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00:00It's a state that's witnessed epic battles.
00:06Here, troops faced off in the last great clash of the Civil War.
00:12A young Hollywood fighter famously climbed steps to glory.
00:17And fans come to roar with the legendary Nittany Lions.
00:26No other state has sailed on the winds of freedom like Pennsylvania.
00:32A land settled by refugees and working-class pioneers.
00:37Where age-old traditions still thrive.
00:41It's in Pennsylvania that one entrepreneur turned cow's milk and cocoa into a billion-dollar brand.
00:49And where others are racing to unlock buried treasure trapped miles underground.
00:55But it's also here that America came face-to-face with the threat of nuclear disaster.
01:01And where a 9-11 tragedy is still being remembered today.
01:07Aerial Pennsylvania soars over two of America's great cities.
01:13One forged by lofty ideals.
01:16The other by glass and steel.
01:20It's played such an essential role in the birth of America, it's known as the Keystone State.
01:27This is Pennsylvania.
01:50High over 21st century Philadelphia, a 17th century giant stands guard.
02:13Cast in solid bronze by sculptor Alexander Milne Calder and standing 37 feet high,
02:25it's the tallest statue atop any building in the world.
02:35But this man wasn't a president or a mythical figure.
02:39He was an English Quaker, philosopher, and entrepreneur named William Penn.
02:46Penn won his perch atop City Hall by founding Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in 1681.
02:53And by guaranteeing those who came to settle here freedom of religion.
02:58For many at the time, that was an idea unknown in their native lands.
03:04Penn's holy experiment drew thousands of settlers and inspired America's founding fathers a century later
03:11as they outlined their new country's constitution.
03:18For years, out of respect for Penn, developers in Philadelphia didn't build any structures that stood higher than his statue.
03:28At least until 1987, when the spire of a new building called One Liberty Place shot up 397 feet higher than Penn's cap.
03:42But soon, Philadelphia's sports fans were scratching their heads.
03:49After One Liberty Place was completed, none of the city's four professional sports teams won a single championship for years.
03:58Locals called it Billy Penn's curse.
04:02Luckily, it wasn't to last forever.
04:06In 2007, construction workers finishing a new, even taller tower, now home to the cable giant Comcast,
04:13fixed a tiny replica of Penn's statue to one of its highest beams.
04:18They hoped it would placate Penn's spirit and end the curse by putting him back on top.
04:32To the surprise of many, the very next year, the Phillies staged a major comeback and won the 2008 World Series.
04:44Today, many visitors who come to the Phillies' home games here at Citizens Bank Park
04:49aren't aware of the tale of how workers on the Comcast tower may have changed the history of this team.
04:57William Penn's legacy still towers over Philadelphia.
05:05But these days, the city looks quite different from the utopian one Penn first mapped out.
05:13Having seen the damage of London's Great Fire of 1666, he planned Philadelphia with wide streets and large house lots to help keep the city safe.
05:26But in the end, most residents crowded in close to the ports instead.
05:36What do remain are the five public squares Penn sketched into his plan.
05:46He called this one Northwest Square.
05:49Today, it's known as Logan Circle.
05:53The fountain at its center was designed in 1924 by Alexander Sterling Calder,
05:58the son of the great sculptor who had designed William Penn's statue atop City Hall.
06:04Here, the younger Calder designed a fountain with three allegorical figures of Pennsylvania's great waterways,
06:11the Delaware, Schuylkill, and Wissahickon, all of which have been recently restored.
06:17In a city as old as Philadelphia, there's always restoration to be done.
06:22This scaffolding hides one of the most historic buildings in America, Independence Hall.
06:31It was here that the Declaration of Independence was adopted on July 4, 1776.
06:40And it was here where the famous Liberty Bell first rang out four days later to call citizens to hear the Declaration rang.
06:49Today, this steeple holds the Centennial Bell.
06:53The original Liberty Bell has been moved to a new visitor center, angled at the corner of the green down below.
07:00Nine of the 56 signers of the Declaration of Independence lived in Pennsylvania.
07:06The house and print shop of Benjamin Franklin once stood just blocks from Independence Hall.
07:13They were torn down in the 19th century.
07:16Today, white steel structures mark the site of the original house and workshop, where Franklin printed his famous Poor Richard's Almanac.
07:24Opened in 1976, this innovative memorial was designed by architect Robert Venturi.
07:31Beneath it lies an underground museum that chronicles Franklin's life and work.
07:40When the Declaration of Independence was actually signed in August 1776, America's freedom was anything but assured.
07:49By the next fall, Philadelphia was back under the control of British troops.
07:55George Washington tried to retake the city, but his army of militia were poorly trained and failed.
08:03They were forced to retreat.
08:06On December 19, 1777, Washington and his men arrived here in Valley Forge, just 20 miles away from the city, and set up camp for the winter.
08:18The men hailed from nearly all 13 colonies, but few had formal military training.
08:24If the army does not get help soon, he warned, in all likelihood it will disband.
08:31Following his withdrawal, many had doubts about whether Washington was the right man to lead America's battle for freedom.
08:39Each year, thousands of students come to Valley Forge to learn the dramatic story of how Washington managed to win the war.
08:48As soon as he arrived, Washington set up his living quarters in the second story of this home, then owned by a local miller named Isaac Potts.
08:57But the rank and file were left to build their own primitive log huts.
09:04The outlines of some of those original foundations are still visible today. Others have been reconstructed.
09:11Thousands of the men were dressed in nothing more than tatters.
09:15Many didn't even have shoes and left bloody footprints in the snow.
09:22Washington called conditions at Valley Forge truly deplorable.
09:28More than a quarter of the 11,000 soldiers would die of diseases.
09:33As they headed into the winter, Washington knew that if the survivors didn't get help quickly, the war could be lost.
09:43January 1778
09:47By January 1778, the surviving forces of George Washington's army were still bunkered down at Valley Forge
09:55and lacked the military training they needed to overcome British forces and retake Philadelphia, just 20 miles to the southeast.
10:04But on February 23rd, a Prussian military officer named Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben arrived in the camp and offered to train the troops.
10:15Washington immediately put him to work.
10:20On these fields, von Steuben drilled the men, taught them how to reload their muskets in battle, to charge with bayonets, and how to march together as a unified force.
10:33By the time Washington's army marched out of Valley Forge on June 19th, 1778, they were well trained and ready to fight.
10:43When battle resumed, the British were shocked to discover that they and the Americans were now evenly matched.
10:53The War of American Independence continued on for more than three years.
10:58By the time the British finally admitted defeat on October 19th, 1781, faith in George Washington's leadership had been restored.
11:09In 1789, he was sworn in in New York City as the first President of the United States.
11:16A year later, Philadelphia became the new nation's temporary capital.
11:21It was the most cosmopolitan city in the country, home to thousands of free slaves, religious refugees, and great American thinkers.
11:32From the north, the majestic Schuylkill River winds its way into the city.
11:38As Philadelphia expanded in the 19th century, the stunning new Fairmount Waterworks soon rose on the banks of the river.
11:46Its dam transformed the once turbulent Schuylkill into a wide and peaceful river that's made Philadelphia famous as one of the world's premier rowing centers.
11:57Just above the dam stands historic Boathouse Row.
12:00Each rowing club here is a member of the Schuylkill Navy of Philadelphia, one of the oldest amateur athletic associations in America.
12:07Today, high school, college, and professional rowing clubs from across the country are competing in the annual Navy Day Regatta.
12:19The Fairmount Waterworks closed in 1909.
12:23But a decade later, a new building for Philadelphia's Museum of Art rose next door on the site of the city's former reservoir.
12:30It has one of the greatest collections of American art in the country.
12:36But many know this building not for its art, but for the tough fighter who famously climbed its steps.
12:44It was here where Sylvester Stallone trained as the character Rocky Balboa in the Oscar-winning 1976 film that made him a star.
12:52Many come to Philadelphia just to climb these steps, inspired by Rocky's perseverance and his rags-to-riches story.
13:01Rocky came from Philadelphia's tough streets.
13:04But they weren't just tough in the 1970s.
13:08Philadelphia's criminal history is as colorful as the public murals on New York's streets.
13:14In the years after American independence, Philadelphia's jails swelled.
13:19So, in 1822, the city commissioned a new prison, designed by British architect John Haviland.
13:26This is Eastern State Penitentiary, formerly known as the New York Penitentiary.
13:32It was built in the late 18th century.
13:34The city commissioned a new prison, designed by British architect John Haviland.
13:40This is Eastern State Penitentiary, former home of notorious criminals like bank robber Willie Sutton and mobster Al Capone.
13:48And where actors Bruce Willis and Brad Pitt shot the film Twelve Monkeys.
13:54The unique star-shaped design of Eastern State was inspired by the Enlightenment ideals of Philadelphia's founders.
14:01The idea was not just to punish its inmates, but to encourage them to repent.
14:08After its opening in 1829, prisoners were kept in solitary confinement 24 hours a day so they could reflect on their crimes.
14:17Locked up in innovative cell blocks that radiated like spokes from a central surveillance rotunda.
14:23In cells with no windows, only skylights designed to serve as the eyes of God.
14:30Around the clock surveillance from heaven to encourage true repentance.
14:36This innovative approach made Eastern State famous as the first penitentiary.
14:42When Charles Dickens toured the prison, he labeled its strict system, hopeless, cruel, and wrong.
14:49But French historian Alexis de Tocqueville believed there could be no more powerful program for reform.
14:56He wasn't alone.
14:57Eastern State became the model for hundreds of other prisons around the world.
15:02In Russia, China, and countries across the British Empire.
15:08Today, the prison's legendary cell blocks offer visitors a unique glimpse of life, for some, in old Philadelphia.
15:20But in other parts of town, the 19th century can seem like ancient history.
15:27Especially here at the intersection of 9th Street and Passyunk.
15:33Two famous cheesesteak sandwich shops have been facing off on this corner for more than 60 years.
15:39Each vying for the title of the cheesesteak king.
15:45Pat's fans claim he invented the steak sandwich in 1933.
15:50Gino's insist that owner Joey Vento was the one who added the cheese in 1966.
15:56The argument has been bubbling over into this intersection ever since.
16:02Luckily, Pennsylvanians love rivalry, and not just in Philadelphia.
16:12In Pennsylvania, there may be just one thing that shouts autumn louder than the state's gorgeous fall leaves.
16:21The fans at a Penn State football game.
16:23Penn State is among the top 15 public universities in America, but it may be most famous for its football team.
16:31The Nittany Lions have been hitting the field for Penn State and revving up the fans since 1887.
16:39Today, they play their home games here, in Beaver Stadium.
16:44When it's full, there are enough people in the stadium alone to make it Pennsylvania's third biggest city.
16:54Beaver Stadium has 107,000 seats in all.
17:01Only one other venue in North America tops it, the University of Michigan's Big House.
17:07But Penn State fans insist their stadium has something Michigan's doesn't.
17:13An acoustic quirk that amplifies crowd noise from the upper decks like a megaphone.
17:19When 20,000 Penn State fans cheer from the student section at the southern end of the stadium,
17:24their voices shoot across the field and can make it tough for the opposing team to call out plays.
17:31The Nittany Lions have had seven undefeated seasons since 1887.
17:36They won 27 of 44 bowl games and two undisputed national championships.
17:42Five of its graduates have earned places in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
17:46An amazing legacy that's due mostly to the work of one man, Joe Paterno.
17:53Paterno served as head coach here for nearly 50 years.
17:57He made sure that his players performed well on the field and in the classroom too, a rarity among top college football teams.
18:05Success with honor was Paterno's motto.
18:08But in 2011, his legacy was tarnished when a former assistant coach was accused of sexually abusing children.
18:16The university's president and coach Paterno were blamed for not responding forcefully enough,
18:22and both were compelled to step down.
18:25Paterno died just a few months later from lung cancer.
18:30Penn State started as an agricultural school in 1855.
18:35Its hometown, called State College, lies in the very center of Pennsylvania,
18:41in the heart of the Allegheny Mountains,
18:44part of the Appalachian Range that splits the state in two.
18:50Long before highways cut through these mountains, people had to cross on foot.
18:55Long before highways cut through these mountains, people had to cross on foot, horseback, or cart.
19:02Goods that arrived at the mountains by canal had to be carried up and over them on incline railways or wagons.
19:11In the 1820s, Pennsylvania began to lose valuable trade to New York's Erie Canal.
19:18If the state was going to prosper, it needed its own high-speed link to the West.
19:22That challenge led to the creation of one of Pennsylvania's great engineering marvels.
19:28Since normal train engines couldn't make it straight up the Allegheny's steep flanks,
19:33engineers had to come up with another solution.
19:36In 1851, 450 workers from County Cork, Ireland, descended on this corner of Pennsylvania.
19:44They labored for three years, using mostly just picks, shovels, and gunpowder
19:49to carve ledges for train tracks that rose gradually up two opposing Allegheny Mountains.
19:56With the rubble, they then filled in the middle to create a giant curved embankment,
20:01which finally allowed trains to cross the mountains.
20:04Their work has been known ever since as Horseshoe Curve.
20:09Railway buffs still come today, hoping to catch three trains at once
20:14passing on the three sets of tracks that wind their way around the curve.
20:19When it first opened for traffic in 1854, it was hailed as a wonder of a new age.
20:26The main line of the famed Pennsylvania Railroad was finally complete.
20:32Before, it had taken three and a half days for goods to journey across the state.
20:37Now, in just 13 hours, a single train could travel from Philadelphia
20:43to Pennsylvania's growing industrial powerhouse in the West.
20:49The city of Pittsburgh.
20:54Its location, where the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers meet and create the mighty Ohio,
21:00earned Pittsburgh the title, The Gateway to the West.
21:05Locals refer to this confluence as, The Point.
21:09It was from this site that Lewis and Clark set off on their journey west in 1803,
21:14establishing Pittsburgh's important role in America's westward expansion.
21:20The city's first major industry was glass production,
21:24thanks to a plentiful supply of sand and limestone nearby.
21:30Today, the most distinctive tower on the Pittsburgh skyline
21:34is the headquarters of the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company,
21:38founded more than a century ago in 1883.
21:41Designed by legendary architects Philip Johnson and John Berge in the early 1980s,
21:47the building was quickly hailed as a landmark of a new, post-modern style.
21:54A dazzling modern cathedral to glass, sheathed in a million square feet of it.
22:03On Pittsburgh's north side stands the headquarters of a very different kind of company
22:08that's helped put this city on the map.
22:11Henry John Hines started selling horseradish in 1869,
22:16but went bankrupt six years later.
22:19He's tried again, this time marketing a slightly more palatable product for Americans,
22:25ketchup, which is now sold on six continents.
22:30Part of his original factory has been turned into high-end apartments.
22:38But ultimately, it wasn't glass, or ketchup,
22:42that transformed Pittsburgh into one of America's great industrial cities.
22:46It was steel.
22:48Steel that built many of the city's bridges.
22:51Pittsburgh is the bridge capital of the world.
22:54It has 446 bridges, of all kinds and shapes, more than the city of Venice.
23:00This one was named for one of Pittsburgh's native sons, artist Andy Warhol.
23:09Steel is everywhere in Pittsburgh.
23:12It's even the namesake of the city's favorite sports team.
23:15The Pittsburgh Steelers play here at Hines Field,
23:19which was designed to showcase Pittsburgh steel.
23:22For football fans, this city is sacred ground.
23:25It was here in 1892 that the first professional football game was ever played,
23:30between the Allegheny Athletic Association and the Pittsburgh Athletic Club.
23:38To learn the story of how Pittsburgh became the steel capital of the world,
23:43requires a trip just outside of town, to Braddock,
23:46home to one of America's most historic working steel plants.
23:49Every day, this facility, owned by U.S. Steel,
23:52turns out the steel used to make refrigerators, washing machines, and cars.
23:56It was first built by a Scottish-born entrepreneur named Andrew Carnegie,
24:01after he learned of a new technique for making steel during a trip to England.
24:05Eyeing a potential lucrative market in the U.S. for the new Bessemer steel,
24:10Carnegie built the plant and named it after Edgar Thompson,
24:14who was the founder of Bessemer Steel.
24:16Carnegie built the plant and named it after Edgar Thompson,
24:20the head of the Pennsylvania Railroad.
24:23Carnegie needed the railroad to deliver coal to make his steel,
24:27and the railroad needed Carnegie's steel to make the rails its trains ran on.
24:36When the plant opened in 1875, the first order Carnegie received
24:41was for 2,000 steel rails for the Pennsylvania Railroad.
24:47Carnegie's visionary investment made him unbelievably rich.
24:52He sold his company for $480 million,
24:56which would be worth about $12.5 billion today.
25:08Carnegie used much of this fortune to fund more than 2,500 public libraries
25:13and become one of America's legendary philanthropists.
25:27But there is a dark side to steel's legacy in Pennsylvania,
25:31one that residents of the town of Donora discovered on a terrifying morning in 1948.
25:43Back then, no one seemed to give the fumes that wafted from the two U.S. steel plants in town much thought.
25:50But on the night of October 26, 1948,
25:54unusual atmospheric conditions trapped the discharge from the mill's smokestacks over the town.
26:02The people of Donora awoke to what would be remembered as the Death Fog,
26:06a cloud of acrid yellow smog that sat on the town for six days.
26:11By the time it finally cleared, 20 of Donora's residents were dead.
26:16Another 50 were dying. Hundreds more were left with damaged lungs.
26:24Afterwards, some called for U.S. Steel's board of directors to be sent to jail.
26:29But the company insisted that the smog was an act of God and denied responsibility.
26:35It was forced to pay just $250,000 to settle a class action suit brought by 80 plaintiffs.
26:44After the last of Donora's steel plants finally closed in 1966,
26:49people breathed a lot easier, but that fresh air came at a price.
26:55Good-paying jobs went with the mills, and not just in Donora.
27:00Beginning in the 1960s, Pennsylvania's steel industry began to downsize.
27:05Local iron ore deposits were running out.
27:08And new steel technology in Germany and Japan left Pennsylvania steel mills outmoded.
27:14One by one, many of the state's legendary mills began to shut down.
27:20But the bones of this historic plant in the eastern Pennsylvania town of Bethlehem are being preserved.
27:26This plant provided the steel for many iconic American structures,
27:31from New York's Chrysler Building to San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.
27:36Now, part of the complex is being redesigned to house a future National Museum of Industrial History,
27:43an affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution.
27:46For decades, it thrived as a mainstay of Pennsylvania's economy.
27:51Now, much of the plant is gone.
27:53The smokestacks of many of Pennsylvania's former steel plants may be quiet today,
27:59but not those in this giant factory that's been satisfying America's sweet tooth for more than a hundred years.
28:15In the early 1900s, an ambitious young entrepreneur chose Pennsylvania's rural dairy industry
28:21or chose Pennsylvania's rural dairy township for the site of his new factory.
28:26He knew dairy had the key ingredient he needed for his business to thrive.
28:31Milk. Lots of milk. From lots of cows.
28:36The businessman's name was Milton Hershey.
28:40Back then, milk chocolate was an exotic treat imported from Switzerland,
28:46where the recipe was a closely guarded secret.
28:48But that didn't stop Hershey.
28:51After weeks of trial and error, he finally came up with his own formula
28:56and became the first American to manufacture milk chocolate.
29:00Today, his chocolate factory looks more like a steel mill.
29:04That's because his little startup is now a global colossus
29:08that rakes in billions each year from sales in 90 countries
29:12and has made Hershey, Pennsylvania a mecca for chocoholics,
29:16especially after the development of Hershey Park in the 1970s.
29:21With dozens of rides and attractions, it may be the only chocolate-flavored theme park in the world,
29:27thanks in large part to the milk from Pennsylvania's cows.
29:31But milk chocolate isn't the only popular product to be made from the bounty of Pennsylvania's rich farmland.
29:38Locally produced grain was a principal ingredient in Yingling beer
29:43when a family of German immigrants started making it here in Pottsville in 1829.
29:50Today, Yingling is still family-run in the company's original brewery.
29:56It's been reported that Yingling is President Barack Obama's favorite beer,
30:01which may be why he sent Canada's Prime Minister a case of it
30:03after losing a friendly wager over a hockey game.
30:13German brewmasters are just one example of the wide array of European settlers that landed in Pennsylvania,
30:19thanks to William Penn's promise of individual liberty and religious freedom.
30:26Today, descendants of some of those settlers still live and work much as their forebears
30:30did here in Lancaster County's Pennsylvania Dutch community.
30:37Though that nickname is a little misleading, their ancestors weren't Dutch.
30:42They were Swiss and German, or Deutsch.
30:46Persecuted for their faith at home, the Amish began coming to Pennsylvania in the 1720s
30:52in search of religious freedom.
30:55They settled into a rustic way of life here,
30:57guided by a strict set of traditions known as the Ordnung, or order.
31:02It laid out the principles of their religion and dictated every aspect of their austere lifestyle.
31:09Many of their descendants still carefully follow the Ordnung.
31:18But during an adolescent period called Rumspringa, young Amish are allowed to break with its guidelines.
31:24Young Amish are allowed to break with its guidelines and experience the modern world
31:29to decide for themselves whether they want to make a final commitment to their faith.
31:35Those who do will spend their lives raising their families in solid but plain houses
31:41with few modern conveniences, doing their housework and laundry by hand,
31:46and tilling their fields just as the first Amish did, without tractors or motorized harvesters.
31:52While tending some of the most productive farmland in the U.S.,
31:57land that continues to allow this community to thrive.
32:02Today, there are over 30,000 Amish in Lancaster County alone.
32:07But 200 years of inbreeding have caused a wide range of genetic irregularities in their community.
32:13That's why gene hunters flock to this corner of Pennsylvania to study Amish DNA
32:18and help find cures for children and others who've been affected.
32:24Even with their expanding numbers, it's getting harder for the Amish to keep the modern world at bay.
32:33As more and more people fill new subdivisions that were once farms,
32:37some wonder if the Amish way of life will be able to survive.
32:49The Survival of the United States has also been at stake in Pennsylvania.
32:56In July 1863, two armies faced off on a piece of farmland that's come to be known simply as Gettysburg.
33:07The battle that followed was the deadliest of the Civil War.
33:11One of only two fought on northern territory, and certainly,
33:15one of the most historic.
33:19For Civil War re-enactors, Gettysburg is especially sacred ground.
33:26These men, with their period-perfect muskets and blue flannel coats,
33:30are members of the 150th New York Infantry.
33:35Back on July 2, 1863, members of this same regiment,
33:40made up of volunteer farmers and mill workers,
33:42arrived in Gettysburg.
33:44It was to be their first battle.
33:47By then, the war between the states had already been devastating the South for more than two years.
33:54Confederate General Robert E. Lee, stationed in Virginia,
33:58had decided it was time for the North to feel some of that pain.
34:04So in late June, he split his men into groups and sent them all north to Pennsylvania.
34:09To the east, Union forces, acting as a buffer between the Confederates
34:14and the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., were hot on their heels.
34:18Finally, on July 1, Lee's units began to converge on the Federal forces in the town of Gettysburg.
34:26The battle that followed raged for three days.
34:40On the afternoon of July 2, it arrived here, at the Rose family's front door.
34:48Their small farm soon became the center of a nation-defining conflict.
34:56And it was in their wheat field that a key moment in the battle unfolded.
35:01For two bloody hours, 20,000 men charged back and forth across this land,
35:05as each side tried to claim it as its own.
35:08Their brutal hand-to-hand combat left 6,000 of them dead or wounded.
35:14Survivors would call the wheat field a whirlpool of death.
35:18More died here, at a nearby hill already known as Devil's Den.
35:23The commanding colonel of the 150th New York Infantry later described his troops' bravery.
35:29My men rallied to the front in double-quick time.
35:31My men rallied to the front in double-quick time.
35:35Not a man faltered or displayed the least cowardice.
35:38This regiment was never before under fire.
35:41And for the coolness and courage displayed on this occasion, the men are entitled to the highest praise.
35:48The Union army was too powerful for the Confederates.
35:52On July 4, Independence Day, Lee and his rebels retreated back into Virginia.
35:57The tide of the war had been turned in the Union's favor for good.
36:01The South would never again threaten the North.
36:06But the North's victory had come at a terrible cost.
36:10More than 23,000 Union soldiers and almost 28,000 Confederates missing, wounded or dead.
36:20In the days after the battle, thousands of bodies were hurried into shallow temporary graves.
36:25Later, part of the battlefield was made into the Gettysburg National Cemetery.
36:31It was here, on November 19, 1863, that President Abraham Lincoln gave his legendary Gettysburg Address.
36:45We here highly resolve, Lincoln declared, that these dead shall not have died in vain.
36:52That this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom.
36:57Words that undoubtedly would have made William Penn proud.
37:03Lincoln also stated that nothing could consecrate this ground more than the battle itself.
37:10But over the next few decades, Gettysburg grew crowded with memorials to each general, state or regiment that fought here.
37:17For the North, that is, no Confederate memorials were allowed until 1895.
37:25One of the largest monuments at Gettysburg, standing 110 feet tall, is one to Pennsylvania's fallen.
37:32An appropriate honor for the local men who bore the brunt of the battle and suffered the greatest losses.
37:38Today, Americans still recall the sacrifices their ancestors made here and honor the heroes who fell at Gettysburg.
37:46Under the reign of rifle fire and cannons.
37:51On this Saturday in Pennsylvania, people aren't just commemorating old battles, they're also preparing for new ones.
37:59Here at Fort Indiantown Gap.
38:03The fort opened as a base for the Pennsylvania National Guard in 1933.
38:09Over 100,000 troops train here each year, from every branch of the military.
38:17Much of that training takes place between two Appalachian Mountains, in the gap that gave the fort its name.
38:26The cover these mountains provide makes this location perfect for live fire training.
38:35At Range 35, newly minted soldiers learn how to handle M240 and M249 machine guns using live rounds.
38:44This leafy corner of Pennsylvania may seem far away from the battles that have drawn many U.S. troops overseas.
38:52But Pennsylvania is no stranger to the threats of 21st century terrorism or its tragedies.
39:04Tragedies that are still being remembered by this powerful memorial, etched into a cornfield in Westmoreland County.
39:13On September 11, 2001, two of the four planes hijacked by terrorists hit Manhattan.
39:19The third struck the Pentagon.
39:21The fourth, United Flight 93, crashed here, in this Pennsylvania field, as its passengers tried to retake the plane.
39:31Everyone on board was killed.
39:36Today, a simple sign and a temporary memorial recall their sacrifice.
39:42Work on a more permanent site is underway.
39:48Central Pennsylvania is known for its rolling hills and fields of corn like these.
39:55It was on the western edge of this farming belt that legislators decided to place the Pennsylvania capital in 1812.
40:03Harrisburg has held that title ever since.
40:06It beat out Philadelphia precisely because of its central location.
40:11Westbound pioneers traveling up the Susquehanna River helped the new city to prosper.
40:17Its population had climbed to over 50,000 by the time Pennsylvania architect Joseph Houston was chosen to design a new capital building in 1902.
40:26Houston beat out eight other architects in a contest for the job, winning the jurors over with his elegant, American Renaissance design.
40:36As his capital rose above Harrisburg, he won praise for its grand scale and the glistening green ceramic dome he'd modeled on St. Peter's in Rome.
40:47At its dedication in 1906, President Theodore Roosevelt called it,
40:52But an ugly truth lurked behind its beautiful façade.
40:57The project had gone three times over budget.
41:02When Houston and his associates were charged with padding the books,
41:06they insisted that the government's own Byzantine procurement policies, and not they, were to blame.
41:12The judge didn't buy it.
41:14Houston and four of his associates were fired.
41:16The judge didn't buy it.
41:18Houston and four others were found guilty of fraud and sent to Eastern State Penitentiary.
41:23Today, their crimes are nearly forgotten,
41:26while the beautiful capital they created still stands over Harrisburg, and still invokes awe.
41:37On March 30, 1979, panic raced through the halls of the Statehouse.
41:42The blast of an air raid siren ripped through the city.
41:46Oddly, life seemed to be imitating art.
41:51A new Hollywood thriller called The China Syndrome, starring Jack Lemmon, Jane Fonda, and Michael Douglas, had just been released.
41:59It told a terrifying story of an impending meltdown at a nuclear plant.
42:05But now, outside Harrisburg, it looked like it was happening for real.
42:09Just down river, lies the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant.
42:16Just days after The China Syndrome was released, a valve in the cooling system at Three Mile Island malfunctioned.
42:23Many feared that a total meltdown was imminent, just as it had been in the film.
42:30If that happened, much of central Pennsylvania could have been covered with a river.
42:35If that happened, much of central Pennsylvania could have been covered with a radioactive cloud.
42:42Governor Dick Thornburg urged pregnant women and children to leave the city.
42:46140,000 people soon fled Harrisburg.
42:51The entire nation held its breath as engineers at the plant struggled to get the situation under control.
42:59Fortunately, the worst never came to pass.
43:02A pump at Three Mile Island was restored, and the heat in the reactor was finally brought under control.
43:11The crisis was over, but America's debate over nuclear energy was just beginning.
43:21With so much industry in Pennsylvania, finding new affordable energy sources has always been key to the state's economy.
43:29In the 19th century, it was coal.
43:32By the 20th, nuclear power arrived.
43:35And in the 21st century, it's all of the above, plus wind.
43:43But these days, a new energy gold rush is sweeping across this state,
43:48with the promise of turning buried stone into billions of dollars of treasure.
44:03In 2007, a scientist named Terry Engelder, working here at Penn State,
44:09made a discovery that would rock America's energy industry forever.
44:16At the time, researchers already knew that traces of natural gas lay deep under Pennsylvania.
44:23But Engelder's analysis revealed there was much more gas down there than anyone had expected.
44:28His estimate? Enough to power the entire country for 20 years.
44:37He wasn't the first in this state to stumble across buried treasure.
44:44In 1790, a hunter named Nico Allen discovered a fortune of coal outside the town of Pottsville
44:51when he lit a campfire and accidentally set a vein of the Black Rock ablaze.
44:56That coal is still being mined today,
44:59and still putting food on the table in small patch towns like this one, called Port Carbon.
45:06Patch towns were originally built by mining companies to house miners close to the patches of coal where they worked.
45:17Coal is still big business here in eastern Pennsylvania.
45:20There are thought to be 7 billion tons of mineable anthracite coal still underground, worth billions of dollars.
45:30But the gas Engelder found could be worth much more.
45:34It lies embedded in a vast deposit of black stone called the Marcellus Shale
45:39that stretches under Pennsylvania and several other eastern states.
45:43Since Engelder went public with his findings in 2008,
45:46energy companies have drilled more than 4,000 wells across the state,
45:50including nearly 500 here in Washington County.
45:57The gas in the Marcellus Shale is literally trapped in stone.
46:01To get it, shafts must be drilled down thousands of feet.
46:06Then, a mixture of chemicals, sand, and water is pumped deep into the rock under high pressure.
46:11The mixture of chemicals, sand, and water is pumped deep into the rock under high pressure
46:16to crack the shale and release the gas.
46:19It's a process called hydraulic fracturing, or fracking.
46:25Under these Washington County fields lies a vast hidden maze of gas pipelines.
46:31From time to time, they pop to the surface at compressor stations,
46:36which keep the gas flowing through the system.
46:42Much of the natural gas from across southwestern Pennsylvania ends up here,
46:47a facility known as the Houston Plant.
46:52To separate out the clean natural gas, it has to be cooled to minus 120 degrees Fahrenheit.
46:59The rest is then sent through a series of superheated columns
47:03to extract valuable ethane, propane, and butane.
47:07The leftover waste gas is burned away.
47:12Every day, enough natural gas is being processed here
47:16to meet the needs of more than 1.8 million households.
47:24Since fracking happens underground, natural gas extraction can seem harmless,
47:30and many Pennsylvanians have been happy to get the fees from leasing their land.
47:34But environmentalists have begun sounding alarms about what might actually be happening underground.
47:41Fracking's high-pressure pumping could destabilize the land
47:45and leave behind chemicals that can poison drinking water
47:48or leach into Pennsylvania's rivers, like the Susquehanna.
47:53Over the last two centuries, coal, steel, and other major industries
47:58have caused widespread environmental damage in the state.
48:02Many are fearful that fracking is just adding to that legacy.
48:06The gas companies disagree.
48:08In 2011, Congress ordered a study of the potential environmental impact of fracking,
48:15but the investigation will take years.
48:23In places where industry has left Pennsylvania untouched,
48:27this state is as wild and beautiful as it's been for millennia.
48:32Seventy miles north of Philadelphia, the Delaware River sparkles
48:36as it flows through the famed Delaware Water Gap.
48:40The gap is the centerpiece of a 70,000-acre national recreation area.
48:48The mountains that frame this stunning site began forming 420 million years ago,
48:54when deposits of quartz and shale were forced upward by the collision of two tectonic plates.
48:59Time, rain, glaciers, and the Delaware itself then carve the gap through the rock.
49:06Beyond it, the river flows along an ancient course south to Philadelphia.
49:19It was on this river that William Penn first set eyes on the land that would become Pennsylvania.
49:25Land over which his promise of freedom still echoes today.
49:31From Philadelphia's streets, to the point where America's pioneers headed west,
49:37and all across its small towns, where tradition thrives and the Nittany Lions roar.
49:47It is in this state where many come to remember.
49:50And others will never forget.
49:56This is the land of liberty.
50:00This is Pennsylvania.
50:20This is the land of liberty.
50:24This is the land of liberty.
50:28This is Pennsylvania.
50:50This is the land of liberty.