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00:00The ocean, the largest habitat on earth, and an inhospitable place,
00:29for those of us who live on land.
00:35Yet, for a billion years, this was the only place on the planet where life existed.
00:49Today, descendants of those early life forms continue to thrive.
00:59They share the sea with fish, but outnumber them by ten to one.
01:07They have no backbones, and have evolved into countless different forms.
01:16Some are huge, large-brained, and intelligent.
01:21Others are minuscule, yet build the largest natural structures on the planet.
01:46They are marine invertebrates, the creatures of the deep.
01:51They have colonized every corner of the ocean, and have a mind-boggling range of solutions to the problem of staying alive.
02:22The Ocean
02:32The ocean is by no means uniform.
02:35Differences in depth, temperature, sunlight, and currents pose particular challenges.
02:43One and a half miles down, these hydrothermal vents spew out superheated water at 450 degrees centigrade from cracks in the earth's crust.
02:58Despite the enormous pressure, the total darkness, and the scaldingly high temperatures, the ancestors of all life may have evolved in a place just like this.
03:12Pompeii worms, so named for their ability to survive volcanic heat.
03:23They share the vents with crabs and two-meter-long tube worms.
03:30They can only survive here because they're able to feed on bacteria that thrive around the vents.
03:43These colonies are extremely rare.
03:50Not surprisingly, most life thrives nearer the surface, where feeding is considerably easier.
04:05These are krill, tiny shrimp-like crustaceans.
04:10Swarms can reach astounding numbers, 60,000 per cubic meter.
04:19During the night, they rise towards the surface to feed on plankton.
04:27Here, in the Sea of Cortez, off Mexico, the swarms attract hunters of all kinds, from humpback whales to shoals of predatory fish.
04:40Yet another hunter arrives. It's one from the deep.
04:48A humboldt squid.
04:53Two meters long, they have a local reputation as man-eaters.
05:02Alone, they're forced to hide in the depths of the sea.
05:09Formidable enough, but this is a pack of hundreds.
05:20They're highly intelligent hunters. Their eyesight is exceptional.
05:24They have powerful tentacles, suckers ringed with 70,000 hooks, and a razor-sharp beak for tearing through flesh.
05:39Now the fish find that they are under attack, and so group together for safety.
05:50But the humboldt squid work as a team, herding the fish against the rocks.
06:09It's thought that the squid flash red and white, not only to confuse their prey, but also to signal to each other when they are about to attack.
06:39Humboldt squid numbers are growing rapidly.
06:42Humboldt's squid numbers are growing rapidly, but they remain mysterious.
07:13As fast as they arrived, they disappear back into the deep.
07:29800 miles from the South Pole, in the shadow of a smouldering Mount Erebus.
07:43Winter temperatures are a punishing minus 40.
07:51This, perhaps, is the last place you might expect to find marine life.
08:13Now, it's the beginning of the polar spring,
08:17and for the first time in months, light reaches the sea beneath the ice.
08:31It's extremely cold and completely dark for much of the year,
08:35so conditions are not unlike those of the deep.
08:42This is the deep ocean.
08:49Yet, in McMurdo Sound, life flourishes.
08:54The creatures here grow extremely slowly,
09:14but that does mean they can reach a great age and great size,
09:19and they occur in surprisingly large numbers.
09:24Three meter long carnivorous nematine worms, red sea stars, and urchins carpet the seafloor.
09:54This monster worm will eat almost anything, and is constantly scanning the seafloor for food.
10:14Animals are swarming here in such numbers because of this, a dead seal pup.
10:25Such a great quantity of food may only arrive once in ten years,
10:30but a seal's body won't be easy to eat.
10:40Nematines have a snout like a harpoon that enables them to puncture the skin of the corpse.
10:55It's harder work for the sea stars.
10:59They feed by pushing out their stomachs through their mouths.
11:07As this sea star presses its stomach against the seal's skin,
11:11it secretes digestive juices that dissolve the seal's tissue.
11:16But that takes time.
11:25These scavengers will feed here throughout the summer,
11:29until all that remains of the seal will be a skeleton stripped bare.
11:42The shallows are only a tiny part of the marine world.
11:47Ninety percent of it is open water.
11:52Its currents carry life for thousands of miles.
12:01The masters of this nomadic existence are jellyfish.
12:08A life spent drifting in the empty ocean could be a lonely one, but not for this jellyfish.
12:18Aurelia.
12:22Swarms like this are not accidental.
12:25These individuals all hatched together when the temperature and currents were just right.
12:35Their timing has ensured that they can make the most of feeding on a late summer plankton bloom.
12:52Aurelia.
13:05Jellyfish have no brain and no blood,
13:09but they do have eye spots that enable them to tell the difference between light and dark.
13:15And they can move independently of the current by a simple form of jet propulsion.
13:29All jellyfish have stinging tentacles with which to catch their food.
13:34As they pulse their bodies, the tentacles trap plankton,
13:38which is then passed towards their mouth in the center.
13:45Aurelia.
14:03A swarm of 100,000 stinging jellyfish might seem a daunting prospect for a predator.
14:11But not for this one.
14:14A huge fried egg jellyfish.
14:18It is a killer.
14:24Its weapons are harpoon-like cells that cover its tentacles.
14:31When they come into contact with a victim, they spear it.
14:41Aurelia.
14:52The fried egg then hauls in its prey.
15:03A few lucky Aurelia do manage to pull themselves free.
15:11But for the majority, there's only one outcome.
15:15Death.
15:32Jellyfish, like a great many marine invertebrates,
15:36have soft, vulnerable bodies.
15:43They are protected by stinging cells.
15:51But there are other kinds of defense.
15:59Armor plating.
16:07Spider crabs.
16:18These are spider crabs.
16:21They spend most of their lives in deep water.
16:25But once a year, off the coast of southern Australia,
16:28a quarter of a million crabs set off on a long journey to the shallows.
16:37They're here because they all share a problem.
16:41Each crab has been wearing the same suit of armor for a year and a half.
16:50And it's getting uncomfortably tight.
16:58So each crab eventually has to shed its shell.
17:06And produce a bigger one.
17:09Replacing an old shell is understandably a tricky process.
17:17First, the crab grows an entirely new skin within the old shell.
17:26It then flexes its body to force its shell to split along the back.
17:32Before gingerly backing itself out.
17:44The spider crabs are not only here to molt, but to mate.
17:51And they grab the opportunity with considerable enthusiasm.
18:02Coming together in such numbers does, however, have a drawback.
18:10It attracts predators.
18:16A stingray.
18:32Despite there being so many potential prey, the stingray seems to ignore them.
18:38Perhaps the safety in numbers.
18:43Although not all the crabs are prepared to rely on it.
18:55Alarm spreads amongst the crabs.
18:59But in fact, most of them are safe.
19:03This ray is being very choosy.
19:06It's only interested in the softest shelled, most recently molted crabs.
19:12Once a target is singled out, there is no escape.
19:23The stingray is not only looking for prey.
19:26It's also looking for prey to eat.
19:32The stingray is not only looking for prey to eat.
19:36It's also looking for prey to eat.
19:41It's also looking for prey to eat.
19:44It's also looking for prey to eat.
20:07When their new armor has hardened, the crabs return to the competitive safety of the deep.
20:13Leaving behind only their old, empty shells.
20:21Like spider crabs, the behavior of most marine creatures is controlled by a very simple nervous system.
20:29But there are exceptions.
20:37This cuttlefish is one of the cleverest animals in the ocean.
20:42She has a very large brain.
20:45In fact, it's larger for her size than that of most fish or reptiles.
20:52Her life is both complex and full of intrigue.
20:59Giant Australian cuttlefish usually live alone.
21:02But once in their short lives, they must come together to mate.
21:13As she approaches the traditional mating grounds,
21:17one of the largest males starts to show interest in her.
21:29She moves him away from his rivals to a quieter spot.
21:33A place where she will be able to lay her eggs in safety.
21:43The male takes the female in his arms and turns her to face him.
21:48Before using one of his arms to pass sacks of sperm to an opening near her mouth.
21:55The cuttlefish is one of the cleverest animals in the ocean.
21:59She has a very large brain.
22:01In fact, it's larger for her size than most marine creatures in the ocean.
22:06She has a very large brain.
22:08She moves him away from his rivals to a quieter spot.
22:12A place where she will be able to lay her eggs in safety.
22:16The male takes the female in his arms and turns her to face him.
22:21A place where she will be able to lay her eggs in safety.
22:39Once mated, he hovers over her, standing guard until she's laid her eggs.
22:52But he's got a problem.
22:54Males outnumber females four to one,
22:57so keeping her to himself is a constant battle.
23:22This larger rival is more difficult to intimidate.
23:28Cuttlefish can make very dramatic changes to their skin pattern
23:32in order to signal their moods.
23:40Flushes of bright colour and stripes that pulse along his side
23:44tell the rival to keep off.
23:52Most rivals back down at this stage.
23:55But not this one.
23:59Although the male's flashing signals get more and more emphatic,
24:03in the end, he has no choice but to fight.
24:21Flushes of bright colour and stripes that pulse along his side
24:26tell the rival to keep off.
24:28Flushes of bright colour and stripes that pulse along his side
24:31tell the rival to keep off.
24:51Victory! And the male can return to guard his female.
24:59Cuttlefish are great communicators, but there is a flip side.
25:03They can also be masters of deception.
25:16This male is too small to fight for a mate,
25:19but he has another plan, and it's sneaky.
25:23He approaches the couple cautiously,
25:25holding his tentacles tucked up at the front,
25:28mimicking a female that wants to mate.
25:32To complete his disguise, he changes colour
25:35to appear even more like a female.
25:40The guarding male seems convinced.
25:42Maybe he thinks his luck is in.
25:44Another female to add to his conquests.
25:47Another female to add to his conquests.
26:07The sly cross-dressing male edges closer and closer to the female,
26:12holding his nerve.
26:14As long as he avoids being grabbed in a mating embrace,
26:17the sneak is safe.
26:29At what point the female guesses his true identity is unclear,
26:34but she isn't choosy and surreptitiously mates with him
26:38right under the larger male's tentacles.
26:45MUSIC PLAYS
27:06It's time for the female to lay her eggs.
27:09Using the sperm from both males,
27:12she fertilises her eggs one by one
27:15and glues them to a rock in a hidden crevice.
27:21With luck, she will now have a mix of offspring.
27:24Some may become masterful males and others little sneaks.
27:29She'll have all the bases covered.
27:37The coastal waters of British Columbia.
27:43Home to this four-metre-long Pacific giant octopus.
27:57She is a formidable predator,
28:00but at the moment, hunting isn't on her mind.
28:04She has just mated for the first time.
28:09And now she's searching for a safe refuge.
28:13She makes her choice carefully.
28:15This is going to be her home for many months to come.
28:24And now she's ready to go.
28:26MUSIC PLAYS
28:33She makes her choice carefully.
28:35This is going to be her home for many months to come.
28:39MUSIC PLAYS
28:53It's her nursery den.
28:58100,000 eggs hang from its ceiling
29:01and she's guarding them with her life.
29:05Without her to protect them,
29:07they will be eaten by predators or become diseased.
29:13She caresses them with her tentacles,
29:16ensuring that algae don't grow on them
29:19and that fish don't eat them.
29:23She constantly keeps the water moving around them
29:26so they're well supplied with oxygen.
29:30MUSIC PLAYS
29:37She cares for them for six months
29:40and during all this time, she doesn't eat a thing.
29:52And now she's ready to go.
29:59As they're hatching, she is dying.
30:13One night, as the baby octopus emerge,
30:17she jets water over them for the last time,
30:20helping them on their way.
30:23This will be her final act.
30:32This is the only time she will reproduce
30:36and to give her young their best chance,
30:39she sacrifices her life.
30:43Out of the depths comes one of the largest
30:46and most aggressive starfish in the ocean.
30:50Picnopodia, a giant sun star,
30:53the size of a dustbin lid.
31:01It's the only starfish in the world
31:04that can survive in the ocean.
31:07A dustbin lid.
31:15It's a hunter.
31:17Each arm is covered by super-sensitive tube feet
31:20that can detect prey by touch and smell.
31:30But the sun star is also partial to carrion
31:33and it detects the carcass of the giant octopus mother.
31:46The miniature suckers on its feet clamp onto the corpse
31:50and drag it out of the cave.
31:53Other scavengers rush to join the feast.
32:15Although it's not easy to catch a giant starfish,
32:20although it's a fearsome predator,
32:23Picnopodia doesn't have it all its own way.
32:28These sea urchins aren't speedy enough to escape,
32:31but they do have a formidable defence.
32:35The sharp spines are hard to get past
32:38and what's more, the urchins can move each spine independently,
32:42pinching the starfish's probing arms.
32:50Trapped by an army of urchins,
32:53Picnopodia is spotted by an enormous king crab.
33:05Picnopodia has more than met its match
33:08and within seconds the crab rips off one of its arms.
33:13But that is just a temporary inconvenience.
33:17Starfish are able to quickly regrow a lost limb.
33:28Picnopodia is a great predator,
33:31but it's not all it's got to offer.
33:34Starfish are able to quickly regrow a lost limb.
33:43The most impressive invertebrates may seem to be the giants,
33:47but in fact it's some of the smallest that can make the biggest impact.
33:55Every square inch of this island
33:57has been created by an ever-growing living superstructure,
34:01a coral reef.
34:04It took thousands of years to reach this size
34:07and it all began with creatures smaller than a pinhead.
34:11A reef can't be built just anywhere.
34:14It needs something to give it a firm footing.
34:42A wreck like this provides an excellent foundation.
34:59As soon as it settles on the seabed,
35:02the wreck comes under attack from invaders.
35:05Plankton, carried here by ocean currents.
35:12These are the microscopic larvae of barnacles, sponges
35:17and, most importantly, corals.
35:29The larvae must attach themselves to the wreck.
35:33Once there, they can develop into young corals called polyps.
35:41But the polyps are very slow growing
35:44and there is lots of competition from other invaders.
35:55Algae quickly cover the wreck
35:58and that's a problem for the young coral.
36:12Algae attract grazers.
36:21The polyps are in danger of being eaten
36:24before they've even got a proper foothold.
36:30If conditions are right, the survivors can go on to build a reef.
36:36Position is critical.
36:39Too deep and not enough light will reach the corals for them to grow.
36:44Too shallow and they risk being exposed to the air at low tide.
36:51For the reef to really flourish,
36:53it also needs to be in the path of currents carrying food.
36:58Fast forward half a dozen years or so
37:01and the wreck will begin to show the first signs of corals
37:05visible to the naked eye.
37:17The coral is now ready for the reef.
37:20The coral is ready for the naked eye.
37:29A decade later and the wreck will be transformed.
37:39Thousands of polyps will form coral heads that encrust its surface.
37:45This ship was sunk during the Second World War
37:49and there has been enough time for a substantial reef to develop.
37:58After decades of growth,
38:00different species of corals dominate particular areas of the wreck.
38:05The fastest-growing types grow best on the edges and overhangs,
38:10reaching far out into the water and up to the light.
38:16They need only a small area to establish themselves,
38:19yet they can rapidly grow dozens of plates or branches
38:23crammed with polyps to gather as much light as possible.
38:27Slower-growing, much more robust corals, like these brain corals,
38:32can be found on the surface of the wreck.
38:38The coral is now ready for the reef.
38:41A decade later and the wreck will begin to show the first signs of corals.
38:46Fast forward half a dozen years or so
38:49and the wreck will begin to show the first signs of corals.
38:56Corals are better suited to the heart of the developing reef.
39:03It's these that give the reef their structure and permanence.
39:11There could be nearly 500 different species here,
39:14each striving to win a foothold on the rusting hulk.
39:21The pace of life for corals may seem to be so slow
39:25that it's hard to imagine that there is any conflict here.
39:33But as night falls, the mood on the reef changes.
39:40Corals are, in fact, extremely aggressive
39:44and will fight to the death to expand their territory.
39:49There can be no honourable retreat.
39:51A winner will literally eat its enemy alive.
39:58Along the battlefront, the polyps of both competents extrude their guts,
40:03long thread-like filaments, over their opponents.
40:10At the fringe, all that remains of the destroyed polyps are their skeletons.
40:16The coral that can digest fastest wins.
40:25Corals constantly grow over the skeletons of their dead comrades,
40:30building a bigger and bigger reef.
40:35Then, just once a year, a few days after the November full moon,
40:40the corals take part in a mass spawning event.
40:46BIRDS CHIRP
40:51Millions of eggs and sperm are released into the water
40:54and join to develop into larvae that drift in search of a place to settle.
41:16BIRDS CHIRP
41:37Eventually, every inch of the wreck's surface will be colonised.
41:42The steel will rust away and the reef will be on its own.
41:56Most reefs grow without the help of a wreck to start them off.
42:01But given time, they can create something as huge as this,
42:05the Great Barrier Reef, the largest living structure on Earth.
42:13BIRDS CHIRP
42:27A coral reef rivals even a rainforest for its diversity of life.
42:33Yet corals like this are found in waters where food is very scarce.
42:37BIRDS CHIRP
42:41All the creatures here have had to adopt a different and highly specialised way
42:46to gather every nourishing scrap.
42:54Christmas tree worms bore into the coral skeleton for protection,
42:59swirling out and grabbing food particles with their feathery gills.
43:04Coral barnacles are, in fact, related to lobsters.
43:08They lie on their backs, waving their feet to gather any food floating past.
43:21Crabs have evolved many different ways of gathering food.
43:26This porcelain crab has a fan of filaments on his front legs.
43:33BIRDS CHIRP
43:38A boxer crab attaches a tiny sea anemone to each fist.
43:42As well as for defence, he uses their sticky tentacles to gather passing plankton.
43:52This orangutan crab's whole body is coated with sticky hairs,
43:56in this case, perhaps just a bit too sticky.
44:03BIRDS CHIRP
44:24This strange creature is a sea cucumber.
44:28It uses its tentacles to grab food from the sediment.
44:34There are hunters here too, like these nudibranchs, or sea slugs.
44:41Their vibrant colours are a warning that they're toxic.
44:44There are over 3,000 species. Many hunt just one specific prey.
44:50Some hunt each other.
44:57This emperor shrimp makes the most of the poisonous nature of its host.
45:02But it's a rather one-sided affair.
45:05As it feeds, the shrimp gets protection and a free ride.
45:15Other shrimps have developed a more balanced relationship.
45:19Some even solicit for partners.
45:24These dance for their dinner.
45:33And these advertise to passers-by that they are open for business.
45:42They are a parasite removal team,
45:45providing a service for countless fish on the reef,
45:48including those that could happily eat them.
46:02In return for their bravery, they get a meal that comes to them.
46:07CORAL REEF
46:26Coral reefs, built by the tiniest of creatures,
46:30occupy less than half of 1% of the ocean's floor.
46:37Yet they support a quarter of all marine species.
47:08CORAL REEF
47:16Marine creatures, all without backbones,
47:19from corals to cuttlefish to crabs,
47:22make up the majority of life in the oceans.
47:27But they have also had a surprisingly important impact
47:30beyond the marine world.
47:34Their fossilised bodies, shells and skeletons
47:37form the limestone and chalk that now covers huge tracts
47:41of Asia, Europe and the Americas.
47:44They may be small, but over their two-billion-year history,
47:48they have literally changed the world.
47:53UNCHARTED TERRITORY
48:01To capture some of the sequences in this episode,
48:04the life team had to take underwater filming into uncharted territory.
48:11One shoot meant spending weeks diving under two metres of ice.
48:15Another involved laying the foundation for a new coral reef in the tropics.
48:22UNCHARTED TERRITORY
48:27A sunken ship can make an ideal location for corals to grow.
48:31So, with this in mind, the life team set themselves the challenge
48:35to make their very own shipwreck.
48:41After months of searching,
48:43they find a boat in the Bahamas that might be suitable.
48:46But there's a lot to do before it can be sunk to the seabed.
48:49It's been here for how many years? Eight years on the jetty?
48:52All this fibreglass insulation has all got to be removed.
48:55Yes.
48:56And it's all hands to the pump, Ian.
48:58It is.
48:59They're going to go and get a pair of overalls.
49:01The team have to put away their cameras and get their hands dirty.
49:07I've got a 50-tonne boat and I'm trying to clean it with a paint scraper.
49:11Thoroughly cleaning the boat increases the chance that coral will grow on it
49:15and ensures it won't pollute the sea.
49:17Like changing rooms, isn't it?
49:20After eight years rusting on the jetty,
49:23there's no guarantee that she will even float.
49:25We actually... We do have some holes.
49:29All up!
49:31To get this ship ready in time for the inspectors is a massive task
49:35and they're doing a brilliant job and we're putting panels through
49:39to let the water rush through when she starts sinking.
49:43Right, in you go.
49:44This is the last bit.
49:45OK, guys.
49:47Baboose!
49:49Ship shape at last.
49:53She's clean, she's been inspected, she's ready to be sunk.
49:57What can go wrong now?
50:00Here's Kevin.
50:03As the tail end of Hurricane Dean sweeps through,
50:06the team are forced to put their plans on hold.
50:13Luck doesn't seem to be on their side.
50:18There we go.
50:23But two days later, good weather returns.
50:26Here comes a crane. Finally.
50:32Fingers crossed, arms crossed, legs crossed, everything's crossed.
50:35They urgently need to get the boat into the water
50:38or they won't reach the chosen wreck site before nightfall.
50:42She's safely in the water. So far, so good.
50:45It floats!
50:49Her final voyage.
50:52Cameras are mounted around the deck to film her sinking below the surface.
50:57We've spent a week preparing for this and finally the afternoon's arrived
51:02but the light's going very quickly so we have to make a move.
51:04The last few holes are cut.
51:06It's time to pump in water and to abandon ship.
51:14The crew dive in, ready to film her descent
51:17while the support boat moves away to a safe distance.
51:22There's nothing more to do but wait.
51:25Here we go, look at this.
51:26Straighten out, straighten out.
51:29There's nothing more to do but wait.
51:32Here we go, look at this.
51:33Straighten out, straighten out, straighten out.
51:59She gently comes to rest.
52:02And the right way up, just as they'd hoped.
52:16Now it's time to let nature take its course.
52:19The crew will be back over the next two years to see how life takes hold.
52:23At this site, the wreck has a very good chance that it'll be colonised by coral.
52:27With luck and time, it will eventually become a full-scale reef.
52:35Meanwhile, at the other end of the world, the life team's challenge is very different.
52:44Here in Antarctica, just getting underwater will be tough.
52:49In order to work in such a demanding location,
52:52the team needed the help of the National Science Foundation
52:55at the McMurdo Polar Research Station.
53:02Everyone here has to be able to cope out on the ice if there's an emergency.
53:08So the life team has to be able to cope out on the ice.
53:13Everyone has to be able to cope out on the ice if there's an emergency.
53:17So the life team joins research scientists for survival training
53:22to prepare them for any situation.
53:27Even one like this.
53:38A colleague lost in a whiteout is very serious.
53:41The training might mean the difference between rescue or not.
53:46This is supposed to simulate a whiteout.
53:49We've been looking for someone who's been lost.
53:51And you wear the bucket so that you cannot see at all what is going on.
53:55And it does actually work.
53:57It's just you can't see anything in this.
54:03With the training over, it's time to travel over the ice to the dive site,
54:07ready to go beneath the frozen surface of the Ross Sea.
54:14But to get through this ice, thick enough to land a jet on,
54:17needs the help of McMurdo's specialist drilling team.
54:38Once the hole is drilled, a specially designed hut is slid into position.
54:50This will be the team's base for the next four weeks of diving.
54:56Look, this is all we need. All we need to go in here.
55:02The door to another world.
55:04All the equipment the team need for the shots must come in and out of this hole.
55:09And this is as far south as it's possible to dive.
55:12The ice is eight feet thick.
55:14It's here for eleven and a half months of the year.
55:17And we're going to go down underneath and have a look to see just what it's like underneath here.
55:22Doug and the team venture below the ice.
55:27So, it's a bit of a challenge to get up in here like that,
55:31and be able to get a good view of the surface.
55:34But we're going to do it.
55:35We've got our equipment, we're going to go out there and try and get a good view.
55:40And we'll see what it's like down here.
55:42We also have the equipment we need for all the shots.
55:45So, we've got more equipment to go and see what it's like underneath here.
55:49So, we're going to go in and get a good look at it.
55:51And we'll see what it's like underneath here.
55:53The under-ice landscape is both surprising and spectacular, but it's the animals they've
56:09come to film.
56:14So specialist time-lapse cameras are moved into position.
56:26The animals move very slowly at these freezing temperatures, but by using time-lapse to speed
56:32up the action 500 times, the team hopes to reveal the behaviour of these creatures for
56:38the first time.
56:52With air and warmth running out for this dive, Doug makes his way back to the lifeline and
56:58the surface.
57:05That is amazing, it's so beautiful down here.
57:26All sorts of colours, beautiful stalactites made of ice crystals hanging down from the
57:31top of the ice.
57:32All sorts of things on the bottom, starfish, urchins, just an amazing profusion of life.
57:38Really lovely, totally unique, unlike anywhere else.
57:41However, after an hour underwater, it is getting pretty cold, so can you give me a hand up
57:49please?
57:51There would be another month here, and over 100 dives before the sequence was eventually
57:57completed.