The Grey Wolves Echoes from WWII_1of3_The Killing Begins
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00:30Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany had long desired to rule over a country with an empire like
00:44Britain's that was worthy of his country's growing might in Europe.
00:49To rule an empire, he felt that Germany needed a powerful navy to protect it, especially
00:55against the country he admired and hated, Britain.
01:00On August 4th 1914, long before he was prepared for such an eventuality, the German navy,
01:08the Kaiserliche Marina, was set the ultimate test, war against Great Britain.
01:15Putting their mighty fleet, the greatest in the world, to good use, the British began
01:20a naval blockade of Germany from the first day of the war.
01:25There was only one way the Germans could effectively retaliate.
01:29That was by deploying the U-boats.
01:40Germany had built its first U-boat in 1906, and at the start of World War I, there were
01:46between 20 and 24 U-boats available for operations.
01:51By the end of the war, the standard of technological achievement attained by the German engineers
01:56was unequalled.
01:58They had designed 25 variations of the U-boat that were almost unchanged in design as World
02:05War II broke out.
02:08The U-boats began their campaign by attacking the British Grand Fleet at Scarpa Flow.
02:15They failed to make any impact whatsoever.
02:19Just over one month later, however, they were able to show their deadly potential.
02:25On September 5th, the 3,000 ton HMS Pathfinder was torpedoed and sank within minutes with
02:32heavy loss of life.
02:35On September 22nd, 1,460 sailors drowned when three cruisers were torpedoed and sunk.
02:54It was Admiral Hugo von Pohl who advised the German government to use the U-boats to blockade
03:00the British Isles.
03:02They almost won the war for Germany.
03:06After the 18th of February 1915, the waters around Britain were declared a war zone and
03:12no ship was safe.
03:16South of Ireland, the Lusitania was hit on the 7th of May and disappeared beneath the
03:20waves in 18 minutes.
03:23After that incident, German Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Holweg was wary of American intervention
03:30in the war and unrestricted warfare by the U-boats was abandoned.
03:36U-boat success peaked in March and April 1917, before the introduction of the convoy system,
03:42a measure that was finally able to reduce the impact of the U-boat.
03:48By 1918, the war was going badly for the Kaiser.
03:53Like the U-boats, it was the British blockade of Germany that was helping to win the struggle.
04:00The Germans could no longer sustain the fight and asked for an armistice.
04:05By the end of the war, the U-boats had accounted for over 12 million tons of shipping and 15,000
04:13British lives.
04:15Nonetheless, Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz was moved to comment that the reason the German
04:22people had lost the war was because they had not understood the sea.
04:27178 U-boats had been lost, together with 5,000 submariners.
04:34Under the terms of the armistice, the 176 operational U-boats were handed over to Britain.
04:42In Scarpa Flow in 1919, the Kaiser's dream vanished beneath the waves as his fleet was
04:49scuttled.
05:05When Chamberlain signed the Munich Agreement in 1938, Hitler knew that he now held the
05:11reins of power in Europe.
05:14Once again, the U-boats were to play a leading role in the attempt to bring Great Britain
05:19to her knees through a blockade of her waters.
05:23In Germany, Reichsminister Josef Goebbels was responsible for the propaganda that had
05:28replaced the newspaper and newsreel reports since 1933.
05:34The German people had been systematically prepared for military conflict both physically
05:39and mentally.
05:41Since war had broken out, elaborate lies and glorification were the order of the day.
05:47This is how one periodical, Die Wehrmacht, reported on why war had been necessary.
05:56The English wanted this fight, in accordance with their foolish hope, in order to use the
06:01possibility still available of preventing Germany's development.
06:06Frivolously, they made no use of the possibility of avoiding war.
06:11They exercised no influence on the Poles with regard to the generous suggestions for
06:15German unity made by the FĂŒhrer.
06:18On the contrary, they encouraged the Poles to allow the time limit for accepting the
06:24proposals to expire, in order to construct a reason to fight.
06:30Even so, the FĂŒhrer was only moved to retaliate when Polish troops crossed the German border
06:35in several places.
06:38The German fight is a defensive fight.
06:41We are fighting because we have been forced to fight, through challenges, through brutal
06:46oppression of the German people in Poland, through public statements that everything
06:51would be done to strangle National Socialist Germany, one way or another, through the sword
06:57or economic war.
07:09Let us not forget for a moment the toils and efforts that lie ahead.
07:15Advanced Britannia, long live the cause of freedom.
07:20God save the King.
07:26The Treaty of Versailles â the shameful treaty, as the Germans called it â prohibited
07:32Germany from building or possessing U-boats.
07:36But the treaty was considered by many in England and France to be too punitive, and
07:41they concurred with the German desire to have it revised.
07:45England concluded the Anglo-German Naval Treaty with the Germans in 1933, that permitted them
07:51to build a greater number and bigger ships than set down in the Treaty of Versailles.
07:58Hitler promised in return to limit submarine building to a level of 45% of that of the
08:04British.
08:06As there were no German submarines, and this level would take years to reach, this was
08:11hardly an onerous condition.
08:18Once Hitler had renounced the Treaty of Versailles on 16th March 1935, it took a mere three and
08:24a half months for the first German U-boat to be launched from the shipyards in Kiel
08:29in northern Germany.
08:32It is important to get to the operational area of our U-boats as unnoticed as possible.
08:40Enemy reconnaissance aircraft!
08:42Alarm!
09:02In a steep angle, the boat goes down.
09:22Underwater, the march continues until the air is clean again.
09:28The British reconnaissance aircraft is shaken off.
09:35The journey can continue over water.
09:48In tropical waters.
09:58A shark has been caught.
10:00The cook will be pleased.
10:07The goal must be reached soon.
10:10Tonight, 50 fresh kumis breads will be baked.
10:15At the meeting point.
10:18We are already expected.
10:21The supply can begin.
10:27The first connection is established.
10:30The on-board doctor takes over to check the health condition of the crew.
10:35The first connection is established.
10:38The on-board doctor takes over to check the health condition of the crew.
11:05The tubes for the oil transfer are taken out.
11:18At the same time, provisions and consumables are handed over.
11:28The whole maneuver must be carried out quickly,
11:32because at any moment the boats can be surprised by enemy air or sea forces.
12:03At the meeting point.
12:21Neue Allee.
12:33Neue Allee.
12:50While the new torpedoes glide into the boat,
12:53damage to the front submersible is repaired by the repair group of the supplier.
13:03Halt! Halt!
13:09Again, a boat is supplied for months.
13:12With new forces, the hard hunt for enemy transport ships can continue.
13:28In 1935, Karl Dönitz,
13:31an experienced U-boat commander in World War I,
13:34was appointed to take charge of the resurgent U-boat arm of the Kriegsmarine.
13:41He had spent the interwar years designing the best method of attack with torpedoes.
13:46By 1929, he had already refined the tactics that would later bring such success to the U-boats.
13:53This was the Wolfpack theory.
14:01General-Admiral Erich Raeder had been appointed as Admiral in charge of the Reichsmarine
14:08during the years of the Weimar Republic between the wars.
14:14He disliked the Nazi party, but continued to command the Navy, now known as the Kriegsmarine,
14:21and Hitler promoted him to Grand Admiral in 1939.
14:26It was Raeder who suggested the invasions of Denmark and Norway
14:30in order to secure docks out of reach of the Royal Navy and Air Force.
14:37Dönitz was informed of the impending war on August 15, 1939.
14:43By then, he had 46 U-boats at his disposal,
14:47and he ordered them all out to sea to avoid their being trapped in docks
14:51by an anticipated British sea blockade.
14:55They were sent to take up pre-arranged positions
14:57to attack British shipping wherever it might be encountered,
15:00from the Mediterranean to the English Channel and the North Sea.
15:08The German propaganda was already on the attack.
15:12The declaration of a blockade proves that England intends to prosecute this war
15:17along the lines of its traditional strategy,
15:20believing that it can triumph with its famous methods
15:23that allow its partners to confront the enemy,
15:26whilst Albion fires from the second row with its silver bullets and checkbook
15:30in order to retain its arrogant hegemony of the seas.
15:35When, during the World War, Germany felt compelled to answer and break
15:40the English hunger blockade with the U-boats,
15:43the British soon, and for the first time in their history,
15:46had to experience how endangered their hegemony at sea was at a critical time.
15:51At the peak of German attacks at the time,
15:54only three ships out of every four that sailed from England returned home.
16:00If the American fleet had not come to their aid,
16:03the danger of a collapse could not have been avoided.
16:07Much has changed since then, and not to England's advantage.
16:15England and France were being vigorously pressed into service
16:19as the oppressors and instigators of war.
16:23It was the U-boat men who were to suffer most
16:26from the British enemy on the open sea.
16:29I was on the U-boats when the war started,
16:32and I was still with them at the end.
16:35We were already in the Atlantic when the war broke out,
16:38to the west of Ireland.
16:40A radio message came through, which I can remember said
16:43that hostilities against England had been opened.
16:46I shouted, hooray.
16:48We mumbled, hmm, if that's the way it has happened,
16:51then roll up your sleeves.
16:53We certainly weren't very happy about it.
16:56England was a hard adversary, we knew that,
16:59a difficult adversary on the sea.
17:02We were operating in the Bristol Channel,
17:05and a plane spotted us on the 16th of September.
17:08The first bomb was a direct hit, so I thought,
17:11that's it, my trip is already over.
17:15We managed to survive it, and the boat stayed afloat.
17:18We had an outstanding commander, an excellent leader of men,
17:21and he always got us back to port.
17:24.
17:42The propaganda was also hard at work.
17:45This is from Die Wehrmacht.
17:50Through the Ministry of Information,
17:53The English Admiralty, of course, tries to allay
17:56the increasing doubts in the security of the deliveries.
17:59Their people are banging the drum in talking
18:02of the almost complete security of the convoy system.
18:05Almost at the same moment, they must reduce the sleeping pills,
18:08and admit that on dark nights, and when it is foggy,
18:11or there is bad visibility, enemy units or U-boats
18:14have the possibility of breaking through the convoy and attacking.
18:17Above all, the Ministry of Information
18:21has to admit that the convoy system
18:24cannot be expanded to cover the entire world.
18:27The British fleet would have to patrol
18:3085,000 miles of sea lanes.
18:33A few days after England declared a sea blockade,
18:36it was proved that the English economy itself
18:39was worst hit.
18:42They had to admit that in the first two weeks of the war,
18:45190,000 tons had been sunk.
18:48Let England desperately try to maintain
18:51the illusions she has created.
18:54Time is working against England
18:57that has declared war on women and children.
19:00It will be a painful awakening
19:03when it can no longer be covered up
19:06that England no longer and never again
19:09will have the longer arm in economics.
19:12Every ton sunk will shorten it mercilessly.
19:15Our only goal was survival.
19:18There was nothing else.
19:21It was either the enemy,
19:24the enemy at the time, let's say, or us.
19:27Everyone used to say
19:30that men in the Navy were very brave men.
19:33We didn't have any other choice.
19:36I was 21 years old.
19:39I was in the Navy.
19:43I couldn't stick my head in the sand
19:46or give up and crawl back.
19:49That wasn't possible.
19:52If one went, we all went.
19:55We managed to get through the first trip unscathed.
19:58We fired at and shot down a plane,
20:01but things got gradually worse.
20:04It was on the second trip that we were fired at by planes
20:07and men got injured because we were chased with depth charges.
20:10On some boats they gave out leave chits
20:13whilst they were still at sea,
20:16but most of those boats never returned.
20:19We never tempted fate.
20:30On the 3rd of September 1939,
20:33the liner Athenia was sunk.
20:36War had only been declared a few hours earlier,
20:39so when Oberleutnant Fritz Julius Lemp
20:42fired two torpedoes into her,
20:45she was the first British vessel to be sunk in the war.
20:48Against the accepted prize rules of war,
20:51Lemp had given no warning
20:54as he had considered the ship to be an armed auxiliary cruiser.
20:57112 crew members and passengers were killed,
21:00mainly through inept rescue attempts.
21:03As 28 US citizens were among the dead,
21:07Hitler ordered the logbook for U-30 to be altered
21:10and the crew were forbidden to speak of the incident.
21:13Goebbels promptly accused the British of sinking the liner
21:16in order to provoke the Americans into joining the war,
21:19something Hitler wished to avoid at all costs.
21:24When we sailed into harbour,
21:27there was a big welcome and we were given loads of food.
21:30Half of the crew would then go on leave
21:33whilst the other half had to stay on duty
21:36in the dock.
21:39And usually there were all kinds of damage,
21:42especially if you had survived a depth charge hunt,
21:45so that you had to reckon with a period of four to six weeks for repairs.
21:48In those days, we were lads, full of enthusiasm,
21:51and they knew how to make us enthusiastic.
21:54But Hitler? He was the foulest heap of filth
21:57that we could have dumped on ourselves.
22:06There was no American intervention
22:09after the Athenia sinking
22:12and the U-boats wasted no time
22:15in showing the potential they possessed
22:18for winning the war.
22:21Lemp in the U-30,
22:24this is the U-boat emblem showing his dog Schnurzel,
22:27who was later drowned at sea with a sinking destroyer,
22:30sank another two ships
22:34before the month was over.
22:37By the time he returned to the docks
22:40in Wilhelmshaven on 27th September,
22:43with one engine out of service,
22:4639 British ships had been sunk,
22:49a total of 150,000 tonnes.
22:52Only two U-boats, U-27 and U-39,
22:55had not returned home.
22:58The happy time for the U-boats had begun
23:01and the British Admiralty was in a state of alarm.
23:07We searched any merchant ships we found
23:10to find out if the ship was carrying materials
23:13that could be used in the war.
23:16And if there weren't any, then it was made to sail into Kiel
23:19and the men were tried before a court.
23:22That's what happened at the beginning of the war.
23:25Later, many merchant ships were armed.
23:28And the guns came out.
23:31After that, we were instructed to fight total war.
23:34All foreign ships were to be torpedoed.
23:37At first, we got the sailors out of the water
23:40and took them with us as prisoners
23:43and set them out again near the coast.
23:46That used to happen too.
23:51The U-boat crews, and especially the commanders
23:55such as Gunther Prien and Fritz Hardegen, seen here,
23:58were soon the new heroes of the Nazi propaganda machine
24:01and received rapturous welcomes at the quayside
24:04when they returned home.
24:07Dönitz's reward was to be made an admiral on 1st October
24:10and he was now officially Commander-in-Chief of submarines.
24:15But there were rewards at the dockside for many of the submariners.
24:18Decorations were handed out after the men had completed
24:21a second operational trip against the enemy.
24:25In all, 125 submariners were awarded the Knight's Cross
24:28and 29 received oak leaves to their crosses.
24:34Five had the Knight's Cross with oak leaves, swords and diamonds.
24:44Churchill knew that in order to survive,
24:47let alone conquer,
24:50Britain needed help from the United States.
24:53But as increasing numbers of British ships
24:56fell mercy to the U-boats,
24:59that help was not forthcoming.
25:02Everyone who had not the eye of faith
25:05might well have deemed our speedy ruin worth a ten.
25:08Against the triumphant might of Hitler
25:11with the greedy Italian at his tail,
25:17we stood alone.
25:23By the end of 1940,
25:26the British Navy was being seriously challenged
25:29by a relatively small fleet of German U-boats.
25:33The sonar submarine locating device, the ASDIC,
25:36had not proved itself to be as effective
25:39as the Navy had hoped.
25:42And there was another problem.
25:45The German radio interception service, the B-Dienst,
25:48had been able to monitor British naval radio traffic
25:51and thus pinpoint the locations of convoys.
25:54These were then passed on to Dönitz
25:57and the submarine attacks coordinated
26:00and directed to possible targets.
26:03Success gave Dönitz the confidence to predict
26:06that the U-boats could isolate Britain
26:09and remove her as a threat to German expansionism.
26:15How do I feel about it?
26:19The question is always asked, of course.
26:22At the beginning of the war,
26:25well, it was enemy against enemy, let's put it like that.
26:28Whoever is the fastest, that was what mattered.
26:31And the one who arrives first and is the first to fire
26:34is usually the one who stay alive.
26:37It was like that on the British side,
26:40and it was the same with us.
26:43But at the beginning of the war, the enemy boats,
26:46they were the most powerful of the parties.
26:49Boats would be put down on the water and we sailed over to them.
26:52And if the enemy was carrying material
26:55that could be used in the war effort,
26:58then first of all the crew were allowed to leave in their lifeboats.
27:01And I experienced this myself.
27:04They were supplied with provisions
27:07and if it was a crowded situation, we would even tow them away.
27:10Only after that had happened would the boat or ship be sunk.
27:13So, first of all, that wasn't possible anymore.
27:16Then, and I experienced this too,
27:19survivors, men swimming in the water, would be shot at.
27:22MUSIC
27:38One survivor of the U-boat war
27:41describes the status of the crews
27:44as akin to that of the astronaut today.
27:47They were celebrities.
27:51The picture book heroes of the German U-boat war
27:54were, of course, the commanders.
27:57Otto Kretschmer sank the most tonnage of any boat during the war.
28:00He instigated the one torpedo, one ship strategy.
28:06Even though he was captured in 1941 by the British
28:09after his U-99 had been depth-charged,
28:12his record for tonnage sunk was unsurpassed
28:15throughout the remainder of the war.
28:18Hitler promoted the Iron Cross with oak leaves and swords.
28:21The commander of U-47 that sank HMS Royal Oak in 1939,
28:24Gunther Preen,
28:27was known as the Bull of Scarpa Flow for his exploits.
28:30Hitler personally decorated Preen
28:33with the Knight's Cross and oak leaves.
28:36Otto Schuhardt was commander of U-29,
28:39which sank HMS Courageous,
28:42the greatest U-boat success until that time.
28:45Hitler, known as the best-looking officer,
28:48sank seven ships in one day in 1940.
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33:44The U-boats were no longer able to roam almost at will,
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33:53Repairs meant that only 15 boats were available to patrol the Atlantic in December.
33:59The British had also captured U-110,
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