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LearningTranscript
00:00I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play a
00:30little bit of it and then I'm going to play a little bit of it and then I'm going to play
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08:51Once the animals were built, the next step was to find somewhere for them to live.
09:16When we're digging the bones of the dinosaurs, we're also very interested in learning about
09:19their habitat and their environment when they were alive. So we actually try to collect other
09:23things as we're working on the bones. One of those things we find are these fossil leaves.
09:28And as you can see here, this one is still somewhat buried in the rock, but when we get back
09:33to the lab, we'll be able to uncover it and be able to get a good identification of it.
09:37Some of the leaves or fossil plants we find are actually identifiable right away.
09:43This sequoia cone, for instance, you can tell exactly what it is as we collected it.
09:48Now, in addition to sequoia, which are actually redwood trees, we find aracharia, monkey puzzle trees
09:53here with these dinosaur bones. This tells us that the climate here was very, very different
09:58than what it was like today. It was much warmer. It didn't actually freeze at night as it does in the winter.
10:03We get down to 50 below, but it didn't do that 65 million years ago. It was quite a warm climate.
10:10So that's what was needed. Places where dinosaurs would feel at home.
10:14These days, they are pretty hard to find.
10:17It has been a complete nightmare trying to find locations.
10:20And if I had to put my finger on one reason, it's grass.
10:24Grass never appeared in dinosaur times, and yet grass is all over this world.
10:28And even when we find wonderful trees, there's always grass in there amongst them.
10:32And you want a bit of clear area to stick your dinosaur and you'll find grass.
10:37There are, though, still places where the right habitats exist.
10:41In the course of making the series, the film crew travelled far and wide
10:45to locations that reflect what the world was like back in the time of dinosaurs.
10:52The Triassic of 220 million years ago was discovered in the eerie setting of New Caledonia.
10:58The land of Jurassic giants was found in the redwood forests of the late 19th century.
11:03The land of Jurassic giants was found in the redwood forests of California.
11:09And the lava fields of Chile were a match for the Cretaceous of 65 million years ago.
11:25At the moment, we're filming a mother Tyrannosaurus feeding her young.
11:29And she lived just at the end of the time of dinosaurs.
11:32The Tyrannosaurus was only around for the last two million years.
11:35And to film it, we've come to this place, which is in Chile.
11:38And there's an ideal forest here, because what we have is a low, scrubby Nothophagus,
11:43which is a southern beach, came along just at the end of the time of dinosaurs.
11:47And behind it, this wonderful Araucaria forest, or monkey puzzle.
11:51Now, monkey puzzles have been around since before the time of the dinosaurs.
11:54So the combination is ideal.
11:56But what makes it really special is it's on an old ash field because of a nearby volcano.
12:01And there's no grass here because of that.
12:03So it all fits together to be the right sort of background for Tyrannosaurus.
12:07Can you reach over enough?
12:09Yeah.
12:12That's good. Now the eyes.
12:16The eyes, Jamie.
12:18Accompanying the film trips was an assortment of animatronics.
12:21This is a baby Tyrannosaurus puppet with, remote control, nostrils.
12:28So slightly squeeze, that's all. And then do the nostrils quite a lot.
12:32OK. In you come, Andy.
12:34And you're a bit reluctant. Come closer to it.
12:37Sniff.
12:41Now back off a bit.
12:43Now come in again.
12:45They were used for all the close-up shots.
12:47And back off now, Andy. In you come.
12:49Go in, Jess.
12:50The larger head represents the mother.
12:52Down, down, back a bit towards you. Down, down, down. Push.
12:55And out again.
12:58All right, let's just try that one more time.
13:00It's all happening a bit delicately. Cut a minute.
13:02You've got to be more positive.
13:04Keep that lower jaw absolutely still, Jess.
13:07And then try and be more positive.
13:09Come in with a firm movement and shove.
13:12Turn over.
13:13It's all right.
13:14It's good.
13:15Yeah.
13:17You turning?
13:18Running.
13:19In you come, Andy.
13:22Now you have a look.
13:23And you sniff the air a bit.
13:25And then you look up.
13:28And you back off.
13:31Good.
13:35That's nice.
13:36And pull it out.
13:59The animatronics were, in a sense, only bit parts.
14:02They were not complete animals.
14:04Those had yet to come to life.
14:06That would be next.
14:12Will you please stand still?
14:23Well, we've got a huge task ahead of us.
14:25These are creatures that haven't walked for over 60 million years.
14:28We have to find a way to bring them back to life
14:31and have everybody believe that they are walking with the dinosaurs.
14:38The fruits of the sculptor's labour were about to take on a new life,
14:42inside the computer.
14:44They first had to be scanned by a laser,
14:46which probed every nook and cranny
14:48to transfer the physical models to virtual ones.
14:56MUSIC
15:19They would have to be taught how to walk, run and swim.
15:23And some of them would even have to fly.
15:27In fact, a giant pterosaur was one of the more unbelievable animals.
15:30How should it fly?
15:32How, for that matter, would a reptile with a 12-metre wingspan
15:36even get off the ground?
15:39This was just one of many questions
15:41paleontologists were asked to answer.
15:44How on earth could an animal this size fly?
15:47It looks so massive.
15:49But in fact, it's a bit of an optical illusion.
15:51This massive head here weighed very little indeed.
15:54In fact, the whole animal probably only weighed a few tens of pounds.
15:57But one of the keys to their success as flyers
16:00is in the way the bones were engineered.
16:02The skeleton is exceedingly lightly constructed
16:06and all of the bones are hollow,
16:09probably filled with air sacs,
16:11and engineered in such a way
16:13that they would resist twisting and buffeting around by the wind.
16:18So, in fact, the whole of the skeleton of this was exceedingly light
16:22but at the same time exceedingly strong.
16:24This meant that they were incredible flyers.
16:27The first thing that happened was that the paleontologists arrived en masse
16:31and told us what they knew about dinosaur movement,
16:34about the length of the bones,
16:36about the limits of motion of the skeletal structure.
16:38That's not the case.
16:40If you put the scapula onto the forelimb
16:42and articulate that whole thing,
16:44the lengths are almost equal and it opens the door.
16:47They can tell us,
16:49this dinosaur did not move its neck higher than 20 degrees.
16:58They can tell us, this animal did not run
17:01because if it did, it would fall over and break all of its limbs.
17:10But when it finally comes down to it, it's up to the animators
17:13because there's an awful lot they can't tell us.
17:16You can't learn that by looking at bones.
17:18You've got to animate them.
17:20I think you guys just solved the problem.
17:23And so all this expertise was slowly put into practice
17:27as the characters were animated limb by limb.
17:32The pterosaur was shortly flying again, tentatively at first,
17:36but it would soon get the hang of it.
17:38Others turned out to be more difficult.
17:41Animating the Tyrannosaurus is quite tricky
17:44because he's basically a five-tonne sort of bird, really.
17:48I'm trying to get the weight into his feet,
17:51so I've got to do lots of squash and stretch around his feet and ankles
17:55to try and make him look heavy.
17:57Well, this is tricky because we've got flippers
17:59and there's nothing in the world today that swims this way,
18:02so we have to devise a system for it.
18:04One of the problems with the Steg and with most of the other dinosaurs
18:07is the fact that their back legs are a lot longer than their front legs,
18:10and because we can't have these little front legs shuffling along like that,
18:13we have to sort of come up with a solution for that,
18:15and that's what I'm working on at the moment.
18:17Diplodocus is going to be really hard to animate
18:19because it's such a big creature.
18:21As you can see, the tail is absolutely massive,
18:24and the neck is as well,
18:26and it's going to be hard to get both things working together.
18:31Of course, none of these creatures are alive today,
18:34and there are no creatures that are alive today
18:37that move in the same way that the dinosaurs did.
18:41We simply don't have that skeletal structure around anymore.
18:45The first thing we're going to do
18:47is to look at real animals in the wild today.
18:51How does their way of life affect the way they move?
18:55How does the shape of their body affect their movement?
18:58And then we'll look at the dinosaurs and look at their environment
19:02and try and make the same guesses.
19:07It's a sort of primitive form of motion capture, really.
19:10For the movement of Diplodocus,
19:12Mike Milne and his team of animators took a close look at elephants.
19:16Good girl.
19:18With them was paleontologist and sauropod expert Kent Stevens.
19:22That's quite a fast walk.
19:24Wow.
19:27But I'm really surprised about how little lateral movement there is.
19:30I had expected a far wider side-to-side sway.
19:33I think the gait might be very similar.
19:35I don't have a problem with that.
19:37I have a problem with the fluidity of the movement.
19:40Because it's a smaller creature?
19:42No, because this is a far more intelligent creature.
19:45When you take a sauropod, it may be five or more times heavier,
19:51but the brain is about the size of my fist.
19:54I just don't see the neural processes there
19:57operating to do that beautiful dance that we're seeing with that guy there.
20:01So we can take the movement of the limbs,
20:04but not necessarily the speed of them and the fluidity with which they move.
20:08Yeah. I think one of the things that's really important
20:11is to see how the weight gets pulled back.
20:13I notice that as soon as she stops, she locks her knees back in.
20:16Yeah.
20:18And the legs are very columnar.
20:20And that weight distribution stuff, I could imagine.
20:25Armed with this sort of knowledge,
20:27the animators soon got the Diplodocus moving.
20:30One of the key things you can see in the finished animation
20:33is that there are always at least three feet on the ground
20:36to distribute the giant's weight.
20:38But others were more stubborn.
20:42Getting the pterosaurs to fly had been relatively straightforward.
20:46Making them walk was a puzzle.
20:49This, surprisingly, is a pterosaur.
20:52It's very unusual because it's on the ground.
20:55Its wings have got to bend all the way round so that it can walk.
20:58It's very odd. It doesn't match anything in nature today.
21:02What we've had to parallel it as is something like an old man on crutches.
21:08No. No. Sorry. OK.
21:10It does not look real.
21:16I don't think it works.
21:18It just feels too phantom.
21:20It doesn't feel like anything that would actually exist and walk like this.
21:24It's not in balance.
21:26Put a bit of twist in the body. Make it look like you're really struggling.
21:30Yeah, you've got it. OK.
21:36Yeah, that's it. Excellent. That's good.
21:38That's it. You've got it.
21:43That's good.
21:45Yeah, that works better.
21:47Well, he's finished. We're happy with him.
21:50We tried the parallel walk, we tried the hop, all different types of moves,
21:55but we decided that this alternate back leg, forward leg,
21:59other back leg, other forward leg worked really well.
22:02What I did in the end, because his front legs are shorter,
22:05I gave him loads of reach with his shoulders and his spine,
22:08so he kind of swaggers forward like that,
22:11which gives him extra reach he needs to compensate for his short front legs.
22:16Here's what we've come up with for Liploradan.
22:18It's kind of flying through the water with alternating flippers.
22:21It's a very efficient movement, which saves it energy because it's such a big animal.
22:26As the back ones go down, the front ones are pushed up by the movement,
22:30and then vice versa.
22:33One by one, the statues were coming to life.
22:46In the process, even the paleontologists were learning a thing or two.
22:51When working with the animators and the designers,
22:54I was able to see my skeletal reconstructions
22:57changed into something more like a dynamic animal moving.
23:00By doing that, I had to think very seriously
23:03about how I was going to be able to do this.
23:06I had to think about how I was going to be able to do this.
23:09I had to think about how I was going to be able to do this.
23:13By doing that, I had to think very seriously about the dynamics of the joints,
23:17the way the bones moved relative to one another.
23:20That's the critical difference that these animation programs provide for us,
23:24and that brings the animals more to life than I had appreciated, first of all.
23:34The filmmakers in making computer models and physical models
23:39have been actually teaching the paleontologists some things.
23:42They've been showing us what works and what doesn't work,
23:44and I've been delighted to see that the information is actually flowing in both directions.
24:01When I say action, the sauropod comes in.
24:04Keep walking.
24:10Up to now, the dinosaurs had not existed, at least not outside the computer.
24:16Therefore, it had required a little imagination to film them.
24:22With the dinosaurs in absentia, everything had to be done for them.
24:27All the footprints, dust, clouds and splashes,
24:31every bit of contact that a dinosaur would make with the world around it,
24:35had to be simulated.
24:39Soon, the dinosaurs would get to walk in the footsteps that had been made for them.
24:43In fact, that's what happened next.
24:53What we're doing here is we have a background plate that we shot in Chile of the forest,
24:58with some wonderful shafts of light breaking through the trees,
25:01and into this we're going to add Tyrannosaurus that we've generated in a computer,
25:06and this is him walking on a black background.
25:09I'm now going to overlay him onto the Chile background,
25:15and this is him as an initial walk, not yet interacting very much with the background,
25:20he's not breaking the light and he has no shadows on the floor.
25:23That'll be part two of the process.
25:26It's not quite as easy as slapping the two together now,
25:29there's lots of jiggery-pokery we have to do with the computer.
25:37Welcome to stage two.
25:39This is the dinosaur, his colour matched to the background,
25:44a ground shadow has been put underneath his feet,
25:47but the end effect is still not complete.
25:50To do this, the final adjustments are to add some breaking light
25:57as he walks past the beams of light passing through the tree,
26:01and a disappearance behind the trees in the distance.
26:05And so it was, the animals were put back where they belonged.
26:09One by one, they were released into worlds from 65 to 220 million years old.
26:31MUSIC
26:36MUSIC
27:00It was all very well releasing the animals, but how would they survive?
27:05MUSIC