How does the Internet work _ Internet explained

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00:00More than 400 crore people in the world use the internet.

00:04India is the second largest country in the world in terms of internet users.

00:08According to the report of the Internet and Mobile Association of India,

00:11more than 50 crore people were using the internet in some way or the other in India in December 2019.

00:18If you are watching this video, then it must have reached you through the internet.

00:22But how does the internet work?

00:24When you turn on the internet, what is it that you connect to?

00:28How does any message, song or video reach your screen as soon as you click on it?

00:33Do you know what happens between your clicking and changing the screen?

00:48Hello, my name is Ayush.

00:49In today's episode of Sciencekari, we will learn about the internet.

00:52This has been written by our new colleague Pranav.

00:55What does the internet do? How does it work?

00:57And the biggest question is, who is the owner of the internet?

01:00We will explain all this to you.

01:02So, let's go through all the details one by one.

01:05Let's start with the most basic question.

01:07What is the work of the internet?

01:09Internet means Interconnected Network.

01:12There are a lot of devices like mobiles, computers, routers, servers, etc.

01:17All these devices have a very large network.

01:20The work of this network is to connect.

01:23What does it mean?

01:24It means to connect all these computers and other devices to each other.

01:28Why do we have to connect them?

01:29So that data can be exchanged between them.

01:32The whole game is about data.

01:34The video that you are watching on the internet is also a kind of data.

01:38An audio-visual data.

01:40The camera in front is recording visual data and the mic is recording audio data.

01:45A video file will be created by combining these two.

01:47But this data is being stored in my device.

01:50We have it here.

01:51Then how did this data reach your phone, laptop, and computer?

01:55This is our second question.

01:57How does the internet work?

02:00There is a gap between my device and your device.

02:03That gap is called a server.

02:05All the data that is available on the internet is stored on a server.

02:11A server is also a type of computer.

02:13Its job is to store the data as per the demand.

02:21When this video was uploaded on the internet, this data was stored on a server.

02:25And when you clicked on its link, the server sent this video to your device.

02:32You will ask where is this server?

02:34Most of the website's servers are in data centers.

02:37Just like there are warehouses to collect a lot of things,

02:41there are big data centers to collect a lot of data.

02:45And there are a lot of servers in each data center.

02:48These servers are provided convenience and security in data centers.

02:52Let's say you are watching this video on YouTube.

02:54You can watch it on Facebook, our website, Instagram, Twitter, anywhere.

02:58Let's say you are watching this video on YouTube.

03:00Its data will be stored in Google's data center.

03:04YouTube belongs to Google.

03:05So, its video data will be stored in Google's data center.

03:08Similarly, there are big data centers of Facebook, Microsoft, and other big companies.

03:12But not all websites open their data centers.

03:15For example, www.dealandlearntop.com has not opened its data center.

03:19These small websites, which are smaller than others,

03:23use servers of other data centers.

03:26There are many companies like Amazon, which rent servers of their data centers.

03:30You must have heard of Amazon Web Services.

03:32Netflix and other such websites also rent servers from Amazon.

03:37Now, there is a problem.

03:38The names of most of the companies that I have told you,

03:41are American companies.

03:43Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Amazon are all American companies.

03:47So, their data centers are also in America.

03:50This data is coming from a data center in America thousands of kilometers away from your home.

03:56It is stored there.

03:58And every day, the new data is uploaded on these websites.

04:01It goes to those data centers.

04:03Now, this data has to be delivered to you, the users sitting on the other side of the world.

04:08So, how does this happen?

04:09There are many ways to do this.

04:11One easy way is to transfer the data from the US through a satellite.

04:16But this is a very slow process.

04:18Satellites are much higher than the Earth's surface.

04:21So, first, the data has to be delivered to the satellite.

04:24Then, it has to be brought back to the Earth.

04:26So, this is a very long distance compared to the flat Earth.

04:29It takes a lot of time in these cycles.

04:31And you don't get the speed that you want.

04:33So, a solution has been found for this.

04:35Optical Fiber Cable.

04:37There is a network of these cables all over the world.

04:39A strand of fiber is as thin as our hair.

04:45And there are many such strands in a fiber cable.

04:48Data is sent from optical fiber through a light signal.

04:51Usually, the wire we see is a copper wire.

04:54And it has an electrical signal.

04:56It is sent by electricity.

04:58But data can also be sent through light.

05:01And in fiber optics, this data can be sent in the form of a light signal.

05:05The speed of light is the highest in the world.

05:07We all know that.

05:08Approximately 300,000 km per second.

05:10Data is sent in fiber almost at the speed of light.

05:13It is not sent at the speed of light at all.

05:15Because it zigzags like this.

05:17It doesn't go straight.

05:18So, it is almost at the speed of light.

05:20So, as soon as you click, the data appears on your screen.

05:23Even if you can't see it,

05:25these optical fiber cables reach every place where there is internet connectivity.

05:30Or you can say that the internet can only reach where these cables can reach.

05:35To connect all the continents to the internet,

05:37these fiber cables are laid under the sea.

05:40Many big companies work to lay these fiber cables in the depth of the sea.

05:44When the earth starts after the sea,

05:46these cables go underground.

05:49From the bottom of the earth, these cables reach your city, neighborhood, and home.

05:54It depends on whether it is fiber to the neighborhood,

05:58fiber to the home,

05:59that is, fiber is coming to your surroundings,

06:01or it is coming straight to your home.

06:03It depends on that.

06:04But it comes from the fiber.

06:05This is the reason why we can't see it.

06:07Because it is under the ground or under the sea.

06:10Now you will say that there is no such fiber cable in our phone.

06:13Even then, the internet runs on it.

06:15This is because this fiber cable

06:19is connected to the nearest cell phone tower.

06:22From which the signal comes to your phone.

06:24This data from the fiber comes to the cell phone tower.

06:27And that tower in your phone

06:29sends electromagnetic waves to your phone.

06:35And you can enjoy the internet on your phone.

06:38Now let's try to understand how the data is exchanged through these cables.

06:42There are so many servers, so many phones, laptops, computers,

06:46so many devices are connected to the internet.

06:48So how does the server know where to send data?

06:51And how does your phone know which server to order data from?

06:55Where is it kept?

06:56So the IP address is used here.

06:58This can be understood through postal service.

07:00The data also reaches your phone in the same way.

07:03Or it reaches your device in the same way.

07:05Just like a post letter comes to your house.

07:07Just like your house has a unique address.

07:09With the help of which the postman delivers the letter to you.

07:12Similarly, every device connected to the internet also has a unique address.

07:16Every device means every device.

07:17It will be of the server, router, laptop, phone.

07:20All the devices connected to the internet.

07:22They all have a unique address.

07:24And it is called IP address.

07:26Means internet protocol address.

07:28Because computers understand the language of mathematics.

07:30That's why this IP address is also a number.

07:32172.122.3.12

07:35There is some address of this type which is difficult to remember.

07:38So when you click on any link.

07:40A request goes to the server of that website through the fiber pipeline.

07:45There is a server of every website where its data is stored.

07:48So as soon as you click on the link, a request goes to its server.

07:51In this request, it is written that the server has to deliver the data of that website to your IP address.

07:59Then thousands of kilometers away from the server, that data is sent to your IP address.

08:04You will ask how does our request reach the server of that website?

08:08You only deliver it.

08:10By entering the website in any web browser.

08:12Or by clicking on any link.

08:14When you do this, a request is sent to it.

08:17Every website's server also has an IP address.

08:19I had told you.

08:20So with the help of which it can be delivered to the server.

08:22But it is very difficult for the user to remember the IP address of every website.

08:26That's why a domain name is given for the IP address.

08:29Domain name like the name of the website is called domain name.

08:33www.youtube.com

08:35www.facebook.com

08:37or www.dlallantop.com

08:39These are domain names.

08:40These are easy to remember.

08:42As soon as you enter this domain name, the web browser or mobile application starts looking for the IP address of that website.

08:48Just like it is difficult to remember the phone number.

08:50So people maintain a phone book.

08:52So in their phone book, their number is found in front of a name.

08:55So internet domain name and IP address also have a phone book.

08:59And it is called DNS server.

09:02DNS means Domain Name System.

09:04The work of managing DNS is done by an organization called ICANN.

09:07Otherwise, there will be a fight between people.

09:09That I want this IP address or I want to keep this domain name.

09:12So there is an organization ICANN.

09:14ICANN means Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers.

09:17With the help of DNS server, our web browser finds the IP address of that website.

09:22And sends your request to the server of that website.

09:26In that request, the IP address of your device is also written.

09:29So you have to tell the server that you have to send it to this IP address.

09:32So all these details are there in that request.

09:34In this way, you are able to exchange data from that server.

09:37When some data comes out from a server to go to another device.

09:40So first it is divided into small pieces.

09:43That is, the whole data does not come together.

09:45The whole train does not come together.

09:46Different boxes of that train come.

09:48These are called data packets.

09:50Take the example of the same postal service.

09:52So assume that you have to send a letter from your fiber pipeline.

09:56It is a slow method to send a letter from that route in one go.

09:59So what happens is that many pieces of that letter are made.

10:02And then they are sent to you from different routes, different pipelines.

10:05The fastest possible way is sent to you.

10:08All these packets have an IP address written on them.

10:11With the help of which they reach their destination.

10:13That is, they reach you.

10:14Then all these packets are collected there.

10:16And the whole data file is prepared.

10:18If you have ever run a slow internet connection.

10:21Then you must have noticed that when you open an image.

10:25So it does not open completely at once.

10:27Its different pieces are slowly made on the screen.

10:29And then after a long time, that image is complete.

10:32This happens because the whole data packets do not come together.

10:36In slow internet connection.

10:37These data packets come in any order from different routes.

10:40Then they are joined together.

10:44But how are they joined?

10:45And how is it ensured that all these data packets reach the same address from different routes?

10:51The answer to this is Internet Protocols.

10:54Some rules have been made to carry out the entire process of data transfer without any obstacles.

10:59We know these rules by the name of Internet Protocols.

11:02After following these protocols, each packet reaches the right place in the right way.

11:06There are many small gaps between the source of data and the destination.

11:10These are called routers.

11:16The work of routers is to move the data in the right direction according to the IP address.

11:24It means to move the data to the next router which is closer to the destination.

11:28This can be understood from the example of the road and car.

11:31Suppose we are driving towards an unknown city.

11:35But a man named router has been placed at every intersection.

11:38We don't have a Google map in our mobile phone.

11:40We have to ask for directions.

11:41There is a man named router at every intersection.

11:45He tells us that if we go to that intersection, the next router will tell us where to go.

11:51In this way, we can easily reach our destination from these intersections.

11:56The problem with every data transmission is that the signal of the data begins to weaken in a long journey.

12:02This is called attenuation.

12:04Just like we have to keep refilling fuel in our car, the fuel keeps running out.

12:08Similarly, the signal of the data also weakens.

12:10So it is necessary to boost the signal of the data.

12:13This is called amplification.

12:15In the journey of thousands of kilometers, many devices are installed which amplify the signal.

12:20Many times, many data packets come out of the source computer and cannot reach your mobile.

12:26They get lost on the way.

12:28These are called lost data packets.

12:30In this case, according to internet protocols, the destination computer, i.e. your phone or device,

12:36requests the source computer to send these data packets again.

12:40And then these data packets are sent back.

12:42According to internet protocols, every data packet also has information related to its sequence.

12:47Which data packet will go ahead and which will go behind.

12:50Now the data has a complete file.

12:52For example, if there is an image, then you will be from head to toe.

12:55But if there are data packets, then its different parts will be divided.

12:58So how to connect them in the right sequence?

13:00For this, internet protocols are used and they are retrieved.

13:05Otherwise, what will happen is that you sent the whole image and the head went down and the feet came up.

13:11So this does not happen.

13:12With the help of internet protocols, the data reaches you safely.

13:15And this process continues.

13:17Now we come to the big question and try to find out who is the owner of the internet.

13:23Your ISP, i.e. Internet Service Provider, does the work of delivering the internet to you.

13:28For example, the company you have taken the sim from or the broadband connection of the company,

13:33then it is your internet service provider.

13:35And you also give money to the ISP.

13:37But they don't run the whole internet.

13:39If you look at it on a large scale, then ISPs can be divided into three levels.

13:43First, there are big companies.

13:45Those companies that have laid cables under the sea and under the ground.

13:51Submarine Optical Fiber Cables.

13:54We keep them in Tier 1.

13:56Then there are those ISPs whose presence is at the national level.

13:59That is, whose cables are spread all over the country.

14:02These are Tier 2 companies.

14:04Now if a Tier 2 company needs internet service,

14:07then it will have to use the cable of the Tier 1 company or it will have to take it on rent.

14:12Cables laid under the sea.

14:15Submarine Optical Fiber Cables.

14:17For this, it will have to give money to the Tier 1 ISP.

14:20Similarly, the local ISPs coming in Tier 1 and Tier 3,

14:24whose presence is at the local level, at the state level or in a big city,

14:28there are some local ISPs.

14:30So they will have to give money to Tier 2 companies whose presence is at the national level.

14:34So that they can reach their customers on the internet.

14:37So in this way, our money is distributed among these companies.

14:40And a part of it is also given to those companies who have big data centers.

14:45And then you see the ads, their money is given to websites.

14:48In other words, there is no one owner of the entire internet.

14:51Different companies own different parts of the internet.

14:55But to manage it, different institutions have been made.

14:58Like ICANN told you.

15:00The biggest role of the internet in the world is of infrastructure.

15:04The company with the most extensive infrastructure will earn as much.

15:08So this is the game of the internet.

15:10We tried to tell you in short.

15:12But still, its leela is so vast that this video must have become big.

15:16And we had to leave a lot of things.

15:18How much did you understand? How did you understand?

15:20How can we make you understand better?

15:22Tell us by commenting.

15:23If you liked it, then like, forward, share and do all this.

15:25And also tell us what you want to understand.

15:28Thank you very much for watching this video.

15:30This was written by our companion Pranav.

15:32My name is Ayush.

15:33Amitesh is behind the camera.

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