.
01:05:17On reaching the English Channel, Caligula set out to sea.
01:05:21But, as his biographer Dio reports, he promptly returned to shore.
01:05:27He took his seat on a lofty platform and gave the soldiers the signal as if for battle,
01:05:32bidding the trumpeters urge them on.
01:05:35Then, all of a sudden, he ordered them to gather up the shells.
01:05:40Caligula's elite forces picked up shells in their helmets.
01:05:44They were sent back to Rome for display as the spoils of victory over the ocean.
01:05:49His behavior remains a mystery.
01:05:52Certainly, his dreams of conquest had come to nothing.
01:05:56On returning to Rome, he tested the Senate's loyalty to the utmost, demanding they treat him as a god.
01:06:06Earlier emperors had been worshipped after death.
01:06:09Caligula was not prepared to wait.
01:06:12Playing with the idea of being a god does seem to show a childlike idea of having everything now
01:06:19and everything before he's ever earned it.
01:06:23He ordered a temple to be built to himself in the heart of Rome.
01:06:27Wealthy nobles, including his uncle Claudius, were forced to pay vast sums to join.
01:06:33By now, Caligula's irrational demands were threatening the stability of his empire.
01:06:39When he ordered his own statue to be placed in the temple of Jerusalem, there was outrage in the Jewish population.
01:06:48It was the ultimate insult to the Jewish god.
01:06:51Fearing major riots, the local governor stalled, risking his own life.
01:06:56But before the statue was finished, the emperor was dead.
01:07:00Caligula had received dramatic proof that he was not divine.
01:07:05As he returned from the theater, on the 24th of January, 41 AD, Caligula was stabbed to death.
01:07:13The assassins included members of his family and the Praetorian guard assigned to protect him.
01:07:18Caligula was killed because there was no other way to get rid of him.
01:07:23And no apparent end to the evils he was prepared to perpetrate.
01:07:27There was an ancient theory that if a man was evil enough, his soul was so corrupt, the only way you could cure him was to kill him.
01:07:36The corpse was left with more than 30 wounds.
01:07:42His wife, Kysonia, was hunted down and stabbed.
01:07:46Drusilla, their two-year-old daughter, was beaten to death against a wall.
01:07:50The Roman world thought that it was relieved of a monster.
01:07:55The horror of what he'd done between the year he came to power and the moment of his assassination was astounding.
01:08:05Convinced he too was on the hit list, Caligula's uncle Claudius was found shaking behind a curtain.
01:08:13To his amazement, he was marched to the Praetorian camp and acclaimed as emperor.
01:08:19Once again there was rejoicing in the Senate, and Caligula's statues were torn down.
01:08:26Everything was done to obliterate his memory, and his successor Claudius actually referred to him as being out of his mind.
01:08:34I don't think that Caligula was out of his mind at all.
01:08:38This was a young man who was absolutely determined to use every freedom he had.
01:08:44Caligula had reigned for just three years and eleven months.
01:08:49and eleven months.
01:08:51and eleven months.
01:08:56this was sleeping fast.
01:08:57The
01:09:18The