Pax Americana. The astronomical costs of arming and policing the heavens has largely fallen to the US Air Force, but with China and other nations challenging American supremacy, there is the potential for a war to take place right over our heads. As per usual, economics are at the heart of the struggle.
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00:00:40For space science, like nuclear science and all technology, has no conscience of its own.
00:00:51Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man.
00:00:56And only if the United States occupies a position of preeminence
00:01:03can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war.
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00:01:21China carried out its first anti-satellite weapons test on an old weather satellite about 500 miles up.
00:01:29According to U.S. government officials, after three misses,
00:01:32China succeeded in shooting down one of its own aging weather satellites.
00:01:36The test may be part of China's efforts to establish a military presence in space.
00:01:41Does this mean the spy satellites the United States depends on could be shot down?
00:01:47They left behind a trail of garbage circling in orbit now after they blew up the satellite.
00:01:52It could leave us vulnerable. It could cripple us.
00:01:55Is that what they're up to?
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00:02:10There are nations out there who are hostile to us, and they are in space.
00:02:15The threat to our space security is real.
00:02:19Security in space is a vital national interest.
00:02:22The loss of access to space would threaten the very stability of our nation.
00:02:27If aimed at commercial satellites, such an attack could bring U.S. business and industry to a halt.
00:02:35Today, China warned that a shooting war in space would affect everyone on Earth.
00:02:40Space could get more crowded, and we're going to need to have control and defensive measures.
00:02:45A treaty banning space weapons has failed. A space war is in the cards.
00:02:49Space is the backbone of our national security.
00:02:52There is no substitute, and there is no alternative to military dominance in space.
00:02:59This conviction should drive our course for the next 50 years.
00:03:03This conviction should drive our course for the next 50 years.
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00:03:44In the mid-20th century, humanity spun its first satellite into orbit.
00:03:49Staking this new frontier provided a new arena for war.
00:03:55Still, space is unscarred by battle, a sanctuary.
00:04:01But humanity's compulsion to dominate may ravage the expanse embracing our world, and the world itself.
00:04:10How long can we trust to regulate our heavens?
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00:04:25Caesar Augustus came to power 27 years before Christ was born.
00:04:31People in the Roman Empire lived better under Caesar Augustus than they had in any empire on Earth during any previous time.
00:04:41Roads improved. Pirates no longer threatened ships on the high seas.
00:04:47Life was so good during this time that the period acquired a name.
00:04:55It was and is still referred to as the Pax Romana, which means the Roman Peace.
00:05:03Another period of peace has acquired a name.
00:05:07It is called the Pax Americana, or the American Peace.
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00:05:20It refers to the period in which American influence throughout the world has caused a relative peace to come about.
00:05:29Nowadays, it seems the Pax Americana is threatened.
00:05:34Most of us only feel peace when we're not at war, but peace means the presence of a risen and alive lord in your life.
00:05:46You may walk out every morning into a war zone.
00:05:50The lord won't take you out of the valley of the shadow of death, but he will lead you right through it.
00:05:57So it says in Isaiah 54,
00:05:59Though the mountains be shaken and the hills removed, yet my unfailing love for you will not be shaken,
00:06:04nor my covenant of peace be removed.
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00:06:20My name is Cadet First Class Colton Tuttle.
00:06:22I'm a cadet at the Air Force Academy.
00:06:24I graduate in 44 days, and I'm just hoping to do my part to make sure that everyone here can enjoy their freedoms.
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00:06:42Pax Americana is a political view which simply says that because America is currently the sole superpower,
00:06:51that it has not only the ability but the responsibility into the far future to maintain world peace.
00:06:59Eyes right!
00:07:03I think our country has always played a key role in maintaining world peace,
00:07:08and now that responsibility also extends into space.
00:07:12And so when countries like the Chinese start attacking space assets, it could lead to a serious crisis.
00:07:20Hopefully we can talk to them before they start making a big mess.
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00:07:38The United States, and particularly its intelligence services, worry about an attack on the United States
00:07:46that is not nuclear weapons, that is not chemicals, that is not biological, but is technological.
00:07:57Global communications are embedded in our daily lives.
00:08:00Miles above our heads, beyond our awareness, satellites manage our hyper-connected society.
00:08:09If you look at space, lots of times you think about the Hubble telescope or, you know, Mars probes,
00:08:16but most people don't realize that they use space every day.
00:08:30When you open your cell phone to make a call,
00:08:34when you take money out of the bank with your ATM card,
00:08:39satellites bring you your TV shows and live news from around the world.
00:08:45You use them each time you rely on a positioning system for air, for sea, for land traffic control, and even in your own car.
00:08:54There would be no weather forecasting, disaster monitoring, without satellites.
00:08:58Our entire life depends on satellites.
00:09:00They're essential, but we're not conscious of that until we lose it.
00:09:09Today, at least 1,000 active satellites circle the Earth.
00:09:19Forty-five nations own these satellites, and most of the world.
00:09:24Forty-five nations own these satellites, and most of the world uses their signals.
00:09:32But the United States dominates as the owner and user of space systems, both civilian and military.
00:09:42Bombs on target, real-time battle management.
00:09:45That's what we're about, and that's what we are able to deliver through space, air, land, and sea.
00:09:52And the capability of all of those to come together, we started that in Desert Storm,
00:09:58we've done that in each conflict since, and we get better and better and better.
00:10:12Since the first Gulf War, the use of space has become vital to all U.S. military operations.
00:10:19In the second Gulf War, during the shock-and-awe air attack on Baghdad,
00:10:24the United States used satellites to guide 71% of all the missiles it fired.
00:10:31Space is the backbone of American military power.
00:10:34Or is it? It's Achilles' heel.
00:10:40A surprise attack in space.
00:10:42This is the ultimate nightmare.
00:10:45By knocking out 50 U.S. military satellites, the Chinese could literally cripple the U.S. military.
00:10:53They could prevent the military from being able to communicate with its forces.
00:10:57They could blind the U.S. intelligence community, which uses electro-optic satellites
00:11:02to determine military force movements around the world.
00:11:06And they could also cripple the guidance systems that are used on precision-guided munitions,
00:11:11that are satellite-guided.
00:11:16In many sense, it could be kind of an electronic Pearl Harbor.
00:11:25Without space, the U.S. would be unable to conduct any type of military operation in an effective way.
00:11:37There's a tremendous premium on the United States being able to prevent other people
00:11:41from attacking our assets in space and to ensure that we can continue to exercise full use of them
00:11:48and, if necessary, also to be able to deny others use of similar assets for their own purposes.
00:11:59The world has changed. As more and more countries develop a presence in outer space,
00:12:04the possibility of a space battle is no longer science fiction.
00:12:09Our new world requires new solutions.
00:12:12Meet U.S. Air Force Space Command.
00:12:14This elite force is America's eye in the sky, keeping watch over our interests high above the ground.
00:12:28Denial implies the use of force.
00:12:32Weapons from space to the ground.
00:12:34As China recognizes that the military dominance of the United States is utterly reliant upon space.
00:12:41The United States is going to become the world's policeman.
00:12:45Does that title resonate with you? Do you have any reactions to that?
00:12:50Do you think it's accurate? If it were accurate, how would it play out?
00:12:54If you look at what was one of the first roles of the United States Navy when it was established,
00:12:57was combating piracy.
00:12:59Absolutely.
00:13:00And if you look at, you know, potential commerce in space,
00:13:04law enforcement and things like that are going to be an important mission.
00:13:08As more and more countries start using space for security purposes and military purposes,
00:13:12sooner or later they're going to collide.
00:13:14And sooner or later, space will become another arena for warfare, for good or bad.
00:13:19And the same kind of ethics that we apply to military force in the other environments will apply to space.
00:13:24You can obviously stretch any analogy to the breaking point of space.
00:13:27You can obviously stretch any analogy to the breaking point,
00:13:29but the space-sea analogy, I think, is one of the more useful.
00:13:40As the Dutch controlled the seas in the 1700s,
00:13:43as the British tended to police and control the seas from the 1800s and 1900s,
00:13:47and as the United States has done in the 20th century and will do in the 21st century,
00:13:52and that is to ensure that commerce is unfettered,
00:13:56pirates and others, should they be out there, are taken out.
00:14:01We can do the same thing for space.
00:14:03We can do so in a way that is good for everyone and is good for ourselves.
00:14:06It is policing the heavens for the good of all.
00:14:09May I have the spelling of your vessel's name, Captain?
00:14:14Few object when the United States Navy deploys hundreds of heavily armed warships
00:14:18in every one of the world's oceans.
00:14:20No one accuses us of contributing to the weaponization of the sea
00:14:23because they know that the presence of our weapons ensures free transit
00:14:27for all who pursue their peaceful interests.
00:14:30U.S. systems based in space could similarly patrol the commons for the good of all.
00:14:36The U.S. Air Force has been charged with the mission of ensuring space access
00:14:42and denying space access in times of conflict.
00:14:46Can the United States Air Force do this mission without weapons?
00:15:07What constitutes a space weapon?
00:15:09What constitutes a space weapon?
00:15:13How much do we know about the ability of the United States to police the heavens
00:15:18and deny access to others?
00:15:23Starfire has been used primarily in the past to do research on satellite tracking.
00:15:28Also, they've done a lot of work in astronomy with range finding of stars.
00:15:32You use the laser to be able to help tell you where the star is and how far away it is.
00:15:38In the budget documents from the Air Force,
00:15:41there has also been mention of the use of Starfire for anti-satellite weapons activities.
00:15:49The Air Force told Congress that it had no intentions of using Starfire
00:15:54for anything related to anti-satellite weapons.
00:15:57However, they are doing a test to make the laser beam very skinny
00:16:02and make it stay very stable as it goes up,
00:16:05and they're going to target that on a satellite.
00:16:09If you're tracking a satellite, you don't need a very skinny laser beam.
00:16:15In fact, you want kind of a wide one because you want to make sure you catch it in the view, right?
00:16:23So, many of us here are concerned that this kind of a test
00:16:29is actually an anti-satellite weapons test in disguise.
00:16:34In April of 2005, the Air Force launched an experimental satellite.
00:16:42Its name was the XSS-11.
00:16:46Theoretically, this experimental micro-satellite has the ability to disarm a satellite.
00:16:56Theoretically, this experimental micro-satellite has the ability to disrupt other nations' satellites.
00:17:06Has it done so? No.
00:17:09Could it do so? En principe.
00:17:12Okay, but in reality, we don't know.
00:17:21One of the things that I think people need to know
00:17:23is that most technology that's used in space can be used either for weapons purposes
00:17:29or it can be used for totally benign, good purposes.
00:17:33Lasers for tracking. Good idea. More precise tracking.
00:17:37Small micro-satellites that can go around a big satellite and take pictures.
00:17:40Good idea, because it helps you figure out what went wrong with your satellite,
00:17:44and that's hard to do right now. Good idea.
00:17:46That same little micro-satellite that's going around the big satellite
00:17:50could be sent up to go around another person's satellite and run into it and kill it.
00:17:58The technology doesn't know whether it's a weapon or whether it's a benign use.
00:18:05The question is going to come down to the intent of the people who are building these systems.
00:18:14How can we discern peaceful or hostile intentions for any system projected into space?
00:18:20How can we know that the weaponization of space hasn't already begun?
00:18:50I'm the permanent professor and head of the Department of Astronautics here at the Air Force Academy,
00:18:54and we've been continually teaching the fundamentals of astronautics to our cadets,
00:18:59and every cadet that has graduated from the Air Force Academy, almost 40,000 now,
00:19:04have taken at least one course in our department.
00:19:07This area right here, what's that called?
00:19:09Bow shock.
00:19:10Bow shock, right.
00:19:11And superimposed on that, we're going to be doing a lot of experiments.
00:19:15This area right here, what's that called?
00:19:17Bow shock.
00:19:18Bow shock, right.
00:19:19And superimposed on this, of course, we have a HEO, highly elliptic orbit.
00:19:26In military strategy, it shows that if you want to control the battlefield,
00:19:30you need to be the first in seizing the high ground, the most advanced frontier.
00:19:34Whether it be land, sea, air, and now space, the person that controls that has the advantage,
00:19:39so making sure that we can deny our enemies space is a huge advantage.
00:19:45Bow shock.
00:19:48Bow shock.
00:19:50Military forces have always relied upon high ground technologies to gain advantages.
00:20:00In our own civil war in the United States, troops in the Army, especially in the Union Army,
00:20:06used hot air balloons to get above the trees and see where the enemy was,
00:20:11and of course, the first airplanes to be used in World War I were essentially reconnaissance craft.
00:20:17They were designed to fly up and look and see where the enemy was placed.
00:20:25Space then has been called the ultimate high ground,
00:20:28and the advantage to the state that can seize and maintain the high ground
00:20:33is the same as holding the high ground throughout history,
00:20:35whether that was a hill, a mountain, or in the latter half of the 20th century, the air space.
00:20:41September 6, 1944.
00:20:44Armed with over a ton of high explosives,
00:20:47Germany's first tactical rocket, now called the V-2, the vengeance weapon, is fired at London.
00:20:57Hitler's army pioneered the new high ground with the V-2 rocket.
00:21:04Vengeance Weapon 2 was the first man-made object projected through space,
00:21:09en route to targets in Europe.
00:21:39It was the SS who were in charge of ensuring the implementation of the program.
00:21:47The workers who were there, for the most part, were concentration camps,
00:21:53with one of the worst concentration camps of World War II, the camp of Dora.
00:21:58Vengeance Weapon 2
00:22:03A young SS officer, Werner von Braun, was chief engineer for the design and manufacture of the V-2.
00:22:11This first ballistic missile sparked the interest of a rich patron beyond Germany.
00:22:17Vengeance Weapon 2
00:22:22The V-2 was really considered, at the end of the war,
00:22:25as something that had to be taken absolutely as well by the Soviets as by the Westerners.
00:22:34And so von Braun was recovered with a hundred of his best engineers,
00:22:40in the case of an operation called Operation Paperclip, that was the code name.
00:22:44It was transported to the United States.
00:22:47The Pentagon commissioned von Braun and his team of German rocketeers
00:22:51to design an improved version of the V-2.
00:22:55Von Braun spearheaded production of the Redstone, the first American ballistic missile.
00:23:02It propelled him to the highest sphere of military and scientific influence.
00:23:07Werner von Braun ultimately became associate director of NASA,
00:23:11and his former Nazi scientist functioned as collaborators with the U.S. military
00:23:17in looking towards space as a new arena of war.
00:23:28Gentlemen, will you please take your seats so we can begin today's conference.
00:23:34I take great deal of pleasure in presenting to you today is our guest speaker, Dr. Werner von Braun.
00:23:40Gentlemen, the conquest of outer space is the greatest technological challenge of the age in which we live.
00:23:49On the right side of this picture, you see a large wheel-shaped space station.
00:23:55This, of course, offers tremendous possibilities for reconnaissance,
00:23:59and both in the civilian sense as in the military sense.
00:24:04These Nazi scientists, these Nazi space scientists that came to this country under Project Paperclip
00:24:10developed schemes to essentially control the earth from space with space-based weapons.
00:24:20It seems even feasible to use such a platform in space as a base for the bombing of objects on the ground.
00:24:30And it is my opinion that such bombing could be carried out with unprecedented accuracy from such a station.
00:24:40Most of the German engineers who left for the U.S.
00:24:45were, for a few years, considered with a certain suspicion,
00:24:50but then they became American citizens and they played a role in the development of space in the U.S.,
00:24:57less missiles.
00:24:58And von Braun later became responsible for the construction of the Saturn giant rockets.
00:25:06Then, October 4th, 1957, Russia shocks the free world.
00:25:12The USSR hurls into orbit the world's first Earth satellite, Sputnik 1.
00:25:19The Soviets are now the unquestionable leaders in the race for space.
00:25:23We've been assigned the mission of launching a scientific Earth satellite.
00:25:27I promised the Secretary of the Army that we would be ready in 90 days or less.
00:25:32Let's go, Werner.
00:25:40Werner von Braun met the U.S. military's 90-day deadline.
00:25:46His modified V-2 launched the first American satellite into orbit.
00:25:52The space race was on.
00:25:54News has flashed of the long-awaited event.
00:25:57America has Earth satellite in orbit.
00:26:06How would nations legislate this new realm?
00:26:10Well, I joined the American diplomatic service in 1958
00:26:15and I was assigned to the United Nations political office
00:26:19and I was 22 years old.
00:26:21I was the youngest Foreign Service officer in the State Department
00:26:24and they said, why don't you handle the multilateral aspects of our space program?
00:26:29We just put our first satellites into space and they said, you're in charge.
00:26:33And I said, you've got to be kidding, I'm only 22.
00:26:36And they said, that's your job.
00:26:40Today, outer space is free.
00:26:45It is unscarred by conflict.
00:26:49No nation holds a concession there.
00:26:54It must remain this way.
00:26:56Nothing was settled when we started.
00:27:00For instance, who owns outer space?
00:27:03Who owns the moon? Who owns Mars?
00:27:06Was it the situation like Columbus discovering the new world?
00:27:10And he says, I lay claim to America in the name of the King and Queen of Spain.
00:27:19Could we do that? Could the Russians do that?
00:27:21So that was a big question.
00:27:23And the other question is, are we going to use outer space for peaceful purposes
00:27:28or for military and aggressive purposes?
00:27:31We must develop new concepts which enable us,
00:27:34let's say something like 10 years from now,
00:27:37to plan parties on the moon, to decide whether we want to have a base on the moon
00:27:41for scientific or military purposes.
00:27:43We thought to ourselves, can't there be one part, one sector
00:27:48that is free of weapons?
00:27:50But when it got to the peaceful uses question,
00:27:53I ran into the Department of Defense.
00:27:59And they said, no, we don't want to give up the idea of putting weapons into outer space.
00:28:05We'll go along with not having weapons of mass destruction in outer space,
00:28:11but we're not going to sign on a treaty where we can't put up weapons.
00:28:19I lost. The State Department lost. The Department of Defense won.
00:28:25And we ended up with a treaty, the 1967 treaty,
00:28:29which said you can't orbit weapons of mass destruction,
00:28:32but it did not prohibit other weapons.
00:28:36World leaders, compelled by the influence of the Defense Department,
00:28:40endorsed the militarization of space.
00:28:55Nuclear weapons were now banned from space.
00:28:58But on Earth, the military was the only weapon.
00:29:02Nuclear weapons were now banned from space.
00:29:05But on Earth, they were proliferating.
00:29:12With both sections of this divided world in possession of unbelievably destructive weapons,
00:29:18mankind approaches a state where mutual annihilation becomes a possibility.
00:29:26Earth satellites in themselves have no direct present effect upon the nation's security.
00:29:32However, there is real military significance to these launches.
00:29:42Dreading nuclear attack, the U.S. and USSR longed to know the position and power of its enemy stockpiles.
00:29:50Each dispatched satellites to spy, day and night, over the other's arsenal.
00:29:56The military contest to occupy the ultimate high ground had begun.
00:30:03The United States plotted the next step to weaponize space, covertly, in the early 80s.
00:30:11June 12, 1982.
00:30:15There was a huge demonstration in New York City that day.
00:30:18Almost a million people were protesting against nuclear weapons.
00:30:22At that time, the height of the Cold War between the United States and the former Soviet Union.
00:30:27I watched it on television.
00:30:30And after it was over, they cut away to a right-wing conference.
00:30:34And the speaker that day was a man by the name of George W. Bush.
00:30:39And the speaker that day was a man by the name of Lieutenant General Daniel Graham.
00:30:43And at that time, he was Ronald Reagan's head of SDI, Strategic Defense Initiative.
00:30:49Someone said, General Graham, aren't you worried about that demonstration in New York today?
00:30:54They say there's almost a million people there protesting against nuclear weapons.
00:30:58He said, no, I think it's fantastic.
00:31:01They're out there protesting against intercontinental ballistic missiles, and we're moving into space.
00:31:07They don't have a clue. Let them keep doing what they're doing.
00:31:28What if we could intercept and destroy strategic ballistic missiles before they reached our own soil or that of our allies?
00:31:35It will take years, probably decades, of effort on many fronts.
00:31:39There will be failures and setbacks, just as there will be successes and breakthroughs.
00:31:44But isn't it worth every investment necessary to free the world from the threat of nuclear war?
00:31:50My fellow Americans, tonight we're launching an effort which holds the promise of changing the course of human history.
00:31:58I ask for your prayers and your support.
00:32:03Thank you. Good night.
00:32:06When I joined the staff of the Committee on Armed Services in the U.S. House of Representatives back in 1985,
00:32:13my first assignment was to investigate and oversee the Strategic Defense Initiative.
00:32:20This was President Ronald Reagan's Star Wars program.
00:32:23This new national strategy represents a break from the dangerous policy of mutual assured destruction.
00:32:31In Ronald Reagan's version of Star Wars, the new space shuttle would deploy the force.
00:32:37When our reconnaissance systems verify a Soviet launch, U.S. interceptors are fired as Level 1 defense goes into action.
00:32:44Batteries of orbiting weapons would be poised to defeat a nuclear attack before it reached U.S. airspace.
00:32:52At the time, the prevailing view was that this was going to work, that the technology was almost in hand,
00:32:58and that this was going to change everything.
00:33:00I remember the briefing I got from my staff director who said, not just anti-missile systems,
00:33:05but all major weapons systems were going to move to space, that space was the new high ground,
00:33:11even then we talked about it in that way, where all major military operations were going to be by the end of that century.
00:33:18It was a debate of stellar proportions.
00:33:20The nation's number one star gazer versus the Pentagon's chief of Star Wars.
00:33:25It cannot protect the population of the United States.
00:33:28It can be, by the Soviets, overwhelmed, outfoxed, underflown.
00:33:34I, for one, am not willing and able to just accept the idea that it can't work.
00:33:41Most Star Wars plans proved too fanciful.
00:33:45Most Star Wars plans proved too fanciful and went no further than animation's device for publicity.
00:33:51But the U.S. military stayed committed to Star Wars.
00:33:57As the U.S. became the sole superpower, the Pentagon maintained its plan to use space weapons against enemy attacks.
00:34:05Star Wars resurfaced in the early 21st century under a new name, Missile Defense.
00:34:14Missile Defense
00:34:21We need a new framework that allows us to build missile defenses to counter the different threats of today's world.
00:34:28I hope we'll also move forward on ballistic missile defense cooperation.
00:34:31We must develop and we must deploy effective missile defenses.
00:34:37Back in 2000, when President Bush took office, he and his cadre of people that surrounded him,
00:34:46you think of Paul Wolfowitz, you think of Donald Rumsfeld, you think of Dick Cheney,
00:34:51all of them really only had two priorities.
00:34:54One was to get rid of Saddam Hussein. The second was to build a missile defense system.
00:35:01Good morning. I've just concluded a meeting of my National Security Council.
00:35:07We reviewed what I've discussed with my friend, President Vladimir Putin,
00:35:13over the course of many meetings, many months,
00:35:17and that is the need for America to move beyond the 1972 anti-ballistic missile treaty.
00:35:26When George W. Bush became president, immediately he gave six-month notice to Russia that we're pulling out,
00:35:34the United States is pulling out of the ABM Treaty, the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty,
00:35:38that limited the United States' ability to test and deploy anti-satellite weapons,
00:35:44so-called missile defense systems, and other space technology.
00:35:48At the Pentagon today, a warning that space will become the next big battleground.
00:35:53To meet the challenge, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld is making space a top Pentagon priority,
00:35:58putting a four-star general at the head of a new Air Force Space Command
00:36:02to take charge of all military space activity, including any new anti-missile defense.
00:36:09Pay careful attention to protecting, promoting our interest in space.
00:36:14Pentagon officials say it's the first step toward eventually putting weapons into space.
00:36:19Mr. Secretary, the budget proposes spending $8.3 billion
00:36:24on the full range of ballistic missile defense programs.
00:36:28This is an increase over last year of nearly 60%, or $3 billion.
00:36:33It is a lot of the taxpayers' money.
00:36:36On the other hand, the president intends to have ballistic missile defense
00:36:40to protect the population centers of the United States,
00:36:43as well as of our friends and allies and deployed forces.
00:36:50NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
00:36:53NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
00:37:01I have a valid missile event.
00:37:03I agree, that's a valid event. You have two for track 0-0-0-1.
00:37:08Today's Air Force fights missile defense war games,
00:37:11in which so-called rogue nations attack American cities.
00:37:14Possible impact in San Francisco, sir.
00:37:17In reality, who would launch such attacks against the USA?
00:37:21The interesting thing is that the threat is actually shrinking, not increasing.
00:37:27The ballistic missile threat is declining.
00:37:29There are far fewer ballistic missiles in the world now than there were 15 years ago.
00:37:34There are fewer countries with ballistic missile programs.
00:37:37There are fewer hostile countries to the United States with ballistic missile programs.
00:37:42When you look at it, it really comes down to a handful of states
00:37:46whose programs we worry about, North Korea and Iran, basically,
00:37:51and they only have medium-range missiles.
00:37:53That is, they can't reach the United States.
00:38:00From Ronald Reagan onwards,
00:38:02every president has secured funding for missile defense,
00:38:07under various guises, using various funds,
00:38:12for a total of at least $200 billion.
00:38:17Are US taxpayers getting what they pay for?
00:38:21It's a con. It's a con.
00:38:24Missile defense is the greatest fraud in the Department of Defense,
00:38:27and believe me, it's had a lot of competitors.
00:38:31I really believe this.
00:38:35Missile defense is the longest-running fraud
00:38:39in the history of the US Department of Defense.
00:38:48If a ballistic strike is implausible,
00:38:50why repel it at such cost, from space?
00:38:55What if missile defense disguised ambitions broader than destroying only missiles?
00:39:03There's going to be an inherent anti-satellite capability
00:39:06with any ballistic missile defense system,
00:39:08regardless of whether it's located in space or elsewhere,
00:39:12and I think that that's effectively unavoidable.
00:39:15Targeting a ballistic missile, in some senses,
00:39:18is more difficult than targeting a satellite,
00:39:21and therefore targeting a satellite is almost always a capability
00:39:25that's associated with a missile defense system.
00:39:30In February 2008,
00:39:32the United States destroyed a disabled satellite of its own
00:39:35with missile defense interceptors.
00:39:40The US demonstrated that these interceptors,
00:39:43also called kill vehicles,
00:39:45can obliterate any satellite in low Earth orbit.
00:39:48Missile defense is a Trojan horse.
00:39:51It has nothing to do with defense whatsoever.
00:39:54It's all about projecting power.
00:39:56It's about offense.
00:39:58I've been to the bases in Colorado Springs,
00:40:01and I've personally seen over the door where it says,
00:40:04Master of Space.
00:40:07And I've read the documents, Vision for 2020,
00:40:10and a whole array of other military space command documents
00:40:14that have said for years that the US will control space,
00:40:18that we will dominate space,
00:40:20that we will deny other countries access to space.
00:40:23We, 5% of the world's population, in the United States,
00:40:27are going to deny other countries access to space.
00:40:30I mean, absolutely provocative.
00:40:32I would tell you that we are so dominant in space
00:40:35that I pity a country that would come up against us.
00:40:41The synergy with air, land, and sea forces
00:40:44and our ability to control the battle space
00:40:48and seize the high ground is devastating.
00:40:51Run a rail of 38 at Ascension.
00:40:53Ascension 8, aft deck arms open.
00:40:55No open jobs until 1727.
00:40:58America now has the chance to establish
00:41:01an American empire, Pax Americana,
00:41:04that will last for many, many decades.
00:41:07And one of the ways to do this
00:41:10is to establish strong American control of space.
00:41:28By advancing space weaponry,
00:41:30the United States nurtures its economy
00:41:32and its sphere of control.
00:41:35It guards interests at home and to the outermost frontiers
00:41:39in the tradition of empires.
00:41:42If you look at history,
00:41:44countries, including the United States,
00:41:46had to at first develop armies to defend themselves.
00:41:50So the United States needed an army
00:41:53to defend itself against the indigenous population
00:41:56who we were exterminating as we expanded
00:41:59across the national territory
00:42:01and to defend ourselves against Mexico
00:42:05when we stole half of Mexico and so on and so forth.
00:42:09For that you needed armies and also intervention and so on.
00:42:13And then countries also developed navies,
00:42:16like the British had to develop a navy
00:42:18to defend themselves against people in India,
00:42:22Africa, and so on.
00:42:24And as they describe it, they're pretty frank about it.
00:42:28They say they had to develop navies
00:42:30to protect commercial interests and investment.
00:42:34And the same with us.
00:42:36And now there's a new frontier, space,
00:42:39and we have to move on to control space
00:42:43in order to protect commercial interests and investment.
00:42:50Welcome to the future.
00:42:54The place you go when you say,
00:42:56here's to bigger profits, better business, brighter prospects,
00:43:00and a bottom line that just won't quit.
00:43:03Think big.
00:43:04Big tax advantages.
00:43:06Big business opportunities.
00:43:07Big profits.
00:43:08And the hottest Fortune 500 industries in the world
00:43:12are taking advantage of them.
00:43:14Which means whether you're looking to relocate, expand,
00:43:18or conquer the known universe
00:43:20with your own special vision of a capitalist's dream,
00:43:23they can help make it happen.
00:43:26Please welcome the leader of Air Force Space,
00:43:29General Kevin Chilton.
00:43:31It's nice to be here in Colorado Springs
00:43:33for this great gathering.
00:43:35I think it's fitting that we're here in Colorado
00:43:38because I think it was, yeah, I know it was 25 years ago
00:43:41when the first commander of Air Force Space Command
00:43:44stood up the flag here, General James Hardinger.
00:43:47He said that Colorado Springs
00:43:49would become the nation's military space capital,
00:43:52and indeed it has.
00:44:02In Colorado Springs, you will find a different kind of base
00:44:07of both direct military and military contractors
00:44:11approaching one-third of the entire population.
00:44:14And when you think about it, that is a big number.
00:44:17Oh, my goodness.
00:44:19The industrialists are now saying,
00:44:21we're not going to make cars anymore.
00:44:23We're not going to make clothes in America anymore.
00:44:26We're not going to make this and that in America anymore.
00:44:29We're going to make weapons.
00:44:33This is our space tracking surveillance system,
00:44:37and this is a more advanced version
00:44:41of a missile detection satellite
00:44:44to detect, track, and discriminate missiles in flight.
00:44:49So this finds them, somebody else shoots them down.
00:44:52We have all kinds of cool stuff.
00:44:55We're working on some of the world's most important
00:44:58and spectacular technologies,
00:45:00and we're the best in the world at what we do.
00:45:04While most U.S. industries struggle to endure a recession,
00:45:08the weaponization of space
00:45:10still feeds thriving corporations with contracts.
00:45:14[♪ music playing ♪
00:45:26Here on our right, we see one of the new guys in town,
00:45:30SI International,
00:45:32companies that are growing very quickly
00:45:35that no one has heard of before,
00:45:37such as L3 Communications,
00:45:41Sparta.
00:45:42These are names that are not familiar names to people,
00:45:45and yet they are the new strong players in military contractors.
00:45:52You have the Aerospace Corporation on your right.
00:45:56You have MITRE Corporation on your left.
00:46:00[♪ music playing ♪
00:46:09As we cross over here, you will see a Lockheed Martin plant.
00:46:15Now here to our right is Northrop Grumman.
00:46:19Northrop Grumman has always been a big contractor,
00:46:22but a couple of years ago, it bought out TRW Corporation,
00:46:27and so now it is one of the biggest military contractors in the world.
00:46:31This is the kind of new growth we are seeing in Colorado Springs.
00:46:39Out of every tax dollar in the United States today,
00:46:4250 cents out of every single tax dollar goes to the Pentagon
00:46:47for past wars, for current wars, for future wars.
00:46:58We are being made into a warrior culture, if you will.
00:47:07Nearly three-quarters of a million remarkable individuals
00:47:11serving their country,
00:47:13and they all believe they have the best job in the world.
00:47:19How cool is it to be able to go home at night
00:47:21and tell your kids that you fly satellites at geosynchronous orbit?
00:47:25That is great stuff.
00:47:28How cool is it to know that you operate the most powerful radars
00:47:31on the planet and surveil the heavens,
00:47:33that you operate telescopes that are critical to national defense?
00:47:38How cool is it to tell people that you are responsible
00:47:41for maintaining nuclear missiles on alert for the defense of this country?
00:47:47This is a cool business that we are in.
00:47:51Join us.
00:47:53America's Air Force.
00:47:56No one comes close.
00:48:01This is our larger laboratory, and off to this side
00:48:04we have freshman or first-year cadets working on components
00:48:08of our FalconSat-5 satellite that we're in the process of designing,
00:48:13and we'll be testing those at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico.
00:48:18Since I was a kid, I've been fascinated with aviation and space exploration.
00:48:23So after high school, I started looking at colleges,
00:48:26and the Air Force looked really cool because I could learn
00:48:30about space technology and satellite design,
00:48:33so the Air Force Academy was just the natural choice.
00:48:36Fire!
00:48:38Preset.
00:48:39Preset.
00:48:40Pause.
00:48:45Nice.
00:48:46Space.
00:48:47What are the numbers for?
00:48:48Right there.
00:48:49Earth 4.
00:48:50Awesome.
00:48:52We're at the Air Force Starbase Slaluz Academy at Kirtland Air Force Base,
00:48:56and we've got students working on an engineering piece of software
00:49:00to design a space station.
00:49:02So if they were trying to present their model to somebody to buy
00:49:05or to be excited about.
00:49:07Oh, that's cool.
00:49:08There are all kinds of stories across the country now
00:49:11where young people in their schools are being indoctrinated
00:49:15at very young ages in this warrior culture and in new space technology.
00:49:22Each year, over 50,000 children are educated in space technology
00:49:27at military bases in most states across the U.S.
00:49:31The Pentagon takes a long-term view,
00:49:34seeking to enlist generations of youth in richly subsidized aerospace careers.
00:49:39It's extremely important for us to have students learning about science,
00:49:43technology, engineering, and mathematics.
00:49:45As our workforce continues to age,
00:49:47we need to make sure that we have young people in the pipeline
00:49:51that are interested in filling those career slots
00:49:53that our current scientists and engineers are in.
00:50:00I would argue there is no better time than today
00:50:09for us all to commit to a future of excellence and leadership
00:50:14fueled by the next generation of our airmen.
00:50:17Ladies and gentlemen, we're ready today.
00:50:19With our great industry partners, with you at our side,
00:50:23we'll be ready for tomorrow.
00:50:25God bless you, and thank you very much.
00:50:27The Pentagon has said that moving the arms race into space
00:50:41will be the largest industrial project in the history of the planet Earth.
00:50:46They can't take any chances.
00:50:49They have to have an enemy.
00:50:51They have to make the people afraid.
00:50:54Someone's going to attack us with nuclear weapons.
00:50:56We've got to have missile defense in order to protect us from attack.
00:51:01Iraq, one of the rogue states, Iran, North Korea,
00:51:07and now they throw China into that equation.
00:51:11Wait a minute. What about the Chinese threat?
00:51:15Didn't China, like the U.S., show that it can destroy orbiting satellites?
00:51:20Isn't China trying to gain military superiority in space?
00:51:25NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology
00:51:31The threat to our space security is real.
00:51:34Kind of an electronic Pearl Harbor that could only be aimed at the United States.
00:51:37There are individuals who are hyping the Chinese threat,
00:51:41saying that it's imminent, that it's aggressive,
00:51:44that they plan to launch a preemptive massive attack
00:51:47on U.S. space systems in the Pacific, which they call a space Pearl Harbor.
00:51:52And they often look for these stories,
00:51:54these sensational stories in newspapers or tabloids,
00:51:58and these publications tend not to be very reliable.
00:52:03For example, this parasite satellite story,
00:52:06where a Hong Kong tabloid published a bit of information
00:52:10that got off of a Chinese website,
00:52:13and then this made it into U.S. Pentagon reports to Congress.
00:52:17And nobody ever bothered to figure out
00:52:19if this original Chinese website source was credible or not.
00:52:24And as it turns out, the person who was posting this,
00:52:28it was on his personal web page, his sort of own personal blog.
00:52:32And he was really just sort of making it up.
00:52:34And if you look at all of the other things on his site,
00:52:37which include things like pictures of scaly-clad women
00:52:41and sensational photographs of secret weapon systems,
00:52:45he's clearly not a credible source of information.
00:52:50They didn't bother to trace the information to its source,
00:52:54which took us about six hours to do.
00:53:00For the last three years,
00:53:02the Pentagon has been trying to make China the new boogeyman,
00:53:05and China unwittingly played into the United States' hands
00:53:10with its anti-satellite test.
00:53:20At the time, I was at a conference in Colorado Springs,
00:53:25and the military officers in the room
00:53:27actually left to watch the test in real time.
00:53:32So they were observing the actual Chinese anti-satellite test.
00:53:37We know about every space launch.
00:53:40We know about every rocket launch.
00:53:43We have reconnaissance and surveillance satellites
00:53:45that can detect all these.
00:53:47We detected the Chinese test, for example.
00:53:49And in fact, we detected the two previous Chinese tests that failed.
00:53:54So we know about this.
00:53:56It's extremely difficult to hide space tests.
00:54:01They're one of the most observable weapons tests you can possibly imagine.
00:54:10What was the point of China's display of destruction?
00:54:15The reason is simple.
00:54:17They want to give you a signal, a warning.
00:54:21So the warning must be known by the other side.
00:54:25In effect, the Chinese were saying,
00:54:28OK, you want to be dominant in space? You deal with us.
00:54:35China intended to alert the world
00:54:37to U.S. plans for military dominance of space.
00:54:42And China warned it will confront that ambition.
00:54:46It is able and willing to destroy U.S. weapons in space.
00:54:52We wouldn't really want to see in the future
00:54:55an Earth surrounded by an outer layer of weapons
00:55:00which will make mankind even more vulnerable than the situation today.
00:55:08China offered a preview of the deadly contest that would start
00:55:12if the U.S. positions weapons in space.
00:55:15How close is that risk?
00:55:19The U.S. military is developing what the Air Force in particular
00:55:23has called prompt global strike.
00:55:26That is basically, currently we have nuclear missiles
00:55:30that could strike anywhere on Earth within 30 minutes.
00:55:37What the military is talking about is a similar conventional capability
00:55:42that could be used to knock out, say,
00:55:44a Chinese anti-satellite weapons launcher in a matter of minutes.
00:55:53A number of concepts are being studied with this notion of prompt global strike.
00:55:58One is an orbiting space plane that would have the capability
00:56:03to be able to maneuver and also to fire weapons
00:56:06at a much faster pace than is currently the case.
00:56:12Another is a space satellite that would actually have missiles on it
00:56:17that could be fired from space and reach a target
00:56:21in literally 5 to 10 minutes as opposed to the current 30 minutes.
00:56:28We're talking about a satellite system called Rods from God
00:56:32which can put heavy tungsten metal rods from satellites onto the Earth
00:56:39to penetrate bunkers.
00:56:41All that's being developed.
00:56:43We've spent billions of dollars on research on these weapons
00:56:49and a number of these weapons are getting ready for testing.
00:56:55Were they deployed in orbit,
00:56:57global strike systems could hit 100 targets on Earth at once
00:57:01at nearly 7,000 miles an hour.
00:57:04They wouldn't be weapons of mass destruction as defined in UN resolutions,
00:57:08but the destructive impact of a Rod from God
00:57:11would match that of a nuclear warhead.
00:57:14Satellites can identify a target through overhead imagery,
00:57:17process communications about the target between military decision makers,
00:57:21and then guide a bomb precisely enough to destroy the target with one shot.
00:57:26Would it really be that big a step
00:57:28if a projectile itself were also launched from space?
00:57:31There's no practical difference,
00:57:33and I'd venture to say that the person on the receiving end
00:57:35wouldn't see the distinction either.
00:57:52In the high-tech field, there's a notion called normal accident.
00:57:56It means the kind of accident that is going to take place
00:58:00unpredictably in any complicated system.
00:58:04Like anyone who owns a computer knows about normal accidents.
00:58:08Every once in a while, the thing just crashes for some unexplained reason.
00:58:12And when you get to much more complex systems, of course that's going to happen.
00:58:16With all our technology, we know bloody well
00:58:19that we cannot be assured absolutely 100%
00:58:24that our bombs, so-called think bombs, smart bombs, are hitting the targets.
00:58:28We know from Afghanistan and Iraq alone in the last few years
00:58:32that that's a fallacy.
00:58:34You are hitting civilian people.
00:58:36You are not hitting the Iraqi bases.
00:58:39What you are doing is wrong.
00:58:42How much worse would the probability of hitting the wrong target
00:58:46or hitting ourselves from outer space would be?
00:58:50We have no way of calculating that.
00:58:52It's not possible.
00:58:57At least one weapon could go awry and land in Iowa or New York City
00:59:02or God knows where, you know.
00:59:05That's a reality.
00:59:07And if we don't accept that, well, we're just whistling in the dark.
00:59:10And we're going to be victims of our own technology.
00:59:38The rest of the world understands that the U.S. is planning to militarize space, of course.
00:59:43So there have been efforts to renew and extend the Outer Space Treaty.
00:59:52It says weapons of mass destruction can't be in space.
00:59:55It doesn't say other things.
00:59:57And there have been attempts to renew it, just to affirm it and to strengthen it.
01:00:02The U.S. blocks it every year.
01:00:07The U.S. blocks it every year.
01:00:17It is 160 to 1, 170 to 1.
01:00:22The United States is the only nation actually voting against this.
01:00:25We're isolated on this issue.
01:00:38It would be nice to think that space weaponization is prevented
01:00:45not because there's a huge outcry against it,
01:00:48although that would be an interesting prospect too,
01:00:51but because no one, including our own nation, has the money to spend on this anymore.
01:00:56But in an era when the United States still maintains
01:01:00a $500 billion military budget every year,
01:01:05I don't think we can count on that happening.
01:01:08It's really insane.
01:01:10We are willing to spend hundreds of billions of dollars over the years
01:01:14to develop space control means that a treaty would take care of,
01:01:19would make unnecessary.
01:01:21If we had the will to negotiate such a treaty,
01:01:24if we took the lead, we could get one.
01:01:27It wouldn't be easy.
01:01:29It would be a very difficult thing to do.
01:01:31But it could be done.
01:01:36How can a treaty ban all anti-satellite weaponry?
01:01:40A ground-based laser, a conventional missile,
01:01:44and most orbiting systems can be used to demolish satellites.
01:01:48Could a treaty guarantee that kill vehicles would only target missiles,
01:01:53not satellites or Earth-bound objects?
01:01:56Opponents of a new treaty argue that such promises are untenable.
01:02:00And too late.
01:02:06The United Nations
01:02:11Weaponization of space has happened a long time ago.
01:02:16This idea that it's a pristine environment,
01:02:19that if only we stop where we are right now,
01:02:22all will be well, is simply nonsense.
01:02:25And it's even more foolish to think that somehow
01:02:28we can stuff this genie into a bottle.
01:02:32We do indeed need a United Nations treaty.
01:02:35This is not enough. This is only step one.
01:02:38Step two says, OK, space has been militarized.
01:02:43There are military networks in space.
01:02:45Many of them, like GPS, are useful.
01:02:48But we should work on international treaties
01:02:51to make those military space networks used for multilateral purposes.
01:02:57Do I think that's going to happen?
01:02:59I'm very doubtful.
01:03:01But I have to keep hoping and believing that there is a prospect for that.
01:03:15I will cut tens of billions of dollars in wasteful spending.
01:03:18I will cut investments in unproven missile defense systems.
01:03:22I will not weaponize space.
01:03:26Those fearing the weaponization of space
01:03:28could find hope in Barack Obama's election.
01:03:31As soon as he took office,
01:03:33the White House announced it would be seeking a worldwide ban on weapons
01:03:37that interfere with military and commercial satellites.
01:03:46But it proved tough to change decades of entrenched military policy
01:03:50to weaponize space.
01:03:59Obama's 2010 defense budget requested close to a billion dollars
01:04:03that was applicable to space warfare systems.
01:04:08It included a new program called Offensive Counterspace,
01:04:12which the Pentagon defined as
01:04:14offensive measures to disrupt, deny, degrade, or destroy
01:04:21any adversary's space capabilities.
01:04:29History suggests that nations do not voluntarily disarm.
01:04:36They disarm because they're defeated,
01:04:39or they make small adjustments
01:04:42in the way they buy and build and deploy their weapons.
01:04:48But no superpower says,
01:04:51you know, it would be better if we were weaker.
01:04:54I don't recall that ever happening.
01:04:59NASA's Offensive Counterspace Program
01:05:041, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11.
01:05:25It's hard to obtain space superiority without attacking,
01:05:30so I'm afraid that if we want space superiority,
01:05:34we're going to have to attack enemy's assets,
01:05:37which I don't know if you know much about orbital mechanics,
01:05:40but if you created debris up in space,
01:05:43that would just get in the way for you as well,
01:05:45and it kind of started chain reaction,
01:05:47and pretty soon you just have a cloud of debris surrounding Earth.
01:05:54About 600,000 fragments rush through space
01:05:57at ten times the velocity of a rifle bullet.
01:06:02All of these objects are traveling at 14,000 miles an hour,
01:06:06so even an object the size of a pea traveling at that speed
01:06:10has more force than a cannonball.
01:06:16Right now the problem with space junk is so high
01:06:19that NASA is worried that if there is never another launch
01:06:23of anything into space,
01:06:25because every launch creates a little bit of debris.
01:06:30In 50 years' time, certain orbits will be so polluted
01:06:34that nobody can operate there,
01:06:36because the stuff that's already up there will start breaking up
01:06:39and creating more and more clutter.
01:06:45A satellite's destruction unleashes a storm cloud of debris
01:06:49that fouls the space around our planet
01:06:52and threatens anything in orbit.
01:06:54The point really is, is creation of debris in this manner
01:06:59a good idea or a bad idea?
01:07:01And clearly it is a very bad idea,
01:07:03because there's no way to go up and clean that up.
01:07:10The more times you go into space
01:07:13and you begin to practice destroying other satellites,
01:07:18you create so much space junk
01:07:21that you literally create the very likely possibility
01:07:24that at some point in time
01:07:26you will not be able to get a rocket off the planet Earth,
01:07:29because it'll be like a minefield around the planet,
01:07:33and you won't be able to escape the minefield with that rocket
01:07:36because it would be destroyed by all the space junk there.
01:07:40So we've got to begin to look at space as an environment.
01:07:52We have several hundred billion dollars of investment
01:07:58in the peaceful uses of outer space.
01:08:01I'm talking about weather satellites,
01:08:04positioning satellites,
01:08:07scientific satellites.
01:08:10The entire world communication network is all satellite-oriented.
01:08:16All this incredible investment
01:08:19from the United States and from the European Union and Canada
01:08:22and other countries like this,
01:08:24all this is completely a jeopardy
01:08:27if we start putting weapons in outer space.
01:08:33How would our world change if we lost the use of satellites?
01:08:36Day one, 6.15 a.m.,
01:08:38communication satellites hovering over the Americas fall mute.
01:08:42Over a swath of the globe, GPS coverage collapses.
01:08:46Atomic clocks on GPS satellites can't transmit universal standard time.
01:08:51The synchronization of massive infrastructures snaps.
01:08:55350 million cell phones are disabled.
01:08:58Hundreds of millions of Internet connections vanish.
01:09:01Around the world, card payments and bank accounts freeze.
01:09:05Billions of dollars are sucked from industries and businesses,
01:09:08triggering a financial crash.
01:09:10News services are crippled.
01:09:12City streets reliant on GPS for traffic management are in chaos.
01:09:16Electrical grids lose synchronization.
01:09:19Wide zones of continents are blinded by blackouts.
01:09:23Coast guards are deaf to ships' distress calls.
01:09:27Dozens of aircraft are missing.
01:09:29Air traffic controllers are fighting panic.
01:09:32Worldwide, flights are grounded or called back.
01:09:35By midnight, there's been a cascade of traffic,
01:09:38train, boat and aircraft accidents.
01:09:43So far, the world has avoided such a catastrophe.
01:09:47But a space war would kill satellites
01:09:50and blast tons of wreckage into orbit.
01:09:53The system we rely on would shatter
01:09:56and be impossible to restore.
01:10:00The time is 6.25, and this is a special.
01:10:03As part of the Conference on World Affairs,
01:10:06we're discussing the militarization of space.
01:10:09There is a point in time that may be rapidly closing
01:10:12where the United States could dominate space
01:10:14to such a point where there would be no arms race.
01:10:16Frankly, I don't think it's doable.
01:10:18I think the march of technology will mean
01:10:20that even if we get a lead on other nations
01:10:23in attempting to do that,
01:10:25that sooner or later we will again be challenged.
01:10:28It's kind of like what happened after World War II.
01:10:31We had the atomic bomb. Nobody else had the atomic bomb.
01:10:34We thought we had a big exclusive,
01:10:36and with our atomic weaponry,
01:10:38we would be able to dominate the Earth.
01:10:40It didn't last very long.
01:10:42The Soviets had an atomic bomb.
01:10:44The Chinese had an atomic bomb.
01:10:46Likewise, in space, to think that we can move up there
01:10:49with weaponry and be alone,
01:10:52to be the king on the throne of space,
01:10:56it's a tragic miscalculation.
01:10:59India has been discussing whether or not
01:11:02it needs to build its own anti-satellite weapons.
01:11:05You can be sure if India does it,
01:11:07Pakistan will be thinking about it in a heartbeat as well.
01:11:10Israel has also been discussing this issue.
01:11:13So, what you see in this picture
01:11:16is that the United States,
01:11:18the United States of America,
01:11:20the United Kingdom,
01:11:22the United States of America,
01:11:24the United States of America,
01:11:26has been discussing this issue.
01:11:28So, what you see now
01:11:30is the potential for a domino effect.
01:11:35Few nations will willingly submit to US supremacy in space.
01:11:39Some will try to topple the US.
01:11:41Others scramble for a foothold.
01:11:43Enemies will vie in leaping ahead.
01:11:45Stable and unstable nations will be dragged into the race.
01:11:49The European Union opposes the weaponization of space.
01:11:53But for how long?
01:11:56If the Americans continue to place weapons,
01:11:59not just military satellites, but weapons in space,
01:12:02we will have to think about it.
01:12:04We have to at least consider the means to defend ourselves
01:12:07or to face, not the American threat,
01:12:10but the possible arms race that could result from it.
01:12:15Russia would plunge into the contest.
01:12:18It has committed to destroying any weapon the US positions in orbit.
01:12:23If Americans deploy
01:12:26space-based anti-ballistic missile defences,
01:12:31then, could you imagine,
01:12:33interceptors based on space stations, military stations,
01:12:39would overfly territory of Russia or territory of China?
01:12:45That would be considered as quite unacceptable, I think, for Russians.
01:12:53The potential victims are not going to say,
01:12:56here's my throat, please cut it.
01:12:59They know that they're a potential target.
01:13:01And if the US were to develop space weapons,
01:13:05they'd be completely defenceless unless they destroyed it somehow
01:13:10or developed a deterrent.
01:13:12And deterrents are known.
01:13:14So, for example, nuclear weapons are a deterrent.
01:13:17Terror is a deterrent.
01:13:19And that's why aggressive militarism
01:13:22leads to an extension of proliferation and terror.
01:13:50During the Cold War,
01:13:52humankind feared that in a series of blind wars
01:13:55with the United States,
01:13:57Russia and the United States of America
01:14:00would be the victors of the Cold War.
01:14:03But the Cold War was not the end of the Cold War.
01:14:06The Cold War was the beginning of a new era.
01:14:09The Cold War was not the end of the Cold War.
01:14:12The Cold War was not the end of the Cold War.
01:14:15During the Cold War,
01:14:17humankind feared that in a series of blinding flashes,
01:14:20the world would become an untended graveyard.
01:14:36Thousands of nuclear weapons are still maintained around the world
01:14:40on hair-trigger alert.
01:14:43The weaponization of space could detonate this arsenal.
01:14:52So any anxiety induced by putting weapons in space
01:14:56or launching weapons from space down to Earth
01:15:00could induce, by accident, by human fallibility,
01:15:03by design, by terrorist takeover,
01:15:06the launching of up to 9,000 hydrogen bombs,
01:15:11inducing a short ice age
01:15:13and the death of most creatures on the planet.
01:15:18We're on the edge of the nuclear precipice,
01:15:21about to be annihilated.
01:15:28If we move to weaponization of space,
01:15:31we can bid farewell to the planet.
01:15:34The chances of survival are very slight.
01:15:41The Cold War is not the end of the Cold War.
01:15:45The Cold War is not the end of the Cold War.
01:15:49The Cold War is not the end of the Cold War.
01:15:53The Cold War is not the end of the Cold War.
01:16:01When you all your life have been told that America is an exceptional nation,
01:16:07that we are different from the rest,
01:16:09when you're told that all your life, you begin to believe it.
01:16:19I was in the Air Force.
01:16:21I was a young Republican for Nixon.
01:16:24And I grew up on the military bases behind the barbed wire fences,
01:16:28and so everything I really was taught and was trained in
01:16:32was militarism and a conservative way of being,
01:16:35a conservative way of seeing the world.
01:16:39But now I personally have learned
01:16:43that what America is doing is not about defense.
01:16:47It's about offense.
01:16:49It's about an aggressive military doctrine
01:16:52that talks about control and domination.
01:16:57I really went through an entire transformation.
01:17:00Everything that I knew was different.
01:17:02But one thing wasn't different. One thing always remained.
01:17:05I realized I had a good heart, even as a conservative,
01:17:08as a young follower of the military.
01:17:11I had a good heart. I had a good intention.
01:17:14And I realized that many people in the military are that way,
01:17:17that they have a good heart. They mean well.
01:17:19They're doing what they think is the right thing to do.
01:17:22They want to protect the country.
01:17:24There are moments that will truly test the leader within you,
01:17:28test whether you will take the hard path or the easy path,
01:17:32the wrong path or the right path.
01:17:35Most people want to have a good heart,
01:17:38and when you challenge them to think,
01:17:40it doesn't mean that they change overnight.
01:17:42I didn't change overnight.
01:17:44It took me some time behind those gates on that military base
01:17:47for me to make my change,
01:17:49but it's all about initiating that change.
01:17:52The willingness always to take the right path,
01:17:55even if it's the hard path, is called character.
01:17:59In every aspect of your life, whether personal or professional,
01:18:03you must always maintain the courage of your convictions,
01:18:07your personal integrity.
01:18:13We're living in a very, very dangerous time,
01:18:16and there's hardly any alarm in this area across the board.
01:18:20I mean, people are just, they're so inundated with so many things,
01:18:24you know, just making a living,
01:18:26just getting through the day,
01:18:28just trying to remain sane in all this insanity that's going on,
01:18:32that it's hard to get their attention and saying,
01:18:35wait a minute, I know you think it's bad.
01:18:37I got news for you, it's a lot worse.
01:18:39People don't want to hear that, you know.
01:18:42So we have to find a way to alert people
01:18:45to the reality of what's going on,
01:18:48and that's not an easy task.
01:18:50Let's prevent something terrible from happening,
01:18:53before it does, for once.
01:18:55Usually we're trying to bring back weapon systems
01:18:58after they've been deployed, nuclear missiles,
01:19:01we're trying to bring them back.
01:19:03Here's an opportunity, one of the first times in history, actually,
01:19:07that we have a chance to be proactive,
01:19:09that we have a chance to stop a new arms race
01:19:12before it actually happens.
01:19:14That's why this moment is so crucial.
01:19:16The debate over space weaponization
01:19:18is the most critical debate for the next century.
01:19:22And we are on the verge of making decisions
01:19:26in many nations around the world about which path to choose.
01:19:33Congratulations, and may God watch over all of you
01:19:36and these United States.
01:19:47Lord, we pray today that you would allow us to worship you
01:19:51in spirit and in truth, as we go out into the world.
01:20:00Can the high ground that nations seek be the moral high ground?
01:20:04Or are we doomed to pursue only the high ground of military advantage?
01:20:09Many nations are showing themselves unwilling to find global peace
01:20:13under the command of one.
01:20:17Can the U.S. show leadership rather than strive for supremacy?
01:20:23Rather than insisting on a Pax Americana,
01:20:26can the U.S. steer a union of nations towards a Pax Universalis,
01:20:31a peace for all the world?
01:20:35In Christ's name we pray. Amen.
01:20:38In Christ's name we pray. Amen.
01:20:53What kind of a peace do we seek?
01:20:56Not a Pax Americana,
01:20:59enforced on the world by American weapons of war.
01:21:04I am talking about genuine peace,
01:21:07the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living.
01:21:11Not merely peace for Americans, but peace for all men and women.
01:21:16Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all times.
01:21:37Peace in all times.
01:21:40Peace in all times.
01:21:43Peace in all times.
01:21:46Peace in all times.
01:21:49Peace in all times.
01:21:52Peace in all times.
01:22:07Peace in all times.
01:22:10Peace in all times.
01:22:13Peace in all times.
01:22:16Peace in all times.
01:22:19Peace in all times.
01:22:22Peace in all times.
01:22:25Peace in all times.
01:22:28Peace in all times.
01:22:31Peace in all times.
01:22:34Peace in all times.
01:22:37Peace in all times.
01:22:40Peace in all times.
01:22:43Peace in all times.
01:22:46Peace in all times.
01:22:49Peace in all times.
01:22:52Peace in all times.
01:22:55Peace in all times.
01:22:58Peace in all times.
01:23:01Peace in all times.
01:23:04Peace in all times.
01:23:07Peace in all times.
01:23:10Peace in all times.
01:23:13Peace in all times.
01:23:16Peace in all times.
01:23:19Peace in all times.
01:23:22Peace in all times.
01:23:25Peace in all times.
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